diff --git a/.last-modified/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml b/.last-modified/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml index 09e6da0dc..2611920d0 100644 --- a/.last-modified/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml +++ b/.last-modified/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -2025-08-19T10:13:21Z +2025-12-15T20:31:09Z diff --git a/.last-modified/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml b/.last-modified/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml index 61dfadcdd..4b0723aa6 100644 --- a/.last-modified/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml +++ b/.last-modified/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -2025-08-19T10:13:21Z +2025-12-15T20:31:09Z diff --git a/frus-toc/frus1977-80v15-toc.xml b/frus-toc/frus1977-80v15-toc.xml index 36aae0ea7..bdb95f8ae 100644 --- a/frus-toc/frus1977-80v15-toc.xml +++ b/frus-toc/frus1977-80v15-toc.xml @@ -83,6 +83,11 @@ +
  • + Index +
    • diff --git a/frus-toc/frus1981-88v04-toc.xml b/frus-toc/frus1981-88v04-toc.xml index 80ca5b777..cd42efd56 100644 --- a/frus-toc/frus1981-88v04-toc.xml +++ b/frus-toc/frus1981-88v04-toc.xml @@ -109,6 +109,11 @@ data-template-current-ids="appxA appxB appxC appxD appxE appendix">Appendix (Documents 384–388) +
  • + Index +
    • diff --git a/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml b/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml index e33d8620f..cefa93f7e 100644 --- a/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml +++ b/volumes/frus1977-80v15.xml @@ -89093,5 +89093,8122 @@ + +
    + Index +

    References are to document numbers.

    + + + Aaron, David: + Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 236 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + meeting with, 11 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 126, 139, 462, + 469 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 95, 99, + 100, 226, 236, 247, 263, + 319, 404, 405, 406, 407, + 410, 419, 449, 493, 496 + U.S.-Central America relations, 463, 467, + 468, 483, 491 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 321 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11, 43, + 45, 50, 54 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 88, 89, + 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, + 100, 101, 116, 125, 126, + 135, 139, 141, 145, 148, + 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, + 165, 170, 174, 175, 177, + 186, 194, 201, 205, 226, + 233, 236, 237, 240, 247, + 249, 254, 256, 263, 302, + 312, 313, 317, 319, 321, + 322 + + Agency for International Development (USAID), + 383: + U.S.-Central America relations, 480, 487 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 68, 73, + 88, 94, 126, 137, 138, + 140, 142, 155, 175, 178, + 193, 194, 308, 309 + + Alfaro Rodriguez, Jose Miguel, 290 + Allen, Lew, Jr.: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 104 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 223 + + Alvarez Montalban, Emilio, 258 + American Convention on Human Rights (1969), + 76, 78, 346 + Andean Pact: + El Salvador, 406, 407, 408, 477 + Nicaragua interim government of + national reconciliation proposal (June 1979), 223 + State of Belligerency announcement + (June 1979), 214, 215, 217 + U.S.-Central America relations, 487 + + Andino, Mario Antonio, 397 + ANEP. See + Salvadoran Business Group + Armacost, Michael “Mike”: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 95 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 88, 95 + + Armed Forces of National Resistance (El + Salvador) (FARN), 374, 400 + Arms sales: + Costa Rica, 335, 336, 337, 338, + 341, 343, 344 + Cuba, 343 + Policy Review Committee, 462 + Sandinista National Liberation Front + recipient of, 260, 469 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 9 + + Astacio Lopez, Julio Ernesto: + Devine, Frank James, meeting with, + 367, 373, 374 + Human rights, 367, 373, 380 + Salvadoran high-level commission, + member of, 373, 374, 380 + + + + Baltadano, Danilo, 308 + Baltadano, Emilio Pallais, 85: + “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), member of, + 85 + + Bass, Kenneth, 43, + 412: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 412 + + Belize (see also + Belize independence; Belize territorial dispute; U.S.-Belize relations): + Guatemala, relations with, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, + 24, 26, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, + 42, 51, 55, 56 + Territorial dispute with Guatemala, + 2, 3, + 4, 5, + 6, 8, + 10, 11, 16, 24, 26, 28, 29, + 34, 37, 38, 42, 51, 55, 56 + United Kingdom, relations with, 2, 8, 22, 37, + 38, 55 + Venezuela, relations with, 6, 8, 26, 51 + + Belize independence: + Bowdler-Ridley meetings, 38, 40 + Christopher-Ridley meetings, 55 + Cuba, 38 + Department of State, 38, 55, + 57 + Mexico, 38 + Newsom-Ridley meetings, 38 + U.S.-United Kingdom relations, 55, 57 + Vance-Ridley meetings, 38 + + Belize territorial dispute: + Bowdler-Ridley meetings, 40 + British-Guatemalan joint communiqué + (July 1977), 7 + Brzezinski memoranda, 10 + Bushnell memoranda, 22 + Carter-Laugerud meetings, 11 + Department of State, 4 + Guatemala-UK relations, 11, 12, + 13, 14, 58 + Habib-Price meetings, 8 + Habib-Ridley meetings, 34 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, 10, 11, + 21 + Linowitz, Sol, 18, 19, 24 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 36 + Mendoza Palomo, Luis René, 53 + Mexico, 5, + 17, 18, 21 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, 6, 7, 12, 13, + 16, 25 + National Security Council, 2, 10, 19, 23 + Ortiz-Lucas meetings, 36 + Owen-Price meetings, 15 + Pastor memoranda, 19, 23 + Price, George, 15, 17, 20, 21, + 22, 24, 26, 40, 58 + Rowlands-Molina meetings, 16 + Rowlands-Price meetings, 15, 18 + Todman memoranda, 4 + Todman, Terence, 20, 21, 26 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, 15, 17 + United Nations, 8, 13, 56 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, + 21, 27, 36, 56 + Vance-Molina meetings, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, + 25 + Vance-Price meetings, 17, 26 + Vance-Rowlands meetings, 6, 14, 16, 18, + 19, 24 + + Bell, Griffin, 286: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 286 + + Bennett, Douglas, 412, 475: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 412 + + Bennett, John, 30: + Guatemala, views on, 30 + + Binns, Jack: + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, meeting with, + 337 + Paz Garcia, Policarpo, meeting with, + 363 + + Bittner, Edward, 462: + Policy Review Committee meeting, 462 + + Blatchford, Joseph, 378, 382 + Borge Martinez, Tomas: + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 299, 305 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 298 + + Boster, Davis: + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + meeting with, 11 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, meeting + with, 27 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 9, 11 + + Bowdler/Rogers mission to El Salvador + (December 1980): + Killing of American nuns (December + 1980), 448, 449, 450 + + Bowdler, William, 260: + Belize independence, 38, 57 + Broad Opposition Front, meeting with, + 118 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 450 + Calero, Adolfo, meeting with, 143, 150 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, meeting with, + 161, 241, 268, 280, 290, + 333, 337, 338 + Caribbean policy, 487 + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 450 + Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 444 + Christopher, Warren, meeting with, + 214 + Escobar Bethancourt, Romulo, meeting + with, 260 + FSLN Provisional Government, meeting + with, 234, 255 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 262, 268, 273, + 276 + meeting with, 262, 268, 273 + + Military training, 423 + Mission to El Salvador (December + 1980), 447, 448, 449, 450 + Murphy, John, meeting with, 142 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + member of, 111, 112, 115, + 118, 124, 127, 133, 134, + 137, 138, 146, 147, 148, + 151, 158, 186 + Niehaus, Bernd, meeting with, 337 + Perez, Carlos Andres, meeting with, + 268 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 139 + Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 136 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 406, 417 + Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 38, 40 + Robelo Callejas, Alfonso, meeting + with, 143, 280 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, meeting + with, 381 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + meeting with, 234, 255 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 137, 146, 147, 153, 155, + 170, 171, 174, 176, 178, + 179 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 226, 406, 410, + 412, 419, 449, 493 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, + 231, 232, 260 + Trip to El Salvador (January 1980), + 406, 407 + U.S.-Central America relations, 482 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 323, 324 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 382, 406, + 407, 417, 423, 430, 448 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 38, 40, + 41, 44, 54, 109 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 112, 121, + 122, 124, 127, 131, 133, + 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, + 142, 150, 153, 155, 156, + 166, 168, 170, 173, 175, + 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, + 186, 195, 210, 267, 323, + 324 + Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 255 + Wilson, Charles, meeting with, 142 + + Bowie, Robert: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 126 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 99, 270 + + BPR. See + Popular Revolutionary Block (El + Salvador) + Broad Opposition Front (FAO, Frente Amplio): + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 118 + G-12, relations with, 122, 123 + Government of National + Reconstruction + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), role in, 224, 266 + Jiménez Reyes, Ramón Emilio, meeting + with, 117, 118 + Liberal Party of Nicaragua + counterproposal (December 1978), 179, 180, 181, 184, + 185, 187, 188, 189 + Liberal Party of Nicaragua, relations + with, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, + 137, 166, 167, 176, 191 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 126 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group + meeting with, 112, 114, 117, 118, 123, 136, 148, 154, 163, 169, 188 + relations with + + Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), + 140, 143, 145, 148, 149, + 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, + 156, 157, 161, 164, 166, + 167, 168, 169, 171, 176, + 194 + Obiols, Alfredo Gomez, meeting with, + 117, 118 + Ortega Saavedra, Daniel member of, + 234 + Proposal for provisional government + (October 1978), 117, 118, 121, + 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, + 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, + 137, 138, 139, 140 + Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 118 + Robelo Callejas, Alfonso, relations + with, 155, 163 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, relations + with, 168, 175, 189, 224 + “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), associated + with, 85 + + Brown, George, 462: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + + Brown, Harold, 475: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 104 + Carter, Jimmy, correspondence with, + 375 + Covert actions, 409 + Military assistance and sales, 423, 459, + 460 + Military training, 423 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 218, 223, 226, + 227, 282, 283, 396 + U.S.-Central America relations, 471, 472 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 409, 423, + 437, 457, 459 + + Brzezinski, Zbigniew: + Allen, Lew, Jr., meeting with, 104 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 450 + Brown, Harold, meeting with, 104 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, meeting with, + 343 + Caribbean policy, 483, 485, 486, 487, + 488 + Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, + meeting with, 32, 33, 38, + 39 + Central America + Christopher, Warren, meeting with, + 104 + Covert actions, 44 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 297 + Gutierrez, Julio, meeting with, 233 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 183 + Military assistance + Military assistance and sales, 33, 459 + Monterroso, Dorotea, meeting with, + 39 + Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 104 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 79, 126, 127, + 139, 178, 194, 462, 469, + 475 + Policy Review Memorandum, 465 + Post-Somoza planning, 279, 282, + 307 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 403, 408 + Rogers, William “Bill,” meeting with, + 450 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 44, 218, + 223, 226, 227, 263, 264, + 270, 271, 282, 283, 285, + 286, 319, 396, 406, 407, + 412, 419, 449, 473 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, + 258 + Turner, Stansfield, meeting with, 104 + U.S.-Central America relations, 377, 463, + 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, + 472, 474, 476, 479, 480, + 483, 484, 487, 488, 491, + 495, 496 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 323, 324 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 378, 382, + 387, 394, 395, 401, 402, + 409, 411, 412, 414, 418, + 423, 439, 441, 443, 447, + 448, 450, 451, 452, 495, + 496 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 32, 45, + 47, 50, 54, 418 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 77, + 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, + 104, 124, 125, 126, 127, + 135, 139, 140, 141, 145, + 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, + 164, 165, 170, 174, 177, + 178, 183, 192, 195, 198, + 200, 205, 217, 218, 220, + 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, + 237, 240, 252, 254, 256, + 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, + 294, 307, 310, 312, 313, + 314, 316, 317, 318, 320, + 323, 324, 326, 478, 495, + 496 + Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 104 + + Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR): + Covert actions, 44, 492 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, views on, + 75 + U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 492 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 492 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 44 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 492 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 75, 492 + + Bushnell, John: + Belize territorial dispute, 21, 22, + 25, 40, 55, 56 + Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, + meeting with, 56 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, + 25 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 270, 282, 283, + 285 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 321 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 68, 321 + + + + Calero, Adolfo: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 143, 150 + Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), + 143 + Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 155 + + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo: + Binns, Jack, meeting with, 337 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 161, 241, + 268, 280, 290, 333, 337, + 338 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 343 + Carter, Jimmy + correspondence with, 334, 340 + meeting with, 343 + + Costa Rica-Nicaragua relations, 88, 89, + 90, 96, 101, 113, 115, + 331, 332 + FSLN Provisional Government, views on, + 241, 243 + Human rights, 342 + McNeil, Francis, meeting with, 339, 345 + Public Law 480 (1954), 342 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 333 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + views on, 241, 243, 331, 332, 341 + Transition Formula for Nicaragua, 264, 265 + U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 101, 115, + 336, 340, 341 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 256, 257, + 258, 264, 268, 280, 284, + 331, 332 + Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 268, 290, + 331 + + Cardenal, Ramiro, 149 + Caribbean Development Bank, 488 + Caribbean policy: + Bowdler, William, 487 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 483, 485, + 486, 487, 488 + Central Intelligence Agency and, 487 + Christopher, Warren, 487 + Democratization, 487, 488 + Department of State, 482 + Economic aid, 488 + Habib, Philip, 487 + Military assistance and sales, 488 + National Security Council and, 483, 485, + 486, 488 + Owen, Henry, 488 + Pastor memoranda, 488 + People-to-people contacts, 488 + Turner, Stansfield, 487 + U.S.-Belize relations related to, 8 + Vance, Cyrus, 482, 487 + + Carlucci, Frank: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 236, 247, + 263, 264, 282, 283, 285, + 286, 319, 396, 449, 473 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 409 + + Carrington, Peter, 37 + Carter administration + Carter, Jimmy: + Agency for International Development, + 346, 383, 487 + Belize territorial dispute, 10 + Bowdler/Rogers mission to El Salvador + (December 1980), 450 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 450 + Brown, Harold, correspondence with, + 375 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo + correspondence with, 334, 340 + meeting with, 343 + + Caribbean policy, 8, 482, 486, 487, + 488 + Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 445 + Covert actions, 305, 325, 355, 395, + 396, 398, 409, 410, 442, + 454, 489, 490 + Democratization, 379, 395 + Duarte, José Napoleón, meeting with, + 445 + Foreign aid and assistance, 480, 484, + 485 + Foreign economic assistance, 480 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 297, 308 + Government transition, 445, 461 + Humanitarian assistance, 298, 316 + Human rights, 59, 61, 71, 72, + 76, 85, 101, 102, 138, + 330, 342, 350, 364, 366, + 370, 375, 422, 486 + Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” correspondence + with, 261 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + meeting with, 11 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 138, 183, + 192, 201 + Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, meeting + with, 346 + Military assistance and sales, 421, 458, + 459, 460 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, + 11 + Oduber, Daniel, meeting with, 330 + Panama Canal Treaty (1977), 192, 208, + 330, 346, 366 + Paz Garcia, Policarpo + correspondence with, 357 + meeting with, 353 + + Perez, Carlos Andres, correspondence + with, 69, 71 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 79, 194, 350, + 375, 379 + Policy Review Memorandum, 465 + Post-Somoza planning, 258, 263, + 274, 279, 307 + Public Law 480 (1954), 342, 343 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), correspondence with, 399 + Rogers, William “Bill,” meeting with, + 450 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto + correspondence with, 416 + meeting with, 366 + + Salvadoran refugees, 363 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio + correspondence with, 76, + 77, 78 + views on, 272 + + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, correspondence + with, 103, 413 + U.S.-Central America relations, 470, 480, + 482, 486, 487, 488, 495 + U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 340, 342 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 321, 323 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 403, 405, + 407, 408, 413, 416, 421, + 426, 428, 433, 434, 445, + 450, 453, 455, 457, 459, + 460, 494, 495 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 350, 352, + 365, 413 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 89, 94, + 105, 127, 138, 140, 183, + 184, 192, 194, 195, 199, + 200, 201, 212, 218, 222, + 223, 227, 250, 257, 264, + 271, 279, 283, 307, 310, + 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, + 322, 323, 326, 471, 484, + 494, 495 + U.S.-Panama relations, 103, 105, + 106, 208, 258 + Young, Andrew, views on, 330 + + Carter meetings: + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 343 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, 11 + Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, 346 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, 11 + Oduber, Daniel, 330 + Paz Garcia, Policarpo, 353 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, 366 + + Carter, Rosalynn, 301 + Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 32, 33, 38, 39 + Bushnell, John, meeting with, 56 + Christopher, Warren, meeting with, + 56 + Derian, Patricia, meeting with, 56 + Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 33, 39 + Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 33, 197 + Vance, Cyrus + correspondence with, 196 + meeting with, 32 + + + Castro, Fidel: + El Salvador, relations with, 407 + National Security Council views on, + 467 + Nicaragua, relations with, 322, 323 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 120 + + Castro, Raul, 324 + Catholic Church: + Central America, relations with, 406 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), relations with, 447, + 448, 449, 450 + + Cavazos, Richard, 462: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + + Central America (see + also + U.S.-Central America relations): + Brzezinski, Zbigniew + Catholic Church, relations with, 406 + Central Intelligence Agency, 46, 50, + 92, 160, 177, 206, 209, + 271, 286, 311, 312, 313, + 314, 326, 377, 384, 407, + 408, 409, 456, 483, 496 + Communism, 39, 44, 50, 51, 352, 353, + 407, 461 + Nutting, Wallace, 412 + Pastor memoranda + Policy Review Committee + Sandinista National Liberation Front + role in, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332 + Special Coordination Committee + + Central American Defense Council (CONDECA): + Nicaragua, relations with, 186, 232, + 242 + Organization of American States, + relations with, 242 + + Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): + Caribbean policy, and, 487 + Central America, 46, 50, 92, 160, + 177, 206, 209, 271, 286, + 311, 312, 313, 314, 326, + 377, 384, 407, 408, 409, + 456, 483, 496 + Covert actions, 41, 43, 44, 46, + 47, 48, 270, 286, 305, + 355, 395, 396, 398, 409, + 410, 411, 442, 454, 456, + 489, 490, 492 + Cuba, 120, + 483 + Cuban-Nicaraguan Defense Agreement, + 312, 313 + El Salvador, 407 + FSLN National Directorate, 325 + Intelligence Memorandum prepared in, + 82, 113, 160, 344 + Memorandum prepared in, 120 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), 407, 408, 409, + 456 + Salvadoran insurgents, views on, 442, 496 + Salvadoran military coup, 384 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + 120, 206, 271, 316, 317, + 325 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 92, 206, + 209 + Special Coordination Committee, 325 + U.S.-Central America relations, 483, 489, + 490, 491, 492 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 384, 404, + 410, 412, 439, 442, 454, + 456, 496 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 46, 50 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 92, 160, + 177, 206, 209, 271, 286, + 311, 312, 313, 314, 326, + 483, 496 + + Chamorro Barrios, Violeta: + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), member of, 215, 262 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, 300 + Provisional Nicaraguan government, + member of + + Chamorro Cardenal, Pedro Joaquin, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 73, 76, 78, 128, 134, 135, 137 + Chamorro, Xavier, 131 + Chapin, Frederick., 493: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, 493 + + Chavez Mena, Fidel, 444, 446: + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 445 + + Chavez, Rogelio, 373, 374, 380: + Salvadoran high-level commission, + member of, 373, 374, 380 + + Cheek, James: + Mobile Training Teams, 425 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 417, 420 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 410, 425 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 414, 425, + 430 + + Chile, 120: + Movement of the Revolutionary Left, + 120 + + Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador) (PDC): + Duarte, José Napoleón member of, 387, 388, + 403, 453 + Pastor, Robert views on, 476 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), relations with, 404, + 405, 406, 407, 410, 417, + 420, 427, 429, 432 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto views on, + 385 + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, relations with, + 385, 387, 388, 429 + Salvadoran military coup, 388 + + Christopher, Warren: + Belize independence, 55, 56 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 214 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 104 + Caribbean policy, 487 + Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, + meeting with, 56 + Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 237 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 126, 127, 173, + 194, 212, 462, 469, 475 + Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 228 + Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 55 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 95, 99, 226, + 227, 236, 247, 263, 264, + 270, 271, 283, 286, 412, + 419, 449, 473 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, + 258 + U.S.