diff --git a/include/graphblas/banshee/coordinates.hpp b/include/graphblas/banshee/coordinates.hpp
index 8118bb747..30c3533ab 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/banshee/coordinates.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/banshee/coordinates.hpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #define _H_GRB_BANSHEE_COORDINATES
 
 #include <stddef.h> //size_t
+#include <cstdint.h> //size_t
 
 #include <vector>
 
diff --git a/include/graphblas/base/io.hpp b/include/graphblas/base/io.hpp
index 78d9f4df4..99d024a97 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/base/io.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/base/io.hpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <typeinfo>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 #ifndef _H_GRB_IO_BASE
 #define _H_GRB_IO_BASE
diff --git a/include/graphblas/bsp1d/io.hpp b/include/graphblas/bsp1d/io.hpp
index 57df126e9..16abf3fce 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/bsp1d/io.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/bsp1d/io.hpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iterator>
 
diff --git a/include/graphblas/bsp1d/matrix.hpp b/include/graphblas/bsp1d/matrix.hpp
index e188804d2..792ea5c77 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/bsp1d/matrix.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/bsp1d/matrix.hpp
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #ifndef _H_GRB_BSP1D_MATRIX
 #define _H_GRB_BSP1D_MATRIX
 
+#include <cstdint>
+
 #include <graphblas/backends.hpp>
 #include <graphblas/base/matrix.hpp>
 #include <graphblas/rc.hpp>
diff --git a/include/graphblas/bsp1d/vector.hpp b/include/graphblas/bsp1d/vector.hpp
index 4283e10e2..53a3ee431 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/bsp1d/vector.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/bsp1d/vector.hpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 #include <lpf/core.h>
 
diff --git a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas1.hpp b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas1.hpp
index 8a3ade67f..b80dd3672 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas1.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas1.hpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <graphblas/hyperdags/init.hpp>
 
 #include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 
 namespace grb {
diff --git a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas2.hpp b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas2.hpp
index dad35450a..18c8d4d16 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas2.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas2.hpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <graphblas/hyperdags/init.hpp>
 
 #include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 
 namespace grb {
diff --git a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas3.hpp b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas3.hpp
index 44f9daa86..35e1b20b9 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas3.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/blas3.hpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <graphblas/hyperdags/init.hpp>
 
 #include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 
 namespace grb {
diff --git a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/hyperdags.hpp b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/hyperdags.hpp
index 2ae951565..bcad1cdb3 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/hyperdags.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/hyperdags.hpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <ostream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 #include <assert.h>
 
diff --git a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/io.hpp b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/io.hpp
index 4ec81917b..6b53da644 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/hyperdags/io.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/hyperdags/io.hpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <graphblas/config.hpp>
 
 #include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 
 namespace grb {
diff --git a/include/graphblas/nonblocking/coordinates.hpp b/include/graphblas/nonblocking/coordinates.hpp
index ff6789287..208519779 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/nonblocking/coordinates.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/nonblocking/coordinates.hpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include <stddef.h> //size_t
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <cstdint> // uintptr_t
 
 #include <graphblas/rc.hpp>
 #include <graphblas/backends.hpp>
diff --git a/include/graphblas/nonblocking/io.hpp b/include/graphblas/nonblocking/io.hpp
index 0831fc564..1f3c18d48 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/nonblocking/io.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/nonblocking/io.hpp
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 #ifndef _H_GRB_NONBLOCKING_IO
 #define _H_GRB_NONBLOCKING_IO
 
+#include <cstdint>
+
 #include <graphblas/base/io.hpp>
 #include <graphblas/reference/io.hpp>
 #include "vector.hpp"
diff --git a/include/graphblas/nonblocking/matrix.hpp b/include/graphblas/nonblocking/matrix.hpp
index 6fdd70343..dac1418ce 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/nonblocking/matrix.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/nonblocking/matrix.hpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 #include <assert.h>
 
diff --git a/include/graphblas/reference/coordinates.hpp b/include/graphblas/reference/coordinates.hpp
index 2a1f90137..5ab3cab0e 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/reference/coordinates.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/reference/coordinates.hpp
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@
 #include <stdexcept> // std::runtime_error
 
 #include <assert.h>
-#include <string.h> // memcpy
+#include <string.h> //memcpy
+#include <cstdint> // uintptr_t
 
