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variables.csv
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3528 lines (3435 loc) · 973 KB
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ID,Name,Description,ColumnSpec,category,type,unit,source_comment,changes,comment,Contribution_ID
B001,Subsistence economy: Gathering,"Group's dependence upon gathering of terrestrial plants, relative to other subsistence activities.","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Economy, Property, Subsistence",Continuous,%,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'GATHERING',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B002,Subsistence economy: Hunting,"Group's dependence upon hunting of terrestrial animals, relative to other subsistence activities","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Economy, Property, Subsistence",Continuous,%,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'HUNTING',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B003,Subsistence economy: Fishing,"Group's dependence upon fishing of aquatic organisms, relative to other subsistence activities","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Economy, Property, Subsistence",Continuous,%,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'FISHING',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B004,Subsistence economy: Most important activity,"Subsistence activity that provides the majority of a group's nutritional intake (hunting, gathering, or fishing)",,"Economy, Property, Subsistence",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'SUBSP',,"More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) pp. 117, 312",dplace-dataset-binford
B005,Subsistence economy: Deviation from HGF at documentation,"Character of a group's subsistence economy at the time of documentation (i.e., was susbsistence truly through hunting, gathering, fishing, only?). Groups are coded as either ""normal"" or ""suspect"".",,"Economy, Property, Subsistence",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'SUBPOP',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 244,dplace-dataset-binford
B006,Population of ethnic group,Total number of persons to whom the the ethnographic description applies,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}",Population,Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'TLPOP',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B007,Area occupied by ethnic group (square km),"Ethnographers' estimates of the total land area occupied by the group, in square kilometers","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Population, Subsistence",Continuous,km2,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'AREA',"Binford provided estimates in units of '100 square km,' rather than 'square km'",More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B008,Population density (persons per square km) ,Population of ethnic group divided by area occupied by ethnic group (persons per square km) ,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Population, Subsistence",Continuous,individuals per km2,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'DENSITY',Binford provided estimates in 'person per 100 square km' rather than in 'persons per square km',More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B009,Mobility of group,Is the population mobile or sedentary?,,"Community organization, Settlement",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 5.01; variable 'GRPPAT',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B010,Size of smallest group that regularly cooperates for subsistence,"Mean size of the mobile consumer unit that camps together during the most dispersed phase of the settlement cycle. For sedentary groups, the entry indicates the size of the mobile task group operating out of a relatively permanent settlement, as in the case of family units moving together in a ‘walkabout’ strategy during some season of the year. (Binford's ""GRP1"").","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Demography, Population, Settlement, Subsistence",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Tables 5.01 and 8.01; variable 'GROUP1' (Table 5.01) or 'MOST DISPERSED' (Table 8.01),"In cases where tables 5.01 and 8.01 provided different values for the same society, we adopted the value from table 8.01 because data points in that table were tagged with their specific reference (including page numbers). These cases are flagged by a comment in the ""Comments"" field.","More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) pp. 117, 143, 236, 244",dplace-dataset-binford
B011,Size of village or camp when population most aggregated,"Mean size of the consumer group that regularly camps together during the most aggregated phase of the yearly economic cycles (applies to groups that are mobile, moving entire population from camp to camp as subsistence activities are carried out). For sedentary groups, this is village size. (Binford's ""GRP2"").","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Demography, Population, Settlement",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Tables 5.01 and 8.01; variable 'GROUP2' (Table 5.01) or 'MOST AGGREGATED' (Table 8.01),"In cases where tables 5.01 and 8.01 provided different values for the same society, we adopted the value from table 8.01 because data points in that table were tagged with their specific reference (including page numbers). These cases are flagged by a comment in the ""Comments"" field.","More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) pp. 117, 144, 237, 244",dplace-dataset-binford
B012,Size of periodic regional aggregations,"Mean size of multigroup encampments that may aggregate periodically, but not necessarily annually, for immediate subsistence-related activities. (Binford's ""GRP3"").","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Demography, Population, Settlement",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Tables 5.01 and 8.01; variable 'GROUP3' (Table 5.01) or 'PERIODIC REGIONAL AGGREGATIONS' (Table 8.01),"In cases where tables 5.01 and 8.01 provided different values for the same society, we adopted the value from table 8.01 because data points in that table were tagged with their specific reference (including page numbers). These cases are flagged by a comment in the ""Comments"" field.","More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) pp. 117, 145, 244",dplace-dataset-binford
B013,Number of moves per year,"Number of moves per year, with 0 moves indicating that society is sedentary","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Settlement",Continuous,moves per year,Binford (2001) Tables 5.01 and 8.04.; variable 'NOMOV' (Table 5.01) or 'NUMBER OF MOVES PER YEAR' (Table 8.01),"In cases where tables 5.01 and 8.04 provided different values for the same society, we adopted the value from table 8.04 because data points in that table were tagged with their specific reference (including page numbers). These cases are flagged by a comment in the ""Comments"" field.",More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 117,dplace-dataset-binford
B014,Distance moved per year (km),Total distance moved between camps/settlements in a year. A distance of 0 indicates society is sedentary.,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Settlement",Continuous,km per year,Binford (2001) Tables 5.01 and 8.04.; variable 'DISMOV' (Table 5.01) or 'DISTANCE MOVED PER YEAR' (Table 8.01),"In cases where tables 5.01 and 8.04 provided different values for the same society, we adopted the value from table 8.04 because data points in that table were tagged with their specific reference (including page numbers). These cases are flagged by a comment in the ""Comments"" field. Note that Binford's table 8.04 provides estimates in miles rather than in km.","More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) pp. 117, 150",dplace-dataset-binford
B015,Household size,Number of persons residing in a single structure,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Demography, Kinship",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Table 8.08; variable 'PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B016,Family size,Number of persons per family,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Demography, Kinship",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Table 8.08; variable 'PERSONS PER FAMILY',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B017,Domestic organization,The prevailing form of domestic or familial organization,,"Kinship, Marriage",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 8.08; variable 'HOUSEHOLD TYPE' (converted to numeric codes following Gray (1999)),,,dplace-dataset-binford
B018,Marital composition: monogamy and polygamy,"Marital composition of family units, regardless of whether families live as independent nuclear units or as part of larger extended families",,"Kinship, Marriage",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 8.08; variable 'HOUSEHOLD TYPE' (converted to numeric codes following Gray (1999)),,,dplace-dataset-binford
B019,Polygyny,Percentage of males with more than one wife,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Kinship, Marriage",Continuous,%,Binford (2001) Table 8.07; variable 'PERCENTAGE OF POLYGYNY',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B020,Age of males at first marriage,Mean age (in years) of males at first marriage,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Demography, Marriage",Continuous,years,Binford (2001) Table 8.07; variable 'AGE AT MARRIAGE - MALE',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B021,Age of females at first marriage,Mean age (in years) of females at first marriage,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Demography, Marriage",Continuous,years,Binford (2001) Table 8.07; variable 'AGE AT MARRIAGE - FEMALE',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B022,Mean household size (in small subsistence groups),"An estimate of mean household size based on the following calculation: number of persons in smallest group that regularly cooperates for subsistence, divided by number of households in one of these groups","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Kinship, Marriage",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'G1MHS',,Code and variable definitions from Binford and Johnson (2006),dplace-dataset-binford
B023,Mean family size (in small subsistence groups),"An estimate of mean family size based on the following calculation: number of persons in smallest group that regularly cooperates for subsistence, divided by number of married men in group","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Kinship, Marriage",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'G1FAMSZ',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p.286 and Binford and Johnson (2006),dplace-dataset-binford
B024,Mean household size (in villages or large camps),"An estimate of mean household size based on the following calculation: number of persons per settlement (i.e., village or camp at time of year when population is most aggregated), divided by number of households per settlement","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Kinship, Marriage",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'G2MHS',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B025,Mean family size (in villages or large camps),"Mean family size calculated as: number of persons per settlement (i.e., village or camp at time of year when population is most aggregated), divided by number of married men per settlement.","{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Kinship, Marriage",Continuous,individuals,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'G2FAMSZ',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B027,Number of families per household,Mean number of families per household,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}","Community organization, Kinship, Marriage",Continuous,families,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'FAMHOUS',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B029,Jurisdictional hierarchy of local community,Political complexity at level of local community,,"Leadership, Politics",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'POLYSCAL',,"More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 244, caption to fig. 8.02; p.338, caption to Fig 9.06",dplace-dataset-binford
B030,Political relationship to neighbouring groups,Political and economic position of the group relative to other groups in the region,,Politics,Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'POLPOS',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 404,dplace-dataset-binford
B031,Type of social class distinction,Type of social class distinction,,"Class, Politics",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'CLASS',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 396,dplace-dataset-binford
B032,Perogatives of leadership,"Perogatives of leadership, regardless of the types of leadership present in the group",,"Leadership, Politics",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'PEROGAT',,"More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p.338, caption to Fig 9.06",dplace-dataset-binford
B033,Use of money,Presence or absence of use of money within the society,,"Economy, Property, Wealth transactions",Ordinal,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'MONEY',,Code and variable definitions from Binford and Johnson (2006),dplace-dataset-binford
B034,Economic specialization,Whether there is economic role specialization beyond simple age and gender differences,,"Economy, Labour",Ordinal,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'OCCSPE',,"More detail on variable in Binford (2001) p. 333, but no code definitions; division of labor discussed briefly on p. 244; code definitions from Binford and Johnson (2006)",dplace-dataset-binford
B035,Community marriage organization,"The prevalence of local endogamy, agamy, and exogamy coded together with the presence or absence of localized kin groups. Can be interpreted as ordinal measure of endogamy.",,"Community organization, Kinship, Marriage",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'COMMUN',,Code and variable definitions from Binford and Johnson (2006),dplace-dataset-binford
B036,Community facilities,"The functions and properties of structures with specific community-wide functions. These are not residences, nor are they multifunctional residences.",,"Community organization, Housing, Politics",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'COMSTFUN',,Code and variable definitions from Binford and Johnson (2006),dplace-dataset-binford
B037,Ownership of resource locations ,Ownership of resource locations ,,"Economy, Property, Subsistence",Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'OWNERS',,"Code definitions somewhat ambiguous, see Binford (2001) p. 426, caption to Fig. 11.17",dplace-dataset-binford
B038,System state: typology of society's political organization,"Variable represents a combination of data relating to leadership, internal differentiation of leadership status, associated roles relative to participation in decision making, and the exercise of power within the society. According to Binford (2001) these include some of the criteria used in ""more thoughtful evolutionary classifications,"" such as ones by Fried (1967) and Jonson and Earle (1987). ",,Politics,Categorical,,Binford (2001) Table 9.01; variable 'SYSSTATE',,More detail on code definitions and variable in Binford (2001) p. 345; Codes given in caption for figure 9.02. ,dplace-dataset-binford
B039,"Height (male, mm)",Stature (mm) - Male,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}",Anthropometry,Continuous,mm,Binford (2001) Table 6.03; variable 'STATURE (CM*) - MALE' (*should be mm),,,dplace-dataset-binford
B040,"Height (female, mm)",Stature (mm) - Female,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}",Anthropometry,Continuous,mm,Binford (2001) Table 6.03; variable 'STATURE (CM*) - FEMALE' (*should be mm),,,dplace-dataset-binford
B041,"Weight (male, kg)",Weight (kg) - Male,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}",Anthropometry,Continuous,kg,Binford (2001) Table 6.03; variable 'WEIGHT (KG) - MALE',,,dplace-dataset-binford
B042,"Weight (female, kg)",Weight (kg) - Female,"{""datatype"": ""decimal""}",Anthropometry,Continuous,kg,Binford (2001) Table 6.03; variable 'WEIGHT (KG) - FEMALE',,,dplace-dataset-binford
CARNEIRO4_001,Agriculture present,"Agriculture (horticulture) present (i.e., food plants cultivated)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_002,Agriculture is primary subsistence,Agriculture provides the major part of subsistence (about 75% or more),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_003,Agricultural plots permanently cultivated,Agricultural plots under relatively permanent cultivation except for periods of fallow (if they occur),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_004,Improved techniques of planting,"Improved techniques of planting (e.g., mounds, planting in rows, breaking of clods, plowing)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_005,Soil-working or harvesting tools,"Soil-working tools other than the digging stick (e.g., hoe, spade, rake, footplow) or harvesting tools other than simple beating stick (e.g., flail, rice header, winnowing tray)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_006,Animal-drawn plow,Animal-drawn plow,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_007,Fertilization of land,"Fertilization of land with material other than wood ashes (including, e.g., animal manure, night soil, green manure, compost, fresh soil or mud)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_008,Crop rotation,Crop rotation,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_009,Increasing cultivable land by engineering methods,"Area of cultivable land increased by engineering methods, including drainage, irrigation, and terracing",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_010,Reclamation of agricultural land by drainage,Reclamation of agricultural land by drainage,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_011,Irrigation,Irrigation,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_012,Permanent dams or dykes,"Permanent dams or dykes to impound water for irrigation, drinking, etc.",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_013,Terracing,Terracing (including barriers to reduce soil slippage),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_014,Continuous boundaries delimit agricultural fields,"Continuous boundaries (other than growing food plants) delimit agricultural fields (e.g., fences, rows or walls of stone, paths, ditches, hedges)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_015,Agricultural land reverted,"Agricultural land reverts to chief, king or state as personal property or for reassignment when owner abandons the land or dies without heirs (i.e., escheat)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_016,Agricultural land reapportioned,"Agricultural lands reapportioned from time to time by the chief, tribe, or state to insure equitable distribution and/or maximum cultivation, rather than for services rendered",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_017,State enforcement of maximum cultivation,"Agricultural land forfeited by a cultivator for failure to till it properly (i.e., state enforcement of maximum cultivation)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_018,Agricultural cycle determined by specialists,Political or religious officials or other specialists determine the time of carrying out various steps in the agricultural cycle,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_019,State or church provides farmers with equipment,State or church provides farmers with seed or tools,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_020,Regular food surplus production,"Surplus of food regularly produced over and above the annual subsistence needs of the food producers, and not consumed by them",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_021,State or tribal granaries,State or tribal granaries on which two or more communities (or the army) might draw,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_022,Fruit or nut orchards planted,Fruit or nut orchards planted,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_023,Domesticated animals other than dogs,Domesticated animals kept (other than the dog),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_024,Domesticated animals kept to provide food,Domesticated animals kept to provide food,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_025,Domesticated animals used for packing,Domesticated animals used for packing,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_026,Domesticated animals used for traction,Domesticated animals used for traction,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_027,Domesticated animals used for riding,Domesticated animals used for riding,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_028,Settlements occupied for more than 10 years,"Settlements occupied for more than 10 years, on the average",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_029,Settlements permanent,Settlements permanent,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_030,Rectangular ground plan for settlements,Rectangular ground plan for settlements,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_031,Communities of 100 or more,Permanent communities (settled or nomadic) of about 100 or more members,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_032,Communities of 500 or more,Permanent communities (settled or nomadic) of about 500 or more members,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_033,"Towns of 2,000 or more","Towns: permanent nucleated settlements of 2,000 or more residents",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_034,Two or more towns,Two or more towns,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_035,"City of 10,000 or more","City: administrative and commercial population center of at least 10,000 residents, most of whom are engaged in non-subsistence activities",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_036,Two or more cities,Two or more cities,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_037,"City of 100,000 or more","City of 100,000 or more residents",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_038,Cities divided into quarters or wards,Cities divided into quarters or wards,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_039,Planned cities,Planned cities,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_040,Paved streets,Paved streets,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_041,Paved plaza,Paved plaza,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_042,Well-maintained roads connecting settlements,Broad and well-maintained roads connecting settlements,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_043,Paved roads connecting settlements,Paved roads connecting settlements,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_044,Bridges,"Bridges (excluding log spans, vine ropes, and simple pole frameworks)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_045,Way stations or inns,Permanently staffed way stations or inns along roads to house and provide for travelers,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_046,Civic or ceremonial structures,Civic or ceremonial structures (including men's house) not ordinarily used as dwellings by family units (excluding structures built for specific occasions and later abandoned or destroyed),,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_047,"Grandstands, amphitheaters, or stadiums","Grandstands, amphitheaters, or stadiums where spectators can witness contests or performances",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_048,Stone monuments commemorating persons or events,Stone monuments or stelae to mark or commemorate important persons or events,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_049,Aqueducts or conduits,Aqueducts or conduits of stone or brick to supply drinking water,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_050,Cisterns,Cisterns: artificially lined rain-catching or water-holding basins,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_051,Baths of stone or brick,Baths of stone or brick,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_052,Drains,"Drains: lined channels, covered or uncovered, or pipes, used to carry off rain water",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_053,Sewers,"Sewers: lined and covered channels or pipes, primarily for carrying away human waste",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_054,Permanent fortifications,"Permanent fortifications (including palisades around settlements, blockhouses, citadels, and fortified boundaries, but excluding fortified dwellings or compounds)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_055,Stone or brick fortification walls,"Walls of stone, brick, adobe, or beaten earth (including earthworks) used in fortification",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_056,Moats,Moats (excluding dry ditches) surrounding fortifications,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_057,Parts of houses extensively painted or carved,"House walls, ceiling, or roof extensively painted or