-Central America relations, 469 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 321 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 368, 433, + 450 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 95, 99, + 100, 101, 104, 122, 126, + 127, 139, 175, 194, 214, + 227, 229, 238, 288, 321 + Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 214 + + CIA. See + Central Intelligence Agency + Civiletti, Benjamin, 43: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, 43 + + Claytor, W. Graham, 319, 396, 406, 407, 412, 419, 449 + CNA. See + Salvadoran National Analysis + Center + Colom Argueta, Manuel, 35 + Colombia, 101, 108: + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 101, 108 + + Commission for Friendly Cooperation and + Conciliation, 111: + Meetings, 111 + + CONDECA. See + Central American Defense + Council + COSEP. See + Superior Council for Private Enterprise + (Nicaragua) + Costa Rica, 334, + 338, 340, + 342, 343 + (see also + U.S.-Costa Rica relations): + Arms sales, 335, 336, 337, 338, + 341, 343, 344 + Cuba, relations with, 330, 335, + 336, 339, 341, 343, 344, + 345 + Cuban Operations Center, 333, 335, + 336, 338, 339, 341, 342 + Economy, 340, 342, 343 + El Salvador, relations with, 335, 336, + 337, 338, 343 + Human rights, 330 + International Monetary Fund, 343 + Lome Convention (February 1975) impact + on, 330 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 88, 89, + 90, 93, 96, 99, 115, 122, 163, + 213 + Nicaragua, relations with, 88, 101, + 113, 148, 331, 332, 344 + Organization of American States, 96, 213, + 331 + Public Law 480 (1954), 342, 343 + Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, + 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, + 341, 344, 345 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + 332 + relations with, 113 + + Soviet Union, relations with, 333 + + Covert actions: + Brown, Harold, 409 + Brzezinski memoranda + Bureau of Intelligence and Research, + 44, 492 + Department of Defense, 48, 410, + 439 + National Security Council, 47, 50, + 54, 395 + Pastor memoranda, 47, 50, 54, 395 + Special Coordination Committee, 41, 43, + 44, 46, 47, 48, 54, 270, 282, + 286, 395, 396, 409 + U.S.-Central America relations, 489, 490, + 492 + U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 492 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 325 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 395, 396, + 398, 409, 410, 411, 439, + 442, 454, 456, 490, 492 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 41, 43, + 44, 46, 47, 48, 489, 490 + Vaky, Viron, 270, 282 + + Coy, Edward, 449, + 473: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 449, 473 + + CRM. See + Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (El + Salvador) + Cruz, Arturo, 329 + Cuba (see also + U.S.-Cuba relations): + Arms sales, 343 + Belize independence, 38 + Central Intelligence Agency, 120, 483 + Costa Rica, relations with, 330, 335, + 336, 339, 341, 343, 344, + 345 + El Salvador, relations with, 120, 376, + 377, 402, 428, 442 + Farabundo Marti National Liberation + Movement, relations with, 461 + FSLN National Directorate, relations + with, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, + 327, 328 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), relations with, 309, + 310 + Guatemala, relations with, 52, 377 + Honduras, relations with, 120, 351, + 352, 355, 377 + Influence in Latin America, 37, 120, + 343, 351, 352, 355, 376, + 377, 393, 402, 486 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 135 + Nicaragua, relations with, 120, 304, + 305, 312, 313, 318, 319, + 320, 322, 323, 327, 328, + 483 + Organization of American States, 321, 323 + Panama, relations with, 120 + Refugees, 334, 340 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), relations with, 428, + 442 + Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, + 335, 336, 345, 402 + Sandinista National Liberation Front + associated with, 86, 95, 100, 120, 138, 221, 223, 226, 270, 304, 305, 312, 317, 327 + relations with, 226, + 304, 305, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328 + + United Nations membership, 32, 33 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 312, 313, + 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 + + Cuban Operations Center, 333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342 + Cultural exchange, 462 + Cutter, Bowman: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 473 + + + + D’Aubuisson, Roberto, 414, 424, 432, 447: + Department of State, viewed by, 432 + + Davis, Jack, 406, + 407, 419, + 449 + Defense Intelligence Agency, 207 + Department of Defense (DOD): + Covert actions, 48, 410, 439 + FSLN Provisional Government, views on, + 237, 246 + Military planning, 319, 320, 324 + Military strength, 319 + Military training + Mobile Training Teams, 423, 439, + 453 + Salvadoran insurgents, views on, 442 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + views on, 237, 246 + U.S.-Central America relations, 491 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 375, 407, + 410, 423, 433, 437, 439, + 471 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 471 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 471 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 319, 471 + USS Forrestal, + 318, 319, 320, 324 + + Department of State: + Belize independence, 38, 55, + 57 + Belize territorial dispute, 4 + Caribbean policy, 482 + Covert actions, and, 44, 46 + Cuban-Nicaraguan Defense Agreement, + 313 + D’Aubuisson, Roberto viewed by, 432 + Foreign economic assistance, 479, 480 + FSLN National Directorate, views on, + 322 + FSLN Provisional Government, views on, + 237, 243, 246, 247, 248, + 250, 256 + Honduras, views on, 348 + Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, + 365 + Human rights, 35, 42, 72, 364, + 367, 368, 370, 373, 380 + International Development Cooperation + Agency, 340 + International military education and + training, 306, 428 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 124 + Military assistance and sales, 28, 421, + 461 + Mobile Training Teams, 420, 421, + 424, 426, 427, 428, 453 + Policy Review Memorandum, 464, 466 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 403, 415, 420, + 422, 424, 427, 436 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + views on, 237, 243, 246, 247, 248, + 250, 256, 322 + U.S.-Belize relations, 4, 38, 55, 57 + U.S.-Central America relations, 464, 466, + 477, 478, 480, 481, 482 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 364, 368, + 385, 391, 393, 394, 395, + 401, 407, 413, 417, 420, + 421, 422, 427, 428, 431, + 432, 433, 434, 435, 440, + 461, 475, 494 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 28, 29, + 42 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 68, 83, + 89, 138, 140, 144, 173, + 197, 201, 210, 250, 323, + 326, 470, 478, 494 + + Derian, Patricia, 56 + D’Escoto Brokman, Miguel: + Feinberg, Richard, meeting with, 85 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), member of, 262, 266, 273, + 308 + “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), member of, + 85 + + Devine, Frank James: + Astacio Lopez, Julio Ernesto, meeting + with, 367, 373, 374 + Human rights, 368, 373 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), meeting with, 397, 399 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, meeting + with, 371, 372, 381 + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, meeting with, + 386 + Transfer of military equipment, 394 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 366 + + DOD. See + Department of Defense + Dominican Republic, 108, 143, 210: + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 108, 143, + 210 + + Dreyfuss, John, 49 + Duarte, José Napoleón: + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 445 + Christian Democratic Party (El + Salvador), member of, 387, 388, 403, + 453 + Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 445 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), member of, 435, 436, 438, + 450, 451, 453, 457, 458, + 494 + White, Robert, meeting with, 435, 436, + 438, 446 + + Duncan, Charles: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462, 469 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 270, 271 + + + + Echeverria Brealey, Juan Jose “Johnny,” 342, 343, 344 + Economic aid: + Caribbean policy, 488 + Muskie, Edmund, 453 + Special Coordination Committee, 411, 412, + 419 + U.S.-Central America relations, 479, 480, + 481, 484, 485, 488 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 379, 401, + 403, 405, 406, 407, 411, + 412, 419, 422, 424, 446, + 448, 449, 453, 455, 477, + 479, 480, 481 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 479, 480, + 481, 485 + + Economic Support Fund (ESF), 446, 479, 480, 481, 485: + U.S.-Central America relations, 479, 480, + 481, 485 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 446, 479, + 480, 481 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 479, 480, + 481, 485 + + Ecuador, 120: + Socialist Revolutionary Party, 120 + + EGP. See + Guerrilla Army of the Poor + under + Guatemala + Ehrlich, Morales, 431, 432, 435 + Ehrlich, Thomas: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 449 + U.S.-Central America relations, 485 + + Einaudi, Luigi, 53 + El Salvador (see also + U.S.-El Salvador relations): + Andean Pact, 406, 407, 408, 477 + Armed Forces of National Resistance + (El Salvador), 374, 400 + Castro, Fidel, relations with, 407 + Catholic Church, relations with, 364, 366, + 371, 385, 386, 404 + Central Intelligence Agency, 407 + Christian Democratic Party (El + Salvador), 371, 372, 376, + 377, 378, 381, 385, 387, + 393, 403, 404, 405, 406, + 407, 408, 410, 411, 417, + 418, 419, 420, 424, 425, + 427, 429, 432, 447, 448, + 449, 452, 454, 456, 472, + 476 + Costa Rica, relations with, 335, 336, + 337, 338, 343 + Cuba, relations with, 120, 376, + 377, 402, 428, 442 + Domestic politics, 366, 371, 372, 374, + 376, 377, 378, 381, 385, + 387, 393, 403, 404, 405, + 406, 407, 408, 410, 411, + 417, 418, 419, 420, 424, + 425, 427, 429, 432, 446, + 447, 449 + Farabundo Marti National Liberation + Movement, 460, 461 + Frente Amplio Nacional, 427, 446 + FSLN military assistance, 303 + Honduras + conflict with, 330, 346, 352 + relations with, 353, + 362, 365, 366, 405, 407 + + Humanitarian assistance, 397 + Human rights, 364, 376, 385, 392, + 424 + International Committee of the Red + Cross, 379, 383 + Latin American Economic System, 477 + Marxism, 376, 400, 461, 477, + 494 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 90, 99, + 101, 108 + Military coup, 384, 385, 386, 388, + 389, 390, 393, 415, 417, + 418, 419, 426, 440, 487 + Military High Command (El Salvador), + 389, 420, 424, 427, 432, + 434, 435 + National Democratic Organization (El + Salvador), 381, 386, 390, + 391, 392, 411 + Nicaragua, relations with, 211, 314, + 328, 329, 369, 376, 494 + Orthodox Nonviolent Communists (El + Salvador), 424 + Panama, relations with, 406, 411, + 413 + Panama Canal Treaty (1977), views on, + 366 + Popular Liberation Forces, 120, 364, + 374, 400, 424 + Popular Revolutionary Army (El + Salvador), 374, 400, 424 + Popular Revolutionary Block (El + Salvador), 374, 376, 390 + Refugees, 363 + Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses + (El Salvador), 431 + Revolutionary Democratic Front (El + Salvador), 432, 446, 447 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), 333, 391, 392, + 393, 395, 397, 400, 403, + 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, + 412, 414, 415, 417, 419, + 422, 424, 427, 428, 429, + 430, 431, 432, 434, 436, + 438, 442, 443, 447, 448, + 454, 456, 461, 493 + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 393, 413, + 429, 469 + Salvadoran Business Group, 420, 427 + Salvadoran Communist Party, 407 + Socialist Party (El Salvador), 424, 469, + 472 + Terrorism, 366, 368, 369, 370, + 371, 376 + Unified Popular Action Front (El + Salvador), 333, 392, 397, + 400 + Venezuela, relations with, 411, 412 + White Warriors Union (El Salvador), + 364, 411 + + ERP. See + Popular Revolutionary Army (El + Salvador) + ESA. See + Anti-Communist Secret Army + under + Guatemala + Escobar Bethancourt, Romulo, 260 + ESF. See + Economic Support Fund + + + FAN. See + Frente Amplio Nacional + FAO. See + Broad Opposition Front + FAPU. See + Unified Popular Action Front (El + Salvador) + Farabundo Marti National Liberation Movement + (FMLN, Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberacion + Nacional), 460, 461 + FARN. See + Armed Forces of National Resistance (El + Salvador) + FBI. See + Federal Bureau of + Investigation + FDR. See + Revolutionary Democratic Front (El + Salvador) + Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 430, 448, 449, 450 + Federal Maritime Commission, 3, 5: + Guatemalan cargo preference case, 3, 5 + + Feinberg, Richard, 85: + D’Escoto Brokman, Miguel, meeting + with, 85 + Human rights, 86 + Ramirez, Sergio, meeting with, 85 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 86 + + Fernandez Holman, Ernesto, 258: + Post-Somoza role, 258 + + Fiallos, Mariano Francisco, 258: + Post-Somoza role, 258 + + Flores, Carlos, 360: + Liberal Party (Honduras), 360 + + FMLN. See + Farabundo Marti National Liberation + Movement + FMS. See + Foreign Military Sales + Foreign economic assistance, 479, 480 + Foreign Military Sales (FMS), 351: + U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 330 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 379, 394, + 406, 407, 411, 412, 420, + 423, 427, 428, 433, 453, + 458, 488, 494 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 349, 351, + 411, 469, 488 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 62, 121, + 299, 484 + U.S.-Philippines relations, 426 + + FPL. See + Popular Liberation Forces. See + Popular Liberation Forces + under + El Salvador + Frente Amplio Nacional (FAN, Frente Amplio Nacional), 427 + FSLN. See + Sandinista National Liberation + Front + FSLN military assistance: + El Salvador, 303 + + FSLN National Directorate: + Central Intelligence Agency, 325 + Cuba, relations with, 318, 319, + 321, 322, 324, 327, 328 + Department of State views on, 322 + Domestic politics, 315, 319, 322, 324, + 325 + Marxism, associated with, 319, 320, + 322, 324, 325 + Potential coup, 317, 318, 319, 320, + 322, 323, 324 + Revolutionary Democratic Front (El + Salvador), views on, 327 + Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, + 314, 316, 327, 328, 329 + Soviet Union, relations with, 318 + Terrorism, 326, 327 + + FSLN/PG. See + FSLN Provisional Government + FSLN Provisional Government (FSLN/PG): + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 234, 255 + Department of Defense views on, 237, 246 + Department of State views on, 237, 243, + 246, 247, 248, 250, 256 + Diplomatic recognition, 283 + Humanitarian assistance, recipient of, + 283, 285 + Moss, Ambler, meeting with, 234 + + + + G-12, 122, 123 + Garcia Merino, Jose Guillermo: + Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 440 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), member of, 404, 435, 440 + + GN. See + National Guard (Nicaragua) + GNR. See + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua) + Gonzalez Revilla, Nicolas, 106 + Government of National Reconstruction: + Broad Opposition Front + + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua) (GNR): + Alfaro Rodriguez, Jose Miguel, 290 + Assumption of power, 278, 281, + 283, 284, 287, 290, 292, + 293, 294, 296, 297, 300 + Baltadano, Danilo member of, 308 + Borge Martinez, Tomas, 299, 305 + Bowdler, William, 262, 268, 273, 276 + meeting with, 262, 268, 273 + + Broad Opposition Front role in, 224, 266 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 297 + Carter, Jimmy, 297, 308 + Chamorro Barrios, Violeta member of, + 215, 262 + Cuba, relations with, 309, 310 + D’Escoto Brokman, Miguel member of, + 262, 266, 273, 308 + Government outlook, 309 + Government transition, 278, 281, + 283, 284, 287, 290 + Humanitarian assistance, recipient of, + 293, 294, 297, 298, 301, + 308, 309, 310, 316 + Human rights, 268, 305, 307, 308, + 327 + International military education and + training, 306, 309 + Marxism, associated with, 305, 309, + 310 + Military assistance and sales, 299, 300, + 302 + Mondale, Walter, meeting with, 308 + National Guard (Nicaragua) role in, + 266, 273, 276, 277, 278, + 287, 289, 290, 291 + Non-alignment, related to, 308, 309 + Organization of American States, 268, 269, + 273, 276 + Ortega Saavedra, Daniel role in, 215, 266, + 268, 273, 296, 305, 308 + Pastora Gomez, Eden role in, 296, 305 + Perez, Carlos Andres views on, 268 + Ramirez, Sergio member of, 262, 266, + 273, 276, 278, 308, 311, + 329 + Robelo Callejas, Alfonso member of, + 215, 262, 266, 273, 284, + 308 + Sandinista National Liberation Front + role in, 266, 267, 273, 303, 305, + 494 + Soviet Union, relations with, 311 + Vance, Cyrus views on, 297, 310 + Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 266, 273 + + Gregg, Donald, 285, + 286: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 285, 286 + + GRN. See + Revolutionary Government of + Nicaragua + Grove, Brandon: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 126 + + Grove, Brandon H., Jr., 126 + Guatemala (see also + U.S.-Guatemala relations): + Anti-Communist Secret Army, 50 + Armed forces, 29 + Attack at Panzos (May 29, 1978), 28, 29, + 30, 32, 35 + Belize, relations with, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, + 24, 26, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, + 42, 51, 55, 56 + Belize territorial dispute, 3, 4, 5, 11, 25, 27, + 40, 53, 57 + Central America, role in, 39 + Central American Defense Council, + member of, 242 + Church-state relations, 53 + Clash at Spanish Embassy (January 31, + 1980), 418 + Communism, 44, 50 + Cuba, relations with, 52, 377 + Economic affairs + Economy, 30, + 52 + Guerrilla Army of the Poor, 30, 35, + 120, 209 + Honduras, relations with, 410 + Human rights, 1, 3, 9, 28, 29, 35, + 36, 42, 49, 56, 57 + Killings of leftists, 50 + Literacy campaign, 53 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 90, 99, + 108, 109, 135 + Military assistance and sales, and, + 32, 42 + Military coup + Nicaragua, relations with, 30, 31, + 33, 53, 196, 197, 211, + 242 + Panama, relations with, 11 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, relations + with, 30, 31 + United Kingdom, relations with, 11, 12, + 13, 14, 22, 37, 55, 58 + + Guatemala-Belize relations: + Belize territorial dispute, 3, 4, 5, 11, 25, 27, + 40, 53, 57 + + Guatemala-UK relations, 11, 12, 13, 14, 58 + Gutierrez, Jaime Abdul, 390, 392, 397, 431, 432, 435, 436, 438: + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), member of, 390, 392, 397, + 431, 432, 435, 436, 438 + + Gutierrez, Julio: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 233 + Post-Somoza role, 236, 237, 258 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio views on, + 226 + Vaky, Viron views on, 237 + Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 225 + + + + Habib, Philip: + Caribbean policy, 487 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, + 5, 6, + 7, 13 + Price, George, meeting with, 8 + Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 34 + Rowlands, Edward, meeting with, 14, 16 + U.S.-Central America relations, 487 + + Harding, Bill, 40 + Hassan Morales, Moises: + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), member of, 215 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 300 + + Heaton, Edward, 95: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 95 + + Henze, Paul, 490: + U.S.-Central America relations, 490 + + Herrera Campins, Luis, 256: + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 256 + + Honduras (see also + U.S.-Honduras relations): + Central American Defense Council, + member of, 242 + Civilian-Military junta, 347, 348, + 349, 358 + Cuba, relations with, 120, 351, + 352, 355, 377 + Department of State views on, 348 + Domestic politics, 347, 348, 350, 352, + 353, 354, 356, 359, 360, + 361 + El Salvador + conflict with, 330, 346, 352 + relations with, 353, + 362, 365, 366, 405, 407 + + Guatemala, relations with, 410 + Honduran Communist Party, 352 + Honduran Innovation and Unity Party, + 356, 359, 360 + Inter-American Development Bank, 346 + Liberal Party (Honduras), 356, 358, + 359, 360, 361 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 90, 99 + National Party of Honduras, 356, 359 + Nicaragua, relations with, 101, 119, + 232, 237, 242, 289, 308, + 330, 346, 352, 353 + Political-military relations, 347, 358, + 359, 360 + Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, + 351, 353, 362, 363, 410 + Salvadoran refugees, 363 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 119, 351 + Superior Defense Council (Honduras), + 347, 348 + United Nations Human Rights + Commission, 363 + World Bank, 346 + + Humanitarian assistance: + Carter, Rosalynn, 301 + FSLN Provisional Government recipient + of, 283, 285 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua) recipient of, 293, + 294, 297, 298, 301, 308, + 309, 310, 316 + Sandinista National Liberation Front + recipient of, 283, 285 + Vance, Cyrus, 301 + + Human rights: + Astacio Lopez, Julio Ernesto, 367, 373, + 380 + Brzezinski memoranda, 342, 352 + Bushnell memoranda, 68 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 342 + Carter-Oduber meetings, 330 + Carter-Paz correspondence, 357 + Carter-Paz meetings, 353 + Carter-Perez correspondence, 71 + Carter-Romero meetings, 366 + Department of State, 35, 42, + 72, 364, 367, 368, 370, + 373, 380 + Devine, Frank James, 368, 373 + Economic aid, related to, 350, 352, + 357, 422 + El Salvador, 364, 376, 385, 392, + 424 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 268, 305, 307, + 308, 327 + Guatemala, 1, + 3, 9, + 28, 29, 35, 36, 42, 49, 56, + 57 + Iraheta, Jose Eduardo, 380 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 35, 36, + 49, 50, 52 + Military assistance and sales, and, + 28, 29, 32, 42, 349, 387, 433, + 434, 435 + Oduber, Daniel, 330 + Pastor memoranda, 32, 45, 86, 198 + Perez, Carlos Andres, 71 + Policy Review Committee, 375, 462, + 475 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), 397, 399, 401, + 403 + Reyes, Jose Eduardo, 380 + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 422 + Solaun-Somoza meetings, 65, 74, + 76, 78, 102 + Theberge-Somoza meetings, 60 + U.S.-Central America relations, 472 + U.S. Congress and, 61 + U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 330 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 59, 60, + 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, + 70, 71, 72, 74, 78, 91, 102, + 117, 121, 125, 137, 140, + 144, 161, 172, 193, 198, + 201, 283, 391 + Vaky memoranda, 368 + Vance memoranda, 138, 201, 401 + Vance-Somoza meetings, 59 + Wilson, Charles, 142 + + Human rights in Nicaragua: + “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), 63, 76, + 80, 85, 95, 116, 194 + + + + IBRD. See + International Bank for Reconstruction and + Development + ICRC. See + International Committee of the Red + Cross + IDB. See + International Development + Bank + IDCA. See + International Development Cooperation + Agency + IMF. See + International Monetary Fund + Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua) (PLI, + Partido Liberal Independiente), 143, 154 + INR. See + Bureau of Intelligence and + Research + Intelligence Memoranda: + PA-M-81-10019, “Costa Rican Aid to + Regional Insurgents,” 344 + RPM 78-10326, “Nicaragua’s Sandinista + National Liberation Front,” 82 + RPM 78-10384, “Support for the FSLN: + Panama and Costa Rica,” 113 + RPM 78-10396, “Cuban Support to the + FSLN,” 120 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + 82 + + Intelligence operations: + Special Coordination Committee, 43, 44, + 46, 47, 48, 54 + + Inter-American Human Rights Commission: + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 268 + Report on Nicaragua, 127, 137, + 144, 161, 172, 177, 180, + 181, 183, 190, 192, 193, + 194, 198, 275 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 74, 76, + 78, 102, 137, 172 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 62, 66, + 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 78, + 91, 102, 121, 125, 137, + 144, 161, 172, 193, 198, + 283 + + International Bank for Reconstruction and + Development (IBRD), 379 + International Commission of Friendly + Cooperation and Coordination, 158, 182, 184, 187: + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 158, 184, + 187 + + International Committee of the Red Cross + (ICRC), 370, 379, 383 + International Development Bank (IDB): + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 372, 397, + 453 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 350 + + International Development Cooperation Agency + (IDCA), 485 + International military education and + training, 302, 306 + International Monetary Fund (IMF), 128, 131, 134, 142, 308, 343, 401, 407 + Iraheta, Jose Eduardo: + Human rights, 380 + Salvadoran high-level commission, + member of, 373, 374, 380 + + Israel, 121, 131 + + + Jamaica. See + U.S.