[fix](schema-change) Fix sync MV loss due to index change (apache#54285)

### What problem does this PR solve?

Problem Summary:
Creation of shadow index did not take define stmt and where clause of MV
into account, therefore, after index creation,
MV info will be lost.

This bug only affect index change on MV related columns. Other types of
heavy sc are not allowed on MV related columns.

Author: Hastyshell

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/alter/SchemaChangeJobV2.java

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import org.apache.doris.catalog.KeysType;
 import org.apache.doris.catalog.MaterializedIndex;
 import org.apache.doris.catalog.MaterializedIndex.IndexState;
+import org.apache.doris.catalog.MaterializedIndexMeta;
 import org.apache.doris.catalog.OlapTable;
 import org.apache.doris.catalog.OlapTable.OlapTableState;
 import org.apache.doris.catalog.Partition;
@@ -450,12 +451,15 @@ protected void addShadowIndexToCatalog(OlapTable tbl) {
         }
 
         for (long shadowIdxId : indexIdMap.keySet()) {
+            MaterializedIndexMeta originalIndexMeta = tbl.getIndexMetaByIndexId(indexIdMap.get(shadowIdxId));
             tbl.setIndexMeta(shadowIdxId, indexIdToName.get(shadowIdxId), indexSchemaMap.get(shadowIdxId),
                     indexSchemaVersionAndHashMap.get(shadowIdxId).schemaVersion,
                     indexSchemaVersionAndHashMap.get(shadowIdxId).schemaHash,
                     indexShortKeyMap.get(shadowIdxId), TStorageType.COLUMN,
-                    tbl.getKeysTypeByIndexId(indexIdMap.get(shadowIdxId)),
-                    indexChange ? indexes : tbl.getIndexMetaByIndexId(indexIdMap.get(shadowIdxId)).getIndexes());
+                    tbl.getKeysTypeByIndexId(indexIdMap.get(shadowIdxId)), originalIndexMeta.getDefineStmt(),
+                    indexChange ? indexes : originalIndexMeta.getIndexes());
+            MaterializedIndexMeta shadowIndexMeta = tbl.getIndexMetaByIndexId(shadowIdxId);
+            shadowIndexMeta.setWhereClause(originalIndexMeta.getWhereClause());
         }
 
         tbl.rebuildFullSchema();

regression-test/data/schema_change_p0/test_index_change_after_mv.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+-- This file is automatically generated. You should know what you did if you want to edit this
+-- !sql --
+test_index_change_after_mv	test_index_change_after_mv_1	 \n        CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW test_index_change_after_mv_1 AS SELECT name, age, grade FROM test_index_change_after_mv WHERE name = "steve" AND age = 0\n    
+

regression-test/suites/schema_change_p0/test_index_change_after_mv.groovy

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+import org.awaitility.Awaitility
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS
+
+suite("test_index_change_after_mv") {
+    def tableName = "test_index_change_after_mv"
+    sql """ DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ${tableName} """
+    sql """
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ${tableName} (
+                name varchar(50),
+                age int NOT NULL,
+                grade int NOT NULL,
+                studentInfo char(100),
+                tearchComment string,
+            )
+            DUPLICATE KEY(`name`)
+            DISTRIBUTED BY HASH(`name`) BUCKETS 10
+            properties("replication_num" = "1");
+    """
+
+    def mvName = """${tableName}_1"""
+
+    sql """ INSERT INTO ${tableName} VALUES("steve", 0, 2, "xxx", "xxx") """
+
+    sql """ 
+        CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ${mvName} AS SELECT name, age, grade FROM ${tableName} WHERE name = "steve" AND age = 0
+    """
+
+    def getJobState = { tblName ->
+        def jobStateResult = sql """  SHOW ALTER TABLE MATERIALIZED VIEW WHERE TableName='${tblName}' ORDER BY CreateTime DESC LIMIT 1; """
+        return jobStateResult[0][8]
+    }
+
+    def max_try_secs = 60
+    Awaitility.await().atMost(max_try_secs, SECONDS).pollInterval(2, SECONDS).until{
+        String res = getJobState(tableName)
+        if (res == "FINISHED" || res == "CANCELLED") {
+            assertEquals("FINISHED", res)
+            sleep(3000)
+            return true
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    sql """
+        CREATE INDEX ${tableName}_idx ON ${tableName}(age) USING INVERTED COMMENT 'inverted index age_idx_1'
+    """
+
+    waitForSchemaChangeDone({
+        sql " SHOW ALTER TABLE COLUMN WHERE TableName='${tableName}' ORDER BY createtime DESC LIMIT 1 "
+    })
+
+    qt_sql """
+        SHOW CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ${mvName} on ${tableName}
+    """
+}