carved",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_058,Multi-room dwellings,"Multi-roomed dwellings (three or more walled-off and separate rooms, with some degree of functional differentiation between them)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_059,Multi-storied structures,Multi-storied structures (not meant to include high storage platforms),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_060,Cut stone masonry,Cut stone masonry,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_061,Stone or brick bases for civic or ceremonial structures,"Stone or brick substructures (e.g., platforms, truncated pyramids) used as bases for civic or ceremonial structures",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_062,Dwellings of cut stones,Dwellings (including walls) constructed of cut stones,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_063,Civic or ceremonial buildings of cut stone,Civic or ceremonial buildings constructed of cut stone,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_064,Monumental architecture of stone or brick,"Monumental architecture of stone or brick (e.g., pyramids, palaces, temples, fortresses, amphitheaters)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_065,Quarrying of stone for construction,Quarrying of stone for construction (rather than merely dressing loose stones),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_066,Stone coursing,Stone coursing (blocks laid in successive horizontal layers),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_067,Rubble used between walls in stone or brick construction,Rubble or some other fill used between walls in stone or brick construction,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_068,Fired brick used in construction,Fired brick used in construction,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_069,True mortar used in construction,True mortar used in construction,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_070,Facing of stone or brick walls,"Facing of stone or brick walls with plaster, alabaster, etc.",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_071,"Roof of tile, brick, stone slabs, planks, etc.","Roofs of tile, brick, stone slabs, planks, etc. (i.e., not bark, mud, thatching, or similar material)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_072,Stone lintels,Stone lintels,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_073,Corbeled arch,Corbeled arch,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_074,True arch,True arch,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_075,Stone or brick pillars or columns used structurally,Stone or brick pillars or columns used structurally,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_076,Stone stairways,"Stone stairways (of cut blocks, or carved into living rock)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_077,Architectural stone carving,Architectural stone carving (beyond the cutting of stone into blocks),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_078,Architectural features cut into living rock,"Architectural features (e.g., tombs, stairways) cut into living rock",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_079,Fortresses built of stone or brick,"Fortresses built of stone or brick (including walled cities and citadels, where people take refuge in time of war)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_080,Elaborations in fortified walls,"Elaborations in fortified walls (e.g., towers, salients, merlons)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_081,Professional architects or engineers,Professional (full-time) architects or engineers,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_082,Professional stone masons,Professional (full-time) stone masons,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_083,Professional carpenters or woodworkers,Professional (full-time) carpenters or woodworkers,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_084,Landed property,"Landed property: continuous ownership rights exercised by individuals or families over land which has been improved, even after cultivated plot, house site, etc., is abandoned",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_085,Inscription of land or other forms of property,Inscription of land or other forms of property (registry of deeds),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_086,Most individual property inherited,Most individual (not family) property transmitted by inheritance rather than being destroyed at death of owner,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_087,Testamentary disposition of property,"Testamentary disposition of property, by a written will, through a formal executor, or orally in the presence of a witness",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_088,Wealth differences among society members,"Marked differences in wealth (e.g., real property, livestock, precious metals, slaves) among members of the society (other than the difference between the principal political leader and everyone else)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_089,Luxury items,Luxury items (other than symbols of political or religious office) which only a small percentage of the population (less than 20 percent) can afford,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_090,Craft specialization,Craft specialization: some crafts which only a limited number of men in the society practice (excluding the making of religious or ceremonial objects by shamans or priests),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_091,Craft production for economic exchange,A significant amount of craft production primarily for economic exchange rather than for personal consumption,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_092,Full-time craft specialists,"Full-time craft-specialists (e.g., brewer, lapidary, tailor, baker, tanner)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_093,Full-time service specialists,"Full-time skilled service specialists (e.g., tattooer, barber, accountant, lawyer, physician)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_094,Guilds of specialized artisans,"Guilds of specialized artisans (i.e., cooperative associations)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_095,State controls certain aspects of production,"State controls certain aspects of production (e.g., licenses salt production, promotes raising of livestock, monopolizes weapons production, restricts private mining)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_096,Institutional employment of artisans and laborers,"Artisans and laborers attached to or employed on a regular basis (rather than under the corvée) by political or religious institutions (tribe or state, temple or church)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_097,Corvée,Corvée (draft labor exacted by a supra-community authority or agency),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_098,Wage labor,Wage labor (unskilled laborers paid in money or in kind at prearranged rates and intervals),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_099,Standardized medium of exchange,"Standardized medium of exchange, in terms of which the value of most commodities is reckoned",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_100,Coined money,Coined money,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_101,Money or goods lent out at interest,Money or goods lent out at interest,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_102,Rental of land or dwellings,Rental of land or dwellings by landlords to tenants as a common system of tenure,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_103,Itinerant merchants or traders,"Itinerant merchants or traders who are members of the society itself (rather than foreigners), and who remain such even if they trade outside the society",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_104,Sedentary merchants,Sedentary merchants who operate fixed commercial establishments,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_105,Markets,"Markets, in which a variety of goods are traded",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_106,Daily and permanent markets,Daily and permanent markets,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_107,State regulation of commerce,"State regulation of commerce (e.g., taxes on economic transactions, fixing of price levels, enforcing payment of debts, supervising markets)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_108,Legally enforceable economic contracts,Economic transactions detailed in legally enforceable contracts,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_109,Long-term commercial records kept,Long-term commercial records kept,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_110,Recorded inventories of wealth,"Recorded inventories of wealth (e.g., with pebbles, knotted cords, notched sticks, clay tablets)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_111,Royal storehouse or treasury,"Royal storehouse or treasury (for hard goods, rather than for food) with accountant or treasurer who keeps track of the king's wealth",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_112,Trade between communities,Trade between communities,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_113,Trade with other societies,"Frequent or regular trade with other societies, involving journeys of at least 3 days one-way",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_114,State-directed trade,"State-directed trade (i.e., trade carried on by agents of the state with other societies)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_115,Trading outposts,Trading outposts maintained outside the territory of the society,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_116,Taxation in kind,"Taxation in kind (including produce from land farmed for the state, but excluding required contributions to community projects or ceremonies)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_117,Taxation in money,Taxation in money,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_118,Official tax or tribute collectors,Official tax or tribute collectors sent out periodically by the central government,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_119,Tolls,Tolls collected on roads or bridges,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_120,Serfs,"Serfs: propertyless class of agricultural laborers, bound to the land and producing for their masters",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_121,Extrasocietal slavery,"War captives or persons bought outside the society kept as slaves and usually not adopted, liberated, or killed subsequently (i.e. extrasocietal slavery)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_122,Intrasocietal slavery,"Debtors or criminals made slaves, or other freeborn members of the society (including wives and children) sold into slavery (i.e., intrasocietal slavery)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_123,Slaves bought and sold within the society,Slaves bought and sold within the society (excluding the selling into slavery of freeborn members of the society),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_124,Social segments above family,"Social segments above the level of the extended family or household (e.g., lineages, sibs, moieties, marriage classes, castes, age grades, men's clubs, secret societies, warrior societies, ceremonial teams, craft guilds)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_125,Unilineal kin groups beyond families,Unilineal kin groups beyond extended families (including royal lineages),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_126,Significant social status differences,Well-defined and significant differences in social status (other than the difference between the principal political leader and everyone else),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_127,Social stratification into at least three classes,"Stratification of society into at least three distinct social classes (e.g., kings, nobles, commoners, slaves)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_128,Two or more ranked groups of upper classes,Upper classes differentiated into two or more ranked groups,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_129,Ornaments or clothing distinguishing social classes,Special ornaments or differences in clothing which distinguish members of the upper classes from the rest of the society,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_130,Sumptuary laws,"Sumptuary laws concerning dress, adornment, or other manifestations of wealth and serving to maintain class distinctions",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_131,Upper class members have superior residences,Members of upper classes (other than ruler) have distinctly superior residences,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_132,Upper class members have more land,Members of upper classes (other than ruler) have significantly more land or property than commoners,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_133,Upper class members are extempt from taxation,Members of upper classes (outside of the royal family) are extempt from taxation,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_134,Upper class members have servants or retainers,Members of upper classes (other than ruler) have permanent servants or retainers,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_135,Upper class members have numerous wives or concubines,Members of upper classes usually have numerous wives or concubines (at least 4 or 5),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_136,Competitive sports or spectacles held for the upper classes,Competitive sports or spectacles held primarily for the entertainment of the upper classes,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_137,Dramatic performances for upper class entertainment,Dramatic performances held primarily for the entertainment of the upper classes,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_138,Professional dancers or musicians for upper classes,"Professional dancers or musicians who provide entertainment during feasts, banquets, or celebrations of the upper classes",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_139,Class differences in disposal of the dead,Status or class differences in disposal of the dead (based on social rather than religious status; exclude shamans and priests),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_140,Upper class members buried with luxury goods,Members of upper classes (other than ruler) buried with luxury goods,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_141,"Upper class members buried with wives, retainers or slaves","Members of upper classes (other than ruler) buried with wives, concubines, retainers, or slaves",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_142,Upper class members elaborately buried,"Members of upper classes (other than ruler) buried in elaborate tombs or graves (e.g., burial mounds, cist graves, thatched buildings)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_143,Supra-community political units,Communities (or camps) continuously grouped (year-round) into larger political units,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_144,Supra-provincial political organization,"Districts or provinces, each comprising several villages or communities, are permanently grouped into a larger political unit",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_145,State,"State: permanent organization of a number of supra-community units (districts, tribes, or provinces) into a single political unit under centralized control, involving at least (a) some power to collect revenue, (b) some centralized judicial authority, and (c) the power to formulate and execute policy",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_146,Empire,Empire: a unit of two or more formerly independent states covering a considerable area,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_147,"Headman, chief, king, or council","Decisions or policy made by a formally recognized agent or agency of the society (e.g., headman, chief, king, or council in which membership is not based merely on age or sex)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_148,Political leader has considerable authority,"Political leader(s) has considerable authority, by virtue of his office rather than his personality",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_149,Regular advisors to political leader,"Regular advisor(s) or assistant(s) to the principal political leader (e.g., sub-chief, talking chief, minister, council)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_150,Political leader is a full-time specialist,"Political leader is a full-time specialist (i.e., does not regularly engage in subsistence)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_151,Monarchy,"Monarchy: a government in which the king is the ultimate source of authority and exercises such powers as the following: the power to conscript an army or a labor force, strong executive power, the power to declare war, the power of life and death, etc.",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_152,Capital city or town,State or tribe has capital city or town,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_153,Provincial administrative centers,Provincial or district administrative centers where officials appointed by the state (other than local chiefs) collect taxes or maintain order,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_154,Governors,"Governors or chiefs, appointed or confirmed in office, in charge of administering districts or provinces",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_155,Three or more levels of territorial administration,"Three or more levels of territorial administration above the community (e.g., 1. district, 2. province, 3. quarter, 4. kingdom)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_156,Municipal officials,"Officials in charge of municipal administration (e.g., mayors, bailiffs)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_157,Hierarchy of non-territorial administrative officials,Hierarchy of non-territorial administrative officials (exclude palace hierarchy),,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_158,State ministers,"State ministers in charge of various activities controlled or supervised by the state (e.g., minister of agriculture, minister of public works, minister of war, minister of foreign affairs)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_159,Council of ministers advising the ruler,Council of ministers forming a regular advisory body to the ruler,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_160,Prime minister,Prime minister: principal administrative officer below the ruler and appointed by him,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_161,Three or more levels of administrative officials,Hierarchy of at least three levels of administrative officials (including the paramount chief or king),,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_162,"Inspectors, censors, or secret agents","Inspectors, censors, or secret agents who investigate the functioning of officials, popular discontent, etc.",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_163,Professional civil service,"Professional civil service: administrative positions filled on the basis of merit and training, rather than on the basis of kinship ties, wealth, social status, or personal allegiance to the ruler",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_164,State-sponsored colonists,State-sponsored colonists,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_165,Procedure for political succession,"Succession to political leadership by a clear and regularly followed procedure (e.g., primogeniture, formal election)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_166,Political leader appoints officials,Political leader appoints and deposes political officials,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_167,"Political leader bestows land, slaves, rank","Political leader bestows land, slaves, or noble rank for services rendered",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_168,Ruler grants audiences,Ruler grants audiences to hear grievances or petitions,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_169,Political leader controls religious institutions,"Political leader exercises considerable control over religious institutions (e.g., performs investiture of priests, endows temples)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_170,Full-time retainers for political leader,Political leader has full-time personal attendants and retainers,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_171,Ruler has many wives or concubines,Chief or king has many wives or concubines (at least 8 or 10),,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_172,Ruler has a harem,"Chief or king has a harem (a special residence(s) supervised by a responsible official(s), e.g., a eunuch)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_173,Ruler has a bodyguard,Body guard to protect the ruler's person,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_174,Court,"Court, characterized by a household staff and steward, resident members of the upper classes, state or tribal officials, entertainers, etc.",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_175,Special residence for political leader,Political leader lives in a special residence or compound significantly larger and more elaborate than any other residence,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_176,Royal estates,"Royal estates, residences, or preserves outside the capital which are the property of the king",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_177,Installation ceremony for political leader,"Special ceremony for installation or investiture of new political leader (e.g., oath of office, coronation)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_178,Ruler has special symbols of office,"Chief or king has special symbols of office or authority (e.g., throne, crown, scepter, seal)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_179,Authentication devices for official actions,"Devices used to confirm and authenticate state orders, decrees, actions, and transactions (e.g., seals, signatures, rings, or other graphic evidence)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_180,Deference to political leader,"Displays of special deference to political leader (e.g., carrying in a litter, averting the eyes, bowing)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_181,Officials or sub-chiefs swear allegiance to the leader,"Officials, sub-chiefs, or courtiers swear allegiance to the king or state",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_182,Political leader performs essential societal rituals,"Political leader performs rituals considered essential for the welfare of the society, and which only he can perform",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_183,(Semi)divine ruler,Ruler considered divine or semi-divine,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_184,Ruler buried with luxury goods,Paramount chief or king buried with luxury goods,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_185,Ruler elaborately buried,"Ruler buried in an elaborate tomb or grave (e.g., burial mound, cist grave, thatched building, pyramid)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_186,Ruler buried with wives or slaves,"Wives, concubines, retainers, or slaves of chief or king buried with him at the time of his death",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_187,Special preservation of the ruler's corpse,"Special preservation (e.g., desiccation, embalming) of the ruler's corpse or part thereof",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_188,Deceased political leader reverenced,"Deceased former political leader especially reverenced (e.g., his spirit invoked or propitiated, monuments erected to his memory)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_189,Superordinate tribe or state,"Superordinate tribe or state which receives tribute, labor, soldiers, or other recognition of obligation from subordinate or vassal tribe(s) or state(s)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_190,Formal treaties,"Formal treaties (recorded or witnessed and sworn) concluded to establish alliances, to settle disputes, or to end wars",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_191,Ambassadors,Ambassador(s): diplomatic representatives acting in regular relations with a foreign government,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_192,Young persons sent to capital for training or royal service,Young persons sent to capital from each district for training or royal service,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_193,State schools for upper class members,State schools for secular training of members of the upper classes,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_194,Crimes punished by a permanent agent,Crimes regularly punished by a permanent agent of the society rather than by the offended parties themselves,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_195,Peace-making machinery,"Peace-making machinery or institution for settling disputes and avoiding fighting within the community (either a permanent mediator, e.g., chief or council, whose neutrality and wisdom are