-Jamaica relations + Jaramillo, Mari Luci, 119, 360, 361: + Paz Garcia, Policarpo, meeting with, + 347 + + Jarquin, Edmundo, 281 + Jayne, Randy, 412, + 419, 473: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 412, 419, 473 + + JCS. See + Joint Chiefs of Staff + Jiménez Reyes, Ramón Emilio: + Broad Opposition Front, meeting with, + 117, 118 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + member of, 111, 123, 133, + 143, 146, 147, 152, 157, + 158, 162, 169, 181 + Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), + 143, 151, 172 + + Johnson, James, 95: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, 95 + + Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 320 + Jones, David: + Military training, 423 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 271, 282, 283, + 285, 286, 412 + + Jordan, Hamilton, 414 + Jorden, William: + Central America trip (September 1978), + 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, + 107, 108, 110 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 107, 108, 110 + + JRG. See + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador) + + + Kennedy, Edward “Ted”: + Carter, Jimmy, correspondence with, + 261 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), relations with, 261, + 262 + + Knoche, Enno, 462: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + + Koch, Edward, 61 + Komer, Robert, 43: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, 43 + + Kramer, Franklin, 404, 406, 407, 410, 412, 449, 493 + + + Lacayo Debayle, René, 66 + Lake, W. Anthony, 86, 88, 89 + Latin American Economic System (SELA), 477 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, 10, 11, 21: + Belize territorial dispute, 10, 11, + 21 + Boster, Davis, meeting with, 11 + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 11 + Carter meetings, 11 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, relations + with, 11 + + Lewis, Gabriel, 414 + Liberal Party (Honduras), 356, 358, 359, 360, 361: + Flores, Carlos, 360 + Suazo Cordoba, Roberto, 356, 358, + 359, 360 + + Liberal Party of Nicaragua (PLN, Partido Liberal Nacional): + Broad Opposition Front, relations + with, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, + 137, 166, 167, 176, 191 + International Commission for Friendly + Cooperation and Conciliation, 182 + Liberal Party of Nicaragua + counterproposal (December 1978), 171, 179, 180, 181, + 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, + 188, 189, 190, 191 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 153, 182, + 184, 187, 191, 196 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + meeting with, 123, 132, 163, + 169 + Plebiscite proposal, 156, 157, + 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, + 191 + + Linowitz, Sol: + Belize territorial dispute, 18, 19, + 24 + Pastor, Robert, viewed by, 19 + U.S.-Belize relations, 18, 19 + + Lome Convention (February 1975), 330 + Lopez Portillo, Jose, 89: + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 89 + + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo: + Assessment of Guatemalan media, 35 + Attack on Spanish Embassy, 418 + Belize territorial dispute, 36 + Boster, Davis, meeting with, 27 + Colom Argueta, Manuel, views on, 35 + Dreyfuss, John, meeting with, 49 + Human rights, 35, 36, 49, 50, + 52 + Killings of leftists, 50, 52 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 198 + Nutting, Wallace, meeting with, 49 + Ortiz, Francis, meeting with, 35, 36 + Pastor, Robert views on, 45, 50 + Sinn, Melvin, meeting with, 52 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 242 + Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 197 + + Luers, William Henry: + Perez, Carlos Andres, meeting with, + 131 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + + + + Majano Ramos, Adolfo Arnoldo, 420, 424, 428, 430, 431, 432, 435, 438 + Manley, Michael, 487 + Maritime claims, 3, + 5, 16, 38 + Mark, David, 43: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43 + + Marxism: + El Salvador, 376, 400, 461, 477, + 494 + FSLN National Directorate associated + with, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua) associated with, 305, + 309, 310 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto views on, + 376 + Sandinista National Liberation Front + associated with, 319, 320, 322, + 324, 325 + + Matthews, Wade: + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, + 21 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 83 + + Mayorga, Ramon, 391, 397 + McAuliffe, Dennis: + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 170, 171, 174 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 349 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 140, 156, + 157, 167, 168, 170, 173, + 178 + + McCall, Richard, 57: + Belize independence, 57 + + McGiffert, David, 473: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 473 + + McIntyre, James, 485 + McMahon, John, 43, + 412: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 412 + + McNeil, Francis: + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, meeting with, + 339, 345 + Niehaus, Bernd, meeting with, 345 + + MDN. See + Nicaraguan Democratic + Movement + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua: + Brzezinski memoranda, 183 + Colombia, 101, 108 + Department of State, 124 + International Commission of Friendly + Cooperation and Coordination, 158, + 184, 187 + Liberal Party of Nicaragua, 153, 182, + 184, 187, 191, 196 + Lopez Portillo, Jose, 89 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 198 + Perez, Carlos Andres, 89, 131 + Tarnoff memoranda, 124 + Tarnoff, Peter, 124 + + Mejia, Federico, 285, 287, 289, 291, 293, 295: + departure from Nicaragua + + Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, 346, 348: + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 346 + Retirement, 348 + + Mendoza Palomo, Luis René: + Belize territorial dispute, 53 + Einaudi, Luigi, meeting with, 53 + Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 25 + + Mexico: + Belize independence, 38 + Belize territorial dispute, 5, 17, 18, 21 + Nicaragua, relations with, 95 + + Meyer, E.C., 319: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 319 + + Military assistance: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew + + Military assistance and sales: + Brown, Harold, 423, 459, 460 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 33, 459 + Caribbean policy, 488 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 299, 300, 302 + Muskie, Edmund, 459 + U.S.-Central America relations, 488 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 419, 421, + 426, 457, 458, 459, 460, + 461 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 1, 3, 28, 29, + 33 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 349, 351, + 411, 412, 469, 488 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 62 + Vaky memoranda, 29 + Vaky, Viron, 28, 394 + Vance memoranda, 421 + + Military coup: + Guatemala + + Military High Command (El Salvador): + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), relations with, 434, + 435 + + Military training (see + also + Mobile Training Teams): + Bowdler, William, 423 + Brown, Harold, 423 + Brzezinski memoranda, 433, 434 + Department of Defense + Jones, David, 423 + Pastor memoranda, 423 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 379, 394, + 403, 406, 407, 411, 412, + 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, + 428, 455, 494 + Vance, Cyrus, 423 + + MIR. See + Movement of the Revolutionary Left + under + Chile + Mobile Training Teams (MTT): + Cheek, James, 425 + Department of Defense, 423, 439, + 453 + Department of State, 420, 421, + 424, 426, 427, 428, 453 + National Security Council, 455, 457 + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 425 + Special Coordination Committee, 425, 448 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 401, 403, + 406, 411, 412, 419, 420, + 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, + 427, 428, 433, 439, 442, + 446, 448, 453, 455, 457 + Vance, Cyrus, 426 + + Moho River, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 27 + Mohr, Alberto Fuentes, 35, 36 + Mojica, Inocente Otto, 275, 276, 277 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo: + Belize territorial dispute, 6, 7, 12, 13, + 16, 25 + Bushnell, John, meeting with, 25 + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 11 + Carter meetings, 11 + Guatemala-Belize relations, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13 + Habib, Philip, meeting with, 5, 6, 7, 13 + Matthews, Wade, meeting with, 21 + Owen, David, meeting with, 13 + Todman, Terence, meeting with, 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 21 + Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, + 16, 25 + + Mondale, Walter: + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), meeting with, 308 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + meeting with, 11 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 226, 236 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 402, 403 + + Monkey River, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 27 + Monterroso, Dorotea, 39 + Moss, Ambler: + Escobar Bethancourt, Romulo, meeting + with, 260 + FSLN Provisional Government, meeting + with, 234 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + meeting with, 234 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, + 208, 260 + U.S.-Central America relations, 487 + + MTT. See + Mobile Training Teams + Murphy, Daniel, 43, + 286: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 286 + + Murphy, John: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 142 + Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 235 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, and, 161, 235 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 142, 194, + 235, 237, 238 + + Muskie, Edmund: + Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 444 + Economic aid, 453 + Government transition, 444 + Military assistance and sales, 459 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 319 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 323 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 444, 451, + 452, 453, 459, 494 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 322, 323 + + + + NAM. See + Non-Aligned Movement + National Democratic Organization (El + Salvador) (ORDEN), 381 + National Guard (Nicaragua) (GN): + government collapse, 292, 293 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), role in, 266, 273, 276, + 277, 278, 287, 289, 290, + 291 + Mejia, Federico, 285, 287, 289, 291, + 293, 295 + Mojica, Inocente Otto, 275, 276, + 277 + Post-Somoza role, 249, 251, 252, 253, + 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, + 264, 265, 269, 270, 271, + 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, + 283, 290, 291, 295, 308 + Sanchez, Heberto, 277, 283 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 60, 249, 252, + 253, 255, 256, 260, 264, + 265, 276, 291, 292 + Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio role + in, 251, 259 + Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco, 275, 278, + 287, 288, 289 + + National Party of Honduras (PNH): + Rivera Lopez, Mario, 356 + Zuniga, Ricardo, 356, 358, 360, 361 + + National Plebiscite Authority (NPA), 184, 187, 188, 192, 193 + National Security Council (NSC): + Belize territorial dispute, 2, 10, 19, 23 + Caribbean policy, and, 483, 485, + 486, 488 + Castro, Fidel, views on, 467 + Covert actions, 47, 50, 54, 395 + El Salvador, views on, 467, 468 + Foreign economic assistance, 479, 480 + FSLN Provisional Government, views on, + 246, 247, 256 + Guatemala, views on, 467, 468 + Honduras, views on, 467, 468 + Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, + 365 + Mobile Training Teams, 455, 457 + Nicaragua, views on, 467 + Policy Review Memorandum, 464, 465 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 401, 418 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + views on, 246, 247, 256 + U.S.-Belize relations, 2, 10, 19, 23 + U.S.-Central America relations, 463, 464, + 465, 467, 468, 470, 472, + 474, 476, 479, 480, 481, + 483, 485, 486, 488, 491, + 495 + U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 491 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 45, 369, + 378, 382, 387, 395, 401, + 407, 411, 414, 418, 423, + 430, 433, 434, 440, 441, + 443, 447, 448, 451, 452, + 453, 455, 457, 467, 468 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 31, 32, + 45, 47, 50, 54, 418, 467, 468, + 491 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 467, 468, + 491 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 77, + 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, + 100, 101, 116, 125, 127, + 135, 140, 141, 148, 149, + 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, + 170, 174, 177, 183, 186, + 192, 194, 195, 198, 200, + 201, 205, 217, 218, 220, + 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, + 237, 240, 254, 256, 257, + 264, 271, 279, 283, 294, + 307, 310, 312, 313, 316, + 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, + 323, 324, 326, 467, 468, + 478, 491 + U.S.-Panama relations, 491 + U.S.-Venezuelan relations, 69 + + Newsom, David: + Belize independence, 38, 57 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469, 475 + Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 38 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 396, 473, + 493 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 88, 89, + 95 + + NG. See + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating + Group + Nicaragua (see also + U.S.-Nicaragua relations): + American evacuations, 214, 216 + Broad Opposition Front, 80, 110, + 112, 114, 121, 122, 127, + 128, 148, 162, 170, 179, + 190, 203, 226, 408 + Castro, Fidel, relations with, 322, 323 + Catholic Church, relations with, 60, 63, + 64, 75, 203, 309 + Central American Common Market, 141, 190 + Costa Rica, relations with, 88, 101, + 113, 148, 331, 332, 344 + Cuba, relations with, 120, 304, + 305, 312, 313, 318, 319, + 320, 322, 323, 327, 328, + 483 + Domestic politics, 63, 64, 87, 95, + 315, 318 + El Salvador, relations with, 211, 314, + 328, 329, 369, 376, 494 + Formation of provisional government, + 214, 215, 257, 258 + Government of National Reconstruction, + 261, 273, 284 + Guatemala, relations with, 30, 31, + 33, 53, 196, 197, 211, + 242 + Honduras, relations with, 101, 119, + 232, 237, 242, 289, 308, + 330, 346, 352, 353 + Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua), + 143, 154 + Influence in Latin America, 376, 393 + Israel, relations with, 121, 131 + Labor, 64, + 65 + La Prensa, 123, 203 + Liberal Party of Nicaragua, 110, 117, + 118, 121, 122, 123, 129, + 130, 132, 140, 153, 155, + 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, + 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, + 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, + 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, + 187, 188, 189, 191, 196 + Mexico, relations with, 95 + National Guard (Nicaragua), 62, 66, + 218, 224, 225, 226, 233, + 236, 238, 242, 247, 249, + 251, 267, 275, 277, 283, + 291, 292, 308, 319 + Nicaraguan Conservative Party, 203, 376 + Nicaraguan National Patriotic Front, + 203 + Operations against FSLN, 59, 60, + 66, 67 + Organization of American States, and, + 223, 226, 227, 231, 234, + 241, 242, 251, 253, 255, + 257 + Panama, relations with, 98, 99, + 103, 104, 105, 106, 113, + 208 + Panama Canal Treaty (1977), views on, + 208 + Perez, Carlos Andres views on, 68 + Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, + 493, 494, 495, 496 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + 59, 60, 63, 66, 67 + Social Christian Party Faction, 203 + Social services, 73 + Soviet Union, relations with, 318 + Terrorism, associated with, 316, 327 + “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), 63, 76, + 80, 85, 95, 98, 116, 131, 194 + United People’s Movement (Nicaragua), + 203 + Venezuela, relations with, 84, 98, + 101, 111, 223, 226, 237 + Violence, 216, 418 + + Nicaragua interim government of national + reconciliation proposal (June 1979): + Organization of American States, 223, 226, + 227, 231, 234, 241, 242, + 251, 253, 255, 257 + + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group (NG): + Broad Opposition Front + meeting with, 112, 114, 117, 118, 123, 136, 148, 154, 163, 169, 188 + relations with + + Liberal Party of Nicaragua + counterproposal (December 1978), 180, 181, 184, 185 + Liberal Party of Nicaragua, meeting + with, 123, 132, 163, 169 + Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), + 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, + 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, + 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, + 169, 176, 177 + Obando y Bravo, Miguel, meeting with, + 112, 114 + Padilla, Pedro member of, 188 + Rivas, Rafael Cordova, meeting with, + 117, 118, 152 + Robelo Callejas, Alfonso, meeting + with, 118, 154, 169, 188 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 123, 130, 133, 145, 146, + 147, 152, 162, 189 + + Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN, Movimiento Democrático Nicaragüense), 80, 92, 143, 152, 154, 163, 215 + Nicaraguan Relief and Reconstruction + Coordination Committee, 301 + Niehaus, Bernd: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 337 + McNeil, Francis, meeting with, 345 + + Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 377 + Nooter, Robert, 469, 473: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 473 + + NPA. See + National Plebiscite + Authority + NSC. See + National Security Council + Nutting, Wallace, 49, 412: + Central America, 412 + + + + OAS. See + Organization of American + States + Obando y Bravo, Miguel: + Government transition, 279, 281, + 291 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + meeting with, 112, 114 + + Obiols, Alfredo Gomez: + Broad Opposition Front, meeting with, + 117, 118 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + member of, 111, 133, 147, + 151, 157, 158, 162, 169, + 181, 186 + + Oduber, Daniel: + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 330 + Human rights, 330 + Lome Convention (February 1975), 330 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 226 + Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 330 + + Office of Management and Budget, 480 + O’Malley, Edward, 449: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 449 + + ORDEN. See + National Democratic Organization (El + Salvador) + Organization of American States (OAS): + Andean Pact, 210, 212, 213, 214, + 217, 220, 223, 226, 253, + 279, 283, 284, 406 + Central American Defense Council, + relations with, 242 + Costa Rica, 96, 213, 331 + Costa Rica-Nicaragua conflict, 331 + Cuba, 321, + 323 + Election reform, 379, 381, 383 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 268, 269, 273, + 276 + Guatemala-Belize relations, 4, 6, 14, 38 + Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, + 362, 365 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 88, 91, + 93, 95, 96, 100, 196, 198, 210, + 213 + Meeting of Foreign Ministers, 210, 212, + 215, 216, 217, 218, 224, + 470 + Membership, 5 + Nicaragua and, 223, 226, 227, 231, + 234, 241, 242, 251, 253, + 255, 257 + Nicaragua interim government of + national reconciliation proposal (June 1979), 223, 226, + 227, 231, 234, 241, 242, + 251, 253, 255, 257 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 74, 91, + 96, 107, 210, 212, 213, + 218, 220, 222, 224, 227, + 241, 244, 251 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 362, 365, + 366, 379, 381, 383, 406, + 419 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 362, 363, + 365 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 74, + 76, 91, 95, 96, 141, 144, 210, + 211, 214, 216, 220, 221, + 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, + 229, 241, 251, 257, 268, + 274, 279, 321, 323, 470 + Vance, Cyrus, 5 + Venezuela, 91 + + Ortega Saavedra, Daniel: + Broad Opposition Front, member of, + 234 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), role in, 215, 266, 268, + 273, 296, 305, 308 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 300, 311 + Provisional Nicaraguan government, + member of + + Ortega Saavedra, Humberto, 327, 328, 329 + Ortiz, Francis: + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, meeting + with, 35, 36 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469 + + Owen, David, 13 + Owen, Henry: + Caribbean policy, 488 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 406, 407, 412, + 473 + U.S.-Central America relations, 467, 468, + 478, 479, 480, 488 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 401, 411, + 419 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 478 + + + + Padilla, Pedro, 188 + Pallais, Luis: + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 259 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 230 + + Panama (see also + U.S.-Panama relations): + Cuba, relations with, 120 + El Salvador, relations with, 406, 411, + 413 + Guatemala, relations with, 11 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 99, 105 + Nicaragua, relations with, 98, 99, + 103, 104, 105, 106, 113, + 208 + Preparations to attack Nicaragua, 103, 104, + 106 + + Panama Canal Treaty (1977), 192, 208, 330, 346, 366 + Panzos, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35 + Pastora Gomez, Eden, 296, 305 + Pastor, Robert: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 104 + Calero, Adolfo, meeting with, 155 + Cardenal, Ramiro, meeting with, 149 + Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, + meeting with, 33, 39 + Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 445 + Christian Democratic Party (El + Salvador), views on, 476 + Duarte, José Napoleón, meeting with, + 445 + Garcia Merino, Jose Guillermo, meeting + with, 440 + Gonzalez Revilla, Nicolas, meeting + with, 106 + Jordan, Hamilton, meeting with, 414 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + meeting with, 11 + Lewis, Gabriel, meeting with, 414 + Linowitz, Sol viewed by, 19 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, views + on, 45, 50 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 79, 125, 126, + 139, 177, 194, 462, 469 + Reboso, Manolo, meeting with, 204 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 417, 418, 491 + Salvadoran military coup, 384 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, 282, 404, 472, 496 + participant in, 43, 95, 99, 247, 263, 270, 282, 283, 285, 286, 319, 404, 406, 407, 410, 412, 419, 449, 473 + + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, + 208, 258 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 394, 445, + 474 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11, 50, + 54, 474 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 474 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 77, 86, + 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, + 116, 125, 135, 170, 199, + 217 + White, Robert views on, 440 + + Paz Garcia, Policarpo: + Binns, Jack, meeting with, 363 + Carter, Jimmy + correspondence with, 357 + meeting with, 353 + + Election reform, 354, 356, 357, 358, + 359, 360 + Jaramillo, Mari Luci, meeting with, + 119, 347, 360, 361 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 242 + + PDC. See + Christian Democratic Party (El + Salvador) + Perez, Carlos Andres: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 268 + Carter, Jimmy, correspondence with, + 69, 71 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), views on, 268 + Guatemala-Belize relations, 26 + Human rights, 71 + Luers, William Henry, meeting with, + 131 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 89, 131 + Nicaragua, views on, 68 + Post-Somoza planning, 261, 262 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 98, 100, 241 + Solaun, Mauricio, meeting with, 198 + Transition Formula for Nicaragua, 264, 265 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 101, + 241, 243, 256, 257, 258, + 261, 264 + Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 268 + + Peru, 226 + Pezzullo, Lawrence: + Borge Martinez, Tomas, meeting with, + 298 + Chamorro Barrios, Violeta, 300 + Cruz, Arturo, meeting with, 329 + Hassan Morales, Moises, meeting with, + 300 + Jarquin, Edmundo, meeting with, 281 + Mejia, Federico, meeting with, 287 + Ortega Saavedra, Daniel, meeting with, + 300, 311 + Ortega Saavedra, Humberto, meeting + with, 327, 328, 329 + Pallais, Luis, meeting with, 259 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469 + Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 235, 244, + 251, 259, 295 + Ramirez, Sergio, meeting with, 300, 311, + 327, 328, 329 + Rivas Gasteazoro, Noel, meeting with, + 281 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 235, 244, 251, 259, 269, + 272, 275, 295 + Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio, + meeting with, 251, 259 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 226, 493 + Tirado, Victor, meeting with, 311 + Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco, meeting + with, 287, 289, 295 + U.S.