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Continuous Delivery (CD)

Definition

Continuous Delivery (CD) is a software engineering approach where teams produce software in short cycles, ensuring that the software can be reliably released at any time. It extends Continuous Integration (CI) by automatically building, testing, and preparing code changes for a release to production.

Key Principles

  • Automate the Deployment Pipeline: The entire process from code commit to a deployable artifact is fully automated.
  • Keep the Software in a Deployable State: At any point in time, the software should be ready for release to production.
  • Build Quality In: Quality is integrated into every step of the development process.
  • Fast and Frequent Feedback: The pipeline provides rapid feedback on the quality and deployability of changes.

The Continuous Delivery Pipeline Stages

A typical CD pipeline includes:

  1. Commit Stage (CI): Build, unit tests, static analysis.
  2. Acceptance Test Stage: Integration tests, system tests, performance tests.
  3. User Acceptance Testing (UAT) / Staging Stage: Deployment to a staging environment for manual testing.
  4. Release/Deployment Stage: Automated deployment to production, often with a manual trigger.

Continuous Delivery vs. Continuous Deployment

  • Continuous Delivery: Every change is ready for production, but deployment to production is a manual decision.
  • Continuous Deployment: Every change that passes all automated tests is automatically deployed to production.

Rust Example: CD Pipeline with GitHub Actions

This example shows a conceptual CD pipeline for a Rust project using GitHub Actions.

.github/workflows/rust_cd.yml

name: Rust Continuous Delivery

on:
  push:
    branches: [ "main" ]

jobs:
  build_and_test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Build
        run: cargo build --verbose
      - name: Run tests
        run: cargo test --verbose

  deploy_staging:
    needs: build_and_test
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment:
      name: staging
      url: http://staging.example.com
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to staging
        run: echo "Deploying to staging..."

  deploy_production:
    needs: deploy_staging
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment:
      name: production
      url: http://example.com
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to production
        run: echo "Deploying to production..."

This workflow will automatically build and test the code, then deploy to a staging environment. The deployment to production is a manual step that can be triggered from the GitHub Actions UI.

Deployment Strategies

  • Blue-Green Deployment: Two identical production environments, only one of which is live at any time. Deploy to the inactive environment, then switch traffic over.
  • Canary Release: Gradually roll out the change to a small subset of users before rolling it out to the entire user base.
  • Rolling Deployment: Slowly replace instances of the old version of the application with the new version.

Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

IaC is the practice of managing and provisioning infrastructure through code and automation. Tools like Terraform and Pulumi can be used to define and manage the infrastructure required for a CD pipeline.

Conclusion

Continuous Delivery is a transformative practice that enables organizations to release software reliably and frequently. By automating the entire deployment pipeline and building quality into every step, CD reduces risk, accelerates time to market, and improves software quality. Rust's reliability, performance, and tooling make it an excellent choice for building applications that are well-suited for Continuous Delivery.