generally accepted, or an arbitrator, e.g., the state, backed by sanctions of force)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_196,Inter-community disputes settled by peaceful means,"Inter-community disputes within the tribe or state customarily settled by peaceful means (e.g., arbitration, official decrees) rather than by fighting",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_197,Judicial process,"Judicial process, in which an individual or limited group (e.g., council of elders, tribal chief, court of law) considers evidence and renders judgment in a dispute, or of an accused person, on behalf of the society",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_198,Court trials,"Court trials, held under judges or magistrates who hear testimony and weigh evidence, interpret the law, and render a decision in civil or criminal cases",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_199,Judicial system of higher and lower courts,"Judicial system of higher and lower courts, cases being referred to one or the other according to their nature, with decisions of lower courts perhaps appealable to higher courts",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_200,Political leader exercises judicial power,"Political leader exercises judicial power (decides guilt and decrees punishment, or settles cases appealed to him)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_201,Ruler sometimes pardons convicted offenders,Ruler sometimes pardons convicted offenders,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_202,Ruler functions as lawgiver,Ruler functions as lawgiver or lawmaker,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_203,Code of laws,"Code of laws (explicit and recorded) which covers broad areas of social, political, and economic relations",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_204,Class distinctions in legal liability for offenses,"Class distinctions in legal liability for offenses (i.e., members of the various social classes have different rights under the law)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_205,Graded series of punishments,"Graded series of punishments or fines specified by a central agency of the society (e.g., tribal council, ruler, legislature) and consistently applied to fit a graded series of offenses",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_206,Offenses punished by fines,"Certain offenses punished by fines (in money or in kind) paid to tribe or state, of which part may go to the offended party",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_207,Offenses punished by confiscation of property,"Certain offenses punished by confiscation of property, of which part may go to the offended party",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_208,Corporal punishment,Corporal punishment (including mutilation) meted out for certain offenses by an authorized agent of the society,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_209,Offenses punished by slavery or hard labor,Certain offenses punished by slavery or by terms at hard labor,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_210,Death penalty,Death penalty decreed for certain crimes and exacted openly by a constituted agent of the society,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_211,Violation of secular law incurs divine and secular punishment,Violation of secular legal norms automatically incurs punishment by gods as well as secular punishment,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_212,Police force,Police force: permanent agency of the state charged with apprehension and detention of criminals,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_213,Incarceration of convicted offenders,"Incarceration of convicted offenders (in stocks, pens, cages, or prisons)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_214,Economic reasons for warfare,"Warfare motivated primarily by economic considerations (e.g., territorial acquisition, the capture of booty, the taking of slaves) rather than by feuds, the avenging of murder or witchcraft, or the taking of women",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_215,War leaders,"Recognized war leader(s) (distinct from the political leader) who regularly lead(s) the men of the society against the enemy (e.g., war chief, general)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_216,Professional military commanders,"Professional military commanders (e.g., generals) who regularly lead the army in time of war",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_217,Professional middle-level military officials,"Professional middle-level military officials (e.g., centurions, lieutenants, captains)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_218,Specially trained warriors,Body of specially trained or highly skilled warriors,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_219,Military conscription,Military conscription,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_220,Soldiers take oath of allegiance,Soldiers take oath of allegiance,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_221,Standing army,"Standing army, organized around a core of professional soldiers",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_222,Mercenaries,"Mercenaries (i.e., paid foreign troops) used in warfare",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_223,Espionage,"Espionage, by special agents who pass for natives in enemy territory",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_224,Defensive body armor,Defensive body armor (excluding shields),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_225,Pitched battles,Pitched battles: encounters frequently fought hand-to-hand rather than hit-and-run,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_226,Military formations and tactics,"Military formations and tactics used in warfare (including the holding of men in reserve, but excluding ambushes and hit-and-run raids)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_227,Military emblems and banners,"Emblems, banners, or special objects which serve to identify military units and act as rallying points are carried into battle",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_228,Differentiated military units,"Differentiated military units (e.g., spearmen, bowmen, slingers, cavalry)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_229,Chariots used in warfare,Chariots used in warfare,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_230,Permanently garrisoned forts,"Permanently garrisoned forts (excluding observation posts, walled towns and cities)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_231,Sieges laid to enemy fortifications,Sieges laid to enemy fortifications strong enough to resist immediate assault,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_232,Catapult-type devices used as siege engines,Catapult-type devices used as siege engines,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_233,Special ornaments for brave or wounded warriors,"Special ornaments, insignia, or appellations awarded for prowess or wounds received in battle",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_234,Rewards for outstanding warriors,"Outstanding warriors rewarded with gifts of property, women, or slaves",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_235,Nobility attainable through war exploits,Nobility or distinctly high social status attainable through war exploits,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_236,Body trophies,"Body trophies (e.g., heads, scalps, hands) taken in war or from sacrificed prisoners",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_237,Adult male war captives,Adult male war captives frequently taken,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_238,War captives regularly sacrificed to gods,War captives regularly sacrificed to god(s),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_239,Ransoming of war captives,Ransoming of war captives,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_240,Territory of vanquished enemy annexed,Territory of vanquished enemy annexed,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_241,Vanquished enemies subjugated and controlled,Peoples of vanquished enemy subjugated and held under effective control,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_242,Defeated political leaders pledge loyalty to conquerors,Defeated political leader(s) or his heir retained in authority over his territory on pledge of loyalty to conquerors,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_243,Periodic revolts of subject peoples,Periodic revolts of subject peoples,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_244,Gods of war,God(s) of war (not necessarily connected exclusively with war),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_245,Gods,"God(s): supernatural beings (not impersonal forces) who are not particular to locations or to kinship segments (exclude, e.g., ancestral, guardian, and other personal spirits), to whom prayers are directed and who actively intervene in human affairs",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_246,Patron gods,"Patron gods (not including guardian spirits), who afford protection to individuals engaged in particular occupations or activities (e.g., god of merchants, god of hunters, god of travelers, god of blacksmiths)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_247,Oracles,"Oracle(s): a shrine or object where, or by means of which, a priest or priestess transmits answers to questions posed to a god or spirit",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_248,Lawgiver god,"Lawgiver god, who on more than one occasion has enunciated extensive rules for governing human conduct",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_249,Sun god,"Sun god worshipped (i.e., propitiated and invoked)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_250,Pantheon of gods,"Pantheon of gods worshipped (propitiated and invoked): applies only to differentiated gods who actively control spheres of life or nature, e.g., rain god, war god, fire god, fertility goddess, love goddess",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_251,Paramount god in the pantheon,One god in the pantheon of differentiated gods worshipped as paramount,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_252,Idols,Idols worshipped as representations of supernatural beings,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_253,Offerings,"Offerings, libations, or sacrifices to supernatural beings (gods, ancestors, local spirits)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_254,Human sacrifice,Human sacrifice directed to supernatural beings to placate them or gain their favor,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_255,Altars,"Altars, where offerings (including sacrifices) or prayers to gods are regularly made or rituals performed",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_256,Special religious practitioners,"Special religious practitioners (e.g., shamans, priests)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_257,Religious specialists supported by individuals or society,"Religious specialist(s) supported (fully or almost fully) by individuals, the community, tribe, or state",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_258,Priests,"Priests: religious practitioners connected with specific gods or with society-wide ancestral cults; i.e., not shamans",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_259,Priests formally invested in their office,"Priests formally invested in their office by chief, king, or higher priests",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_260,Functionally specialized priests,"Functionally specialized priests (e.g., interpreters of oracles or dreams, sacrificial priests, funerary priests)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_261,Hierarchy of priests,Hierarchy of priests,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_262,Temples,"Temples, where gods are worshipped or society-wide ancestral cults are practiced by priests",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_263,Temple has large staff,Temple has large staff (more than 10 ),,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_264,Temple owns considerable property,Temple owns considerable property,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_265,Women consecrated to a temple or a god service,"Women consecrated to a temple or to the service of a god (e.g., priestesses, virgins, nuns)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_266,Church,Church: religious institution which encompasses a number of priests and temples (or monks and monasteries) and which is unified by a set of common beliefs and observances,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_267,Head priest has considerable political influence,Head priest (including priest-chief or priest-king) has considerable political influence,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_268,Church owns large amounts of land,Church owns large amounts of land,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_269,Temple or church receives donations,Temple or church receives donations,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_270,Temple or church exacts tithes,Temple or church exacts tithes or receives the produce of a proportion of all cultivated lands,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_271,Training school for priests,Training school for priests,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_272,Priests follow strict rules of discipline,"Priests follow strict rules of discipline, including various forms of abegnation (e.g., fasting, continence) or mortification of the flesh",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_273,"Monasteries, convents, or nunneries","Monasteries, convents, or nunneries where priests, priestesses, etc., live, and which, unlike temples, are ordinarily closed to laymen",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_274,Ceremonial or religious center,Ceremonial or religious center: a complex of temples and associated buildings having an important role in the religious life of the society,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_275,Religious pilgrimages,Religious pilgrimages to shrines or sacred places,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_276,Ritual or liturgical texts,Ritual or liturgical (written) texts,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_277,Pottery (either made or commonly used),Pottery (either made or used commonly),,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_278,Painted pottery made,Painted pottery made,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_279,Effigy vessels made,Effigy vessels made,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_280,Mold-made pottery,Mold-made pottery,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_281,Wheel-made pottery,Wheel-made pottery,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_282,Pottery kilns,Pottery kilns,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_283,Men make the pottery,Men make the pottery,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_284,Professional potters,Professional (full-time) potters,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_285,Professional painters or sculptors,Professional (full-time) painters or sculptors,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_286,Terracotta figurines,Terracotta (baked clay) figurines or statues as art or ceremonial objects,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_287,Stone statues,Stone statues (or figurines) as art or ceremonial objects,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_288,Heroic or gigantic stone statues,Heroic or gigantic stone statues,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_289,"Stone reliefs, intaglios, or friezes","Reliefs, intaglios, or friezes carved into dressed stone surfaces",,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_290,Wall murals or frescoes,Murals or frescoes painted on faced stone or brick walls,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_291,Glass manufactured,Glass manufactured,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_292,"Mosaics of stone, brick, tile, or glass","Mosaics of stone, brick, tile, or glass",,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_293,Ground or polished stone cutting tools,Ground or polished stone cutting tools,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_294,Metal axes or adzes made,Metal axes or adzes made,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_295,Animal-powered devices for grinding grain,Animal-powered devices for grinding grain,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_296,Mechanical devices for raising water,"Mechanical devices for raising water (e.g., shadoof, water wheel)",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_297,Wheeled vehicles,Wheeled vehicles,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_298,Scales or balances,Scales or balances,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_299,Spindle,Spindle,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_300,Heddle loom,Heddle loom,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_301,Animal fibers woven into cloth,"Hair, wool, fur, or silk woven into cloth",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_302,Patterns woven into cloth,Patterns woven into cloth,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_303,Garments made of woven cloth,Garments made of woven cloth,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_304,Dyeing,"Dyeing of finished, loom-woven textiles",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_305,Professional weavers,"Professional weavers, who weave cloth primarily for exchange",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_306,Forging,Forging (hammering metal into shape while hot),,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_307,Mining of ores,Mining of ores,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_308,Smelting of ores,Smelting of ores,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_309,Bellows used in working metal,Bellows used in working metal,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_310,Copper mined and worked,Copper mined and worked,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_311,Gold and/or silver mined and worked,Gold and/or silver mined and worked,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_312,Iron mined and worked,Iron mined and worked,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_313,Alloying of metals,Alloying of metals,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_314,Bronze or brass produced,Bronze or brass produced,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_315,Casting in molds,Casting in molds,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_316,Lost-wax casting,Lost-wax casting (cire perdue),,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_317,Metal hardening through annealing or tempering,Altering the hardness of metals by annealing (heating and slow cooling) or tempering (heating and rapid cooling by immersion in a liquid),,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_318,"Soldering, welding, or riveting used to join metals","Soldering, welding, or riveting used to join metals",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_319,Decorative metal-working techniques,"Decorative metal-working techniques (e.g., gilding, embossing, engraving, inlaying)",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_320,Copper tools in common use,Copper weapons or utensils in common use,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_321,Bronze tools in common use,Bronze or brass weapons or utensils in common use,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_322,Iron tools in common use,Iron weapons or utensils in common use,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_323,Metal tools predominant,Metal weapons and utensils predominant,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_324,Ornaments and jewelry of precious metals,"Ornaments and jewelry of gold, silver, or other precious metals",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_325,Non-utllitarian metal objects,"Non-utilitarian objects made of metal (e.g., figurines or statues, ceremonial chalices, solar discs)",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_326,Precious or semiprecious stones used for jewelry,Precious or semi-precious stones used for jewelry,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_327,Professional smiths,"Professional smiths, who work metal primarily for exchange",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_328,Watercraft,Watercraft (excluding floating logs and simple rafts),,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_329,Boats built from several planks,Boats built from several planks (excluding strakes),,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_330,Vessels propelled by oars,Vessels propelled by oars,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_331,Vessels propelled by sails,Vessels propelled by sails,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_332,Cabins on board vessels,Cabins on board vessels,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_333,Navy,Navy: fleet of specially designed warships maintained by the state,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_334,Professional boatbuilders,Professional boatbuilders (including part-time specialists),,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_335,"Professional sailors, pilots, or navigators","Professional sailors, pilots, or navigators (including part-time specialists)",,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_336,Voyages undertaken out of sight of land,Voyages undertaken out of sight of land,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_337,Water boiled in a container,"Water boiled in a container over a fire, rather than by hot stones dropped into it",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_338,Standardized weights and measures,"Standardized weights and measures (excluding measurement with parts of the body, and similarly variable measurements)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_339,System of numbers extending beyond 100,System of numbers extending beyond 100,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_340,Mathematics,Mathematics (beyond simple addition and subtraction),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_341,"Mnemonic devices for recording traditions, events, etc.","Traditions, events, etc., recorded by means of mnemonic devices (excluding simple records of elapsed time or simple inventories)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_342,System of writing,System of writing (including extensive systems of standardized pictographs),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_343,Fully phonetic system of writing,Fully phonetic system of writing,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_344,Scribes,Scribes (other than priests),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_345,Teachers,"Teachers: professional, secular instructors",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_346,Techniques of surveying and mensuration,"Techniques of surveying and mensuration (including, e.g., plumb lines, knowledge of right angle, stretched cords, but excluding swinging of circles by means of a cord)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_347,Regular astronomical observations by specialists,Astronomical observations regularly made by priests or other specialists,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_348,Calendrical system,"Calendrical system, uniquely designating each day of the year, based on solar or stellar observations",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_349,Census taken,Census taken,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_350,Surgery practiced,"Surgery practiced (excluding, e.g., the setting of broken bones, removal of arrows, bloodletting)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_351,Papermaking,Papermaking,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_352,Fermented beverages from cultivated plants,Fermented beverages brewed from cultivated plants,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_353,Organized messenger or courier system,Organized messenger or courier system which links together most of the society’s territory,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO4_354,"Professional bards, musicians, or storytellers","Bards, minstrels, musicians, or storytellers, whose primary activity is to compose, play, or recite songs, poems, or stories",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro4