-Central America relations, 487 + Wheelock Roman, Jaime, meeting with, + 328 + + PLI. See + Independent Liberal Party + (Nicaragua) + PLN. See + Liberal Party of Nicaragua + PNH. See + National Party of Honduras + Policy Review Committee meeting: + Bennett, Douglas participant in, 475 + Brown, George participant in, 462 + Cavazos, Richard participant in, 462 + Knoche, Enno participant in, 462 + Sloss, Leon participant in, 462 + Solomon, Anthony Morton participant + in, 462 + + Policy Review Committee (PRC): + Arms sales, 462 + Central America + Cultural exchange, 462 + Human rights, 375, 462, 475 + Meetings, 79, + 126, 127, 139, 177, 178, + 194, 212, 375, 388, 462, + 469, 475 + Organization of American States, 462 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, views on, + 469 + U.S.-Central America relations, 388, 468, + 469, 470, 471, 475, 476 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 469, 475 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 375, 379, + 387, 388, 469, 475 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 469, 475 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 350, 469, + 475 + U.S.-Latin America relations, 462 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 79, 86, + 125, 126, 127, 139, 173, + 177, 178, 193, 194, 212, + 469 + + Policy Review Memorandum: + PRM/NSC-46, “Review of U.S. Policies + Toward Central America,” 465, 467, 468, + 469 + + Pope John Paul II, 406 + Popular Liberation Forces (FPL, Fuerzas Populares de Liberación), 364 + Popular Revolutionary Army (El Salvador) + (ERP, Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo), + 374, 400 + Popular Revolutionary Block (El Salvador) + (BPR), 376 + Porth, Rodriquez, 373, 380 + PRC. See + Policy Review Committee + Preparations to attack Nicaragua: + Panama, 103, + 104, 106 + + Presidential Review Memoranda: + NSC-17, 2 + + Price, George: + Belize independence, 38, 55 + Belize territorial dispute, 15, 17, + 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 40, 58 + Habib, Philip, meeting with, 8 + Todman, Terence, meeting with, 8, 20, 26 + Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 26 + + Proletarian Tendency (TP, Tendencia Proletaria), 116 + PSRE. See + Socialist Revolutionary Party + under + Ecuador + Public Law 480 (1954): + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 342 + Costa Rica, 342, 343 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 411, 419, + 449, 453 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 351, 411 + + Pustay, John, 43, + 282, 283, + 285, 396, + 404, 406, + 407, 410, + 419, 449, + 473, 475, + 493: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 282, 283, + 285, 396, 404, 406, 407, + 410, 419, 449, 473, 493 + + + + Quintana, Julio: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 136 + Broad Opposition Front, meeting with, + 118 + Christopher, Warren, meeting with, + 228 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 136, 171, + 191, 213 + Murphy, John, meeting with, 235 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + meeting with, 133, 146, 147, + 162, 189 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 235, 244, + 251, 259, 295 + + + + Ramirez, Sergio: + Feinberg, Richard, meeting with, 85 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), member of, 262, 266, 273, + 276, 278, 308, 311, 329 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 300, 311, + 327, 328, 329 + “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), member of, + 85 + + Reboso, Manolo, 204 + Resor, Stanley, 95: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, 95 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 95 + + Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (El + Salvador) (CRM), 431 + Revolutionary Democratic Front (El Salvador) (FDR): + El Salvador, 432, 446, 447 + FSLN National Directorate views on, + 327 + Marxism, associated with, 432 + Sandinista National Liberation Front + views on, 327 + + Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador) (JRG): + Andino, Mario Antonio member of, 397 + Bowdler, William views on, 406, 417 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew views on, 403, 408 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo views on, 333 + Catholic Church, relations with, 447, 448, + 449, 450 + Central Intelligence Agency, 407, 408, + 409, 456 + Cheek, James views on, 417, 420 + Christian Democratic Party (El + Salvador), relations with, 404, + 405, 406, 407, 410, 417, + 420, 427, 429, 432 + Cuba, relations with, 428, 442 + Duarte, José Napoleón member of, 435, 436, + 438, 450, 451, 453, 457, + 458, 494 + Economic reform, 420, 422, 424, 425 + Ehrlich, Morales member of, 431, 432, + 435 + Farabundo Marti National Liberation + Movement, conflict with, 460, 461 + Garcia Merino, Jose Guillermo member + of, 404, 435, 440 + Gutierrez, Jaime Abdul member of, 390, 392, + 397, 431, 432, 435, 436, + 438 + Human rights, 397, 399, 401, 403 + Killing of American nuns (December + 1980), 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, + 461 + Land reform, 420, 422, 424, 425, + 427 + Majano Ramos, Adolfo Arnoldo member + of, 420, 424, 428, 430, 431, + 432, 435, 438 + Mayorga, Ramon member of, 391, 397 + Military High Command (El Salvador), + relations with, 434, 435 + Pastor, Robert views on, 417, 418, + 491 + Political reforms, 419, 422, 424 + Ungo Revelo, Guillermo Manuel member + of, 397 + Vance, Cyrus views on, 403, 406 + White, Robert views on, 428, 435, + 438, 447, 491 + + Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua (GRN), + 311: + Anti-Americanism, 311 + Soviet invasion/occupation of + Afghanistan, views on, 311 + + Reyes, Ismael, 245: + Transitional Executive Committee, 245 + + Reyes, Jose Eduardo, 374, 380: + Human rights, 380 + Salvadoran high-level commission, 374, 380 + + Ridley, Nicholas: + Belize independence, 55, 56 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 38, 40 + Christopher, Warren, meeting with, + 55 + Habib, Philip, meeting with, 34 + Harding, Bill, meeting with, 40 + Newsom, David, meeting with, 38 + Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 38 + + Rivas Gasteazoro, Noel, 281 + Rivas, Rafael Cordova, 117, 118, 152 + Rivera Lopez, Mario, 356 + Robelo Callejas, Alfonso: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 143, 280 + Broad Opposition Front, relations + with, 155, 163 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), member of, 215, 262, 266, + 273, 284, 308 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + meeting with, 118, 154, 169, + 188 + Nicaraguan Democratic Movement, member + of, 92, 143, 152, 154, 215 + Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), + 143, 154, 155 + Provisional Nicaraguan government, + member of + + Robertson, W.D., 95: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 95 + + Roeber, Martin: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 473 + + Rogers, William “Bill”: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 450 + Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 450 + Mission to El Salvador (December + 1980), 447, 448, 449, 450 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 449 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 448 + + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto: + Agency for International Development, + 383 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 381 + Carter, Jimmy + correspondence with, 416 + meeting with, 366 + + Christian Democratic Party (El + Salvador), views on, 385 + Devine, Frank James, meeting with, + 371, 372, 381 + Election reform, 378, 379, 380, 381, + 385, 387 + Human rights, 367, 368, 370, 380 + Marxism, views on, 376 + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo views on, 386 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio + meeting with, 242 + relations with, 369 + + + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo: + Assassination, 429, 430, 432 + Christian Democratic Party (El + Salvador), relations with, 385, + 387, 388, 429 + Devine, Frank James, meeting with, + 386 + Human rights, 422 + Mobile Training Teams, 425 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, views + on, 386 + Vance, Cyrus, correspondence with, + 422 + + Rowlands, Edward: + Belize territorial dispute, 5, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, + 18, 24, 25 + Habib, Philip, meeting with, 14, 16 + Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 6, 14, 16, 18, + 24 + + + + Salaman, Marcel, 260 + SALT II (1979), 479 + Salvadoran Business Group (ANEP), 420, 427 + Salvadoran high-level commission: + Chavez, Rogelio member of, 373, 374, + 380 + Iraheta, Jose Eduardo member of, 373, 374, + 380 + Porth, Rodriquez member of, 373, 380 + + Salvadoran insurgents: + Central Intelligence Agency views on, + 442, 496 + Costa Rica, relations with, 333, 335, + 336, 337, 338, 341, 344, + 345 + Cuba, relations with, 335, 336, + 345, 402 + Department of Defense views on, 442 + FSLN National Directorate, relations + with, 314, 316, 327, 328, 329 + Honduras, relations with, 351, 353, + 362, 363, 410 + Nicaragua, relations with, 493, 494, + 495, 496 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 314, 316, 327, + 328, 329 + + Salvadoran National Analysis Center (CNA), + 410 + Sanchez, Heberto: + National Guard (Nicaragua), 277, 283 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio views on, + 277, 283 + + Sanders, Edward, 43, + 48, 406, 407 + Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN, + Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional): + Arms sales, recipient of, 260, 469 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 234, 255 + Brown memoranda, 471 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo views on, 331, 332, + 341 + Castro, Fidel, relations with, 120 + Central America, role in, 327, 328, + 329, 331, 332 + Central Intelligence Agency, 120, 206, + 271, 316, 317, 325 + Communism, associated with, 60 + Costa Rica, 332 + relations with, 113 + + Coup + Cuba + associated with, 86, 95, 100, 120, 138, 221, 223, 226, 270, 304, 305, 312, 317, 327 + relations with, 226, + 304, 305, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328 + + Department of Defense views on, 237, 246 + Department of State views on, 237, 243, + 246, 247, 248, 250, 256, + 322 + Diplomatic recognition, 283 + Domestic politics, 315, 319, 322, 324, + 325 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), role in, 266, 267, 273, + 303, 305, 494 + Honduras, relations with, 119, 351 + Humanitarian assistance, recipient of, + 283, 285 + International military education and + training, 306 + Marxism, associated with, 319, 320, + 322, 324, 325 + Military capabilities, 160, 217, + 226, 245, 269 + Military strength + Mojica, Inocente Otto, relations with, + 275 + Moss, Ambler, meeting with, 234 + National Guard (Nicaragua), relations + with, 60, 249, 252, 253, 255, + 256, 260, 264, 265, 276, + 291, 292 + National Security Council views on, + 246, 247, 256 + Nicaragua, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67 + Oduber, Daniel, relations with, 226 + Pastor memoranda, 116 + Perez, Carlos Andres, relations with, + 98, 100, 241 + Peru, relations with, 226 + Potential coup, 317, 318, 319, 320, + 322, 323, 324 + Provisional Government, 227, 230, + 231, 232, 234, 236, 239, + 240, 241, 242, 243, 247, + 249, 255, 256, 260, 264, + 283 + Revolutionary Democratic Front (El + Salvador), views on, 327 + Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, + 314, 316, 327, 328, 329 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 84, 94, + 107, 137, 203, 205, 206, + 213, 216, 217, 272 + Soviet Union, relations with, 318 + Terrorism, 326, 327 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, relations + with, 98, 100, 113, 220, 222, + 231, 239, 240, 241, 256, + 257, 258, 260 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 63, 66, + 68, 73, 75, 81, 82, 83, 84, + 85, 89, 91, 95, 99, 110, 116, + 122, 128, 129, 135, 145, + 193, 203, 205, 206, 213, + 215, 217, 226, 227, 239, + 255, 292, 309, 314, 315, + 317, 494 + Venezuela, relations with, 101, 226 + + SCC. See + Special Coordination + Committee + Schuller, Gordon: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 270, 282, 283, + 404 + + Schweitzer, Robert, 410: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 410 + + SELA. See + Latin American Economic + System + Sevilla Sacasa, Guillermo, 62, 66 + Sinn, Melvin, 52 + Skinner-Klee, Jorge, 25 + Slocombe, Walter, 475: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + + Sloss, Leon, 462: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + + Smith, William Y., 126, 462, 469: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 126, 462, 469 + + Solaun, Mauricio: + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 90, 91, + 102, 173, 193 + Perez, Carlos Andres, meeting with, + 198 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting + with, 65, 67, 74, 76, 78, + 84, 91, 102 + + Solomon, Anthony Morton, 462: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 137, 146, + 147, 153, 155, 170, 171, + 174, 176, 178, 179 + Broad Opposition Front, relations + with, 168, 175, 189, 224 + Bureau of Intelligence and Research + views on, 75 + Carter, Jimmy + correspondence with, 76, + 77, 78 + views on, 272 + + Central Intelligence Agency, 92, 206, + 209 + Defense Intelligence Agency, 207 + Domestic politics, 63, 64, 65, 68, + 70, 73, 83, 84, 165, 203 + FAO 1978 proposal on provisional + government, response to, 127, 128, 129, + 139, 146, 190 + Government transition, 288, 289 + Guatemala, relations with, 30, 31 + Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 226 + Human rights, 59, 60, 61, 66, + 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 83, + 102, 112, 137 + Intelligence Report, 75 + Inter-American Human Rights + Commission, 74, 76, 78, 102, 137, + 172 + Jorden, William, meeting with, 107, 108, + 110 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, meeting + with, 242 + McAuliffe, Dennis, meeting with, 170, 171, + 174 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 88, 89, + 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 102, 107, + 109, 110, 114, 121, 123, + 124, 125, 127, 128, 132, + 134, 137, 138, 140, 143, + 145, 151, 152, 153, 154, + 158, 159, 162, 163, 167, + 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, + 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, + 186, 189, 190, 192, 193, + 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, + 202, 205 + Murphy, John and, 161, 235 + Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, + meeting with, 111, 112, 123, + 130, 133, 135, 137, 145, + 146, 147, 152, 162, 189 + Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), + 139, 140, 142, 145, 146, + 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, + 153, 155, 156, 164, 167, + 168, 171, 176, 177, 189, + 192, 194, 195 + Organization of American States, 74, 91, + 96, 107, 210, 212, 213, + 218, 220, 222, 224, 227, + 241, 244, 251 + Pallais, Luis, meeting with, 230 + Paz Garcia, Policarpo, meeting with, + 242 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 235, 244, + 251, 259, 269, 272, 275, + 295 + Policy Review Committee views on, 469 + Political opposition, relations with, + 95, 97, 102, 110 + Post-presidency plans, 73, 165 + Resignation from office, 242, 244, + 251, 259, 278, 279, 280, + 281, 282, 288, 289, 295 + Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto + meeting with, 242 + relations with, 369 + + Sanchez, Heberto, views on, 277, 283 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + 84, 94, 107, 137, 203, + 205, 206, 213, 216, 217, + 272 + Solaun, Mauricio, meeting with, 65, 67, + 74, 76, 78, 84, 91, 102 + Theberge, James, meeting with, 60, 61 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar views on, 256, 257 + Transitional Executive Committee, 226, 227, + 232 + Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco, relations + with, 289, 295 + Vance, Cyrus + correspondence with, 274 + meeting with, 59 + + Willingness to end presidency + Wilson, Charles views on, 142, 161 + + Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio, 251, 259 + Soviet Union: + Costa Rica, relations with, 333 + FSLN National Directorate, relations + with, 318 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), relations with, 311 + Nicaragua, relations with, 318 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 318 + Soviet invasion/occupation of + Afghanistan, 311 + + Special Coordination Committee (SCC): + Central America + Central Intelligence Agency, 325 + Covert actions, 41, 43, 44, 46, + 47, 48, 54, 270, 282, 286, 395, + 396, 409 + Economic aid, 411, 412, 419 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 218 + Meetings, 43, + 48, 95, 99, 175, 218, 223, 226, + 227, 236, 247, 263, 264, + 270, 271, 282, 283, 285, + 286, 319, 396, 404, 406, + 407, 410, 412, 419, 425, + 449, 473, 490, 493, 496 + Mobile Training Teams, 425, 448 + Post-Somoza planning, 263, 264, + 270, 283, 285 + U.S.-Central America relations, 406, 472, + 473, 474, 490, 493, 496 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 323, 325 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 395, 396, + 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, + 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, + 419, 425, 441, 447, 448, + 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, + 459, 472, 493, 496 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 41, 43, + 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54 + U.S.-Honduras relations, 410, 411, + 412, 413 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 86, 95, + 97, 99, 100, 174, 175, + 218, 223, 226, 227, 236, + 247, 248, 249, 254, 256, + 263, 264, 270, 271, 282, + 283, 285, 286, 319, 320, + 323, 325, 473, 493, 496 + + Stewart, William, 219 + Stoddard, Philip, 493: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 493 + + Suazo Cordoba, Roberto, 356, 358, 359, 360: + Liberal Party (Honduras), 356, 358, + 359, 360 + + Superior Council for Private Enterprise + (Nicaragua) (COSEP), 157, 158, 190, 193, 255, 315 + Szulc, Tad, 98: + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 98 + + + + Tarnoff, Peter: + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 124 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 321, 323 + + Theberge, James, 60, + 61 + “The Twelve” (Nicaragua): + Baltadano, Emilio Pallais member of, + 85 + Broad Opposition Front associated + with, 85 + D’Escoto Brokman, Miguel member of, + 85 + Ramirez, Sergio member of, 85 + + Thornton, Thomas: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 493 + + Tirado, Victor, 311 + Todman, Terence: + Belize territorial dispute, 20, 21, + 26 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + meeting with, 11, 21 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, + 3, 5, + 7, 12, + 13, 21 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + Price, George, meeting with, 8, 20, 26 + Rowlands, Edward, meeting with, 4, 14, 18 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 64, 65, + 66 + + Torrijos Herrera, Omar: + Belize territorial dispute, 15, 17 + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 231, 232, + 260 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 258 + Carter, Jimmy + correspondence with, 103, 413 + meeting with, 105, 106, 258 + + Christopher, Warren, meeting with, + 258 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + relations with, 11 + Moss, Ambler, meeting with, 208, 260 + Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 208, 258 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 98, 100, 113, + 220, 222, 231, 239, 240, + 241, 256, 257, 258, 260 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, views on, + 256, 257 + Transition Formula for Nicaragua, 257, 260, + 265 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 414 + Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 258 + + TP. See + Proletarian Tendency + Transfer of military equipment: + Devine, Frank James, 394 + + Transitional Executive Committee: + Reyes, Ismael, 245 + + Turbay Ayala, Julio Cesar, 298 + Turner, Stansfield: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 104 + Caribbean policy, 487 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 43, 95, 223, + 226, 227, 396, 406, 407, + 412, 419, 473 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 442 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 95, 314 + + + + UGB. See + White Warriors Union (El + Salvador) + UK. See + United Kingdom + UN. See + United Nations + Ungo Revelo, Guillermo Manuel, 397 + UNHRC. See + United Nations Human Rights + Commission + Unified Popular Action Front (El Salvador) + (FAPU), 333, 392, 397, 400 + United Kingdom (UK) (see + also + U.S.-United Kingdom relations): + Belize, relations with, 2, 8, 22, 37, + 38, 55 + Belize territorial dispute, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, + 15, 22, 23, 24, 34, 40, 56, + 57 + Guatemala, relations with, 11, 12, + 13, 14, 22, 37, 55, 58 + + United Nations Human Rights Commission + (UNHRC), 42, 363 + United Nations (UN): + Belize independence, 55, 57 + Belize territorial dispute, 8, 13, 56 + U.S.-Cuba relations, 321 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 321 + + Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), + 366 + Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco: + Government transition, 281, 285, + 287, 288, 289, 290, 295 + National Guard (Nicaragua), 275, 278, + 287, 288, 289 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 287, 289, + 295 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, relations + with, 289, 295 + + Uribe Vargas, Diego, 298 + USAID. See + Agency for International + Development + U.S.-Belize relations: + Belize territorial dispute, 8, 10 + Bowdler memoranda, 57 + Caribbean policy, related to, 8 + Department of State, 4, 38, 55, 57 + McCall memoranda, 57 + National Security Council, 2, 10, 19, 23 + Pastor memoranda, 19, 23 + Presidential Review Memoranda, 2 + Vance-Price meetings, 17, 26 + + U.S.-Central America relations: + Aaron, David, 463, 467, 468, 483, + 491 + Agency for International Development, + 480, 487 + Andean Pact, 487 + Bowdler, William, 482 + Brown, Harold, 471, 472 + Brzezinski memoranda, 470, 480, + 481, 485, 486, 495 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 377, 463, + 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, + 472, 474, 476, 479, 480, + 483, 484, 487, 488, 491, + 495, 496 + Carter, Jimmy, 470, 480, 482, 486, + 487, 488, 495 + Central American Chiefs of Mission + Conference (May 17–18, 1979), 466, + 467, 491 + Central Intelligence Agency, 483, 489, + 490, 491, 492 + Christopher, Warren, 469 + Covert actions, 489, 490, 492 + Department of Defense, 491 + Department of State, 464, 466, + 477, 478, 480, 481, 482 + Economic aid, 479, 480, 481, 484, + 485, 488 + Economic Support Fund, 479, 480, + 481, 485 + Ehrlich, Thomas, 485 + General strategy, 463, 467, 468, 470, + 477 + Habib, Philip, 487 + Henze, Paul, 490 + Human rights, 472 + International Development Cooperation + Agency, 485 + McIntyre, James, 485 + Military assistance and sales, 488 + Moss, Ambler, 487 + National Security Council, 463, 464, + 465, 467, 468, 470, 472, + 474, 476, 479, 480, 481, + 483, 485, 486, 488, 491, + 495 + Office of Management and Budget, 480 + Owen, Henry, 467, 468, 478, 479, + 480, 488 + Owen memoranda, 480, 484 + Pastor memoranda, 377, 463, 464, 465, + 467, 468, 472, 474, 476, + 478, 479, 483, 488, 491, + 495, 496 + People-to-people contacts, 488 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, 487 + Policy Review Committee, 388, 468, + 469, 470, 471, 475, 476 + Policy Review Memorandum, 464, 465 + PRM/NSC-46, “Review of U.S. Policies + Toward Central America,” 465, 467, 468, + 469 + Special Coordination Committee, 406, 472, + 473, 474, 490, 493, 496 + U.S. Congress, 480 + Vaky, Viron, 463, 465, 473, 487 + Vance, Cyrus, 481, 485, 487 + Vance memoranda, 477, 480, 482 + + U.S. Congress: + Human rights, and, 61 + Salvadoran refugees, 363 + U.S.