 #include <graphblas/backends.hpp>
 #include <graphblas/base/coordinates.hpp>
diff --git a/include/graphblas/reference/init.hpp b/include/graphblas/reference/init.hpp
index a7bdf0b02..92728dc79 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/reference/init.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/reference/init.hpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <new>
 #include <cstdint> // for uintptr_t
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 #include <graphblas/base/init.hpp>
 #include <graphblas/utils/DMapper.hpp>
diff --git a/include/graphblas/reference/io.hpp b/include/graphblas/reference/io.hpp
index f4f1b0709..2cb761702 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/reference/io.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/reference/io.hpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #define _H_GRB_REFERENCE_IO
 
 #include <graphblas/base/io.hpp>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 #include <graphblas/utils/prefixsum.hpp>
 
diff --git a/include/graphblas/reference/matrix.hpp b/include/graphblas/reference/matrix.hpp
index c1b3a365d..b2f989e95 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/reference/matrix.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/reference/matrix.hpp
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 #include <sstream> //std::stringstream
 #include <utility>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <functional>
diff --git a/include/graphblas/reference/vector.hpp b/include/graphblas/reference/vector.hpp
index 4be006ed5..9415d2237 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/reference/vector.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/reference/vector.hpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #define _H_GRB_REFERENCE_VECTOR
 
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <stdexcept>
diff --git a/include/graphblas/utils.hpp b/include/graphblas/utils.hpp
index 3ab508eec..3a4717e86 100644
--- a/include/graphblas/utils.hpp
+++ b/include/graphblas/utils.hpp
@@ -327,7 +327,10 @@ namespace grb {
 				ret = assigned;
 			} else {
 				// if based on value, if there is a value, cast it to bool
-				if( assigned ) {
+				if( !assigned ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+				else {
 					ret = static_cast< bool >( val[ offset ] );
 				}
 				// otherwise there is no value and false is assumed
@@ -354,7 +357,10 @@ namespace grb {
 				ret = assigned;
 			} else {
 				// if based on value, if there is a value, cast it to bool
-				if( assigned ) {
+				if( !assigned ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+				else {
 					ret = static_cast< bool >( real( val [ offset ] ) ) ||
 					       static_cast< bool >( imag( val [ offset ] ) );
 				}
@@ -375,10 +381,8 @@ namespace grb {
 			const void * const,
 			const size_t
 		) {
-			// set default mask to false
 			bool ret = assigned;
-			// check whether we should return the inverted value
-			if( descriptor & descriptors::invert_mask ) {
+			if( ( descriptor & descriptors::invert_mask ) == descriptors::invert_mask ) {
 				return !ret;
 			} else {
 				return ret;
diff --git a/tests/unit/eWiseMul.cpp b/tests/unit/eWiseMul.cpp
index c9900c508..19e6235a5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/eWiseMul.cpp
+++ b/tests/unit/eWiseMul.cpp
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, RC &rc ) {
 		}, temp );
 	rc = rc ? rc : set( even_mask, temp, true );
 	rc = rc ? rc : set< descriptors::invert_mask >(
-		odd_mask, even_mask, true );
+		odd_mask, temp, true );
 	rc = rc ? rc : wait();
 	if( rc != SUCCESS ) {
 		std::cerr << "\t initialisation of masks FAILED\n";
diff --git a/tests/unit/launcher/reduce.cpp b/tests/unit/launcher/reduce.cpp
index cf0ae43da..43c3bc055 100644
--- a/tests/unit/launcher/reduce.cpp
+++ b/tests/unit/launcher/reduce.cpp
@@ -468,8 +468,12 @@ void grbProgram( const size_t &P, int &exit_status ) {
 	grb::Vector< bool > even_mask( n );
 	check = 0.0;
 	for( size_t i = 0; i < n; i += 2 ) {
-		check += xr[ i ];
-		const grb::RC setrc = grb::setElement( even_mask, true, i );
+		bool set_to = false;
+		if( i%4 == 0 ) {
+			check += xr[ i ];
+			set_to = true;
+		}
+		const grb::RC setrc = grb::setElement( even_mask, set_to, i );
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 		assert( setrc == grb::SUCCESS );
 #else
@@ -484,7 +488,7 @@ void grbProgram( const size_t &P, int &exit_status ) {
 	}
 
 	check = 0.0;
-	for( size_t i = 1; i < n; i += 2 ) {
+	for( size_t i = 2; i < n; i += 4 ) {
 		check += xr[ i ];
 	}
 