CARNEIRO6_001,"Agriculture present [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_001]","Agriculture (horticulture) present (i.e., domesticated food plants cultivated)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_002,"Agriculture and domestic animals are primary subsistence [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_002]",Agriculture and/or domesticated animals provide the major part of subsistence (about 75% or more),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_003,"Agricultural plots repeatedly cultivated [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_003]",Agricultural plots repeatedly cultivated except for periods of fallow (if they occur),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_004,"Improved techniques of planting [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_004]","Improved techniques of planting (e.g., mounds, planting in rows, breaking of clods, plowing, fertilization)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_005,"Soil-working tools [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_005]","Soil-working tools other than the digging stick (e.g., hoe, spade, rake, foot plow)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_006,"Harvesting tools [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_005]","Harvesting tools other than a simple beating stick used in reaping or threshing domesticated plants (e.g., flail, sickle, rice header, winnowing tray)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_007,"Animal-drawn plow [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_006]",Animal-drawn plow,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_008,"Fertilization of land [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_007]","Fertilization of land with material other than wood ashes (e.g., animal manure, night soil, green manure, compost, fresh soil or mud)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_009,"Fences built to protect crops [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_014]",Fences built around fields or gardens to protect crops,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_010,Major male contribution to agriculture,Men do as much or more of the agricultural work as women (beyond clearing),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_011,"Increasing agricultural land through drainage [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_010]",Drainage employed to increase the area of available agricultural land,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_012,"Irrigation of agricultural land [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_011]",Irrigation of agricultural land,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_013,"Permanent dams or dikes [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_012]","Permanent dams or dikes to impound water for irrigation, drinking, etc.",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_014,"Terracing [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_013]",Terracing (including the erection of barriers to reduce soil slippage),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_015,"Agricultural land reverted [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_015]","Agricultural land reverts to kinship group (e.g., lineage, sib), chief or tribe, king or state, as personal property or for reassignment when owner abandons the land or dies without heirs",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_016,"Agricultural land reapportioned [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_016]","Most of the agricultural land systematically reapportioned from time to time by the village, chief, tribe, or state to insure equitable distribution and/or a high degree of cultivation, rather than for services rendered",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_017,Measures to promote or maintain agricultural production,"Chief, king, or other official(s) takes measures to promote or maintain agricultural production (e.g., requires land to be worked efficiently and punishes failure to do so)",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_018,"Planting and harvesting times determined by specialists [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_018]",Political or religious officials or other specialists determine the time of planting and harvesting,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_019,"State or church provides farmers with equipment [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_019]",State or church provides farmers with seed or tools for agricultural purposes,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_020,State surveying of agricultural land,State surveying of agricultural land,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_021,"Regular food surplus accumulation [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_020]","Surplus of food regularly accumulated over and above the annual subsistence needs of the food producers, and not consumed by them",,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_022,Agricultural estates,Agricultural estates which regularly produce a sizable surplus of food for sale to urban centers,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_023,Cash crops,Cash crops raised entirely or largely for sale rather than for domestic consumption,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_024,"Government granaries [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_021]",Granaries erected by the government and food distributed from them by a government official,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_025,"Domesticated animals serve as a source of food [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_024]",Domesticated animals serve as a source of food (exclude the eating during famines or other unusual occasions of domesticated animals not normally used as food),,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_026,"Domesticated animals used for packing [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_025]",Domesticated animals used for packing,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_027,"Domesticated animals used for traction [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_026]",Domesticated animals used for traction,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_028,"Domesticated animals used for riding [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_027]",Domesticated animals used for riding,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_029,Domesticated animals kept for wool or hair,Domesticated animals kept for wool or hair,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_030,Selective breeding of domesticated animals,Selective breeding of domesticated animals,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_031,Specialized herdsmen or dairymen,Specialized herdsmen or dairymen,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_032,Fisheries or fish ponds,Fisheries or fish ponds stocked and maintained to provide a regular supply of fish for food,,Subsistence,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_033,"Settlements occupied for more than 10 years [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_028]","Settlements occupied for more than 10 years, on the average (but not necessarily all year around but at least 40 percent of the year)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_034,Settlements occupied for at least 50 years,Settlements occupied for at least 50 years (but not necessarily all year around but at least 40 percent of the year),,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_035,Settlements arranged in regular patterns,"Settlement(s) arranged in regular pattern(s), (e.g., long house, houses in rows or streets, houses built around a square or plaza)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_036,"Communities of 100 or more [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_031]",Permanent communities (settled or nomadic) of about 100 or more members,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_037,"Communities of 500 or more [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_032]",Permanent communities (settled or nomadic) of about 500 or more members,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_038,"Towns of 2,000 or more [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_033]","Towns: nucleated settlements of 2,000 or more residents",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_039,"Two or more towns [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_034]",Two or more towns,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_040,"City of 10,000 or more [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_035]","City: administrative and commercial population center of at least 10,000 residents",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_041,"Two or more cities [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_036]",Two or more cities,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_042,"City of 100,000 or more [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_037]","City of 100,000 or more residents",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_043,"Planned cities [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_039]",Planned cities,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_044,"Paved streets [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_040]",Paved streets,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_045,Paved sidewalks,Paved sidewalks,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_046,"Paved plaza [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_041]",Paved plaza (exclude patios surrounded by house walls or exclusive to individual houses),,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_047,"Civic or ceremonial structures [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_046]","Civic or ceremonial structures (including men’s house) not ordinarily used as dwellings by family units (excluding structures built for specific occasions and later abandoned, dismantled, or destroyed)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_048,Permanent cemeteries,"Permanent cemeteries, where the graves of the interred are marked",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_049,"Stone monuments commemorating persons or events [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_048]","Stone monuments or stelae (excluding cairns of unworked stones) to mark or commemorate important persons or events (e.g., megaliths, obelisks, triumphal arches, pyramids)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_050,"Grandstands, theathers, amphitheaters, or stadiums [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_047]","Grandstands, theathers, amphitheaters, or stadiums where spectators can witness contests or performances",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_051,Formal or landscape gardens,Formal or landscape gardens,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_052,Ornamental fountains,Ornamental fountains,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_053,"Aqueducts or conduits [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_049]",Aqueducts or conduits of stone or brick to supply water for domestic use,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_054,Running water piped into buildings,Running water piped into dwellings or public buildings,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_055,"Cisterns [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_050]",Cisterns: rain-catching or water-holding basins artificially lined with stone or other hard or impervious material (excluding clay),,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_056,"Baths of stone, brick, or tile [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_051]","Baths of stone, brick, or tile",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_057,"Drains [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_052]","Drains: lined channels, covered or uncovered, or pipes used to carry off rain or bath water",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_058,"Sewers [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_053]","Sewers: lined and covered channels or pipes, primarily for carrying away human waste",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_059,Apartment houses,Apartment houses: multi-storied dwellings in which rooms are customarily rented to tenants,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_060,"Permanent fortifications [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_054]","Permanent fortifications (including palisades around settlements, blockhouses, citadels, and fortified boundaries, but excluding structures whose primary purpose is not defensive, e.g., compounds, fortifications around dwellings which are normally occupied by only one or a few families)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_061,"Stone or brick fortification walls [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_055]","Walls of stone, brick, adobe, or beaten earth (including earthworks) used in fortification",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_062,Frontiers fortified with stone walls,Frontiers fortified with stone walls,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_063,"Moats [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_056]",Moats (excluding dry ditches but including diverted rivers) used to protect settlements or fortifications,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_064,Taverns,"Taverns, inns, or eating houses providing food, drink, and/or lodging",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_065,Brothels,Brothels,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_066,Fire brigade,Fire brigade,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_067,"Well-maintained roads connecting settlements [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_042]",Broad and well-maintained roads connecting settlements,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_068,"Network of paved roads connecting settlements [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_043]",Network of paved roads connecting settlements,,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_069,"Bridges or causeways [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_044]","Bridges or causeways (excluding log spans, vine ropes, and simple pole frameworks)",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_070,"Way stations or resthouses [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_045]","Way stations or resthouses, not necessarily staffed, which provide lodging for travelers",,Settlements,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_071,Rectangular ground plan for dwellings,Rectangular ground plan for dwellings,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_072,Houses occupied for at least 10 years,"Substantial houses which are lived in for at least 10 years without being permanently abandoned, dismantled, or rebuilt",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_073,House interior divided by walls or partitions,Interior space of houses permanently divided by means of walls or partitions (include lofts),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_074,"Multi-room dwellings [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_058]","Dwellings divided into three or more walled-off and separate rooms, with some degree of functional differentiation between them",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_075,Multi-family dwellings,Dwellings which customarily house four or more family units,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_076,"Multi-storied structures [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_059]",Multi-storied structures (not meant to include high storage platforms or lofts which do not form a complete story),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_077,"Parts of dwellings extensively painted or carved [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_057]","Walls, ceiling, roof, or other part of dwellings or other structures extensively painted or carved",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_078,"Cut stone masonry [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_060]",Cut stone masonry,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_079,"Stone or brick bases for civic or ceremonial structures [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_061]","Cut stone or brick substructures (e. g., platforms, truncated pyramids) used as bases for civic or ceremonial structures",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_080,"Dwellings of stone or brick [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_062]",Dwellings (including walls) constructed of cut stone or fired brick,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_081,"Civic or ceremonial buildings of stone or brick [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_063]",Civic or ceremonial buildings constructed of cut stone or fired brick,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_082,"Monumental architecture of stone or brick [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_064]","Monumental architecture of stone or brick (e.g., pyramids, palaces, temples, fortresses, amphitheaters, but excluding solid platforms)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_083,"Quarrying of stone for construction [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_065]",Quarrying of stone for construction (rather than merely dressing loose stones),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_084,Megalithic construction,"Megalithic construction using blocks of stone too heavy to be moved without mechanical devices such as rollers, sledges, ramps, or pulleys",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_085,"Stone coursing [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_066]",Stone coursing (blocks of cut stone laid in successive horizontal layers),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_086,"Rubble used between walls in stone or brick construction [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_067]",Rubble or some other fill used between walls in stone or brick construction,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_087,"Fired brick used in construction [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_068]",Fired brick used in construction,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_088,Walls of beaten earth or adobe,Walls of beaten earth or adobe,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_089,"True mortar used in construction [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_069]","True mortar (i.e., a plastic substance with a chemical bonding action) used in construction",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_090,"Facing of stone or brick walls or columns [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_070]","Facing of stone or brick walls or columns with plaster, alabaster, tile, etc.",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_091,"Roof of tile, brick, dressed stone, planks, etc. [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_071]","Roof of tile, brick, dressed stone, planks, etc. (i.e., not bark, mud, thatching, or similar material)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_092,"House floors made of stone, brick, tile, wood etc.","House floors made of stone, brick, tile, flagstone, or wood (including palm and bamboo)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_093,"Stone lintels [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_072]",Stone lintels,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_094,"Arches of stone or brick [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_073]",Arches of stone or brick (corbeled or keystone),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_095,"True arch [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_074]",True (keystone) arch,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_096,"Stone or brick pillars or columns used structurally [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_075]",Stone or brick pillars or columns used structurally,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_097,"Stone or brick stairways [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_076]","Stone or brick stairways (of cut blocks, or carved into living rock)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_098,Buttresses used to strengthen stone or brick walls,Buttresses used to strengthen stone or brick walls,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_099,"Ornamental carving of stone architectural features [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_077]","Ornamental carving of stone columns, walls, lintels, or other architectural features of stone",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_100,"Architectural features cut into living rock [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_078]","Architectural features (e.g., tombs, stairways) cut into living rock",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_101,"Fortresses built of stone or brick [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_079]","Fortresses built of stone or brick (including walled cities and citadels, where people take refuge in time of war)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_102,"Elaborations in fortified walls [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_080]","Elaborations in fortified walls (including, e.g., towers, salients, merlons, but excluding loopholes)",,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_103,"Professional carpenters or woodworkers [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_083]",Professional (full-time) carpenters or woodworkers (excluding canoemakers and thatchers),,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_104,"Professional stone masons or bricklayers [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_082]",Professional (full-time) stone masons or bricklayers,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_105,"Professional architects or engineers [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_081]",Professional (full-time) architects or engineers,,Architecture,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_106,"Landed property [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_084]","Landed property: individual or familial ownership rights over improved land (e.g., cultivated plots, house sites) continue to be exercised, even if land ceases to be occupied or worked",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_107,Boundary markers to indicate private property limits,Boundary markers (excluding growing crop plants but including hedges) set up in order to indicate the limits of a piece of private property,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_108,Agricultural land commonly bought and sold,Agricultural land commonly bought and sold,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_109,Economic speculation in commodities,"Economic speculation in land, foodstuffs, or other commodities a common practice",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_110,"Inscription of land or other forms of property [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_085]",Inscription of land or other forms of property (registry of deeds),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_111,"Rental of land or dwellings [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_102]",Rental of land or dwellings by landlords to tenants as a system of tenure,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_112,Share-cropping,Share-cropping: a system of land tenure in which the tenant (who is not a serf) pays the landlord a specific proportion or amount of the crop as rent,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_113,Leasing of land or dwellings,Leasing of land or dwellings: a formal agreement (not merely observance of custom) in which a tenant’s right of occupancy is guaranteed for a specified period,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_114,"Serfs [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_120]","Serfs: tenants and their descendants legally bound to land which they farm for the benefit of private persons or corporate groups (e.g., feudal lords, temples, monasteries)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_115,Private or government control over natural resources,"Private ownership (not ownership by a sib or a local group) or government control exercised over scarce or limited natural resources (e.g., clay pits, clam beds, salt, water holes, mineral deposits, grove of wild fruit trees) rather than free access to them",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_116,Distinctive marks used to indicate property ownership,"Seals, brands, or other distinctive marks used to indicate ownership of manufactured property",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_117,"Wealth differences among society members [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_088]","Marked differences in wealth (e.g., real property, livestock, precious metals, slaves; but excluding wives, ceremonial bundles) among members of the society (other than the difference between the principal political leader or religious specialist and everyone else)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_118,Feasts or gift-giving ceremonies showcasing wealth,"Feasts or gift-giving ceremonies in which much wealth is displayed or consumed, including those for state purposes",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_119,"Recorded inventories of property owned [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_110]","Recorded inventories of property owned (e.g., with pebbles, knotted cords, notched sticks, clay tablets, ledgers)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_120,"Most individual property inherited [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_086]","Most individual (not family) property owned and in the possession