diff --git a/accelerate-fft.cabal b/accelerate-fft.cabal
index e445fcd..19ae2ae 100644
--- a/accelerate-fft.cabal
+++ b/accelerate-fft.cabal
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ library
         accelerate-llvm         >= 1.3
       , accelerate-llvm-ptx     >= 1.3
       , containers              >= 0.5
+      , exceptions              >= 0.10
       , hashable                >= 1.0
       , unordered-containers    >= 0.2
       , cuda                    >= 0.5
diff --git a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native.hs b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native.hs
index a845b41..c4f3085 100644
--- a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native.hs
+++ b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native.hs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE GADTs               #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE PatternGuards       #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings   #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications    #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies        #-}
diff --git a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native/Ix.hs b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native/Ix.hs
index ca6ea96..b9c2dfc 100644
--- a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native/Ix.hs
+++ b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/Native/Ix.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings   #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications    #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies        #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators       #-}
 -- |
 -- Module      : Data.Array.Accelerate.Math.FFT.LLVM.Native.Ix
 -- Copyright   : [2017..2020] The Accelerate Team
diff --git a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX.hs b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX.hs
index d6a0038..6d7594d 100644
--- a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX.hs
+++ b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts    #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE GADTs               #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE PatternGuards       #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings   #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TupleSections       #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications    #-}
@@ -92,14 +93,14 @@ fft' plans mode shR eR =
         aout    <- allocateRemote aR sh
         stream  <- asks ptxStream
         future  <- new
-        liftPar $
-          withArray eR ain stream   $ \d_in  -> do
-           withArray eR aout stream $ \d_out -> do
-            withPlan plans (sh,t)   $ \h     -> do
-              liftIO $ cuFFT eR h mode stream (castDevPtr d_in) (castDevPtr d_out)
-        --
-        put future aout
-        return future
+        withPlan plans (sh,t) $ \h -> do
+          liftPar $
+            withArray eR ain stream $ \d_in -> do
+              withArray eR aout stream $ \d_out -> do
+                liftIO $ cuFFT eR h mode stream (castDevPtr d_in) (castDevPtr d_out)
+          --
+          put future aout
+          return future
   in
   case eR of
     NumericRfloat32 -> go (ArrayR shR (eltR @(Complex Float)))
diff --git a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Base.hs b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Base.hs
index 90bce04..a06c39f 100644
--- a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Base.hs
+++ b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Base.hs
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 module Data.Array.Accelerate.Math.FFT.LLVM.PTX.Base
   where
 
+import Control.Concurrent.MVar
+import Control.Exception (evaluate)
+import Control.Monad.Catch
+import Control.Monad.IO.Class
 import Data.Array.Accelerate.Math.FFT.Type
 
 import Data.Array.Accelerate.Array.Data
@@ -57,9 +61,17 @@ withArrayData NumericRfloat64 ad s k =
     return (Just e, r)
 
 {-# INLINE withLifetime' #-}
-withLifetime' :: Lifetime a -> (a -> LLVM PTX b) -> LLVM PTX b
+withLifetime' :: MonadIO m => Lifetime a -> (a -> m b) -> m b
 withLifetime' l k = do
   r <- k (unsafeGetValue l)
   liftIO $ touchLifetime l
   return r
 
+{-# INLINE modifyMVar' #-}
+modifyMVar' :: (MonadIO m, MonadMask m) => MVar a -> (a -> m (a,b)) -> m b
+modifyMVar' m io =
+  mask $ \restore -> do
+    a <- liftIO (takeMVar m)
+    (a',b) <- restore (io a >>= liftIO . evaluate) `onException` liftIO (putMVar m a)
+    liftIO (putMVar m a')
+    return b
diff --git a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Plans.hs b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Plans.hs
index bb4654c..5746519 100644
--- a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Plans.hs
+++ b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/LLVM/PTX/Plans.hs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE MagicHash       #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TupleSections #-}
 -- |
 -- Module      : Data.Array.Accelerate.Math.FFT.LLVM.PTX.Plans
 -- Copyright   : [2017..2020] The Accelerate Team
@@ -19,26 +21,32 @@ module Data.Array.Accelerate.Math.FFT.LLVM.PTX.Plans (
 ) where
 
 import Data.Array.Accelerate.Lifetime
-import Data.Array.Accelerate.LLVM.PTX
+import Data.Array.Accelerate.LLVM.PTX hiding (stream, poll)
 import Data.Array.Accelerate.LLVM.PTX.Foreign
 
 import Data.Array.Accelerate.Math.FFT.LLVM.PTX.Base
 
 import Control.Concurrent.MVar
+import Control.Monad.Catch
 import Control.Monad.State
-import Data.HashMap.Strict
+import Data.HashMap.Strict hiding (map, update)
 import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict                                as Map
 
 import qualified Foreign.CUDA.Driver.Context                        as CUDA
+import qualified Foreign.CUDA.Driver.Stream                         as CUDA
 import qualified Foreign.CUDA.FFT                                   as FFT
 