-Central America relations, 480 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 414 + + U.S.-Costa Rica relations: + Agriculture, 330 + Bowdler-Carazo meetings, 333, 337, + 338 + Brzezinski memoranda, 340, 342 + Bureau of Intelligence and Research, + 492 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 101, 115, + 336, 340, 341 + Carter-Carazo meetings, 343 + Carter-Oduber meetings, 330 + Central Intelligence Agency, 344 + Covert actions, 492 + Development aid, 340, 342 + Foreign Military Sales, 330 + Human rights, 330 + International Development Cooperation + Agency, 340 + McNeil, Francis, 339, 345 + National Security Council, 491 + Pastor memoranda, 491 + Refugees, 334, 343 + Trade relations, 330, 343 + Vesco, Robert, 330 + + U.S.-Cuba relations: + Aaron, David, 321 + Bowdler, William, 323, 324 + Brzezinski memoranda, 323 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 323, 324 + Bushnell, John, 321 + Christopher, Warren, 321 + Covert actions, 325 + Department of State, 319, 321, + 323 + Military planning, 319, 320, 321, 322, + 323, 324 + Muskie, Edmund, 323 + Muskie memoranda, 323 + Nicaragua, 319, 320, 321, 323 + Pastor memoranda, 321, 324 + Policy Review Committee, 469, 475 + Special Coordination Committee, 323, 325 + Tarnoff, Peter, 321, 323 + United Nations, 321 + + U.S.-El Salvador relations: + Aaron, David, 366, 395, 404, 405, + 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, + 419, 430, 448, 449, 451, + 453, 459 + Aaron memoranda, 451 + Agency for International Development, + 383, 397, 400, 403 + Assassination of Oscar Romero, 429, 430 + Bowdler/Rogers mission to El Salvador + (December 1980), 447, 448, 449, + 450 + Bowdler-Romero meetings, 381 + Bowdler, William, 382, 406, 407, 417, + 423, 430, 448 + Brown, Harold, 409, 423, 437, 457, + 459 + Brown memoranda, 439, 460 + Brzezinski memoranda, 365, 401, + 403, 405, 407, 408, 413, + 416, 428, 433, 434, 453, + 455, 457, 459, 495 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 378, 382, + 387, 394, 395, 401, 402, + 409, 411, 412, 414, 418, + 423, 439, 441, 443, 447, + 448, 450, 451, 452, 495, + 496 + Bureau of Intelligence and Research, + 492 + Carlucci, Frank, 409 + Carter-Romero correspondence, 416 + Carter-Romero meetings, 366 + Central Intelligence Agency, 384, 404, + 410, 412, 439, 442, 454, + 456, 496 + Cheek, James, 414, 425, 430 + Christopher memoranda, 433 + Christopher, Warren, 368, 433, + 450 + Counterterrorism, 410 + Covert actions, 395, 396, 398, 409, + 410, 411, 439, 442, 454, + 456, 490, 492 + Democratization, 383, 395, 396, 432 + Department of Defense, 375, 407, + 410, 423, 433, 437, 439, + 471 + Devine, Frank James, 366 + Devine-Romero meetings, 371, 372 + Economic aid, 379, 401, 403, 405, + 406, 407, 411, 412, 419, + 422, 424, 446, 448, 449, + 453, 455, 477, 479, 480, + 481 + Economic Support Fund, 446, 479, + 480, 481 + Election reform, 377, 378, 379, 383, + 387, 399, 475 + Federal Bureau of Investigation, 430, 448, + 449, 450 + Foreign Military Sales, 379, 394, + 406, 407, 411, 412, 420, + 423, 427, 428, 433, 453, + 458, 488, 494 + Henze memoranda, 395 + High-level bilateral dialogue, 367, 369, + 370, 371, 373, 374, 380 + Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, + 362, 365, 366 + Human rights, 364, 366, 367, 368, + 370, 373, 374, 380, 392, + 393, 397, 399, 422, 433, + 446, 458, 472 + Inter-American Commission on Human + Rights, 366, 367, 458 + International Bank for Reconstruction + and Development, 379 + International Development Bank, 372, 397, + 453 + International military education and + training, 379, 406, 407, 424, 428, + 455, 494 + International Monetary Fund, 401, 407 + Kramer memoranda, 437 + Military assistance and sales, 419, 421, + 426, 457, 458, 459, 460, + 461 + Military training, 379, 394, 403, 406, + 407, 411, 412, 419, 420, + 421, 423, 424, 428, 455, + 494 + Mobile Training Teams, 401, 403, + 406, 411, 412, 419, 420, + 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, + 427, 428, 433, 439, 442, + 446, 448, 453, 455, 457 + Mondale memoranda, 402 + Mondale, Walter, 402, 403 + Muskie, Edmund, 444, 451, 452, 453, + 459, 494 + Muskie memoranda, 453, 494 + National Security Council, 45, 369, + 378, 382, 387, 395, 401, + 407, 411, 414, 418, 423, + 430, 433, 434, 440, 441, + 443, 447, 448, 451, 452, + 453, 455, 457, 467, 468 + Organization of American States, 362, 365, + 366, 379, 381, 383, 406, + 419 + Owen, Henry, 401, 411, 419 + Pastor memoranda, 45, 369, 378, 382, + 387, 395, 401, 409, 411, + 414, 418, 423, 430, 441, + 443, 447, 448, 452, 474, + 491, 496 + Pastor, Robert, 394, 445, 474 + Policy Review Committee, 375, 379, + 387, 388, 469, 475 + Policy Review Memorandum, 369 + Public Law 480 (1954), 411, 419, + 449, 453 + Reyes, Jose Eduardo, 370, 371 + Rogers, William “Bill,” 448 + Salvadoran military coup, 384, 388, + 389, 390, 393 + Special Coordination Committee, 395, 396, + 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, + 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, + 419, 425, 441, 447, 448, + 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, + 459, 472, 493, 496 + Tarnoff memoranda, 434 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, 414 + Transfer of military equipment, 394, 401, + 403, 405, 406, 411, 433, + 434, 435, 437, 439, 443, + 445, 446, 447, 452, 457, + 493, 494, 495 + Turner, Stansfield, 442 + U.S. Congress, 414 + Vaky memoranda, 368 + Vaky, Viron, 368, 369, 370, 371, + 372, 376, 382, 385, 387, + 394, 473 + Vance, Cyrus, 401, 403, 421, 423 + Vance memoranda, 403, 421, 426, 477 + Vance-Romero correspondence, 422 + White, Robert, 428, 435, 447, 450, + 461 + + U.S.-Guatemala relations: + Aaron, David, 11, 43, 45, 50, + 54 + Arms sales, 9 + Belize independence, 42, 51, + 55, 57 + Belize territorial dispute, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, + 21, 27, 36, 56 + Boster, Davis, 9, 11 + Bowdler, William, 38, 40, 41, 44, + 54, 109 + Brzezinski-Castillo meetings, 32, 33, + 39 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 32, 45, + 47, 50, 54, 418 + Bureau of Intelligence and Research, + 44 + Carter-Laugerud meetings, 11 + Christopher-Castillo meetings, 56 + Cohen memoranda, 28 + Covert actions, 41, 43, 44, 46, + 47, 48, 489, 490 + Department of Defense, 471 + Department of State, 28, 29, + 42 + Dreyfuss-Nutting mission, 49, 50, + 54 + Einaudi assessment, 53 + Einaudi-Mendoza meetings, 53 + Federal Maritime Commission, 3, 5 + Human rights, 1, 3, 9, 28, 29, 30, + 32, 35, 36, 42, 49, 56, 57, + 472 + Inter-American Development Bank, 35 + International military education and + training, 29 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 31, 42 + Maritime claims, 3, 5, 16, 38 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 33, 196 + Military assistance + Military assistance and sales, 1, 3, 28, 29, + 33 + National Security Council, 31, 32, + 45, 47, 50, 54, 418, 467, 468, + 491 + Ortiz-Lucas meetings, 35, 36 + Pastor memoranda, 31, 32, 45, 47, + 50, 54, 418, 474, 491 + Policy Review Committee, 469, 475 + Presidential Review Memoranda, 2 + Regional security, 42 + Sinn-Lucas meetings, 52 + Special Coordination Committee, 41, 43, + 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54 + Todman, Terence, 11 + Transfer of military equipment, 28 + United Nations Human Rights + Commission, 42 + Vaky memoranda, 28, 29 + Vance-Castillo meetings, 32 + Vance, Cyrus, 11 + Vance memoranda, 477 + Vance-Molina meetings, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, + 16, 25 + Vance-Rowlands meetings, 6, 24 + + U.S.-Honduras relations: + Agency for International Development, + 346, 350, 351, 353 + American Convention on Human Rights + (1969), 346 + Brzezinski memoranda, 352, 365, + 413 + Bureau of Intelligence and Research, + 492 + Carter-Melgar meetings, 346 + Carter-Paz meetings, 353 + Commander in Chief, Southern Command, + 349 + Covert actions, 355, 410, 442, 489, + 490, 492 + Department of Defense, 471 + Development aid, 346, 350, 353, 357 + Economic aid, 411, 479, 480, 481, + 485 + Economic Support Fund, 479, 480, + 481, 485 + Election reform, 354, 356, 357, 359 + Foreign Military Sales, 349, 351, + 411, 469, 488 + Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, + 362 + Human rights, 350, 355, 472 + International Development Bank, 350 + International military education and + training, 349, 350, 411, 412 + McAuliffe, Dennis, 349 + Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, 347, 348 + Military assistance and sales, 349, 351, + 411, 412, 469, 488 + Military training, 351, 411, 412, 469 + National Security Council, 467, 468, + 491 + Organization of American States, 362, 363, + 365 + Pastor memoranda, 474, 491 + Pastor, Robert, 474 + Policy Review Committee, 350, 469, + 475 + Public Law 480 (1954), 351, 411 + Special Coordination Committee, 410, 411, + 412, 413 + Vance memoranda, 477 + + U.S.-Jamaica relations, 487 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 217: + 1978 Jorden Mission to Central + America, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, + 107, 108 + Aaron, David, 88, 89, 92, 93, + 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, + 116, 125, 126, 135, 139, + 141, 145, 148, 149, 155, + 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, + 174, 175, 177, 186, 194, + 201, 205, 226, 233, 236, + 237, 240, 247, 249, 254, + 256, 263, 302, 312, 313, + 317, 319, 321, 322 + Aaron memoranda, 97, 100, 201, 237, + 240, 254, 322 + Agency for International Development, + 68, 73, 88, 94, 126, 137, 138, + 140, 142, 155, 175, 178, + 193, 194, 308, 309 + American Convention on Human Rights + (1969), 76, 78 + Amnesty law, 165 + Armacost, Michael “Mike,” 88, 95 + Armed forces + Bowdler-Carazo meetings, 241, 280, + 290 + Bowdler memoranda, 190 + Bowdler-Robelo meetings, 280 + Bowdler-Torrijos meetings, 231, 232, + 260 + Bowdler, William, 112, 121, 122, 124, + 127, 131, 133, 134, 135, + 136, 137, 139, 142, 150, + 153, 155, 156, 166, 168, + 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, + 178, 179, 183, 186, 195, + 210, 267, 323, 324 + Brown memoranda, 471 + Brzezinski-Gutierrez meetings, 233 + Brzezinski memoranda, 69, 89, + 127, 140, 183, 218, 222, + 223, 227, 233, 257, 264, + 271, 279, 283, 307, 310, + 316, 318, 320, 323, 326 + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 69, 77, + 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, + 104, 124, 125, 126, 127, + 135, 139, 140, 141, 145, + 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, + 164, 165, 170, 174, 177, + 178, 183, 192, 195, 198, + 200, 205, 217, 218, 220, + 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, + 237, 240, 252, 254, 256, + 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, + 294, 307, 310, 312, 313, + 314, 316, 317, 318, 320, + 323, 324, 326, 478, 495, + 496 + Bureau of Intelligence and Research, + 75, 492 + Bushnell, John, 68, 321 + Bushnell memoranda, 68 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 256, 257, + 258, 264, 268, 280, 284, + 331, 332 + Carter, Jimmy, 89, 94, 264, 321, + 471 + Carter memoranda + Carter-Nicaraguan Junta meetings, 308 + Carter-Perez correspondence, 71 + Carter-Somoza correspondence, 76, 77, + 78 + Carter-Torrijos meetings, 258 + Catholic priests, 60 + Christopher, Warren, 95, 99, + 100, 101, 104, 122, 126, + 127, 139, 175, 194, 214, + 227, 229, 238, 288, 321 + Covert actions, 270, 286, 304, 305, + 325, 490, 492 + Cuba, 312, + 313, 319, 320, 321, 322, + 323 + Cuban-Nicaraguan Defense Agreement, + 312, 313, 319 + Defense Intelligence Agency, 207 + Department of Defense, 319, 471 + Department of State, 68, 83, + 89, 138, 140, 144, 173, + 197, 201, 210, 250, 323, + 326, 470, 478, 494 + Economic aid, 479, 480, 481, 485 + Economic Support Fund, 479, 480, + 481, 485 + Feinberg, Richard, 86 + Foreign Military Sales, 62, 121, + 299, 484 + Gates memoranda, 199 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), 239, 262, 263, + 266, 273, 276, 278, 287, + 290, 293, 297, 300, 302, + 305, 308, 309, 311 + Government transition, 281, 283, + 284, 285 + Herrera Campins, Luis, 256 + Humanitarian assistance, 301 + Human rights, 59, 60, 61, 62, + 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, + 72, 74, 78, 91, 102, 117, 121, + 125, 137, 140, 144, 161, + 172, 193, 198, 201, 283, + 391 + Intelligence Assessment, 312, 313, + 314, 326 + Inter-American Human Rights + Commission, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, + 71, 74, 76, 78, 91, 102, 121, + 125, 137, 144, 161, 172, + 193, 198, 283 + International Commission for Friendly + Cooperation and Conciliation, 158, + 182, 184, 187 + International military education and + training, 302, 306, 309 + International Monetary Fund, 128, 131, + 134, 142, 308 + Joint Chiefs of Staff, 320 + Jorden-Somoza meetings, 107, 108, + 110, 210 + Lake, W. Anthony, 86, 88, 89 + Matthews memoranda, 83 + Matthews, Wade, 83 + McAuliffe, Dennis, 140, 156, 157, 167, + 168, 170, 173, 178 + McMahon memoranda, 206 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 87, 88, + 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, + 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, + 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, + 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, + 118, 121, 123, 124, 126, + 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, + 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, + 138, 139, 142, 145, 146, + 147, 151, 154, 156, 158, + 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, + 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, + 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, + 190, 192, 193, 196, 201, + 202, 469 + Military assistance and sales, 62 + Military intervention + Military planning, 320, 322, 324 + Mondale, Walter, 246 + Moss-Torrijos meetings, 260 + Murphy, John, 142, 194, 235, 237, + 238 + Muskie, Edmund, 322, 323 + Muskie memoranda, 323, 494 + National Security Council, 69, 77, + 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, + 100, 101, 116, 125, 127, + 135, 140, 141, 148, 149, + 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, + 170, 174, 177, 183, 186, + 192, 194, 195, 198, 200, + 201, 205, 217, 218, 220, + 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, + 237, 240, 254, 256, 257, + 264, 271, 279, 283, 294, + 307, 310, 312, 313, 316, + 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, + 323, 324, 326, 467, 468, + 478, 491 + Newsom, David, 88, 89, 95 + Newsom memoranda, 229 + Nicaragua interim government of + national reconciliation proposal (June 1979), 223, 225, + 226, 227 + Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), + 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, + 154, 155, 156, 161, 164, + 167, 168, 171, 176, 177, + 187, 194, 195 + Oduber, Daniel, 226 + Organization of American States + meeting with Foreign Ministers (June 1979), 210, 212, + 215 + Organization of American States, 69, 74, + 76, 91, 95, 96, 141, 144, 210, + 211, 214, 216, 220, 221, + 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, + 229, 241, 251, 257, 268, + 274, 279, 321, 323, 470 + Owen, Henry, 478 + Pastor memoranda, 77, 86, 92, 93, + 94, 98, 101, 116, 125, + 135, 141, 145, 148, 149, + 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, + 170, 174, 177, 186, 192, + 194, 195, 198, 200, 205, + 217, 220, 221, 240, 256, + 294, 312, 313, 317, 321, + 324, 478, 491, 496 + Pastor, Robert, 77, 86, 88, 89, + 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 116, 125, + 135, 170, 199, 217 + Perez, Carlos Andres, 69, 101, + 241, 243, 256, 257, 258, + 261, 264 + Pezzullo-Borge meetings, 298 + Pezzullo, Lawrence, 226, 227, + 230, 231, 232, 240, 254, + 271, 281, 300, 487, 491 + Pezzullo-Mejia meetings, 287 + Pezzullo-Ramirez meetings, 327, 328, + 329 + Pezzullo-Somoza meetings, 235, 238, + 244, 251, 259, 269, 272, + 275, 295 + Pezzullo-Urcuyo meetings, 287, 289, + 295 + Policy Review Committee, 79, 86, + 125, 126, 127, 139, 173, + 177, 178, 193, 194, 212, + 469 + Policy Review Memorandum, 204 + Post-Somoza planning, 235, 236, + 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, + 248, 249, 255, 256, 257, + 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, + 269, 270, 272, 274, 276, + 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, + 283, 285, 287, 288, 295 + Public Law 480 (1954), 309, 480 + Recognition of the GNR, 293, 294, + 296, 297 + Resor, Stanley, 95 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + 63, 66, 68, 73, 75, 81, 82, + 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 95, 99, + 110, 116, 122, 128, 129, + 135, 145, 193, 203, 205, + 206, 213, 215, 217, 226, + 227, 239, 255, 292, 309, + 314, 315, 317, 494 + Solaun-Somoza meetings, 65, 67, + 74, 76, 78, 84, 91, 102 + Special Coordination Committee, 86, 95, + 97, 99, 100, 174, 175, + 218, 223, 226, 227, 236, + 247, 248, 249, 254, 256, + 263, 264, 270, 271, 282, + 283, 285, 286, 319, 320, + 323, 325, 473, 493, 496 + Tarnoff, Peter, 124, 321, 323 + Theberge-Somoza meetings, 60, 61 + Todman, Terence, 64, 65, 66 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, 240, 241, + 243, 250, 256, 264 + Transitional Executive Committee, 227, 233, + 237, 239, 243 + Turner memoranda, 95, 314 + Turner, Stansfield, 95, 314 + United Nations, 321 + United States relations with political + opposition, 87, 97, 98, 109, 149, + 150 + U.S. Congress, 316 + U.S. objectives, 70, 83, 88, 98, + 202, 309 + Vaky memoranda, 144, 173, 197, 210 + Vaky, Viron, 77, 86, 88, 89, + 93, 94, 95, 99, 121, 122, 135, + 139, 142, 144, 173, 174, + 175, 193, 197, 200, 205, + 210, 217, 226, 473 + Vance, Cyrus, 89, 139, 144, 190, + 196, 200, 210, 271, 310 + Vance-Gutierrez meetings, 225, 226 + Vance memoranda, 89, 138, 140, 201, + 250, 477 + Vance-Somoza correspondence, 274 + Vance-Somoza meetings, 59 + Weissman, Marvin, 255, 266 + Wickham, Jr., John, 95 + Wilson, Charles, 142, 194, 217 + + U.S.-Panama relations: + Bowdler-Torrijos meetings, 260 + Brzezinski memoranda, 208 + Carter-Torrijos correspondence, 103 + Carter-Torrijos meetings, 105, 106, + 258 + International military education and + training, 302 + Military cooperation, 302 + Moss-Torrijos meetings, 208, 260 + National Security Council, 491 + Pastor memoranda, 491 + Pastor-Revilla meetings, 106 + Pastor-Torrijos meetings, 208 + Post-Somoza planning, 257 + + U.S.-Philippines relations, 426: + Foreign Military Sales, 426 + + U.S.-United Kingdom relations, 6, 7, 11, 55, 57: + Belize independence, 55, 57 + Belize territorial dispute, 6, 7, 11, 14, + 18, 22 + + U.S.-Vatican relations, 413 + U.S.-Venezuelan relations: + Brzezinski memoranda, 69 + Carter-Perez correspondence, 69, 71 + Human rights in Nicaragua, 71 + Luers-Perez meetings, 131 + National Security Council, 69 + + + + Vaky, Viron: + Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, + 104 + Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, + meeting with, 33, 197 + Christopher, Warren, meeting with, + 214 + Consalvi, Simon Alberto, meeting with, + 101 + Covert actions, 270, 282 + Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 237 + Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, meeting + with, 197 + Military assistance and sales, 28, 394 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 79, 126, 139, + 173, 469, 475 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 95, 99, 226, + 236, 247, 263, 270, 282, + 283, 286, 473 + Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, + 258 + Turbay Ayala, Julio Cesar, meeting + with, 298 + Uribe Vargas, Diego, meeting with, + 298 + U.S.-Central America relations, 463, 465, + 473, 487 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 368, 369, + 370, 371, 372, 376, 382, + 385, 387, 394, 473 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 77, 86, + 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 99, 121, + 122, 135, 139, 142, 144, + 173, 174, 175, 193, 197, + 200, 205, 210, 217, 226, + 473 + Visit to El Salvador (July 1979), 376, 378 + + Valdez, Abelardo, 469, 475: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469, 475 + + Vance, Cyrus: + Belize independence, 37 + Belize territorial dispute, 10, 16, + 22, 24, 25, 26 + Caribbean policy, 482, 487 + Carrington, Peter, correspondence + with, 37 + Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo + correspondence with, 196 + meeting with, 32 + + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), views on, 297, 310 + Guatemala-Belize relations, 3, 4, 37 + Gutierrez, Julio, meeting with, 225 + Humanitarian assistance, 301 + Human rights, 59 + Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, + meeting with, 11 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 138, 184, + 201 + Mendoza Palomo, Luis René, meeting + with, 25 + Military training, 423 + Mobile Training Teams, 426 + Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, + 3, 5, + 6, 7, + 12, 13, 16, 25 + Nicaragua interim government of + national reconciliation proposal (June 1979), 223, 225 + Oduber, Daniel, meeting with, 330 + Organization of American States, 5 + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 139, 178, 475 + Post-Somoza planning, 274 + Price, George, meeting with, 26 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 403, 406 + Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 38 + Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, correspondence + with, 422 + Rowlands, Edward, meeting with, 6, 14, 16, 18, + 24 + Skinner-Klee, Jorge, meeting with, + 25 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio + correspondence with, 274 + meeting with, 59 + + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 218, 223, 406, + 407, 419 + U.S.-Central America relations, 481, 485, + 487 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 401, 403, + 421, 423 + U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 89, 139, + 144, 190, 196, 200, 210, + 271, 310 + + Venezuela (see also + U.S.-Venezuelan relations): + Belize, relations with, 6, 8, 26, 51 + El Salvador, relations with, 411, 412 + Inter-American Commission on Human + Rights, 71 + Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 91, 93, + 95, 99, 131, 155, 198 + Nicaragua, relations with, 84, 98, + 101, 111, 223, 226, 237 + Organization of American States, 91 + Sandinista National Liberation Front, + relations with, 101, 226 + + Vesco, Robert, 330 + + + Weil, Frank, 462: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 462 + + Weissman, Marvin: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 255 + Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, meeting with, + 268, 290, 331 + Government of National Reconstruction + (Nicaragua), meeting with, 266, + 273 + Perez, Carlos Andres, meeting with, + 268 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 255, 266 + + Wheelock Roman, Jaime, 328 + White, John, 283, + 286, 412, + 419, 469: + Policy Review Committee meeting, + participant in, 469 + + White, Robert: + Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 444, 446 + Duarte, José Napoleón, meeting with, + 435, 436, 438, 446 + Pastor, Robert, views on, 440 + Revolutionary Government Junta (El + Salvador), views on, 428, 435, 438, + 447, 491 + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 410, 412, 419 + U.S.-El Salvador relations, 428, 435, + 447, 450, 461 + + White Warriors Union (El Salvador) (UGB), + 364 + Wickham, Jr., John, 95: + Special Coordination Committee + meeting, participant in, 95 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 95 + + Wilson, Charles: + Bowdler, William, meeting with, 142 + Human rights, 142 + Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, views on, + 142, 161 + U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 142, 194, + 217 + + World Bank, 346 + + + Young, Andrew, 330: + Carter, Jimmy views on, 330 + + + + Zamora, Mario, 417, + 418, 419: + Assassination, 417, 418, 419 + + Zuniga, Ricardo, 356, 358, 360, 361 + + + +
    +     diff --git a/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml b/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml index fd7956891..0cfd18f45 100644 --- a/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml +++ b/volumes/frus1981-88v04.xml @@ -92465,6 +92465,8810 @@ +
    + Index +

    References are to document numbers.