of a person at the time of his death (exclude property lent out and still outstanding) transmitted by inheritance rather than being buried, destroyed, or otherwise disposed of at the death of the owner",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_121,"Testamentary disposition of property [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_087]","Testamentary disposition of property, by a written will, through a formal executor, or orally in the presence of a witness (excluding incorporeal property)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_122,"Craft specialization [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_090]","Craft specialization: some craft(s) which only a limited number of persons in the society practice (excluding the making of religious or ceremonial objects by shamans or priests, or chiefs)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_123,"Craft production for economic exchange [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_091]",A significant amount of craft production primarily for economic exchange rather than for personal consumption,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_124,"Full-time craft specialists [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_092]","Full-time craft specialists (e.g., brewer, lapidary, tailor, baker, tanner)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_125,Service specialization,"Service specialization: some services which only a limited number of persons in the society provide (excluding religious specialists and curers, but including clans and other groups that perform specialized services)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_126,"Full-time service specialists [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_093]","Full-time service specialists other than religious practitioners (e.g., tattooer, barber, accountant, lawyer, physician)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_127,Professional barbers or hairdressers,Professional barbers or hairdressers,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_128,Professional porters or bearers,Professional porters or bearers,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_129,Full-time food production specialists,"Processing or preparation of food by full-time specialists (e.g., millers, butchers, cooks, bakers) other than household servants or slaves",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_130,Professional brewers or wine makers,Professional brewers or wine makers,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_131,Full-time clothing or shoes makers,Clothing or shoes manufactured by full-time specialists,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_132,"Medium of exchange used in trade [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_099]","Medium of exchange, which is frequently used in trade for a variety of commodities",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_133,Currency,"Currency: a medium valued primarily for its use in economic exchanges rather than as an ornamental or consumable good, and which may be exchanged freely for any goods or commodities which are traded",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_134,Economic exchange in currency or money,A significant amount of economic exchange carried out by means of currency or money,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_135,Metallic currency valued according to weight,Metallic currency valued according to weight (including coins),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_136,Two or more metals used as currency,Two or more metals of different monetary value used as currency,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_137,"Coined money [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_100]",Coined money,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_138,Coins of different denominations,Coins of different denominations,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_139,Animals or foodstuffs lent out at interest,"Animals, seed crops, or foodstuffs lent out at interest",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_140,"Money or goods lent out at interest [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_101]",Money or goods (not including animals or foodstuffs) lent out at interest,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_141,Professional moneylenders,Professional moneylenders,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_142,Banks,"Banks, which pay interest on deposits and make loans",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_143,Pledging of movable property as debt security,Pledging of items of movable property as security on a debt,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_144,Pledging of oneself or family member as debt security,Pledging of oneself or members of one’s family as security on a debt,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_145,Mortgage,Mortgage: a legal instrument offering land or houses as security to guarantee the repayment of a loan,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_146,Insurance,"Insurance: protection against calamities (e.g., fire, theft, loss of merchandise at sea) offered by an underwriter for a premium",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_147,"Trade between communities [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_112]",Trade between communities,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_148,Economically important trade between communities or regions,Economically important trade carried out between communities or regions (including that conducted through itinerant merchants),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_149,Economically important trade in finished goods between communities,Economically important trade in which finished goods (excluding food) are traded to other communities or societies (including exchanges conducted through itinerant merchants),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_150,Full-time specialists in trade,Full-time specialist(s) in trade,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_151,"Trading outposts [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_115]",Trading outposts maintained outside the territory of the society,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_152,"Markets [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_105]","Markets, in which a variety of goods are traded",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_153,"Daily and permanent markets [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_106]",Daily and permanent markets,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_154,Specialized urban markets,"Specialized market(s) within a town or city (e.g., fish market, cattle market, textile market, flower market)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_155,"Itinerant merchants or specialized traders [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_103]","Itinerant merchants or specialized traders who are members of the society itself (rather than foreigners), and who remain such even if they trade outside the society",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_156,"Sedentary merchants [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_104]",Sedentary merchants who operate fixed commercial establishments outside the market area,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_157,Wholesale merchants,Wholesale merchants,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_158,Professional merchants undertake large-scale trading expeditions,Professional merchants undertake large-scale trading expeditions,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_159,Merchants form a significant segment of the society,Merchants form a significant segment of the society,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_160,Merchant class with particular rights or restrictions,"Merchants constitute a class, with prescribed advantages (e.g., exemption from military service or corvée labor) and/or disabilities (e.g., exclusion from holding office, subjection to discriminatory taxation)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_161,"Legally enforceable economic contracts [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_108]",Contracts: economic agreements legally enforceable by a higher authority,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_162,Economic transactions formally witnessed or notarized,Economic transactions formally witnessed or notarized,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_163,Commercial agreements negotiated between states,Commercial agreements negotiated between states,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_164,"Commerical transactions authenticated with seals, signatures, or marks","Seals, signatures, or individual marks used to authenticate commercial transactions",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_165,Warehouses for privately-owned merchandise,Commercial warehouses used to store privately-owned merchandise,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_166,Written documents used for large-scale goods shipments,Bills of lading or other written documents used in large-scale shipments of goods,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_167,"Long-term commercial records kept [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_109]",Long-term commercial records kept,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_168,Companies,Companies: business enterprises including two or more persons who are organized to carry out commercial or industrial operations,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_169,Corporations,"Corporations: companies, chartered by the state, the members of which have limited liability",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_170,Labor mobilized by compensation,"Labor mobilized by the offer of compensation (rather than by a kinship obligation), e.g., food and drink, payment in kind or money, salary",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_171,Hire of individuals for unskilled manual labor,Individuals commonly hired to perform unskilled manual labor,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_172,"Wage labor [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_098]","Wage labor, for which payment is made at definite rates and intervals",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_173,Enforced mobilization of labor for public projects,"Enforced mobilization of labor for community, tribal, or state projects (excluding military conscription)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_174,"Corvée [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_097]",Corvée (draft labor exacted by a supra-community authority or agency),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_175,"Institutional employment of artisans and laborers [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_096]","Artisans and laborers attached to or employed on a regular basis (rather than under the corvée) by political or religious institutions (tribe or state, temple or church)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_176,Labor overseers,"Overseers, who superintend the labor of slaves or other workers (other than majordomos on private estates)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_177,Factories,"Factories: enterprises in which workers, under unified supervision, produce goods by performing differentiated tasks (including temple workshops)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_178,Manufacturer trademarks,"Trademarks placed on articles to identify the maker or manufacturer (e.g., potter’s mark, swordsmith’s signature, mint marks)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_179,Class of freemen artisans selling their products or services,Class of artisans who are freemen and who sell their products or services,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_180,Neighborhoods of specialized artisans within towns or cities,Neighborhoods of specialized artisans within towns or cities,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_181,"Certain industries concentrated in particular villages, towns, or cities","Certain industries concentrated in particular villages, towns, or cities",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_182,"Guilds of craft or service specialists [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_094]","Guilds (i.e., cooperative associations) of craft or service specialists, including labor unions",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_183,Guilds of merchants or bankers,Guilds of merchants or bankers,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_184,"Taxation in kind [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_116]","Taxation in kind (including produce from land farmed for the state, but excluding required contributions to community projects or ceremonies)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_185,"Taxation in currency [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_117]",Taxation in currency,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_186,"Official tax, tribute, or customs collectors [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_11]","Official tax, tribute, or customs collectors (excluding local chiefs)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_187,Regular taxes,Collection of taxes in kind or currency on a regular schedule and at fixed rates,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_188,Special taxes,"Special taxes, in addition to regular taxes, levied for special needs (e.g., war expenses, public works, royal marriages; but excluding primarily religious taxes)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_189,Tax obligations commutable into state service,Tax obligations commutable into service to the state or its representative,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_190,Assessors appraising property for tax calculation,"Assessors (as distinct from tax collectors) who appraise land or other property, and determine the amount of taxes to be paid",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_191,Taxes on land,Taxes assessed on land,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_192,Taxes on movable property,Taxes assessed on movable property (including crops and livestock),,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_193,Taxes on commerce,"Taxes on commerce (e.g., sales taxes, taxes on goods brought to market, ground rents on places in market)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_194,Taxes on luxury goods,"Taxes on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of luxury goods",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_195,Inheritance taxes,Inheritance taxes,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_196,Duties on imported goods,"Duties on goods imported, or transported across internal boundaries",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_197,"Tolls [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_119]","Tolls collected for the use of roads, bridges, or ferries",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_198,Produce from private lands for the ruler or state,"Produce of certain privately-worked lands set aside for the chief, king, tribe, or state (exclufing chief's land worked by the people at large for his support)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_199,"Superintendent of royal or state herds, lands, or forests","Superintendent who supervises the maintenance of royal or state herds, lands, or forests",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_200,The extent of landholdings limited by law or decree,The extent of landholdings limited by law or decree,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_201,State-regulated rent on private property,State fixes rent or rent ceilings on privately owned lands or dwellings,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_202,Government operates industries or exploits resources directly,"Government operates industries or exploits resources directly (e.g., weaving, armoring, goldsmithing; mines, salt deposits)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_203,Government derives revenue from industries and resources indirectly,"Government derives revenue from industries and resources indirectly (e.g., licenses salt production, wine making, ironworking, mining)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_204,Government registration or licensing of specialists or merchants,"Government registration or licensing of craft specialists, service specialists, or merchants for purposes of taxation or control",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_205,State contracts private enterprises for certain functions or goods,"State lets out contracts to private enterprises for the performance of certain functions (e.g., public works, tax collection) or the supply of certain goods",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_206,State sells or auctions public property,"State sells or auctions public property (e.g., public lands, confiscated property, captured war booty) to raise revenue",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_207,Government trades commodities on the open market,Government buys or sells commodities on the open market,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_208,State obtains loans from private or foreign sources,State obtains loans from private sources or from other states,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_209,"Governmental supervision or regulation of commerce [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_107]","Governmental supervision or regulation of commerce (e.g., inspecting weights and measures, maintaining order in markets, settling commercial disputes, enforcing payment of debts, fixing price levels)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_210,Government inspection or regulation of places of entertainment,"Government inspection, licensing, or regulation of places of entertainment (e.g., taverns, gambling houses, brothels)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_211,"State-directed trade [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_114]","State-directed trade (i.e., trade carried on by agents of the state with other societies)",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_212,Wage levels of certain occupations fixed by law,Wage levels of certain occupations fixed by law,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_213,Interest rates fixed by law and usury punishable,Interest rates fixed by law and usury punishable,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_214,Distraint of property for debt default or tax nonpayment,"Distraint of property (by government officials, not private seizure) for default of debts or nonpayment of taxes",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_215,Government distributes food in times of shortage or famine,Government relieves conditions of food shortage or famine by distributing or selling foodstuffs,,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_216,Public or church support of the destitute,"Public, government, or church support (as against support by kinsmen or tribesmen only) of the destitute (e.g., widows, orphans, aged, or infirm), excluding becoming wards or servants of the chief or king by indigent person",,Economics,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_217,"Social segments above family [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_124]","Social (rather than territorial) segments above the level of the extended family or household (e.g., lineages, sibs, moieties, marriage classes, social classes, castes, age grades, men’s clubs, secret societies, warrior societies, ceremonial teams, craft guilds)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_218,Two or more social segments,Two or more different types of social segments,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_219,"Unilineal kin groups beyond families [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_125]",Unilineal kin groups (segments) beyond extended families (including royal or chiefly lineages),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_220,Genealogies for at least five generations,Genealogies traced back reliably for at least five generations,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_221,Voluntary associations,"Voluntary associations, permanent and corporate, based on principles other than kinship or age",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_222,Blood brotherhood,Blood brotherhood or other special friendships solemnized by ceremonies,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_223,"Occupational classes, castes, or descent groups","Occupational classes, castes, or descent groups (excluding slaves, but including clans with specific duties)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_224,"Bride price, bride service, or gift exchange","Marriage formalized by bride price, bride service, or gift exchange between the bride and groom or their families",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_225,Dowry,Dowry (as distinguished from the contribution of the bride or her family in gift exchange),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_226,Marriage celebrated with a feast,Marriage celebrated with a feast,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_227,Marriages performed by priests or state officials,Marriages performed or registered by priests or officials of the state (not including the mere blessing of the couple by a priest),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_228,"Significant social status differences [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_126]","Well-defined and significant differences in social status (other than the difference between the principal political leader or shaman and everyone else, or differences based on age or sex)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_229,Wealth accumulation brings prestige or influence,"The accumulation of wealth in movable property or land, even without its redistribution, brings considerable prestige or influence",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_230,Social stratification into distinct classes,"Stratification of the society into distinct social classes (excluding status distinctions based only on age or sex, and the ranking of clans or subclans)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_231,"Social stratification into at least three classes [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_127]",Stratification of the society into at least three distinct social classes,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_232,"Differences of rank within the upper classes [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_128]",Differences of rank within the upper class(es) other than that based on political or religious office or sex,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_233,"Class distinctions in legal liability for offenses [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_204]","Class distinctions in legal liability for offenses (i.e., members of the various social classes have different rights under the law)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_234,"Ornaments, clothing or other marks distinguishing social classes [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_129]","Special ornaments, differences in clothing, or other marks, which distinguish members of one class from the rest of the society",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_235,Insignia of noble or high rank,"Insignia of noble or high rank (e.g, ear plugs, special hairdos, coats of arms) meant primarily to indicate status rather than being largely ornamental",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_236,"Sumptuary laws [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_130]","Sumptuary laws concerning dress, adornment, or other manifestations of wealth and serving to maintain class distinctions",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_237,"Some society members have superior residences [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_131]",Some members of the society (other than the political leader) have categorically superior residences,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_238,"Some society members own more land [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_132]",Some members of the society (other than the political leader) own significantly more land than others,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_239,Majordomos,Majordomos supervise staffs of private households or estates (other than that of the political leader),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_240,"Some society members have numerous wives or concubines [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_135]",Some members of the society (other than the political leader) have numerous wives or concubines (at least 8 or 10),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_241,"Some society members have servants or retainers [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_134]",Some members of the society (other than the political leader) have permanent servants or retainers (other than slaves),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_242,Persons of high rank