feat: allow default scheme and netloc for schemeless path (apache#2291)

<!--
Thanks for opening a pull request!
-->

<!-- In the case this PR will resolve an issue, please replace
${GITHUB_ISSUE_ID} below with the actual Github issue id. -->
<!-- Closes #${GITHUB_ISSUE_ID} -->

# Rationale for this change
For hdfs it's common to get scheme and netloc from config and have paths
be just the uri. This PR adds properties to configure `DEFAULT_SCHEME`
and `DEFAULT_NETLOC`

For example 
```
from pyiceberg.catalog import load_catalog

catalog = load_catalog("default", {
    ...,
    "DEFAULT_SCHEME": "hdfs",
    "DEFAULT_NETLOC": "ltx1-yugioh-cluster01.linkfs.prod-ltx1.atd.prod.linkedin.com:9000",
}
```

or if not using catalog
```
static_table = StaticTable.from_metadata(
    "/warehouse/wh/nyc.db/taxis/metadata/00002-6ea51ce3-62aa-4197-9cf8-43d07c3440ca.metadata.json"
     properties={
        'DEFAULT_SCHEME': 'hdfs',
        'DEFAULT_NETLOC': 'ltx1-yugioh-cluster01.linkfs.prod-ltx1.atd.prod.linkedin.com:9000',
    }
)
```

Previously, schemeless paths are assumed to be for the local filesystem
only. This PR allows schemeless paths to be passed to the HDFS
Filesystem

# Are these changes tested?
Tested in test env at linkedin and with unit tests 

# Are there any user-facing changes?
No user facing changes by default. If you add these env variables, if
file path doesn't have scheme/netloc it'll use the defaults specified.

<!-- In the case of user-facing changes, please add the changelog label.
-->

---------

Co-authored-by: Tom McCormick <[email protected]>

Author: mccormickt12

pyiceberg/io/pyarrow.py

@@ -392,11 +392,17 @@ def __init__(self, properties: Properties = EMPTY_DICT):
         super().__init__(properties=properties)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_location(location: str) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
-        """Return the path without the scheme."""
+    def parse_location(location: str, properties: Properties = EMPTY_DICT) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+        """Return (scheme, netloc, path) for the given location.
+
+        Uses DEFAULT_SCHEME and DEFAULT_NETLOC if scheme/netloc are missing.
+        """
         uri = urlparse(location)
+
         if not uri.scheme:
-            return "file", uri.netloc, os.path.abspath(location)
+            default_scheme = properties.get("DEFAULT_SCHEME", "file")
+            default_netloc = properties.get("DEFAULT_NETLOC", "")
+            return default_scheme, default_netloc, os.path.abspath(location)
         elif uri.scheme in ("hdfs", "viewfs"):
             return uri.scheme, uri.netloc, uri.path
         else:
@@ -614,7 +620,7 @@ def new_input(self, location: str) -> PyArrowFile:
         Returns:
             PyArrowFile: A PyArrowFile instance for the given location.
         """
-        scheme, netloc, path = self.parse_location(location)
+        scheme, netloc, path = self.parse_location(location, self.properties)
         return PyArrowFile(
             fs=self.fs_by_scheme(scheme, netloc),
             location=location,
@@ -631,7 +637,7 @@ def new_output(self, location: str) -> PyArrowFile:
         Returns:
             PyArrowFile: A PyArrowFile instance for the given location.
         """
-        scheme, netloc, path = self.parse_location(location)
+        scheme, netloc, path = self.parse_location(location, self.properties)
         return PyArrowFile(
             fs=self.fs_by_scheme(scheme, netloc),
             location=location,
@@ -652,7 +658,7 @@ def delete(self, location: Union[str, InputFile, OutputFile]) -> None:
                 an AWS error code 15.
         """
         str_location = location.location if isinstance(location, (InputFile, OutputFile)) else location
-        scheme, netloc, path = self.parse_location(str_location)
+        scheme, netloc, path = self.parse_location(str_location, self.properties)
         fs = self.fs_by_scheme(scheme, netloc)
 
         try:

tests/io/test_pyarrow.py

@@ -2785,3 +2785,29 @@ def _expected_batch(unit: str) -> pa.RecordBatch:
         )
 
     assert _expected_batch("ns" if format_version > 2 else "us").equals(actual_result)
+
+
+def test_parse_location_defaults() -> None:
+    """Test that parse_location uses defaults."""
+
+    from pyiceberg.io.pyarrow import PyArrowFileIO
+
+    # if no default scheme or netloc is provided, use file scheme and empty netloc
+    scheme, netloc, path = PyArrowFileIO.parse_location("/foo/bar")
+    assert scheme == "file"
+    assert netloc == ""
+    assert path == "/foo/bar"
+
+    scheme, netloc, path = PyArrowFileIO.parse_location(
+        "/foo/bar", properties={"DEFAULT_SCHEME": "scheme", "DEFAULT_NETLOC": "netloc:8000"}
+    )
+    assert scheme == "scheme"
+    assert netloc == "netloc:8000"
+    assert path == "/foo/bar"
+
+    scheme, netloc, path = PyArrowFileIO.parse_location(
+        "/foo/bar", properties={"DEFAULT_SCHEME": "hdfs", "DEFAULT_NETLOC": "netloc:8000"}
+    )
+    assert scheme == "hdfs"
+    assert netloc == "netloc:8000"
+    assert path == "/foo/bar"