    + + + + Able Archer (1983), 134, 135, 204, 221 + ABM Treaty. See + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty + (1972) + Abrahamson, James, 378 + Abramowitz, Morton, 22, 64, 108, 159, 370: + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989), and, 37, 38, 39, + 62, 73, 83, 105 + + Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, 73, 79, 184, 201, 218: + Sakharov, Andrei member of, 79 + + ACDA. See + Arms Control and Disarmament + Agency + Adelman, Kenneth, 272, 298, 333, 354: + Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, + role in, 48, 346, 369 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), and, 45 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 203, 277, 323, + 326, 331, 334 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + views on, 346, 375, 379 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + participant in, 314 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 28, 36, + 278, 319 + + Aeroflot, 188, 197, 351, 382: + Boycott, 89, + 95, 112, 117, 119, 192 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), and, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, + 109 + U.S.-Soviet Union bilateral issues, + related to, 199, 205, 209, + 218, 223, 224, 230, 268, + 296, 372 + + Afanasiev, Viktor, 115 + Afghanistan, 83, + 152, 186, + 207, 254, + 302: + Economic sanctions, 13, 40, 200, 215 + Nonaligned countries, member of, 159 + Pakistan, and, 71, 185, 221, 264, + 372 + Political settlement, 3, 14, 38 + Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, + 25, 79, 160, 172, 273 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 4, 39, 54, 62, + 107, 118, 124, 139, 255, + 260, 308, 378 + + Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), + 118 + Air-launched cruise missiles (ALCM), 203, 323, 324: + Bomber aircraft, and, 64, 129, + 149, 201, 346 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991) and, 42, 73, 159, + 266, 347, 353, 374, 375, + 379, 380 + + Airline Pilots’ Association, 89 + Air Transport Association, 89 + Akhromeyev, Sergei, 201, 270, 283 + Alaska, 137, 275, 284 + ALCM. See + Air-launched cruise missiles + Alexandrov-Agentov, Andrey, 149, 150, 176, 178, 195, 293, 303 + Aliyev, Heydar, 140, 169 + Alkhimov, Vladimir, 292, 377 + American Council of Young Political Leaders, + 169, 185 + Anderson, Robert, 238, 244 + Andreas, Dwayne, 350, 364 + Andropov, Yuri, 54, + 382: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 24, 30, 49, 50, 123, 125, 127, + 130, 133, 191 + Brezhnev, Leonid, compared to, 2, 7, 133, 169 + Chernenko, Konstantin, and, 7, 171, + 173, 174, 177, 178, 181, + 187, 207, 210, 248, 381 + Committee for State Security, Soviet + Union, and, 67, 140, 381 + Death, 170, + 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, + 184, 201 + Health, 135, + 140, 141, 146, 151, 163, + 167, 169 + Pell, Claiborne, meeting with, 79, 122, + 140 + Politburo, and, 152 + Pravda, + interview with, 30, 96, 120, + 122, 129, 169, 191 + Reagan, Ronald, correspondence with, + 70, 81, 147, 149, 150, + 164 + Soviet arms liquidation proposal, and, + 81, 82, 83, 96, 105, 107 + Soviet Central Committee Plenum (June + 1983), speaker at, 62, 64, 65, + 71 + Soviet foreign policy, impact on, 21, 32, + 62, 67, 71, 116, 133, 144, 157, + 179, 184, 260 + Soviet military, relations with, 7, 14, 87, 107, + 115, 118 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 1, 10, 11, 27, + 31, 36, 60, 69, 82, 120, 172, + 185 + + Angola, 79, 159, 254, 378: + Clark Amendment (1976), 41 + Cuba, relations with, 3, 41, 71, 139, + 260, 284 + Namibia and, 3, 19, 139, 284 + National Union for the Total + Independence of Angola, 139 + South Africa and, 71, 185 + + Anti-aircraft missiles, 343, 348, 355, 358 + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) (ABM + Treaty), 216, 260, 286, 314, 316, 340: + Arms control and disarmament, 235, 306, + 334, 341, 357, 360 + Defense and Space Talks (1985–1988), + and, 333, 362, 375 + Krasnoyarsk radar, and, 96, 333, + 355, 374, 375, 378 + Strategic Arms Limitation Talks + (1969–1979), and, 273 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991) and, 197, 266, 346 + Strategic Defense Initiative and, 230, 267, + 296, 319, 322 + Strategic defenses whether permitted + by, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 73, 264, + 331, 354 + Telemetry encryption, and, 83, 129 + Treaty compliance, 73, 200, 326, 343, + 378, 380 + + Anti-satellite systems (ASAT), 203, 214, 238, 278, 352: + Arms control and disarmament, included + in, 11, 194, 200, 202, 216, + 232, 234, 239, 246, 247, + 259, 264, 269, 283, 285, + 289, 290, 291, 296, 346 + Defense and Space Talks (1985–1988), + role in, 319, 325, 331, 333, 334, + 338, 339, 340, 342, 359, + 360, 369, 374, 380 + Militarization of space, and, 79, 164, + 197, 205, 209, 233, 253, + 256, 258, 284, 337, 355 + Moratorium, 79, 169, 188, 191, + 218, 223, 249, 250, 257, + 285, 304, 305, 314, 323, + 324, 326, 334, 338, 340, + 342, 343, 346 + Nuclear testing, and, 107, 185, + 195, 252, 261, 267, 273, + 276, 277, 286, 297, 301, + 305, 317, 319, 323, 326, + 346, 348, 350, 356 + Strategic Defense Initiative and, 244, 253, + 276, 277 + Verification and verification + protocols, 192, 227, 228, + 230, 235, 236, 237, 331 + + Antisemitism, 165, + 185, 372 + Antonov, Valery, 163 + ANZUS. See + Australia, New Zealand, United States + Security Treaty + Arab League, 49, + 371 + Arafat, Yasser, 137, 287 + Arbatov, Georgii, 36, 128, 205, 218, 292: + Institute of U.S. and Canadian + Studies, director of, 122, 143, 201 + + Arensburger, Dimitri, 355, 360 + Armacost, Michael “Mike,” 224, 262, 290, 329 + Armitage, Richard, 118 + Arms control and disarmament: + Andropov, Yuri and, 24, 30, 49, 50, + 123, 125, 127, 130, 133, + 191 + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), + 235, 306, 334, 341, 357, + 360 + Anti-satellite systems included in, + 11, 194, 200, 202, 216, + 232, 234, 239, 246, 247, + 259, 264, 269, 283, 285, + 289, 290, 291, 296, 346 + Arms buildup, 105, 355, 376 + Chemical weapons and, 163, 196, + 200, 202, 203, 223, 286 + Comprehensive Test Ban, 11, 31, + 39, 191, 199, 273, 357, + 358 + Confidence-building measures, 11, 13, + 67, 73, 152, 206, 235, + 284, 348, 357, 358, 375 + Conventional weapons, 348, 378 + Department of Defense and, 7, 279, + 317, 319, 334, 343 + Department of State and, 172, 208, + 235, 278, 279, 301, 329, + 354, 380 + Europe and, 107, 129, 154, 159, + 286 + Historical overview, 267, 348, + 378 + Interim Restraint proposal, 354 + Japan and, 11, 33, 64 + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989), 11, 13, 42, 96, 112, + 123, 152, 153, 169, 201, + 202, 203, 209, 210, 224, + 325, 348 + National Security Council and, 161, 208, + 235, 272, 319, 334 + No first use, 176, 181, 188, 191, + 196, 197, 199, 201, 203, + 205, 209, 230, 273, 284, + 293, 295, 355, 357, 358, + 366, 378 + Nonuse of force, 169, 185, 188, 191, + 192, 196, 197, 199, 201, + 203, 205, 209, 210, 211, + 212, 214, 223, 230, 266, + 288, 355 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization + and, 23, 79, 82, 105, 145, + 352, 357, 378 + Nuclear arms reductions, 358, 361, + 374, 376, 378, 380 + Nuclear nonproliferation, 11, 38, + 44, 54, 96, 129, 159, 160, 169, + 282, 284, 288, 295, 296, + 355, 357 + Outer space, 230, 253, 259, 300 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + 42, 50, 200, 208, 266, + 267, 274, 278, 282, 284, + 297, 298, 329, 340, 346, + 357, 369, 380 + Shultz, George role in, 274, 308, + 321, 343, 347 + Space-strike arms, 233, 234, 236, 237, + 267, 277, 284, 287, 310, + 334, 335, 343, 348, 355, + 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, + 374 + Strategic Arms Limitation Talks + (1969–1979) and, 7, 145, 159, + 201, 266, 277, 282, 348, + 355 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), and, 29, 56, 60, + 108, 116, 137, 138, 152, + 153, 166, 169, 194, 198, + 202, 205, 209, 210, 214, + 230, 236, 276, 326, 352 + Strategic offensive arms reductions, + 240, 241, 249, 285, 286, + 289, 292, 305, 324, 339, + 343, 348, 352, 357, 360, + 361 + Strategic offensive weapons and + weapons systems, and, 116, 129, 292, + 331, 343 + Treaty compliance, 96, 129, 152, 160, + 200, 282, 324, 346, 348, + 357, 369, 378, 380 + U.S.-NATO relations, and, 1, 17, 23, 145, + 158, 161, 185, 202, 319, + 334, 346, 374, 380 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations and, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, + 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 56, 62, + 65, 70, 83, 96, 105, 107, 108, + 116, 120, 123, 133, 137, + 149, 152, 155, 159, 160, + 164, 166, 169, 178, 179, + 184, 185, 186, 190, 192, + 193, 195, 197, 200, 201, + 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, + 210, 211, 224, 225, 228, + 232, 233, 235, 254, 256, + 262, 266, 267, 272, 281, + 282, 284, 285, 287, 288, + 290, 295, 296, 298, 300, + 301, 303, 304, 309, 310, + 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, + 319, 321, 323, 325, 326, + 327, 329, 331, 335, 338, + 343, 345, 346, 348, 355, + 366, 369 + Vienna talks on space weapons (1984), + 240, 241, 242, 246, 247, + 249, 251, 252, 253, 256, + 257, 258, 264, 273, 275, + 286, 297 + + Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), + 208, 320, + 346: + Department of State, and, 185, 266, + 319, 346 + + Arms race, 43, 105, 355: + Outer space, in, 79, 169, 178, 197, + 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, + 286, 310, 323, 334, 335, + 341 + Space-strike arms, and, 164, 239, + 240, 241, 247, 252, 254, + 276, 283, 286, 360, 361, + 378 + + ASAT. See + Anti-satellite systems + ASEAN. See + Association of Southeast Asian + Nations + al-Assad, Hafez, 116, 157, 287 + Association of Southeast Asian Nations + (ASEAN), 41, 91, + 100, 148, + 260: + Cambodia, and, 21, 139, 185, 372 + + Australia, 100, + 117 + Australia, New Zealand, United States + Security Treaty (ANZUS), 99, 100 + Austrian State Treaty (1955), 21, 52, 173, 306 + AWACS. See + Airborne Warning and Control + System + Azrael, Jeremy, 138, 153, 185, 226, 254: + “Red Team,” participant in, 71, 107 + + + B-1 bomber, 261, + 323, 338, + 375 + Backfire bomber, 42, + 161, 266, + 267, 277, + 323, 346, + 374, 375 + Bailey, Norman, 32, + 35, 59 + Baker Amendment, 40, + 112 + Baker, Howard, 177, + 178, 182 + Baker, James, 17, + 56, 162, 246, 287, 305, 376: + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 334 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 37, 62, + 94, 188, 193, 326 + Tikhonov, Nikolay, meeting with, 302 + + Baldrige, Malcolm, 32, 35, 351 + Ballistic missile defense (BMD), 362, 366, 377, 380 + Ballistic missiles, 42, 237, 342: + Ballistic missile defense, 22, 23, + 30, 50, 211, 233, 267, + 338, 362, 366, 377, 380 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + and, 251, 323, 324 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), 150, 239, 334, + 343, 346, 347, 379 + Strategic defenses, and, 73, 266, + 282, 284, 287, 297, 298, + 343 + + Baraz, Robert, 71, + 107, 146 + Barbie, Klaus, 87 + Baruch Plan, 267, + 286 + BBC. See + British Broadcasting + Corporation + Begun, Yosef, 159, + 160 + Beirut, 129, 130, 135: + Beirut barracks bombing (1983), 53 + + Beirut barracks bombing (1983), 53, 129, 130, 135 + Bering Sea, 223, + 378 + Bering Straits, 238, 244 + Berlin air corridors, 221, 229, 231: + Transport safety, 264 + + Berlin Wall, 52, + 159, 288 + Bessmertnykh, Alexander, 127, 128, 184, 303: + Shultz, George, meeting with, 6, 378 + + Biden, Joseph “Joe,” 184, 188, 200 + Billington, James, 169, 182 + Biological weapon, 277, 282, 286, 288, 348 + Bishop, Maurice, 128, 130 + Block, John, 32, + 35, 39: + Department of Agriculture, and, 42, 76, + 122, 188 + + BMD. See + Ballistic missile defense + Boeing RC–135 reconnaissance aircraft, 98, 115 + Bomber aircraft, 334, 343: + Air-launched cruise missiles and, 64, 129, + 149, 201, 346 + B-1 bomber, 261, 323, 338, 375 + Backfire bomber, 42, 161, 266, 267, + 277, 323, 346, 374, 375 + Bomber counting rule, 266, 380 + + Bonner, Elena, 268, + 284: + Medical treatment, and, 218, 220, + 230 + Sakharov, Andrei, spouse of, 53, 212, + 217, 225 + + Bosworth, Stephen, 66, 138: + Memorandum prepared by, 71, 76, + 93, 107, 139, 153 + + Bova, Michele, 356, + 361 + Boverie, Richard, 15, 23 + Bratchikov, Alexander, 357, 362 + Brezhnev, Leonid, 38, 174, 302, 382: + Andropov, Yuri, compared to, 2, 7, 133, 169 + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 30, 71, 78, 116, 284, 286 + Soviet foreign policy, and, 121, 127, + 140, 179, 184, 248, 260 + Strategic Arms Limitation Talks + (1979), and, 105 + + British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 115, 381 + Brock, William, 32, + 35 + Brooks, Linton, 72 + Buchheim, Robert “Bob,” 331, 333 + Bulgaria, 21, 67, 126, 146, 148, 229, 262 + Burlatskiy, Fëdor, 146 + Burt, Richard “Rick,” 6, 34, 48, 199, 212, 235, 284, 354: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 11, 23, 38, 39, 42, 56, 374 + Australia, New Zealand, United States + Security Treaty, report to, 99 + Isakov, Viktor, meeting with, 64, 128, + 240, 241, 250, 251, 310, + 312, 367, 372 + Memorandum prepared by, 21, 44, + 60, 75, 86, 89, 96, 112, 115, + 123, 128, 129, 140, 141, + 146, 161, 169, 181, 185, + 187, 191, 216, 253, 265, + 267, 289, 293, 295, 304, + 309, 315, 319, 325, 352 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization, + report to, 99 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + participant in, 314 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (September + 1983, Madrid), and, 105, 106 + Sokolov, Oleg + counterpart to, 73, 88, 117, 152, 205, 218, 312 + meeting with, 92, 159, 304, 315, 372 + + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 43, 50, + 84, 89, 96, 119, 123, 128, 129, + 138, 169, 214, 260, 318, + 328, 352 + + Bush, George H.W., 21, 110, 331: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 11, 211, 212, 246 + Bush administration (George H.W.) + (1989–1993), 135 + Bush-Chernenko meeting (February 1984, + Moscow), 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, + 181, 183, 185, 187, 190, + 191 + Gorbachev, Mikhail, meeting with, 383 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 334 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington), 286, 287 + Reagan, Ronald + meeting with, 97, 188 + report to, 177, 178 + + Thatcher, Margaret, meeting with, 337 + U.S.-NATO relations, and, 2, 5 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 17, 55, + 62, 138, 350 + + Butler, Robin, 337 + + CAB. See + Civil Aviation Board + Cambodia, 11, 41, 71, 96, 372, 378: + Association of Southeast Asian Nations + and, 21, 139, 185, 372 + + Camp David, 337, + 382 + Canada, 32, 89, 95, 100, 117, 229 + Cannon, Lou, 293 + Caribbean, 129, + 159, 221, + 288: + Caribbean Basin Initiative, 1 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 128, 133, + 159, 273, 284 + + Carter administration (1977–1981), 34, 69, 112, 157: + Cultural Exchange Agreement, 58 + Human rights, and, 41, 116 + Jewish emigration from Soviet Union, + 41 + Soviet grain embargo (1979), and, 32, 47 + Strategic Arms Limitation Talks + (1969–1979), and, 28, 200, 320 + + Carter, Jimmy, 5, + 66, 69, 217, 254, 320: + U.S. foreign policy, and, 72, 105, + 200, 215, 286 + + Casey, William, 69, + 314, 365: + Arms control, views on, 194, 229, + 306, 338, 340, 345, 346 + Central Intelligence Agency, director + of, 9, 17, + 77, 118, 204, 248 + Declassification, views on, 111, 114 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 203, 277, 323, + 326, 331, 334 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + views on, 375 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 148, 188 + Shultz, George, correspondence with, + 245 + Summit planning, views on, 68 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 41, 157, + 231 + + Castro, Fidel, 41, + 139 + CBM. See + Confidence-building measures + Central America: + Contadora, and, 93, 273, 307 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 112, 139, 157, 160, 254, + 260, 305 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 62, 71, + 77, 79, 83, 89, 93, 96, 153, + 159, 169, 264, 284 + + Central Committee, 14, 140, 151, 201: + Hartman, Arthur access to, 10, 11, + 131, 137, 308, 309, 311, + 314 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 142, 185, 238, 244, 269, + 292, 299 + Soviet Central Committee Plenum (April + 1985), and, 382 + Soviet Central Committee Plenum (June + 1983), and, 64 + Soviet Central Committee Plenum + (October 1984), and, 289, 293 + + Central Europe, 73, + 197, 223, + 260 + Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 221, 264, 370: + Casey, William director of, 9, 17, 77, 118, + 204, 248 + Covert actions, 41, 72, 245 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), views on, 148 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), and, 84, 92, 102, 110 + Memorandum prepared in, 41, 179 + Paper prepared in, 151, 229, 248, 273, + 330 + Soviet foreign policy, and, 124, 151, + 157, 323 + Technology transfer, and, 50 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 36, 148, + 151, 157, 201, 203, 231, + 273, 302, 306, 311, 320, + 325, 346, 351 + + Chad, 41, 79, 83, 87, 90, 116, 139 + Chain, John, Jr., 324, 343: + Memorandum prepared by, 267, 319, + 325 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + participant in, 314 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 262, 312 + + Chemical weapons (CW), 199, 224: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 163, 196, 200, 202, 203, + 223, 286 + Conference on Disarmament in Europe + (1984–), and, 160, 180, 195, + 206, 208, 209, 211, 266 + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), and, 212, 230, + 288 + Verification and verification + protocols, 159, 180, 185, + 192, 194, 201, 277, 288 + Weapon destruction, 191 + + Cheney, Richard “Dick,” 372, 376 + Chernenko, Konstantin, 209, 314, 321: + Andropov, Yuri and, 7, 171, 173, 174, + 177, 178, 181, 187, 207, + 210, 248, 381 + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 208, 242, 284, 312, 313, + 331, 338, 341, 348, 358, + 362, 378 + Bush-Chernenko meeting (February 1984, + Moscow), 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, + 181, 183, 185, 187, 190, + 191 + Death, 382, + 383 + Detente, and, 7, 8, 187 + Gorbachev, Mikhail and, 244, 321, + 383 + Hartman, Arthur, meeting with, 303, 304 + Health, 248, + 260, 273, 319, 368, 370, + 376, 381 + Politburo, and, 65, 140, 174, 225 + Pravda, + interview with, 212, 267, 273, + 283 + Reagan, Ronald, correspondence with, + 175, 183, 190, 197, 211, + 223, 234, 240, 247, 252, + 256, 257, 304, 307, 308, + 310, 328, 335, 336, App. + C + Soviet Central Committee Plenum (June + 1983), speaker at, 62, 64, 65 + Soviet foreign policy, and, 191, 192, + 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, + 241, 248, 264, 283, 323, + 381 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 184, 188, + 193, 224, 225, 230, 236, + 292, 315 + Washington + Post, interview with, 293 + + Chervov, Nikolai, 184, 201, 377 + Chile, 41, 116 + China, 11, 33, 65, 187, 188, 221, 288: + Soviet Union, relations with, 1, 2, 21, 71, + 116, 123, 133, 139, 187, + 254, 273 + United States, relations with, 100, 116, + 117, 254, 260 + + China-Japanese relations, 260 + CIA. See + Central Intelligence Agency + Civil aviation, 86, + 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 