have special privileges,"Persons of high rank (other than the political leader) have special privileges (e.g., exemption from taxation or corvée, right to hold political office, right to remain seated in the king’s presence) excluding privileges relating to dress and ornament",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_243,"Competitive sports or spectacles staged by the upper classes [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_136]",Competitive sports or spectacles staged by the political leader or members of the upper classes,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_244,Hunting primarily an upper class pastime,"Hunting primarily a pastime of the chief, king, or upper classes",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_245,Codes of social conduct distinguishing class or status,Elaborate code of social conduct serves to distinguish between social classes or individuals of different social positions,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_246,"Class differences in disposal of the dead [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_139]","Status (excluding age and sex) class, or caste differences in disposal of the dead (based on social rather than religious status; exclude shamans and priests)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_247,"Some society members buried with wealth or animal sacrifices [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_140]","Some members of the society (other than the political leader) buried with large amounts of wealth, or have a considerable number of animals sacrificed at their death",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_248,"Some society members buried with wives, retainers or slaves [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_141]","Some members of the society (other than the political leader) buried with or accompanied in death by wives, concubines, retainers, or slaves",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_249,"Some society members elaborately buried [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_142]","Some members of the society (other than the political leader) buried in elaborate tombs or graves (e.g., burial mounds, cist graves, thatched buildings)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_250,"Extrasocietal slavery [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_121]","War captives or persons bought outside the society kept as slaves without subsequently being liberated, killed, or granted equal status with native-born members of the society",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_251,"Intrasocietal slavery [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_122]","Debtors or criminals made slaves, or other freeborn members of the society (including wives and children) sold into slavery",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_252,"Slaves branded, tonsured, or otherwise identified","Slaves branded, tonsured, or otherwise identified",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_253,Slaves as personal servants,Some slaves kept as personal servants and not used in economically productive activities (including cooking),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_254,Slaves economically significant,"Slaves as a class economically significant, i.e., they add to the economy more than they consume (produce food, make goods, or yield a product in significant amounts, rather than merely doing odd work)",,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_255,"Slaves bought and sold within the society [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_123]",Slaves bought and sold within the society (excluding the selling into slavery of freeborn members of the society),,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_256,Slave markets,Slave markets,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_257,Hereditary slavery,Hereditary slavery,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_258,Manumission of slaves common,Manumission of slaves common,,Social Organization and Stratification,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_259,"Supra-community political units [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_143]",Communities (or camps) continuously grouped (year-round) into larger political units which recognize some central authority,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_260,"Supra-provincial political organization [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_144]","Districts or provinces, each comprising several villages or communities, are permanently grouped into a larger political unit",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_261,"Three or more levels of territorial administration [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_155]","Three or more levels of territorial administration above the community (e.g., 1. district, 2. province, 3. quarter, 4. kingdom)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_262,"State [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_145]","State: permanent organization of a number of supra-community units (districts, tribes, or provinces) into a single political unit under centralized control, involving at least (a) some power to collect revenue, (b) the power to conscript men for work or war, (c) some centralized judicial authority, and (d) the power to formulate and execute policy",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_263,"Population of 100,000 or above","Population of the state 100,000 or above",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_264,"Population of 1,000,000 or above","Population of the state 1,000,000 or above",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_265,Citizenship,Citizenship: citizens have certain rights under the law which non-citizens do not have,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_266,"Capital city, town, or village [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_152]","State or tribe has capital city, town, or village",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_267,"Municipal quarters [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_038]",Towns or cities divided into quarters or wards for civil or judicial purposes,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_268,State redistricts or moves populations,State endeavors to maintain administrative units of approximately equal size at each of several levels by redistricting or by the movement of populations,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_269,Permission to move between administrative units,Government permission required to move from one administrative unit to another,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_270,"Colonists [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_164]",Colonists sent to settle in conquered or newly-opened territory,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_271,"Young persons sent to capital for training, service or as hostages [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_192]",Young persons sent to capital for training or royal service or as hostages,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_272,"Headman, chief, king, or council of elders [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_147]","A generally recognized agent or agency of the society (e.g., headman, chief, king, council of elders) makes decisions or policy affecting the society as a whole",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_273,Powerful political leaders,"Political leader(s) has the power, by threat or exercise of active sanctions, to make individuals comply with his decisions (e.g., can assign tasks, draft labor, impose taxes, command military service)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_274,"Political leader exercises judicial power [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_200]","Political leader(s) exercises judicial power (decides guilt and decrees punishment, or settles cases appealed to him; does not merely mediate)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_275,Political leader exercises supreme judicial authority,"Political leader(s) exercises supreme judicial authority, e.g., has the power to reverse decisions of inferior judges or courts in civil or criminal cases",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_276,Leadership transmitted through royal line,Chiefly or kingly line through which political leadership is customarily transmitted,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_277,Heir apparent undergoes training for future office,"Heir apparent undergoes rigorous or intensive training or education as preparation for his future office, including, e.g. serving as governor of a province",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_278,Property qualifications required for public office,Property qualifications required for appointment or formal election to public office,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_279,Secondary political leaders,"Secondary political leader(s) who have authority over segments of the society (e.g., sub-chiefs, house chiefs, clan chiefs, governors)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_280,"Advisory council for political leader [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_149]","Formally constituted council (permanent or ad hoc) or official who advises, deliberates with, or controls the political leader",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_281,Non-territorial advisors or administrative civil officials,"Non-territorial advisors or administrative civil officials: functionaries who advise or act at the direction of the political leader, but who are not personal servants or retainers (e.g., talking chiefs)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_282,Officials overseeing government-controlled activities,Specialized officials in charge of one or more activities or enterprises controlled or supervised by the government,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_283,"Hierarchy of non-territorial administrative officials [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_157]",Hierarchy of non-territorial administrative officials (excluding palace hierarchy),,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_284,Secondary political officials may appoint their subordinates,Secondary political officials may appoint their subordinates,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_285,"Provincial administrative centers [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_153]",Provincial or district administrative centers where officials appointed by the state (other than local chiefs) collect taxes or maintain order,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_286,Municipal governments,Towns or cities within a larger political unit have municipal governments,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_287,Secretariat administering laws or decrees,"Secretariat, in charge of drafting, promulgating, and circulating laws or royal decrees",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_288,"State accountant or treasurer [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_111]","Accountant or treasurer who keeps track of the wealth accumulated by the chief, king, or state",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_289,"Inspectors, censors, or secret agents [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_162]","Inspectors, censors, or secret agents who examine records or investigate the functioning of officials, popular discontent, etc.",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_290,"Census taken [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_349]",Census taken (including simple enumerations or head counts),,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_291,"Organized messenger or courier system [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_353]",Organized messenger or courier system which links together most of the society’s territory,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_292,"Ministries [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_158]",Ministries: government departments headed by ministers and having full-time staffs of officials and clerks,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_293,Ministry of revenue or finance,Ministry of revenue or finance,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_294,Ministry of public works,Ministry of public works,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_295,Ministry of justice,Ministry of justice,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_296,"Ministry of religious affairs, rites, or ceremonials","Ministry of religious affairs, rites, or ceremonials",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_297,Ministry of foreign affairs,Ministry of foreign affairs,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_298,Ministry of war,Ministry of war,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_299,"Prime minister [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_160]",Prime minister: principal administrative official below the ruler who initiates or executes policy,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_300,"Council of ministers advising the ruler [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_159]",Council of ministers forming a regular advisory body to the ruler,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_301,"Authentication devices for official actions [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_179]","Devices used to confirm or authenticate official orders, decrees, actions, and transactions (e.g., seals, signatures, rings, or other symbols)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_302,Auditing of government financial accounts,Auditing procedures to check for errors or embezzlement in government financial accounts,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_303,Government budget,"Budget: a comprehensive and itemized estimate of anticipated revenues and expenditures, periodically prepared by government officials",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_304,Annals of state affairs,Annals of state affairs regularly kept by official historian(s),,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_305,State archives,Archives in which official records and state papers are kept,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_306,State officials paid a fixed salary,State officials paid a fixed salary,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_307,Officials' salaries paid in currency,"Officials' salaries paid, at least in part, in currency rather than in kind",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_308,Codified regulations for administrative structure,Codified regulations minutely govern the constitution and operation of the administrative structure,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_309,"Political leader does not engage in subsistence [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_150]",Political leader does not ordinarily engage in subsistence,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_310,Political leader abstains from low-status activities,"Political leader may not engage in certain common economic activities, which are considered to be beneath his status",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_311,Political leader entertains on a lavish scale,Political leader entertains on a lavish scale,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_312,"Political leader bestows land, slaves, rank [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_167]","Political leader bestows land, slaves, wealth, women, or noble rank for services rendered",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_313,"Political leader appoints officials [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_166]",Political leader appoints and deposes subordinate political officials,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_314,Political leader promulgates laws,"Political leader promulgates laws, issues decrees, or makes proclamations to the populace (not just orders that are obeyed)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_315,"Political leader grants audiences [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_168]",Political leader grants formal audiences to hear grievances or petitions (exclude appeal in legal cases),,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_316,Political leader travels around the kingdom,"Political leader makes regular visits to various parts of the kingdom to examine conditions, hear cases, collect taxes, awe his subjects, etc.",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_317,Political leader travels with a retinue,Political leader travels with a retinue,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_318,"Political leader controls religious institutions [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_169]","Political leader exercises considerable control over the activities of temples or the church (e.g., performs investiture of priests, endows temples)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_319,"Political leader performs essential societal rituals [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_182]","Political leader performs rituals considered essential for the welfare of the society, and which only he can perform",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_320,"Installation ceremony for political leader [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_177]","Special ceremony for installation or investiture of new political leader (e.g., oath of office, coronation)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_321,"Political leader has special symbols of office [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_178]","Political leader has special symbols of office or authority (e.g., throne, crown, scepter, seal, robes)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_322,"Deference to political leader [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_180]","Displays of special deference to political leader (e.g., carrying in a litter, averting the eyes, bowing)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_323,"Officials or sub-chiefs swear allegiance to the leader [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_181]","Officials, vassals, sub-chiefs, or courtiers swear allegiance to the chief, king, or state",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_324,Political leader addressed by honorific titles,Political leader addressed or referred to by various honorific titles,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_325,Lese majesty severely punished,"Lese majesty — an offense against the dignity, person, or property of the ruler — severely punished",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_326,"(Semi)divine ruler [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_183]","Ruler is considered divine, semi-divine, or sacred, or traces his descent from a god",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_327,"Political leader buried with wealth [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_184]",Political leader buried with large amounts of wealth,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_328,"Political leader buried with wives or slaves [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_186]","Wives, concubines, retainers, or slaves of political leader buried with him or otherwise killed at the time of his death",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_329,"Political leader elaborately buried [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_185]","Political leader buried in an elaborate tomb or grave (e.g., burial mound, cist grave, thatched building, pyramid)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_330,"Special treatment to preserve leader’s corpse [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_187]","Special treatment (e.g., desiccation, embalming) to preserve the political leader’s corpse or part thereof (not just the bones)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_331,"Deceased political leader reverenced [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_188]","Deceased former political leader especially reverenced (e.g., his spirit invoked or propitiated, monuments erected to his memory)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_332,"Ruler receives food and goods as gifts, tribute or taxes","Chief or king receives large amounts of food and/or other goods as gifts, tribute, taxes, or fines",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_333,"Special residence for political leader [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_175]",Political leader lives in a special residence or compound categorically superior to any other residence,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_334,"Royal estates [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_176]","Royal estates, residences, or preserves outside the capital which are the property of the ruler",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_335,"Full-time retainers for political leader [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_170]",Political leader has full-time personal attendants or retainers,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_336,Royal household maintained by a steward and staff,Royal or chiefly household maintained by a steward and staff,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_337,"Court [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_174]","Court, a body of officials, members of the upper classes, retainers, entertainers, etc., surrounding the chief or king",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_338,"Ruler has significantly more wives or concubines [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_171]",Chief or king has significantly more wives or concubines than anyone else,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_339,"Ruler has a harem [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_172]","Chief or king has a harem (a special residence(s) supervised by a responsible official(s), e.g., a eunuch)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_340,"Ruler has a bodyguard [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_173]",Bodyguard to protect the ruler’s person,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_341,Private tutors for children of nobles,Private tutors retained at court to instruct prince(s) and/or children of nobles,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_342,Political leader has storehouse or treasury,"Political leader has storehouse or treasury (for hard goods or valuables, rather than for food)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_343,"Formal treaties between societies [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_190]","Formal treaties (recorded or witnessed and sworn) concluded between societies to establish alliances, to settle disputes, or to end wars",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_344,"Ambassadors [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_191]",Ambassador(s): diplomatic representative acting in regular relations with a foreign government,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_345,Diplomatic missions,Diplomatic missions by government officials carried out for specific purposes,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_346,"Passports, visas, or tallies","Passports, visas, or tallies to control the entry or exit of persons, native or foreign",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_347,"Superordinate tribe or state [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_189]","Superordinate tribe or state which receives tribute, labor, soldiers, or other recognition of obligation from subordinate or vassal tribe(s) or state(s)",,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_348,Resident officials overseeing native rulers of subordinate states,Resident political officials who oversee native rulers of feudatory or tributary states,,Political Organization,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_349,Composition,Composition: redress of death or bodily injury by payment of an indemnity to the victim or his relatives (with or without a formal judicial proceeding),,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_350,Ordeals or oaths to establish guilt or settle disputes,Ordeals or oaths to establish guilt or innocence or to settle disputes prescribed or enforced (exclude torture applied to extract a confession),,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_351,"Mediation used to settle inter-community disputes [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_196]",Mediation or formal legal procedure customarily used to settle at least one type of dispute within the political unit,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_352,Land disputes settled by political or judicial authority,"Disputes over land settled by political or judicial authority, rather than only by mediation or fighting",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_353,"Judicial process [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_197]","Judicial process, in which an individual or limited group (e.g., council of elders, tribal chief, court of law) considers evidence and renders judgment in a dispute, or of an accused