Merge pull request #653 from hoshino-sys/master

Translation Completed: Remaining Files of 30-Days-Of-Python

Author: Asabeneh

Chinese/15_python_type_errors_cn.md

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+# 30天Python编程挑战：第15天 - Python类型错误
+
+- [Day 15](#day-15)
+  - [Python错误类型](#python错误类型)
+    - [SyntaxError (语法错误)](#syntaxerror-语法错误)
+    - [NameError (名称错误)](#nameerror-名称错误)
+    - [IndexError (索引错误)](#indexerror-索引错误)
+    - [ModuleNotFoundError (模块未找到错误)](#modulenotfounderror-模块未找到错误)
+    - [AttributeError (属性错误)](#attributeerror-属性错误)
+    - [KeyError (键错误)](#keyerror-键错误)
+    - [TypeError (类型错误)](#typeerror-类型错误)
+    - [ImportError (导入错误)](#importerror-导入错误)
+    - [ValueError (值错误)](#valueerror-值错误)
+    - [ZeroDivisionError (零除错误)](#zerodivisionerror-零除错误)
+  - [💻 练习 - 第15天](#-练习---第15天)
+
+# 📘 Day 15
+
+## Python错误类型
+
+当我们编写代码时，常常会出现打字错误或其他常见错误。如果我们的代码运行失败，Python解释器会显示一条消息，提供有关问题发生位置和错误类型的反馈信息。有时它还会给我们提供可能的修复建议。了解编程语言中不同类型的错误将帮助我们快速调试代码，并使我们在编程技能上有所提高。
+
+让我们一一查看最常见的错误类型。首先，让我们打开Python交互式shell。转到你的计算机终端并输入'python'。Python交互式shell将会被打开。
+
+### SyntaxError (语法错误)
+
+**示例1: SyntaxError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print 'hello world'
+  File "<stdin>", line 1
+    print 'hello world'
+                      ^
+SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print('hello world')?
+>>>
+```
+
+如你所见，我们犯了一个语法错误，因为我们忘记用括号括起字符串，而Python已经提出了解决方案。让我们修复它。
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print 'hello world'
+  File "<stdin>", line 1
+    print 'hello world'
+                      ^
+SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print('hello world')?
+>>> print('hello world')
+hello world
+>>>
+```
+
+错误是一个_SyntaxError_。修复后，我们的代码顺利执行。让我们看看更多的错误类型。
+
+### NameError (名称错误)
+
+**示例1: NameError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print(age)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'age' is not defined
+>>>
+```
+
+从上面的消息可以看出，名称age没有被定义。是的，确实如此，我们没有定义age变量，但我们试图像已经声明了一样打印它。现在，让我们通过声明变量并为其赋值来修复这个问题。
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print(age)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'age' is not defined
+>>> age = 25
+>>> print(age)
+25
+>>>
+```
+
+错误类型是_NameError_。我们通过定义变量名来调试了错误。
+
+### IndexError (索引错误)
+
+**示例1: IndexError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+>>> numbers[5]
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+IndexError: list index out of range
+>>>
+```
+
+在上面的例子中，Python抛出了一个_IndexError_，因为列表的索引只有0到4，所以索引5超出了范围。
+
+### ModuleNotFoundError (模块未找到错误)
+
+**示例1: ModuleNotFoundError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>>
+```
+
+在上面的例子中，我故意在math后面添加了一个多余的s，结果抛出了_ModuleNotFoundError_。让我们通过从math中删除多余的s来修复它。
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>> import math
+>>>
+```
+
+我们修复了它，所以让我们使用math模块中的一些函数。
+
+### AttributeError (属性错误)
+
+**示例1: AttributeError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>> import math
+>>> math.PI
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+AttributeError: module 'math' has no attribute 'PI'
+>>>
+```
+
+如你所见，我又犯了一个错误！我试图从math模块调用PI函数，而不是pi。这抛出了一个属性错误，表示该函数在模块中不存在。让我们通过将PI更改为pi来修复它。
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>> import math
+>>> math.PI
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+AttributeError: module 'math' has no attribute 'PI'
+>>> math.pi
+3.141592653589793
+>>>
+```
+
+现在，当我们从math模块调用pi时，我们得到了结果。
+
+### KeyError (键错误)
+
+**示例1: KeyError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> users = {'name':'Asab', 'age':250, 'country':'Finland'}
+>>> users['name']
+'Asab'
+>>> users['county']
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+KeyError: 'county'
+>>>
+```
+
+如你所见，在用于获取字典值的键中有一个拼写错误。这是一个键错误，修复方法很简单。让我们来做这个！
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> user = {'name':'Asab', 'age':250, 'country':'Finland'}
+>>> user['name']
+'Asab'
+>>> user['county']
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+KeyError: 'county'
+>>> user['country']
+'Finland'
+>>>
+```
+
+我们调试了错误，我们的代码运行并得到了结果。
+
+### TypeError (类型错误)
+
+**示例1: TypeError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> 4 + '3'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
+>>>
+```
+
+在上面的例子中，出现了TypeError，因为我们不能将数字与字符串相加。第一个解决方案是将字符串转换为int或float。另一个解决方案是将数字转换为字符串（那么结果将是'43'）。让我们采用第一种修复方式。
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> 4 + '3'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
+>>> 4 + int('3')
+7
+>>> 4 + float('3')
+7.0
+>>>
+```
+
+错误已消除，我们得到了预期的结果。
+
+### ImportError (导入错误)
+
+**示例1: ImportError**
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> from math import power
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ImportError: cannot import name 'power' from 'math'
+>>>
+```
+
+math模块中没有名为power的函数，它的名字是不同的：_pow_。让我们纠正它：
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> from math import power
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ImportError: cannot import name 'power' from 'math'
+>>> from math import pow
+>>> pow(2,3)
+8.0
+>>>
+```
+
+### ValueError (值错误)
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> int('12a')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '12a'
+>>>
+```
+
+在这种情况下，我们无法将给定的字符串转换为数字，因为其中有字母'a'。
+
+### ZeroDivisionError (零除错误)
+
+```python
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> 1/0
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
+>>>
+```
+
+我们不能用零去除一个数字。
+
+我们已经介绍了一些Python错误类型，如果你想了解更多，请查看Python文档中关于Python错误类型的内容。
+如果你擅长阅读错误类型，那么你将能够快速修复你的bug，你也将成为一个更好的程序员。
+
+🌕 你正在进步。你已经完成了一半的道路，正走向伟大。现在做一些练习来锻炼你的大脑和肌肉。
+
+## 💻 练习 - 第15天
+
+1. 打开你的Python交互式shell，尝试本节中介绍的所有示例。
+
+🎉 恭喜！🎉
+
+[<< 第14天](../14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions_cn.md) | [第16天 >>](../16_Day_Python_date_time/16_python_datetime_cn.md)