100, 117, 122, 351 + Civil Aviation Board (CAB), 99, 100, 112 + Clandestine broadcast, 72 + Clark, William “Bill,” 32, 110, 125: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 17, 23 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 37, 62 + Resignation, 131 + Summit planning, views on, 67 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, views on, + 3, 4, + 7, 9, + 16, 17, 26, 31, 36, 50, 57, + 62, 77, 80, 90, 126 + + Coast Guard, 185, + 188, 209 + Cobb, Tyrus “Ty,” 132, 244 + COCOM. See + Coordinating Committee for Multilateral + Export Controls + Cohen, William, 184, 188, 200 + Colby, William “Bill,” 216 + Colombo, Emilio, 17 + Committee for State Security, Soviet Union + (KGB, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), + 18, 25, 112: + Active measures, and, 148 + Andropov, Yuri and, 67, 140, 381 + Propaganda, and, 245 + Soviet private channel, and, 62, 67, + 104, 131, 244, 295 + + Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU, + Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo + Soyuza), 174, 244: + Communist Party of the Soviet Union + Conference (1986), 320, 382 + Soviet Central Committee Plenum (June + 1983), 143 + + Comprehensive Test Ban (CTB), 65, 187, 201, 223, 366: + Arms control and disarmament, 11, 31, + 39, 191, 199, 273, 357, + 358 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 38, 129, 184, 205, 212, + 218 + Verification and verification + protocols and, 188, 192, 209, + 232 + + Conference on Disarmament in Europe (1984–), + 190, 202, + 305: + Chemical weapons and, 160, 180, + 195, 206, 208, 209, 211, + 266 + Confidence-building measures, 203, 210, + 214, 284, 285, 308 + Nonuse of force included in, 191, 205, + 210, 211, 223, 224, 285 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations and, 107, 123, + 146, 153, 159, 169, 179, + 201, 296 + + Conference on Security and Co-operation in + Europe (1986–1989), 116: + Human rights included in, 13 + Madrid CSCE Review Conference, 6, 19 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 11 + + Confidence-building measures (CBM): + Arms control and disarmament, 11, 13, + 67, 73, 152, 206, 235, + 284, 348, 357, 358, 375 + Conference on Disarmament in Europe + (1984–), 203, 210, 214, 284, 285, + 308 + Department of Defense and, 44 + Hotline, 43, + 44, 46, 79, 100, 123, 129, 159, + 160, 169, 185, 188, 190, + 192, 194, 197, 199, 203, + 205, 209, 212, 218, 224, + 230, 308 + Military-to-military contacts, 45, 65 + Shultz, George and, 43 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 6, 39, 50, 62, + 67, 116, 191, 211 + Weinberger, Caspar and, 14, 38, + 39, 42, 43, 64, 342 + + Contadora, 79, 93, 254, 273, 307, 336 + Contras, 93, 139, 303 + Conventional weapons, 105, 129, 164, 233: + Arms control and disarmament, 348, 378 + Emerging technologies, 226 + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989), and, 175, 378 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization + and, 346, 378 + Verification and verification + protocols, 286, 378 + + Coordinating Committee for Multilateral + Export Controls (COCOM), 112, 351 + Courtney, William, 107, 319, 374 + CPSU. See + Communist Party of the Soviet + Union + Crocker, Chester “Chet,” 123: + Regional issues, and, 83, 153, + 159, 185, 209, 212, 230 + + Cruise missiles, 319, 334: + Soviet Union and, 338 + Strategic offensive arms reductions, + included in, 355, 356, 357, + 359 + Strategic stability, impact on, 267, 323, + 342 + + CTB. See + Comprehensive Test Ban + Cuba, 28, 123, 130, 255, 351: + Angola, relations with, 3, 41, 71, 139, + 260, 284 + Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 52, 132, + 146, 277, 286, 366, 378 + El Salvador, relations with, 41, 93 + Grenada, relations with, 128, 129 + Nicaragua, relations with, 64, 71, + 79, 96, 153, 159, 336, + 366 + Soviet Union, relations with, 83, 93, + 116, 128, 139, 187, 221 + + CW. See + Chemical weapons + Czechoslovakia, 21, + 135, 139, + 162, 221, + 229 + + Dam, Kenneth, 138, + 149, 216, + 252, 253, + 266: + Dobrynin, Anatoly, meeting with, 38, 42, + 43, 48, 49, 64 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 278 + Personal notes, 47, 51, 137, 239, + 242, 243, 247, 250, 279, + 306, 329, 333, 373, 377 + Reagan, Ronald + meeting with, 37, 277 + report to, 49, 241 + + Sokolov, Oleg, meeting with, 43, 48, + 258 + + Dartmouth Group, 184, 189, 198, 200, 205: + Soviet Union, visit to, 143, 180, + 185, 193, 201 + + Deaver, Michael, 154, 169: + American Council of Young Political + Leaders, and, 169 + Memorandum prepared by, 154 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 188, 287 + + Defense and Space Talks (1985–1988), 311, 317, 322, 323, 326, 335: + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) + and, 333, 362, 375 + Anti-satellite systems role in, 319, 325, + 331, 333, 334, 338, 339, + 340, 342, 359, 360, 369, + 374, 380 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), and, 283, 317 + Militarization of space, and, 343, 345, + 346, 348, 355, 357, 358, + 359, 360, 362, 366, 374 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991) + and, 331, 333, 334, 360, 361, + 380 + Research and development, and, 317, 360, + 362, 377 + Strategic Defense Initiative, and, + 339, 375, 379 + + Defense Intelligence Agency, 221, 264: + Paper prepared in, 317 + + deGraffenreid, Kenneth, 110, 126, 245: + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), and, 118 + Memorandum prepared by, 102, 103 + + Democratic Kampuchea. See + Cambodia + Democratic Party, 172, 202: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 47, 127, + 200, 261, 316 + + Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. See + North Korea + Democratic Republic of the Congo, 41, 157 + Department of Commerce, 63, 288, 351 + Department of Defense (DOD), 36, 132, 138, 311, 346, 354: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 7, 279, 317, 319, 334, + 343 + Confidence-building measures, and, + 44 + Department of State, relations with, + 56, 110, 232, 306, 320 + Paper prepared in, 58 + Technology transfer, 63 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 9, 51, 58, 153, + 274, 325 + U.S.-Soviet Union trade relations, + and, 351 + + Department of State: + Active Measures Working Group, 102 + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 172, 208, 235, 278, 279, + 301, 329, 354, 380 + Arms Control and Disarmament Agency + and, 185, 266, 319, 346 + Consular offices, 40, 56, 95 + Covert actions, and, 72, 126 + Department of Defense, relations with, + 56, 110, 232, 306, 320 + Human rights, 74, 219 + Joint Chiefs of Staff and, 208, 228, + 311, 319, 332, 340 + National Security Council, relations + with, 4, 17, 23, 26, 37, 51, 54, + 55, 56, 57, 110, 247, 249, 324 + Paper prepared in, 66, 96, 100, 107, + 129, 185, 191, 374 + “Red Team,” 71, 107 + U.S. Embassy, Moscow, 38, 382, + 383 + U.S.-NATO relations, and, 109, 206, + 266, 368 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations + and, 11, 35, 36, 43, 51, 52, 58, 61, 62, 89, 113, 154, 176, 238, 245, 266, 268, 269, 274, 292, 294, 305, 311, 344 + views on, 3, 16, 17, 25, 26, 66, 71, 129, 154, 231, 260, 291, 297, 325 + + U.S.-Soviet Union trade relations, + and, 351 + + Department of Transportation, 63, 351 + Detente, 65, 127, 325, 326, 331: + Chernenko, Konstantin and, 7, 8, 187 + Historical overview, 41, 52, + 116 + Reagan administration (1981–1988) + response to, 28, 36, 40, 169, 254, + 260, 262, 296, 320, 366 + + Deterrence, 182, + 288, 329: + Strategic defenses, 296, 325, + 334, 339, 340, 346, 348, + 352, 358, 360, 380 + Strategic offensive weapons and + weapons systems, 255, 348, 357, + 359, 360, 378, 380 + + Dissident movements, 116, 185 + Dobbins, James, 267, 290, 293, 319, 374 + Dobriansky, Paula, 16: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, views on, + 5, 54, + 74, 77 + + Dobrynin, Anatoly, 15, 55, 378: + Dam, Kenneth, meeting with, 38, 42, + 43, 48, 49, 64 + Hartman, Arthur, meeting with, 205, 259, + 289 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + relations with, 1, 4, 14, 19, 24, + 34, 37, 75, 96, 116, 123, 140, + 143, 159, 184, 189, 198, + 210, 211, 224, 228, 295, + 335, 383 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington), participant in, 286, 287 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 9, 10, 220 + Shultz-Dobrynin channel, 9, 10, 50, 294, + 297, 301 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 6, 10, 11, 20, + 22, 31, 38, 39, 42, 45, 53, + 64, 73, 130, 131, 137, + 152, 165, 192, 209, 212, + 218, 225, 230, 233, 236, + 275, 284, 288, 296, 307, + 327, 367, 372 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), and, 355, 357, 360, + 362 + Soviet private channel, and, 132, 244, + 269, 299, 321, 344 + + DOD. See + Department of Defense + Doder, Dusko, 65, + 67, 251, 293, 315 + Dolan, Anthony “Tony,” 15, 272 + Dole, Elizabeth, 95, + 99, 100 + Dole, Robert “Bob,” 32, 35, 39 + Downie, Len, 293 + Dunkerley, Craig, 146, 181, 208, 231, 374 + + Eagleburger, Lawrence, 110, 139, 146, 224, 333: + Dobrynin, Anatoly, meeting with, 6, 11, 38, 48, + 64, 137 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 17, 23, + 51, 138 + Sokolov, Oleg, meeting with, 75, 88, + 92 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 50, 83, + 84, 89, 99, 129, 161, 169, 195, + 218 + + East Asia, 77, 100 + Eastern Europe, 146, 221, 260: + Soviet Union, relations with, 65, 71, + 77, 133, 157 + United States, relations with, 72, 139, + 245, 262 + + East Germany (GDR), 139, 260, 289: + Able Archer (1983), response to, 134, 135, + 221 + United States, relations with, 229, 262, + 304 + + East-West relations, 146, 184, 200, 254, 260, 262: + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), and, 100, 107 + Long-term Grain Agreement, and, 13, 32, + 35, 36, 59, 76 + Trade relations, 13, 61, 64, 70, + 343 + United States INF deployments (1983), + and, 60, 123, 143, 231 + + Economic sanctions, 32: + Afghanistan, 13, 40, 200, 215 + + Egypt, 41, 171, 260, 371 + Eisenhower, Dwight, 52, 162: + Khrushchev, Nikita, meeting with, 86, 162 + + Elizabeth II (queen), 11, 337 + Ellis, Richard, 296 + El Salvador, 21, + 139, 260, + 264: + Cuba, relations with, 41, 93 + Nicaragua, conflict with, 153, 284 + United States, diplomatic relations + with, 82 + + Emigration, 12, 74, 361: + Israel and, 46 + Jewish emigration from Soviet Union, + 1, 37, + 38, 64, 67, 79, 83, 159, 195, + 209, 230, 284, 292, 337 + + England. See + United Kingdom + Enhanced Radiation Weapon, 116 + Ermarth, Fritz, 283, 381 + Ethiopia, 41, 116, 139, 260: + Food shortages, 372 + Mengistu Haile Mariam and, 41 + + Europe, 128, 264, 288, 305, 335, 370: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 107, 129, 154, 159, 286 + European security, 153 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization + and, 116, 180, 267, 325, 374 + United States and, 2, 5, 8, 21, 31, 33, + 48, 60, 66, 67, 117, 123, 159, + 162, 180 + U.S.-NATO relations, and, 5, 60, 77, 143 + + “Evil empire” speech (1983), 15 + + F-16, 41, 87, 90, 118 + FAA. See + Federal Aviation + Administration + FBI. See + Federal Bureau of + Investigation + FBIS. See + Foreign Broadcast Information + Service + FBS. See + Forward-based systems + Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 110, 112 + Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 18, 75, 185, 188, 217 + Federal Republic of Germany. See + West Germany + Federation of American Scientists, 216 + Filippov, Stanislav, 207 + First strike capability, 157, 195, 221, 226, 357, 374: + Strategic defenses related to, 30, 163, + 317, 326, 331, 376 + + Foley, Thomas, 56, + 169, 364, + 372, 376, + 377 + Ford, Gerald, 31, + 66, 266, 286, 318, 345 + Foreign Assistance Act (1980), 139 + Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), + 280, 302, + 382 + Fortier, Donald “Don,” 78, 179: + Shultz, George, meeting with, 138 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, views on, + 35, 80, 87, 118, 126, 155, 162 + + Forward-based systems (FBS), 286: + SALT II (1979) and, 159, 160, + 161, 374 + Soviet Union views on, 145, 185, + 266 + + “Four-part agenda,” 62, 73, 122, 181: + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 1, 3, + 11, 13, 19, 21, 25, 31, 61, + 66, 159, 160, 169, 185, + 188, 230, 372 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 39, 54, + 64, 83, 140, 236, 262, + 275, 284, 328 + + France, 99, 296, 357: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 169, 201, 227, 334 + Intermediate-range nuclear forces, + and, 14, 33, 82, 180, 188, + 195, 259, 266, 267, 273, + 323, 331, 338, 359, 366 + Lebanon, diplomatic relations with, + 185 + Nuclear arms reductions, and, 31, 48, + 49, 145, 286, 346, 348, + 355, 356 + Nuclear weapon freeze, and, 65 + U.S.-NATO relations, and, 100, 105, + 106, 117, 286, 368 + + FRG. See + West Germany + FSLN. See + Sandinista National Liberation + Front + + G–7 Economic Summit (1983), 53, 62, 64, 66, 71, 122 + G–7 Economic Summit (1984), 64, 188 + G–7 Economic Summit (1985), 370 + Gandhi, Indira, 300, 302, 307 + Garthoff, Douglas, 11, 14 + Gary Powers U-2 incident (1960), 86 + Gates, Robert, 283, + 303, 314: + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 277, 278 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 41, 110, + 116, 138, 148 + + GDR. See + East Germany + Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 158, 169, 219, 288 + George, Douglas, 314, 323 + German Democratic Republic. See + East Germany + Giffen, Jim, 292, + 350, 364 + GKNT. See + Soviet State Committee for Science & + Technology + GLCM. See + Ground-launched cruise + missiles + Glitman, Maynard “Mike,” 333: + U.S. Nuclear and Space Talks + Delegation, member of, 365, 369, 375 + + Goldfarb, David, 212 + Goodby, James, 159, + 205, 209, + 210, 212, + 333, 365 + Gorbachev, Mikhail, 184, 192, 260, 292, 339: + Bush, George H.W., meeting with, 383 + Business community, meeting with, 370 + Chernenko, Konstantin + and, 244, 321, 383 + successor of, 383 + + Gromyko, Andrei, and, 337 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + views on, 276, 341 + Space-strike arms, views on, 334, 338 + Thatcher, Margaret, meeting with, 341, 350 + United Kingdom, visitor to, 337, 364, + 376 + United States, visitor to, 350, 364, + 370 + + Gosbank, 292, 377 + Great Britain. See + United Kingdom + Grenada, 133, 153, 156, 187, 254: + Cuba, relations with, 128, 129 + United States invasion of Grenada + (October 1983), 128, 129, 135, + 139, 157, 159, 160, 162, + 221, 260, 378 + + Grinevskiy, Oleg, 205, 209 + Grishin, Viktor, 140, 260 + Gromyko, Andrei: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 13, 191, 224, 259, 295, + 317, 319, 322, 327, 328, + 331, 374, 378 + Gorbachev, Mikhail and, 337 + Hartman, Arthur, meeting with, 105, 127, + 131, 147, 150, 159, 196, + 198, 209, 210, 284, 286, + 287, 288, 300, 303, 312, + 313, 355, 357, 360, 362 + Hartman-Gromyko channel, 67, 193, + 197, 211, 294, 296, 297, + 301, 302, 319 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 286, 287 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 104, 105, + 108, 159, 160, 284, 285, + 288, 355, 357, 360, 362 + Shultz-Gromyko channel, 1, 4, 19, 27, + 37, 73, 78, 88, 89, 96, 97, + 123, 152, 269, 310, 315 + Soviet foreign policy, role in, 71, 116, + 125, 127, 140, 173, 178, + 179, 184, 192, 193, 205, + 238, 244, 248, 260, 264, + 265, 273, 299, 350, 364 + Supreme Soviet, speaker at, 64, 65 + United Nations General Assembly, and, + 107, 265, 268, 271, 272 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 24, 54, + 58, 60, 67, 83, 86, 129, 133, + 142, 143, 144, 149, 175, + 188, 195, 211, 225, 275, + 289, 292, 293, 344, 366 + White House, visitor to, 271, 281, + 282, 283 + + Ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCM), 11, 191, 226, 347: + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), and, 145, 159, 160, + 185, 201 + United States INF deployments (1983), + role in, 36, 56, 334, 374, 380 + + Gulf of Mexico, 221 + + Haig, Alexander, 4, + 6, 96, 132, 200 + Hammer, Armand, 18, + 152 + Hartman, Arthur, 202, 253, 344, 354: + Central Committee, access to, 10, 11, + 131, 137, 308, 309, 311, + 314 + Chernenko, Konstantin, meeting with, + 303, 304 + Dobrynin, Anatoly, meeting with, 205, 259, + 289 + Gromyko, Andrei, meeting with, 105, 127, + 131, 147, 150, 159, 196, + 198, 209, 210, 284, 286, + 287, 288, 300, 303, 312, + 313, 355, 357, 360, 362 + Hartman-Gromyko channel, 67, 138, + 193, 197, 211, 294, 296, + 297, 301, 302, 319 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 188 + Regional issues, and, 19, 21, + 25, 37, 38, 39, 42, 175, 190, + 230 + Soviet private channel, and, 152, 284, + 299 + Soviet Union, ambassador to, 1, 13, 140, 149, + 180, 195, 244, 256 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 2, 5, 14, 17, + 24, 44, 54, 116, 120, 121, 129, + 133, 143, 150, 168, 178, + 184, 233, 318, 320 + Weinberger, Caspar, meeting with, 14 + + Havana, 382 + Helsinki Acts (1975), 288: + Helsinki Final Act (1975), 40, 104, + 112, 159, 191, 195, 260 + + Hill, M. Charles, 152, 175, App. B: + Department of State, Executive + Secretary of, 23, 27, 61, + 254, 305, 376 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 51, 262 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 40, 100 + + Horowitz, Lawrence “Larry,” 169, 180: + Zagladin, Vadim, meeting with, 163 + + Howe, Geoffrey, 169, 268, 273, 334, 341 + Howe, Jonathan, 44, + 118, 185, + 202, 208, + 266 + Huebner-Malinin agreement, 229 + Human rights, 152, + 176, 192: + Carter administration (1977–1981) and, + 41, 116 + Conference on Security and + Co-operation in Europe (1986–1989), included in, 13 + Department of State, 74, 219 + Dissident movements, and, 116, 185 + Dual national, and, 361, 372 + Emigration, 74, 361, 372 + Family reunification, and, 1, 104, + 159, 185, 212, 361, 372 + “Four-part agenda,” role in, 62, 159, + 186, 275, 284, 286, 328, + 355, 360 + Jewish emigration from Soviet Union, + 38 38, 96, 104, 116, 129, + 159, 160, 185, 209 + Pentecostalists issue, 37, 45, + 46, 54, 64, 67, 73, 83, 159, + 169, 209, 284 + Political prisoners, and, 116, 268, + 295 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 11, 13, + 107, 108, 160, 172, 285, + 296, 351, 356, 376 + U.S.