person, on behalf of the society",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_354,"Court trials [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_198]","Court trials, held under specialized judges or magistrates who hear testimony and weigh evidence, interpret the law or customary law, and render a decision in civil or criminal cases",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_355,"Judicial system of higher and lower courts [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_199]","Judicial system of higher and lower courts, cases being referred to one or the other according to their nature, with decisions of lower courts perhaps appealable to higher courts",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_356,Specialized courts,"Specialized courts (e.g., commercial courts, military courts, ecclesiastical courts, divorce courts)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_357,Legal counsel,Legal counsel: specialized advocates or lawyers who interpret the law or act for clients in legal cases,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_358,Oaths or affirmations of truthful testimony,Oaths or affirmations of truthful testimony required of witnesses in legal trials,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_359,Oaths of compurgation accepted as evidence of innocence,Oaths of compurgation accepted as evidence of innocence at legal trials,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_360,Perjury or false testimony punishable by law,Perjury or false testimony in court legal cases punishable by law,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_361,Judges,Judges: officials whose sole function it is to apply the law and render decisions in civil or criminal cases,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_362,"Police [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_212]","Police: specialized individual or force charged with keeping the peace, enforcement of norms, or the apprehension and detention of offenders",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_363,Specialized public executioner,Specialized public executioner,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_364,Law,"Law: a body of explicitly formulated secular norms, interpreted, applied, and enforced by a constituted authority",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_365,Recurrent decrees of laws,Laws recurrently decreed by a ruler or enacted by a legislative body,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_366,"Code of laws [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_203]","Code of laws (explicit and recorded) which covers social, political, and/or economic relations",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_367,Offenses against persons punishable by law,"Offenses against persons (e.g., sorcery — if actually practiced, assault, maiming, rape, murder) punishable under law or custom by formal means",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_368,Offenses against property punishable by law,"Offenses against property (e.g., theft, arson, willful or inadvertent destruction) subject to indemnification or punishment under law or custom by formal means",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_369,Obstruction of justice punishable under law,"Obstruction of justice (e.g., harboring of criminals, refusing to give evidence) punishable under law",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_370,"Laws governing marriage, abortion, or adoption","Laws governing marriage, divorce, abortion, infanticide, or adoption",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_371,Laws governing inheritance,Laws governing inheritance,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_372,"Laziness, malingering, or vagrancy punishable by law","Laziness, malingering, or vagrancy punishable by law",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_373,"Libel, slander, or malicious lying punishable by law","Libel, slander, or malicious lying punishable by law",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_374,Laws regulating borrowing and lending,Laws regulating borrowing and lending,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_375,Building codes,"Building codes: laws regulating house construction (e.g., prescribing building materials, limiting number of stories)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_376,Sacrilege severely punished,"Sacrilege — irreverence or disrespect toward a sacred person, place, custom, or object — severely punished",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_377,Religious law enforced by political officials,Religious law enforced by political officials,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_378,Statute of limitations,Statute of limitations specifying the time within which offenders must be brought to trial to be punishable,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_379,"Offenses punished by a designated agent [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_194]",Most offenses regularly punished by a designated or permanent agent of the society rather than by the offended parties themselves,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_380,Crimes punishable by public authorities only,Crimes legally punishable by public authorities only; private action illegal,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_381,"Offenses punished by fines [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_206]","Certain offenses punished by fines (in currency or in kind) paid to the lineage, sib or village, tribe or state, of which part may go to the offended party (including penalty feasts)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_382,"Offenses punished by confiscation of property [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_207]","Certain offenses punished by confiscation of property, of which part may go to the offended party",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_383,Political authority retains fines or confiscated property,Fines collected or property confiscated by political authority and not shared with the offended party (unless he is the political leader),,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_384,"Corporal punishment [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_208]","Corporal punishment (including mutilation, shaving off hair) meted out for certain offenses by an authorized agent of the society (other than the offended party or his kin unless he is the political leader)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_385,"Incarceration of convicted offenders [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_213]","Incarceration of convicted offenders (in shackles, stocks, pens, cages, or prisons)",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_386,"Offenses punished by slavery or hard labor [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_209]",Certain offenses punished by slavery or by terms at hard labor,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_387,"Death penalty [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_210]","Death penalty decreed by custom or after judicial procedure for certain crimes, and exacted openly by someone acting with the explicit approval of the society",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_388,Commutation of certain sentences upon payment,Commutation of sentences for certain crimes may be granted upon payment of a fixed amount,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_389,"Political leader sometimes pardons convicted offenders [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_201]",Political leader sometimes pardons convicted offenders,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_390,General amnesties granted on special occasions,General amnesties granted on special occasions,,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_391,"Violation of secular law incurs divine and secular punishment [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_211]","Violation of secular legal norms automatically incurs punishment by gods during the individual’s lifetime, as well as secular punishment by a formally designated agent of the society",,Law and Judicial Process,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_392,Warfare for reasons beyond personal conflicts or preemptive defense,"Warfare initiated for considerations other than (or in addition to) the avenging of insults, personal injury, murder, witchcraft, the stealing of women, trespass, or forestalling an enemy attack",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_393,"Economic reasons for warfare [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_214]","Economic considerations (e.g., territorial acquisition, the capture of booty, the taking of slaves) important in the initiation of warfare",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_394,Religious reasons for warfare,"Warfare initiated in order to impose religious dogma or to make religious observances (e.g., human sacrifice)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_395,Formal warning or declaration of war,"Formal warning, challenges, or declaration of war, including the displaying of symbols, customarily given",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_396,"War leaders [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_215]","Recognized war leader(s) (other than a political leader) who regularly leads the men of the society against the enemy (e.g., war chief, general)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_397,"Professional military commanders [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_216]","Professional military commanders (e.g., generals) who regularly lead the army in time of war",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_398,"Professional middle-level military officials [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_217]","Professional middle-level military officials (e.g., centurions, lieutenants, captains)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_399,"Specially trained warriors [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_218]",Body of specially trained or highly skilled warriors (as distinct from the rest of the fighting men),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_400,"Standing army [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_221]","Standing army, organized around a core of professional soldiers, and continuously maintained",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_401,Militia,Militia: a semimilitary organization with officers who keep its units in readiness to quell uprisings or repel invasions,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_402,"Military conscription [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_219]","Military conscription (those disinclined to fight either coerced into doing so, allowed to commute, or else subject to punishment)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_403,Military or corvée obligations fulfilled through substitutes or payments,Substitutes may be hired or commutation paid to fulfill military or corvée obligations,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_404,Troops receive fixed pay,"Troops receive fixed pay (over and above, or instead of, a share of the booty)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_405,"Mercenaries [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_222]","Mercenaries (i.e., paid foreign troops) used in warfare",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_406,"Soldiers or officers take oath of allegiance [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_220]",Soldiers or officers take oath of allegiance,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_407,Fighting force divided into subunits,Fighting force customarily divided into subunits,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_408,Army organized into military units,"Army organized into groups of units which are successively more inclusive (e.g., platoons, companies, regiments, divisions)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_409,Organized war preparation drills and exercises,Organized drills or exercises carried out to prepare for war,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_410,"Differentiated military units [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_228]","Differentiated military units (e.g., spearmen, bowmen, slingers, cavalry)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_411,Cavalry,Cavalry,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_412,Military engineers,Military engineers,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_413,Baggage trains used to transport the army’s supplies,Baggage trains used to transport the army’s supplies,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_414,"Pitched battles [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_225]","Pitched battles, involving considerable hand-to-hand fighting, initiated, in which the objective is to destroy or drive off the enemy fighting force, or capture (rather than merely raid) enemy settlements",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_415,Fighters begin battle in formation,Fighters begin battle in formation (including arrangement in a straight line),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_416,Soldiers fight as compact units,"Soldiers fight closely aligned or as compact units, rather than as separate individuals",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_417,Formal rules governing military conducts,Formal rules governing conduct of soldiers and officers in war,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_418,Government arsenals or armories,Arsenals or armories where government stockpiles of weapons are maintained,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_419,Cutting or thrusting weapons used in warfare,Cutting or thrusting weapons used in warfare,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_420,"Defensive body armor [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_224]",Defensive body armor (exclude shields and helmets),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_421,Metal armor used in warfare,Metal armor used in warfare,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_422,"Chariots used in warfare [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_229]",Chariots used in warfare,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_423,"Military emblems and banners [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_227]","Emblems, banners, or special objects which serve to identify military units, or act as rallying points, are carried into battle",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_424,Musical instruments used for battle signals,"Drums, horns, trumpets, etc., used to signal commands in battle or to encourage troops (excluding the use of these instruments merely to frighten the enemy)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_425,"Espionage [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_223]","Espionage, by special agents who gather strategic information in foreign territory by hiding their purpose and/or identity but not their persons",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_426,"Sieges laid to enemy fortifications [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_231]",Sieges laid to enemy fortifications strong enough to resist immediate assault,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_427,"Permanently garrisoned forts [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_230]","Permanently garrisoned forts (excluding observation posts, walled towns and cities)",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_428,Battering rams,Battering rams,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_429,Assault ladders or towers used in sieges,Assault ladders or towers used in sieges,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_430,Siege ramps,Siege ramps,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_431,"Catapult-type devices used as siege engines [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_232]",Catapult-type devices used as siege engines,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_432,"Body trophies [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_236]","Body trophies (e.g., heads, scalps, hands) taken in war or from sacrificed prisoners",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_433,Military booty,Considerable booty taken during successful military campaigns,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_434,"Adult male war captives [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_237]",Adult males frequently taken captive in warfare,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_435,Cannibalism of war captives,Cannibalism of war captives,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_436,"War captives regularly sacrificed to gods [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_238]",War captives regularly sacrificed to god(s),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_437,"War captives kept for ransom or held as hostages [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_239]",War captives kept for ransom or held as hostages,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_438,"Special ornaments for brave or wounded warriors [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_233]","Special ornaments, insignia, or appellations awarded for prowess or wounds received in battle",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_439,"Rewards for outstanding warriors [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_234]","Outstanding warriors rewarded with gifts of property, women, or slaves, or appointment to official positions",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_440,"Nobility attainable through war exploits [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_235]",Nobility or distinctly high social status attainable through war exploits,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_441,"Penalty for cowardice, desertion, or insurrection","Death, confiscation of property, or other severe punishment may be penalty for cowardice in battle, desertion, or insurrection",,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_442,Formal ceremonies to conclude inter-societal hostilities,Formal ceremonies (including the making of treaties) to conclude hostilities with other societies,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_443,Military prowess exhibited in parades or reviews,Military parades or reviews in which military skill and prowess are exhibited (excluding celebrations held for returning warriors),,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_444,"Territory of vanquished enemy annexed [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_240]",Territory of vanquished enemy annexed,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_445,"Vanquished enemies subjugated and controlled [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_241]",Peoples of vanquished enemy subjugated and held under effective control,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_446,"Defeated political leaders pledge allegiance to conquerors [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_242]",Defeated political leader(s) or his relative(s) retained in authority over his territory on pledge of allegiance to conquerors,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_447,Indemnities exacted from defeated enemies,Indemnities or reparations (as distinct from tribute) exacted from defeated enemies,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_448,Permanent settlements built in conquered territory,Permanent settlements built in conquered territory,,Warfare,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_449,Supernatural beings intervening for supplicants,Supernatural being(s) who currently intervenes for the benefit of suppliants,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_450,Ancestral spirits propitiated and invoked,Ancestral spirits propitiated and invoked,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_451,"Gods [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_245]","God(s): specifically personified supernatural being(s) (not impersonal force) who is not particular to locations or to kinship segments (exclude, e.g., ancestral, guardian, and other personal spirits), to whom prayers are directed and who intervenes for the benefit of the society or its members",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_452,"Sun god [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_249]","Sun god worshipped (i.e., propitiated and invoked)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_453,"God of war [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_244]",God of war (not necessarily connected exclusively with war) worshipped,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_454,"Lawgiver god [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_248]","Lawgiver god, who on more than one occasion has enunciated extensive rules for governing human conduct, worshipped",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_455,"Patron gods or saints [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_246]","Patron gods or saints (not including guardian spirits), who afford protection to groups of individuals engaged in particular occupations or activities (e.g., god of merchants, god of hunters, god of travelers, god of blacksmiths, god of war)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_456,"Pantheon of gods [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_250]","Pantheon of gods worshipped (propitiated and invoked); (applies only to differentiated gods who actively control spheres of life or nature, e.g., rain god, war god, fire god, fertility goddess, love goddess)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_457,"Paramount god in the pantheon [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_251]",One god in the pantheon of differentiated gods worshipped as paramount,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_458,Life and death affects the afterlife,Manner of living or dying affects the status or condition of the soul after death,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_459,"Offerings [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_253]",Offerings (including libations and sacrifices),,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_460,Libations,"Libations: the ritual pouring, sprinkling, or drinking of a liquid",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_461,Animal sacrifices,Animal sacrifices directed to supernatural beings to placate them or gain their favor,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_462,"Human sacrifice [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_254]",Human sacrifice directed to supernatural beings to placate them or gain their favor,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_463,Private worship of supernatural beings,"Private worship of supernatural beings through personally owned (rather than societally maintained) idols, altars, or shrines",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_464,Priests perform private ceremonies for payment,Private ceremonies or sacrifices performed by priests (not shamans or medicine men) on behalf of individuals for payment,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_465,Priests conduct sacrifices on behalf of the society,"Priests conduct sacrifices on behalf of the society, or a significant segment thereof, to ward off calamities, solicit benefits, or offer thanks",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_466,Rites of passage performed by priests,Rites of passage performed by priests,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_467,Rites to promote farming success,"Rites to promote fertility of the soil, to bring rain, or to celebrate the harvest performed seasonally (rather than merely when the crop is in danger)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_468,Thank offerings to supernatural beings,Thank offerings to supernatural being(s),,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_469,Pre-battle rituals performed by religious specialists,"Offerings, sacrifices, prayers, or other rituals carried out by religious specialists before battle",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_470,Post-victory offerings to supernatural beings,Victory offerings made to supernatural being(s) after successful military campaign,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_471,Housebuilding offerings or sacrifices,Offerings or sacrifices made in connection with housebuilding or the erection of other structures,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_472,"Religious pilgrimages [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_275]",Religious pilgrimages to distant shrines or sacred places,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_473,"Votive offerings, ceremonies or pilgrimages",Votive offerings or ceremonies or votive pilgrimages made,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_474,"Idols [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_252]",Idols: durable representations made in the likeness of supernatural beings through or in which they are worshipped,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_475,"Oracles [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_247]","Oracles: