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Update 2021-06-04-flavourzyme-a-purified-enzyme-mixture-from-a-oryzae.md
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_posts/2021-06-04-flavourzyme-a-purified-enzyme-mixture-from-a-oryzae.md

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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Flavourzyme™️ is a trademark name given to a mixture of refined proteolytic
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### What is Flavourzyme?
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The modern food processing industry uses proteolytic everywhere: from accelerating cheese aging, modifying breads, as a flavouring (any time you see "hydrolysed vegetable protein"), processed meats, in detergents... the list goes on and on.
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The modern food processing industry uses proteolytic enzymes everywhere: from accelerating cheese aging, modifying breads, as a flavouring (any time you see "hydrolysed vegetable protein"), processed meats, in detergents... the list goes on and on.
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Flavourzyme is a specific mixture of proteolytic enzymes extracted from an *Aspergillus oryzae* liquid culture. What sets it apart from other industrial proteolytic enzymes is that it contains a cocktail of both endo- and exo-peptidases that can efficiently convert proteins into something with more umami, making it useful for applications requiring the development of flavour [1].
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This is why Flavourzyme works well in food applications requiring umami: it contains endopeptidases, which snip peptide bonds in the **middle** of a peptide chain, as well as exopeptidases, which snip peptide bonds at the **terminal ends** of a peptide chain.
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![how endo and exo peptidases act on proteins](/assets/images/flavourzyme/Endo-Exo-Peptidases.png){:height="550" .center}
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*Simplified diagram of the action of endo- and exo-peptidases. Exopeptidases can cut at the terminal peptide bond, one or two bonds away from the terminal peptide bond, or right in the middle of a dipeptide. *
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*Simplified diagram of the action of endo- and exo-peptidases. Exopeptidases can cut at the terminal peptide bond, one or two bonds away from the terminal peptide bond, or right in the middle of a dipeptide.*
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Working together in the correct proportion of endopeptidases and exopeptidases, you end up with an enzyme cocktail that yields plenty of amino acids without accumulating any short, bitter peptides.
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Information here is based off a paper from researchers at the University of Denmark, working at the Novozymes A/S Fermentation Pilot Plant, who wanted to develop a mathematical model for enzyme production with *A. oryzae* in submerged culture [3]. Even though they scrubbed some critical units and sig-figs from their research (for proprietary reasons), it was still enough to piece together details of the process. The process is similar to any other submerged, septic, aerated culture:
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-![Process diagram of an aerated bioreactor](/assets/images/flavourzyme/Bioreactor.png){:height="450" .center}
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![Process diagram of an aerated bioreactor](/assets/images/flavourzyme/Bioreactor.png){:height="450" .center}
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*Process diagram of an aerated bioreactor*
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A seed train is propagated from a pure culture of A. oryzae and then added to an aerated, stirred bioreactor and allowed to grow. The substrate is typically a mixture of food industry by-products such as starch, wheat bran, corn steep powder, and minerals. Once the culture reaches a certain point, the bioreactor is harvested to yield a crude mixture of enzymes, mycelia, and leftover substrate.
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Novozymes A/S won't sell to non-commercial or non-institutional end-users, so I had to import an imitation product from Alibaba. Here's what it looks like:
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-![A Flavourzyme-like product from Alibaba](/assets/images/flavourzyme/flavourzyme_photo.jpg){:height="550" .center}
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![A Flavourzyme-like product from Alibaba](/assets/images/flavourzyme/flavourzyme_photo.jpg){:height="550" .center}
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*A Flavourzyme-like product from Alibaba*
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