phpunit: Update yoast/phpunit-polyfills to v3, bringing PHPUnit 11 for PHP 8.2+ (#42517)

This adds PHPUnit 11 configurations for all PHPUnit-using projects, and
regularizes the PHPUnit 9 configurations as well.

It also drops `johnkary/phpunit-speedtrap` from `plugins/jetpack`, since
that doesn't support PHPUnit >9. If we decide we still want a slow-test
thing, `ergebnis/phpunit-slow-test-detector` looks like a popular
candidate.

Committed via a GitHub action: https://github.com/Automattic/jetpack/actions/runs/13956024003

Upstream-Ref: Automattic/jetpack@434125e

Author: anomiex

composer.json

@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 	"type": "wordpress-plugin",
 	"license": "GPL-2.0-or-later",
 	"require": {
-		"automattic/jetpack-device-detection": "^3.0.4"
+		"automattic/jetpack-device-detection": "^3.0.5-alpha"
 	},
 	"require-dev": {
-		"yoast/phpunit-polyfills": "^1.1.1",
-		"automattic/jetpack-changelogger": "^6.0.1",
-		"automattic/phpunit-select-config": "^1.0.0"
+		"yoast/phpunit-polyfills": "^3.0.0",
+		"automattic/jetpack-changelogger": "^6.0.2-alpha",
+		"automattic/phpunit-select-config": "^1.0.1-alpha"
 	},
 	"autoload": {
 		"classmap": [