shrines, places, or objects where, or by means of which, a medium transmits answers to questions posed to a god or spirit (exclude the use of animals for augury)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_476,"Shrines [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_255]","Shrines, altars, ceremonial platforms, or other sacred places where religious practices (e.g., offerings, rituals, prayers) are regularly or repeatedly carried out",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_477,Incense burned for ceremonial or ritual purposes,Incense burned for ceremonial or ritual purposes,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_478,"Ritual or liturgical texts [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_276]",Ritual or liturgical (written) texts,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_479,"Special supernatural practitioners [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_256]","Special supernatural practitioners (e.g., shamans, diviners, priests, monks)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_480,"Religious specialists supported by individuals or society [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_257]","Religious specialist(s) supported (fully or almost fully) by individuals, the community, tribe, or state",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_481,Divination specialists consulted before important undertakings,"Specialists (e.g., astrologers) concerned exclusively with divination and related activities (exclude shamans) are consulted before undertakings important to the society or the political leader",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_482,"Priests [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_258]",Priests: religious practitioners connected with specific gods or with society-wide ancestral cults,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_483,"Functionally specialized priests [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_260]","Functionally specialized priests (e.g., interpreters of oracles or dreams, sacrificial priests, funerary priests, war priests)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_484,"Priests formally invested in their office [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_259]","Priests formally invested in their office by chief, king, or higher priest",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_485,"Head priest has considerable political influence [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_267]",Head priest (including priest-chief or priest-king) has considerable political influence,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_486,"Hierarchy of priests [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_261]",Hierarchy of priests,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_487,Different orders of priests,Different orders of priests,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_488,"Women consecrated to a temple or a god service [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_265]","Women consecrated to a temple or to the service of a god (e.g., priestesses, virgins, nuns)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_489,Priests distinguished by visible status marks,"Priests or monks always distinguished by specific visible marks of their status (e.g., tonsure, special garments)",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_490,"Priests follow strict rules of discipline [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_272]","Priests or monks ordinarily follow strict rules of discipline, including various forms of abnegation (e.g., fasting, continence), purification, or mortification of the flesh",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_491,"Training school for priests [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_271]",Training school for priests,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_492,"Temples [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_262]","Temple(s): structure(s), at least as large as dwellings, where priests worship gods or practice society-wide ancestral cults",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_493,"Temple has large staff [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_263]",Temple has large staff of priests or attendants (more than 10),,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_494,"Temple owns considerable property [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_264]",Temple owns considerable property,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_495,Temples dedicated to specific gods or saints,Differentiated temples dedicated to specific gods or saints,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_496,"Monasteries, convents, or nunneries [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_273]","Monasteries, convents, or nunneries where priests, monks, priestesses, etc., live, and which, unlike temples, are ordinarily closed to laymen",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_497,"Ceremonial or religious center [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_274]",Ceremonial or religious center: a complex of temples and associated buildings having an important role in the religious life of the society,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_498,"Church [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_266]",Church: religious institution which encompasses a number of priests and temples (or monks and monasteries) and which is unified by a set of common beliefs and observances,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_499,"Temple or church receives donations [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_269]",Temple or church receives donations (other than offerings left to supernatural beings),,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_500,"Temple or church exacts tithes [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_270]","Temple or church exacts tithes, receives the produce of a fixed portion of cultivated lands, or claims a set part of personal incomes",,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_501,"Church owns large amounts of land [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_268]",Church owns large amounts of land,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_502,Ecclesiastical courts,Ecclesiastical courts,,Religion,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_503,"Pottery (either made or commonly used) [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_277]",Pottery (either made or commonly used),,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_504,"Painted pottery made [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_278]",Painted pottery made,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_505,"Effigy vessels made [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_279]",Effigy vessels made,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_506,Large ceramic vessels for storing or transporting grain or liquids,Large ceramic vessels made expressly for storing or transporting grain or liquids,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_507,"Mold-made pottery [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_280]",Mold-made pottery,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_508,"Wheel-made pottery [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_281]",Wheel-made pottery,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_509,"Pottery kilns [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_282]",Pottery kilns,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_510,"Professional potters [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_284]",Professional (full-time) potters,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_511,"Professional painters or sculptors [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_285]",Professional (full-time) painters or sculptors,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_512,"Terra-cotta figurines [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_286]","Terra-cotta (baked clay) figurines or statues as art or ceremonial objects (free-standing, not appliquéd on pots or walls)",,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_513,Wooden or ivory statues,Statues or figurines carved in hard wood or ivory,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_514,"Stone statues [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_287]",Stone statues (or figurines) as art or ceremonial objects,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_515,"Heroic or gigantic stone sculpture [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_288]",Heroic or gigantic stone sculpture,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_516,"Stone reliefs, intaglios, or friezes [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_289]","Reliefs, intaglios, or friezes carved into dressed stone surfaces",,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_517,"Wall murals or frescoes [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_290]",Murals or frescoes painted on faced stone or brick walls,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_518,"Glass manufactured [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_291]",Glass manufactured,,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_519,"Mosaics of stone, brick, tile, or glass [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_292]","Mosaics of stone, brick, tile, or glass",,Ceramics and Art,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_520,"Ground or polished stone or shell cutting tools [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_293]",Ground or polished stone or shell cutting tools,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_521,"Metal axes or adzes made [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_294]",Metal axes or adzes made,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_522,Metal-pointed plowshares,Metal-pointed plowshares,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_523,"Animal-, wind-, or water-powered grinding devices [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_295]","Animal-, wind-, or water-powered devices for grinding grain",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_524,"Mechanical devices for raising water [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_296]","Mechanical devices for raising water (e.g., shadoof, water wheel, water screw)",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_525,"Wheeled vehicles [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_297]",Wheeled vehicles,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_526,"Scales or balances [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_298]",Scales or balances,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_527,Techniques of wood joining,"Techniques of wood joining beyond lashing and gluing (e.g., use of pegs, nails, dovetailing, sewing)",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_528,Furniture,"Furniture: e.g., stools, benches, platform beds, hammocks",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_529,Lock and keys,Lock and keys,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_530,Mirrors,Mirrors,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_531,"Spindle [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_299]",Spindle,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_532,"Heddle loom [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_300]",Heddle loom,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_533,Plant fibers woven into cloth,Plant fibers woven into cloth,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_534,"Animal fibers woven into cloth [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_301]","Animal fibers (e.g., hair, wool, fur, silk) woven into cloth (exclude unraveling and reweaving of woolen cloth obtained by trade)",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_535,"Patterns woven into cloth [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_302]",Patterns (including warp and weft stripes) woven into cloth,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_536,"Garments made of woven cloth [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_303]",Garments (including capes and cloaks) made of woven cloth,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_537,Garments made of bark cloth,Garments made of bark cloth (including ceremonial garments),,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_538,"Dyeing [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_304]","Dyeing (not painting or smearing) of textiles, yarn, bark cloth, or pandanus leaves",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_539,Ornamented fabrics,"Fabrics for clothing ornamented with featherwork, elaborate painting, embroidery, jewelry",,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_540,Tapestries,Tapestries (woven or embroidered fabrics hung for decoration),,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_541,"Professional weavers [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_305]",Professional weavers,,Tools and Utensils and Textiles,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_542,"Forging [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_306]",Forging (hammering metal into shape while hot),,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_543,"Mining of ores [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_307]",Mining of ores (excluding placers),,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_544,Mining of ores as a continuing operation,"Mining of ores carried out as a continuing operation (i.e., not merely to meet the needs of the moment)",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_545,"Smelting of ores [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_308]",Smelting of ores,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_546,Furnaces for smelting ores,Furnaces for smelting ores,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_547,"Bellows used in working metal [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_309]",Bellows used in working metal,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_548,"Indigenous copper worked [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_310]",Indigenous copper worked,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_549,"Indigenous gold and/or silver worked [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_311]",Indigenous gold and/or silver worked,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_550,"Indigenous iron worked [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_312]",Indigenous iron worked,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_551,"Alloying of metals [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_313]",Alloying of metals,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_552,"Bronze or brass produced [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_314]",Bronze or brass produced,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_553,"Casting in molds [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_315]",Casting in molds,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_554,"Lost-wax casting [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_316]",Lost-wax casting (cire perdue),,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_555,"Metal hardening through annealing or tempering [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_317]",Altering the hardness of metals by annealing (heating and slow cooling) or tempering (heating and rapid cooling by immersion in a liquid),,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_556,"Soldering, welding, or riveting used to join metals [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_318]","Soldering, welding, or riveting used to join metals",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_557,"Decorative metal-working techniques [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_319]","Decorative metal-working techniques (e.g., gilding, embossing, engraving, inlaying)",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_558,"Copper tools in common use [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_320]","Copper weapons, utensils, or instruments in common use",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_559,"Bronze tools in common use [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_321]","Bronze or brass weapons, utensils, or instruments in common use",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_560,"Iron tools in common use [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_322]","Iron weapons, utensils, or instruments in common use",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_561,"Non-utllitarian metal objects [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_325]","Non-utllitarian metal objects (e.g., jewelry, figurines or statues, ceremonial chalices, solar disks) made or used",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_562,"Ornaments and jewelry of precious metals [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_324]","Ornaments and jewelry of gold, silver, or other precious metals made or used",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_563,"Precious or semiprecious stones used for jewelry [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_326]",Precious or semiprecious stones used for jewelry,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_564,"Professional smiths [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_327]","Professional smiths, who work metal primarily for exchange",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_565,"Professional goldsmiths, silversmiths, or jewelers","Professional goldsmiths, silversmiths, or jewelers",,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_566,Armorers,Armorers: smiths specializing in making weapons,,Metalworking,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_567,"Watercraft [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_328]",Watercraft (excluding floating logs and simple rafts),,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_568,"Vessel hulls built from several planks [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_329]",Vessel hulls built from several planks (excluding wash strakes),,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_569,"Vessels propelled by oars [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_330]",Vessels propelled by oars (not paddles),,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_570,"Vessels propelled by sails [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_331]",Vessels propelled by sails,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_571,Steering oar or rudder,Steering oar or rudder,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_572,Devices for stabilizing vessels,"Devices for stabilizing vessels (e.g., keels, centerboards, outriggers)",,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_573,"Cabins on board vessels [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_332]",Cabins on board vessels,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_574,Decked vessels,"Decked vessels, with cabin or storage space below decks",,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_575,Merchant vessels,"Merchant vessels, operated by professional merchants and specially designed to transport cargo",,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_576,"Navy [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_333]",Navy: fleet of specially designed warships maintained by the political unit,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_577,Professional naval officers,Professional naval officers,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_578,"Professional boat builders [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_334]",Professional boat builders (including part-time specialists),,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_579,Dryd docks,Dryd docks: permanent structures used during the construction and repair of vessels,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_580,"Professional sailors, pilots, or navigators [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_335]","Professional sailors, pilots, or navigators (including part-time specialists)",,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_581,Professional boatmen or ferrymen,"Professional boatmen, who earn a living ferrying passengers or goods over short distances",,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_582,"Voyages undertaken out of sight of land [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_336]",Voyages undertaken out of sight of land,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_583,Canals built for navigation,Canals built for navigation,,Watercraft and Navigation,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_584,"Mnemonic devices for recording traditions, events, etc. [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_341]","Traditions, events, etc., recorded by means of mnemonic devices (including writing, but excluding simple methods of recording elapsed time, events, or simple inventories)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_585,"System of writing [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_342]",System of writing (including extensive systems of standardized pictographs),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_586,"Essentially phonetic system of writing [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_343]",Essentially phonetic system of writing,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_587,"Scribes, secretaries, or clerks [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_344]","Scribes, secretaries, or clerks (other than priests)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_588,"Teachers [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_345]","Teachers: professional instructors, secular or religious, who are paid for their services and who instruct others than candidates for the priesthood",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_589,Schools for secular subjects or vocational training,"Schools for instruction in secular (i.e., nonreligious) subjects or for vocational training (including, e.g., school for brides)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_590,Literacy general among the upper classes,Literacy general among the upper classes (not merely among scribes and priests),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_591,Public primary schools,Public primary schools,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_592,Secular professional schools,"Secular professional schools (e.g., for the study of law, accounting, medicine, grammar)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_593,Literature,"Literature: speculative, esthetic, or historical writing as distinct from official records",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_594,Epic verse,Epic verse (excluding songs),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_595,Philosophy,Philosophy: a system of beliefs about man’s place in the world and about human conduct based on independent speculation and representing a departure from the prevailing or previously established system of beliefs,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_596,Technical treatises or manuals,"Technical treatises or manuals (e.g., on medicine, pharmacy, divination, agriculture, metalworking)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_597,"Standardized weights and measures [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_338]","Standardized weights and measures (excluding measurement with parts of the body, and similarly variable measurements)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_598,"System of numbers extending beyond 100 [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_339]",System of numbers extending beyond 100,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_599,"Mathematics [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_340]",Mathematics (beyond simple arithmetic),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_600,"Techniques of surveying and mensuration [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_346]","Techniques of surveying and mensuration (including, e.g., plumb lines, knowledge of right angle, stretched cords, but excluding the swinging of circles by means of a cord)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_601,"Regular astronomical observations by specialists [Note, identical to CARNEIRO4_347]",Astronomical observations regularly made by priests or other specialists,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_602,"Calendrical system [Note, similar to CARNEIRO4_348]","Calendrical system, uniquely designating each day of the year",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_603,Calendrically fixed celebrations or religious observances,Calendrically fixed days of celebration or religious observance recurring annually,,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_604,Regular schedule of work and rest beyond daily routine,"Regular schedule of work and rest other than daily routine (e.g., one day off every five)",,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6
CARNEIRO6_605,Musical instruments,Musical instruments (excluding whistles),,Special Knowledge and Practices,Categorical,,,,,dplace-dataset-carneiro6