apacheGH-47208: [C++] Update bundled s2n-tls to 1.5.23 (apache#47220)

### Rationale for this change

https://github.com/aws/s2n-tls/releases/tag/v1.5.22 includes aws/s2n-tls#5356 .

We can avoid needless rebuild by this.

### What changes are included in this PR?

```bash
cpp/thirdparty/update.rb 'S2N_TLS'
```

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* GitHub Issue: apache#47208

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

Author: kou

cpp/thirdparty/versions.txt

@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ ARROW_SNAPPY_BUILD_VERSION=1.2.2
 ARROW_SNAPPY_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=90f74bc1fbf78a6c56b3c4a082a05103b3a56bb17bca1a27e052ea11723292dc
 ARROW_SUBSTRAIT_BUILD_VERSION=v0.44.0
 ARROW_SUBSTRAIT_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=f989a862f694e7dbb695925ddb7c4ce06aa6c51aca945105c075139aed7e55a2
-ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_VERSION=v1.5.21
-ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=203d69d6f557f6ab303438ad186fca13fd2c60581b2cca6348a9fbee10d79995
+ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_VERSION=v1.5.23
+ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=81961ea5ae9313c987edfa579306ad4500bedfbf10caf84d8a5dcfc42aaf591f
 ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION=0.22.0
 ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=794a0e455787960d9f27ab92c38e34da27e8deeda7a5db0e59dc64a00df8a1e5
 ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_VERSION=v2.10.0