STM32 NI: fix linked-RX handling and robustness issues

Consolidate the critical STM32 network-interface fixes into one change set for focused review.

- Rework Rx link callback flow for linked RX messages and fragmented frame handling
- Remove obsolete ETH HAL workarounds now covered by current ST HAL drivers
- Add missing packet-filter hook integration and PHY link refresh helper
- Use HAL getter APIs for state/error reporting instead of direct handle access
- Add safety guards around ETH IRQ and RX allocation/cache maintenance paths

Also refresh STM32 ETH HAL sources to current upstream ST driver versions used by this branch.

Author: HTRamsey