@@ -555,7 +559,7 @@ void grbProgram( const size_t &P, int &exit_status ) {
 		}
 
 		exit_status = expect_sparse_success< grb::descriptors::invert_mask >(
-			sparse, realm, grb::nnz(sparse), empty_mask );
+			sparse, realm, 0.0, empty_mask, grb::nnz(sparse) );
 		if( exit_status != 0 ) {
 			exit_status += 500;
 			return;
@@ -606,7 +610,7 @@ void grbProgram( const size_t &P, int &exit_status ) {
 		}
 
 		exit_status = expect_sparse_success< grb::descriptors::invert_mask >(
-			sparse, realm, grb::nnz(sparse), odd_mask );
+			sparse, realm, 0.0, odd_mask, grb::nnz(sparse) );
 		if( exit_status != 0 ) {
 			exit_status += 1100;
 			return;
diff --git a/tests/unit/pinnedVector.cpp b/tests/unit/pinnedVector.cpp
index ce32122cd..6385761dd 100644
--- a/tests/unit/pinnedVector.cpp
+++ b/tests/unit/pinnedVector.cpp
@@ -214,7 +214,8 @@ void grbProgram( const struct input< T > &in, struct output< T > &out ) {
 		case LEAST_SPARSE_CLEARED:
 			{
 				Vector< bool > mask( n );
-				rc = grb::setElement( mask, true, n/2 );
+				rc = grb::set( mask, false );
+				rc = rc ? rc : grb::setElement( mask, true, n/2 );
 				rc = rc ? rc : grb::set<
 						grb::descriptors::invert_mask
 					>( nonempty, mask, in.element );
diff --git a/tests/unit/set.cpp b/tests/unit/set.cpp
index f4c610a38..7422f3f14 100644
--- a/tests/unit/set.cpp
+++ b/tests/unit/set.cpp
@@ -730,7 +730,8 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, grb::RC &rc ) {
 
 	// test sparse inverted mask set
 	grb::Vector< bool > mask( n );
-	rc = grb::setElement( mask, true, n / 2 );
+	rc = grb::set( mask, false );
+	rc = rc ? rc : grb::setElement( mask, true, n / 2 );
 	if( rc == SUCCESS ) {
 		rc = grb::set( src, 1.5 );
 		rc = rc ? rc : grb::wait( src );
diff --git a/tests/unit/setToIndex.cpp b/tests/unit/setToIndex.cpp
index 2a5590af2..e771e3059 100644
--- a/tests/unit/setToIndex.cpp
+++ b/tests/unit/setToIndex.cpp
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, grb::RC &rc ) {
 	rc = grb::set< invert >( dst, one_mask, 3.14 );
 	rc = rc ? rc : grb::wait( dst );
 	if( !expect_success( rc ) ) { return; }
-	rc = expect_all_but_one( dst, half_size );
+	rc = expect_none( dst );
 	if( rc != grb::SUCCESS ) { return; }
 
 	std::cerr << "\b 20:";
@@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, grb::RC &rc ) {
 	rc = grb::set< invert >( dst, one_mask, src );
 	rc = rc ? rc : grb::wait( dst );
 	if( !expect_success( rc ) ) { return; }
-	rc = expect_one( dst, 0, 0 );
+	rc = expect_none( dst );
 	if( rc != grb::SUCCESS ) { return; }
 
 	std::cerr << "\b 22:";
@@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, grb::RC &rc ) {
 	rc = grb::set< invert >( dst, one_mask, src );
 	rc = rc ? rc : grb::wait( dst );
 	if( !expect_success( rc ) ) { return; }
-	rc = expect_all_but_one( dst, half_size );
+	rc = expect_none( dst );
 	if( rc != grb::SUCCESS ) { return; }
 
 	std::cerr << "\b 24:";
@@ -1298,7 +1298,7 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, grb::RC &rc ) {
 	rc = grb::set< invert >( dst, one_mask, 7.17 );
 	rc = rc ? rc : grb::wait( dst );
 	if( !expect_success( rc ) ) { return; }
-	rc = expect_all_but_one( dst, half_size );
+	rc = expect_none( dst );
 	if( rc != grb::SUCCESS ) { return; }
 
 	std::cerr << "\b 26:";
@@ -1365,7 +1365,7 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, grb::RC &rc ) {
 	rc = grb::set< invert >( dst, one_mask, src );
 	rc = rc ? rc : grb::wait( dst );
 	if( !expect_success( rc ) ) { return; }
-	rc = expect_one( dst, 0, 0 );
+	rc = expect_none( dst );
 	if( rc != grb::SUCCESS ) { return; }
 
 	std::cerr << "\b 28:";
@@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ void grb_program( const size_t &n, grb::RC &rc ) {
 	rc = grb::set< invert >( dst, one_mask, src );
 	rc = rc ? rc : grb::wait( dst );
 	if( !expect_success( rc ) ) { return; }
-	rc = expect_all_but_one( dst, half_size );
+	rc = expect_none( dst );
 	if( rc != grb::SUCCESS ) { return; }
 
 	std::cerr << "\b 30:";