Make ticker computation use shift-by-0

Runtime code that analysed clock frequency to determine numerator and
denominator for conversion to standard 1MHz failed to handle the case
of either being 1 correctly.

Although it would spot other values that could be performed as shifts,
it failed to spot that 1 is "shift by 0", so would end up doing runtime
multiply and/or divide by 1. The runtime divide by 1 could be slow on a
Cortex-M0 device, increasing interrupt latency.

UART character loss on STM32F0 devices has been traced to this incorrect
code.

Correct the `exact_log2` routine so that `exact_log2(1)` returns 0 to
fix this.

Original code had a single special no-multiply-or-divide case for
hardware clock frequency being exactly 1MHz, as USTICKER is on STM32F0 -
this code lacks that but has a more general special case that covers all
shift-convertible frequencies like 500kHz or 8MHz, which should be
similar speed as shifts are cheap.

Author: kjbracey

hal/source/mbed_ticker_api.c

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ static inline uint32_t gcd(uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
 
 static int exact_log2(uint32_t n)
 {
-    for (int i = 31; i > 0; --i) {
+    for (int i = 31; i >= 0; --i) {
         if ((1U << i) == n) {
             return i;
         }