 import GHC.Ptr
 import GHC.Base
-import Prelude                                                      hiding ( lookup )
+import Prelude                                                      hiding ( lookup, mapM )
+import Data.Maybe
+import Control.Arrow (second)
+import Data.Function ((&))
+import Control.Monad.Reader (asks)
 
 
 data Plans a = Plans
-  { plans   :: {-# UNPACK #-} !(MVar ( HashMap (Int, Int) (Lifetime FFT.Handle)))
+  { plans   :: {-# UNPACK #-} !(MVar ( HashMap (Int, Int) [(Lifetime FFT.Handle, Maybe (Par PTX Bool, CUDA.Stream))]))
   , create  :: a -> IO FFT.Handle
   , hash    :: a -> Int
   }
@@ -62,30 +70,57 @@ createPlan via mix =
 --
 -- <http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cufft/index.html#thread-safety>
 --
+-- TODO: Determine if this handle is used in the same stream.
 {-# INLINE withPlan #-}
-withPlan :: Plans a -> a -> (FFT.Handle -> LLVM PTX b) -> LLVM PTX b
+withPlan :: Plans a -> a -> (FFT.Handle -> Par PTX (Future b)) -> Par PTX (Future b)
 withPlan Plans{..} a k = do
   lc <- gets (deviceContext . ptxContext)
-  h  <- liftIO $
-          withLifetime lc  $ \ctx ->
-          modifyMVar plans $ \pm  ->
-            let key = (toKey ctx, hash a) in
-            case Map.lookup key pm of
-              -- handle does not exist yet; create it and add to the global
-              -- state for reuse
-              Nothing -> do
-                h <- create a
-                l <- newLifetime h
-                addFinalizer lc $ modifyMVar plans (\pm' -> return (Map.delete key pm', ()))
-                addFinalizer l  $ FFT.destroy h
-                return ( Map.insert key l pm, l )
-
-              -- return existing handle
-              Just h  -> return (pm, h)
-  --
-  withLifetime' h k
+  ls <- asks ptxStream
+  withLifetime' ls $ \stream ->
+    withLifetime' lc  $ \ctx -> do
+      let key = (toKey ctx, hash a)
+      -- Extract an existing cuFFT plan handle from our plan cache that isn't busy,
+      -- if one cannot be found, create a new cuFFT handle.
+      h <- modifyMVar' plans $ \pm -> do
+              let maybeHandles = pm !? key
+                  handles = fromMaybe [] maybeHandles
+
+                  update Nothing = pure Nothing
+                  update orig@(Just (isReady, _)) = isReady >>= \case
+                    True  -> pure Nothing
+                    False -> pure orig
+
+              updatedHandles <- zip (map fst handles) <$> mapM (update . snd) handles
+
+              -- Extract first handle which is either entirely ready or is used but within the same stream
+              let extractFirstReady []                                    = (Nothing, [])
+                  extractFirstReady (x@(_, Nothing):xs)                   = (Just x, xs)
+                  extractFirstReady (x@(_, Just (_, s)):xs) | stream == s = (Just x, xs)
+                  extractFirstReady (x@(_, Just _):xs)                    = second (x:) $ extractFirstReady xs
+
+                  (maybeReadyHandle, otherHandles) = extractFirstReady updatedHandles
+
+                  newHandle = liftIO $ do
+                    h <- create a
+                    l <- newLifetime h
+                    addFinalizer l $ FFT.destroy h
+                    when (isNothing maybeHandles) $
+                      addFinalizer lc $ modifyMVar_ plans $ pure . Map.delete key
+                    pure l
+
+              maybeReadyHandle & maybe newHandle (pure . fst)
+                               & fmap (Map.insert key otherHandles pm,)
+      -- Ensure the handle is always returned back to the plan cache
+      let returnHandle = liftIO $ modifyMVar_ plans $ pure . Map.adjust ((h, Nothing):) key
+      flip onException returnHandle $ do
+        -- Invoke user-provided function with cuFFT handle
+        future <- withLifetime' h k
+        -- Push new cuFFT plan-handle onto list of plan-handles of equal settings,
+        -- w/ callback to check if the cuFFT handle is ready to use again.
+        planHandleEntry <- (h,) . Just . (,stream) . fmap isJust . poll <$> statusHandle future
+        liftIO $ modifyMVar_ plans $ pure . Map.adjust (planHandleEntry:) key
+        pure future
 
 {-# INLINE toKey #-}
 toKey :: CUDA.Context -> Int
 toKey (CUDA.Context (Ptr addr#)) = I# (addr2Int# addr#)
-
diff --git a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/Type.hs b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/Type.hs
index 11415cd..dbaeb6a 100644
--- a/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/Type.hs
+++ b/src/Data/Array/Accelerate/Math/FFT/Type.hs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE GADTs             #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators     #-}
 {-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-}
 -- |
 -- Module      : Data.Array.Accelerate.Math.FFT.Type