fix(cast-format): Throw exception when value cannot be found for specific pattern in string to datetime conversion (#8501)

* fix(cast-format): Throw exception when value cannot be found for specific pattern in string to datetime conversion

- Example: CAST('A.M. 8' as time format 'MI A.M. HH12') where value for MI pattern is missing;
- Handle integer overflow when converting string to int;

* test(cast-format): Add tests for missing values and integer overflow

* fix(cast-format): Incorrect comparison with std::from_chars_result error code

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Co-authored-by: Artyom Ivanov <[email protected]>

Author: TreeHunter9