-Soviet Union trade relations, + impact on, 351 + + Hummel, Art, 21 + Hungary, 71, 132, 156, 229, 254: + Most Favored Nation status, 21 + + Hussein bin Talal, 137, 171 + + IAEA. See + International Atomic Energy + Agency + ICAO. See + International Civil Aviation + Organization + ICBM. See + Intercontinental ballistic + missile + ICJ. See + International Court of + Justice + Iklé, Fred, 234, + 235, 272, + 277, 314, + 334 + Incidents at Sea Agreement (1972) (INCSEA), + 11, 212, 230, 308 + INCSEA. See + Incidents at Sea Agreement + (1972) + India, 167, 169, 255, 260, 280: + Indira Gandhi assassination (October + 1984), 300, 302 + Pakistan, conflict with, 264 + + Institute of U.S. and Canadian Studies, 132, 143, 201, 238, 244, 317 + Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), + 334, 357, + 373, 380: + Ballistic missile defense, and, 333, 380 + Midgetman ICBM, 338, 375 + Militarization of space, role in, 253, 342 + Minuteman ICBM, 267, 375 + Peacekeeper ICBM, 64, 97, 157, 342 + SALT II (1979), included in, 42, 96, + 286 + SS–18 ICBM, 267, 323, 378 + SS–19 ICBM, 42 + SS–X–24 ICBM, 64, 157, 342 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991) and, 42, 129, 159, + 266, 286, 319, 346, 353, + 355, 356, 359, 375, 379, + 380 + Strategic stability, impact on, 374 + + Intermediate-range nuclear forces, 45, 127, 374: + Nuclear arms reductions, 356, 359, + 360, 361, 362, 380 + SS–20, 105, + 107, 129, 137, 378 + Strategic offensive weapons and + weapons systems, and, 145, 161, 287, + 295, 356 + West Germany and, 2, 105, 116, 130, + 206 + Zero option, 2, 5, 8, 11, 28, 36, + 334, 346, 357, 375, 379 + + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Talks + (1982–1987), 130, 205, 291: + Defense and Space Talks (1985–1988) + and, 283, 317 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983) impact on, 86, 89, 94, + 107, 112, 123 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991) + and, 305, 360, 361, 380 + Nuclear arms reductions, and, 14, 273, + 286, 352, 360, 362, 374, + 375 + Pershing II missile, 2, 11, 36, 45, + 56, 64, 79, 82, 120, 127, 145, + 148, 157, 159, 160, 161, + 180, 185, 186, 191, 195, + 201, 211, 222, 223, 226, + 229, 346, 348, 374, 375, + 380 + Potential interim agreement, 33, 36, + 45 + Shultz-Gromyko channel, and, 6, 83, 152 + Soviet SS–20s in Asia, 33, 48, + 49, 199, 343, 374, 375 + Soviet suspension of talks (1983), + 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, + 157, 159, 162, 169, 189, + 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, + 228, 230, 256, 259, 266, + 276, 282, 295, 331, 347, + 375, 382 + SS–20 role in, 11, 45, 137, 159, + 160, 161, 286, 348 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), and, 81, 94, 129, + 165, 191, 199, 214, 239, + 266, 278, 297, 333, 334, + 338, 345, 346, 348, 355, + 356, 366, 374 + U.S.-NATO relations and, 13, 66, + 319, 323, 342, 343, 374, + 379 + U.S.-Soviet Union bilateral issues + role in, 314 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations and, 28, 116, + 122, 127, 138, 141, 146, + 188, 190, 192, 193, 194, + 196, 207, 208, 209, 210, + 212, 233 + + International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), + 284 + International Civil Aviation Organization + (ICAO), 106, 113, 160, 190: + Aviation security, and, 117, 159, + 169, 185, 188, 230, 259 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), response to, 86, 88, 89, + 95, 99, 100, 112, 119, + 129, 190, 372 + + International Commission of Control and + Supervision, 366 + International Control Commissions, 366 + International Court of Justice (ICJ), 88, 91, 100, 112, 117, 118 + International Federation of Airline Pilots’ + Associations, 99, 100 + International Olympic Committee (IOC), 217, 218 + International Parliamentary Union, 117 + International Physicians for the Prevention + of Nuclear War, 367 + International Pilots Association, 88 + IOC. See + International Olympic + Committee + Iran, 41, 159, 160, 221, 273 (see also + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)): + Soviet Union, diplomatic relations + with, 133, 371 + + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), 71, 159, 190, 209, 223: + Chemical weapons and, 212, 230, + 288 + Persian Gulf and, 192, 197, 199, 211, + 264, 273, 287 + Soviet Union and, 71, 129, 287 + United Nations and, 197 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations and, 137, 199, + 371, 372 + + Iraq, 254, 260, 371 (see also + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)) + Isakov, Viktor, 11, + 137, 230, + 287, 288: + Burt, Richard “Rick,” meeting with, + 64, 128, 240, 241, 250, + 251, 310, 312, 367, 372 + Palmer, Robie Marcus Hooker “Mark,” + meeting with, 295, 296, 302 + + Israel, 34, 160: + Emigration, and, 46 + Lebanon, relations with, 48, 49, + 53, 96, 116, 159, 192, + 288 + Soviet Union, relations with, 284, 285, + 287, 371 + Syria, and, 48, 49, 71, 116, + 129, 137, 157, 159, 185, + 192 + United States, diplomatic relations + with, 371 + + Italy, 14, 66, 100, 206, 227, 357 + Izvestiya, 29, 61, 140, 201 + + Jackson-Vanik Amendment (1974), 6, 10, 11 + Japan, 148, 289: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 11, 33, 64 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), and, 89, 90, 94, 100, 101, + 102, 105, 109, 117, 129, + 169, 185, 351, 372 + Soviet Union, relations with, 71, 116, + 118, 133, 260, 288 + United States, diplomatic relations + with, 66, 87, 88, 288 + + Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 67, 71, 140, 229 + JCC. See + Joint Commercial Commission + JCS. See + Joint Chiefs of Staff + Jewish emigration from Soviet Union: + Human rights, 38 + + Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 318 + Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 262, 314: + Arms control and disarmament, views + on, 227, 272, 274, 279, 305, + 323, 331, 343, 346, 354, + 369, 375 + Department of State, and, 208, 228, + 311, 319, 332, 340 + Vessey, John W., Jr. chair of, 339, 346, + 353 + + Joint Commercial Commission (JCC), 185, 284, 288: + U.S.-Soviet Union trade relations, + mediator of, 1, 3, 351 + + Jordan, 71, 171, 260, 287 + + KAL. See + Korean Air Lines + Kamchatka Peninsula, 92, 98 + Kamman, Curtis, 128, 268, 313 + Kampelman, Max, 6, + 19, 67, 262, 295: + Kampelman-Kondrashev channel, 104, 131, + 132, 137, 299 + Madrid CSCE Review Conference, + representative to, 50, 54, 62, + 64, 75, 83, 104, 123, 129, 130 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + views on, 375 + U.S. Nuclear and Space Talks + Delegation, head of, 365, 369 + + Kampuchea. See + Cambodia + Karmal, Babrak, 124 + Karpov, Viktor, 327, 331, 344: + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), participant in, 355, 357, 360, + 362 + + Keel, Alton “Al,” Jr., 323, 326, 331, 334 + Kelley, P.X., 277 + Kelly, John, 193, + 202, 213, + 382: + Arms control and disarmament, views + on, 208, 231, 234 + Memorandum prepared by, 382 + Sokolov, Oleg, meeting with, 99, 100, + 101, 117 + + Kennan, George, 219 + Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” 163, 180 + Kennedy, John F., 132, 146, 155, 162, 200: + Kennedy-Khrushchev agreements (1962), + 28, 152 + Kennedy-Khrushchev meeting (June + 1961), 52 + + Kennedy, Richard, 44, 54, 284, 295 + KGB. See + Committee for State Security, Soviet + Union + Khrushchev, Nikita, 173, 320: + Eisenhower, Dwight, meeting with, 86, 162 + Kennedy-Khrushchev agreements (1962), + 28, 152 + Kennedy-Khrushchev meeting (June + 1961), 52 + + Kimmitt, Robert, 74, + 179, 201, + 280, 317, + 375 + Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 95, 172: + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 277, 323, 326 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 26, 306 + United Nations, ambassador to, 41, 89, + 99, 101, 272 + + Kissinger Commission, 139, 159 + Kissinger, Henry, 42, 192: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 94, 259, + 266, 286 + + Kohl, Helmut, 60, + 66, 99, 151, 171: + West Germany, and, 14, 65, 71 + + Komplektov, Viktor, 105, 193, 292 + Kondrashev, Sergei, 61, 75, 96, 129: + Kampelman-Kondrashev channel, 104, 131, + 132, 137 + + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown (1983): + Aeroflot and, 86, 87, 88, 90, + 91, 109 + Aviation security and, 137, 159, + 165, 209, 230, 259 + Declassification, 111, 114 + Economic sanctions, 91, 112, 122 + Flight plan deviation, 88, 92, + 98, 101, 105, 113 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), impact on, 86, + 89, 94, 107, 112, 123 + International Civil Aviation + Organization response to, 86, 88, 89, + 95, 99, 100, 112, 119, + 129, 190, 372 + International reaction, 88, 89, + 90, 91, 92, 95, 99, 100, 106, + 107, 108, 109, 112, 115, + 117, 119 + Japan and, 89, 90, 94, 100, 101, 102, + 105, 109, 117, 129, 169, + 185, 351, 372 + Maritime search and rescue, 92, 95, + 96, 100, 105, 117, 129, + 185 + McDonald, Lawrence, death of, 88, 89 + Reagan administration (1981–1988) + response to, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, + 91, 92, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, + 101, 103, 107, 109, 110, + 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, + 120, 122, 130 + Reagan, Ronald response to, 84, 91, + 106 + Recovery operations, 117, 119 + Shultz, George and, 119 + Soviet military role in, 85, 107, + 115, 121 + Soviet Union response to, 89, 92, + 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 107, + 108, 115, 117, 120, 121, + 129 + United Nations and, 94, 101 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, impact + on, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, + 96, 101, 104, 105, 106, + 107, 108, 115, 116, 117, + 120, 122, 123, 129, 135, + 138, 156, 162, 188, 372 + + Korean Air Lines (KAL), 84, 89 + Korniyenko, Georgiy, 184, 286, 287, 313: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 79, 193, 303 + Regional issues, and, 11, 24, + 38, 42 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (January 1984, + Stockholm), participant in, 159 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, New York), participant in, 284, 288 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), participant in, 355, 357, 360, + 362 + + Kosygin, Alexei, 152, 318 + Kozlov, Sergei, 217, 218 + Kraemer, Sven, 28, + 78, 297: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 15, 194, 249, 272, 292, + 301, 343, 346, 375, 379 + + Krasnoyarsk radar, 129: + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) + and, 96, 333, 355, 374, 375, + 378 + Ballistic missile defense, role in, + 96, 322, 343, 348 + + Kremlin, 273, 321 + Krimer, William, 104, 105, 108, 159 + Krokhalev, Oleg, 378 + Kunayev, Dinmukhamed, 260 + Kux, Dennis, 72 + Kvitsinskiy, Yuliy, 31, 129, 137, 146, 180, 195, 299 + Kyiv, 40, 54, 64, 73, 188, 189, 190, 218 + + Large Phased-Array Radars, 343, 355 + Lauder, Ronald, 14 + Laux, David, 118 + Lebanon, 91, 112, 149, 187, 221: + France, diplomatic relations with, + 185 + Israel, relations with, 48, 49, + 53, 96, 116, 159, 192, + 288 + Soviet Union and, 7, 50, 71, 87, + 90, 92, 129, 157, 169, + 178, 191, 260 + Syria and, 83, 89, 96, 153, 287 + United Nations Interim Force in + Lebanon, 64, 147, 153, 185, 188, + 287, 288, 296 + United States and, 65, 83, 89, 110, + 137, 152, 160, 162, 164, + 254, 371, 372 + + Ledsky, Nelson, 265, 271 + Lehman, Ronald, 206, 319, 338: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 56, 126, 185, 272, 276, + 322, 343, 346 + Memorandum prepared by, 194, 249, + 294, 301, 324, 332, 333 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 203, 277, 323, + 326, 331 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 193 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + participant in, 314 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 252, 291 + + Lenczowski, John, 16, 52, 74, + 113: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 17 + Memorandum prepared by, 35, 78, + 102, 103, 156, 172 + Paper prepared by, 77 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, views on, + 8, 25, + 28, 49, 61, 80, 215, 263 + + Leningrad, 140, + 229, 230, + 231 + Lenin, Vladimir, 14, + 15, 337, 378 + Libya, 41, 83, 87, 139, 287 + Lilac, Robert, 109, + 113 + Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), 267, 360 + Linhard, Robert: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 206, 237, 272, 333, 346 + Memorandum prepared by, 249, 294, + 301 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 277 + + Linnik, Viktor, 115 + Lomeyko, Vladimir, 287, 302 + London Times, 115 + Long-range intermediate nuclear forces + (LRINF), 260, 380: + United States INF deployments (1983), + 14, 49, 143, 206, 266, + 348, 355, 374 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 145, 185, + 194, 195, 346 + + Long, Russell, 79 + Long-term Grain Agreement, 38, 39, 43, 62, 138: + Treaty renewal, 11, 47, 50, 53, + 54, 59, 62, 76, 83, 96, 122, + 286 + U.S.-Soviet Union trade relations and, + 13, 32, 35, 36, 59, 76, 284 + + LRINF. See + Long-range intermediate nuclear + forces + + Machel, Samora, 139 + MAD. See + Mutual Assured Destruction + Madrid CSCE Review Conference, 50, 71, 80, 96: + Kampelman-Kondrashev channel, and, + 62, 67, 104 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 19, 64, + 73, 83, 86, 87, 106, 122 + + Makarov, Vasiliy, 105, 159, 287, 288 + Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 360 + Matlock, Jack, 74, + 108, 118, + 176, 194, + 288: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 282, 319, 354, 365, 367 + Gorbachev, Mikhail, views on, 350 + Memorandum prepared by, 147, 157, + 186, 189, 249 + Menshikov, Stanislav, meeting with, + 195, 292 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington), participant in, 286, 287 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 97, 188, + 193 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + participant in, 314 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (January 1984, + Stockholm), participant in, 159 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (September + 1983, Madrid), participant in, 105 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, New York), participant in, 284 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), participant in, 355, 357, 360, + 362 + Summit planning, views on, 69 + U.S. foreign policy, and, 61, 67, + 86, 127, 138, 154, 169, + 182, 185, 233, 272, 296, + 330, 378 + U.S.-NATO relations, views on, 368 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, views on, + 14, 15, 17, 26, 78, 96, 106, + 125, 126, 132, 144, 167, + 171, 198, 207, 214, 238, + 244, 270, 276, 280, 291, + 293, 320, 344, 381, 382 + Vishnevsky, Sergei, meeting with, 125 + Zagladin, Vadim, meeting with, 180, 193, + 214, 269 + + McDonald, Lawrence, 84, 85: + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983) death of, 88, 89 + + McFarlane, Robert “Bud,” 156, 171, 172, 214, 238, 245, 249, 294, 337, 378: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 23, 129, 157, 200, 230, + 233, 242, 246, 297, 312, + 320, 325, 343, 345, 346, + 347, 353, 354, 361 + Memorandum prepared by, 131, 136, + 154, 186, 220, 274, 351 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 91, 203, 277, + 323, 326, 331, 334 + Nitze, Paul, meeting with, 322, 332, + 333 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + and, 311, 314 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington), participant in, 286, 287 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 17, 62, + 94, 188, 193, 224, 271, + 306, 363, 383 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + participant in, 243 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 262, 332 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), participant in, 355, 357, 358, + 360, 362 + Summit planning, and, 67 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 31, 55, + 138, 166, 169, 182, 183, + 185, 189, 208, 209, 219, + 228, 244, 280, 301, 305 + + McGovern Amendment, 112 + McGovern, George, 259, 273 + McIntosh, Malcolm, 214 + McKinley, Brunson, 73, 147, 190, 293 + McMahon, John, 62, + 110, 204, + 245, 283 + Meese, Edwin “Ed,” 56, 182, 246, 287, 306: + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 91, 277, 323, + 331, 334 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 17, 37, + 62, 94, 138 + + Mendelevich, Lev, 122 + Mengistu Haile Mariam, 41, 139, 260: + Ethiopia, and, 41 + + Menshikov, Stanislav, 180, 195, 198, 201, 244, 269, 344 + Merzlikin, Vladilen, 288 + Mexico, 139, 266 + Middle East: + Peace plan, 53, 129, 147, 197, + 284, 287 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 7, 8, + 21, 83, 96, 138, 155, 260, 264, + 305, 306 + Regional issues, 11, 48, 50, 62, + 129, 137, 149, 160, 165, + 169, 176, 192, 205, 209, + 211, 230, 296, 305, 371 + Soviet Union and, 14, 19, 71, 107, + 116, 133, 142, 144, 157, + 164 + U.S.-NATO relations, and, 66 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 6, 10, 89, 137, + 152, 159, 178, 185, 199, + 218, 268, 288, 308, 355, + 367, 371 + + Midgetman. See + Midgetman ICBM + under + Intercontinental ballistic + missile + Militarization of space: + Anti-satellite systems and, 79, 164, + 197, 205, 209, 233, 253, + 256, 258, 284, 337, 355 + Defense and Space Talks (1985–1988) + and, 343, 345, 346, 348, 355, + 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, + 366, 374 + Intercontinental ballistic missile + role in, 253, 342 + + Military Liaison Mission (MLM), 229 + Minuteman. See + Minuteman ICBM + under + Intercontinental ballistic + missile + MIRV. See + Multiple independently targeted re-entry + vehicles + Mitterand, François, 66, 171, 177, 203: + Arms control and disarmament, views + on, 5, 334 + Moscow, visit to, 219, 225 + + MLM. See + Military Liaison Mission + Mondale, Walter, 172, 200, 261, 276, 293, 316 + Montgomery, Hugh, 124, 231 + Moreau, Arthur, 234, 277, 314, 363 + Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 302 + Mozambique, 41, 71, 116, 139, 254, 260 + MPLA. See + People’s Movement for the Liberation of + Angola + Mubarak, Hosni, 171, 371 + Mujahideen, 41, 116, 124, 159: + Reagan administration (1981–1988) and, + 71, 264 + + Multiple independently targeted re-entry + vehicles (MIRV), 79, 260, 323, 379: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 159, 201, 267, 375, 380 + + Murphy, Daniel, 277, 323, 326, 334 + Murphy, Richard, 287, 288, 331, 371, 372, 378 + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989), 6, 24, + 31, 142, 146, 165, 288: + Abramowitz, Morton and, 37, 38, + 39, 62, 73, 83, 105 + Arms control and disarmament, 11, 13, + 42, 96, 112, 123, 152, + 153, 169, 201, 202, 203, + 209, 210, 224, 325, 348 + Conventional weapons and, 175, 378 + National Security Council, and, 50 + U.S.-NATO relations, and, 188, 191, + 195, 199, 201 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 16, 53, + 71, 107, 108, 143, 160, + 190, 212, 266, 284, 296 + Verification and verification + protocols, 22, 27, 64, 73, 129, + 159, 185, 192, 211, 230 + + Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), 23, 226, 331, 343, 345, 374 + MX missile, 64, 77, 89, 148, 201, 261, 378: + Reagan administration (1981–1988) and, + 13, 23, 83, 112, 127, 188, 200, + 301, 334, 338, 375 + U.S. Congress approval of, 21, 28, + 36, 56, 188, 323, 342, + 347, 350, 377 + + + Nakasone Yasuhiro, 21, 66, 71, 99, 100, 116 + Namibia, 4, 41, 71, 116: + Angola, and, 3, 19, 139, 284 + National independence, 159, 260 + + National Association of Evangelicals, 15 + National Foreign Intelligence Board, 111, 114, 264 + National Foreign Intelligence Council, 111, 114, 264 + National Intelligence Council: + Memorandum prepared in, 283 + + National Security Agency (NSA), 85, 110, 221 + National Security Council (NSC), 203, 206, 260, 280, 308, 314: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 161, 208, 235, 272, 319, + 334 + Covert actions, 72 + Department of State, relations with, + 4, 17, + 23, 26, 37, 51, 54, 55, 56, + 57, 110, 247, 249, 324 + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989) and, 50 + National Security Council Staff, 87, 102, + 103, 113, 162, 172, 244, + 266 + Paper prepared in, 77, 186 + Polish-Soviet Sanctions Monitoring + Group, 63 + Regional issues, and, 371 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 3, 15, 35, 36, + 51, 52, 67, 155, 262, 276, 281, + 291, 294, 297, 301 + U.S.-Soviet Union trade relations, + and, 351 + + National Security Decision Directive: + NSDD 102, “U.S. Response to Soviet + Destruction of KAL Airliner,” 95 + NSDD 142, “Arms Limitation Talks, + September 1984,” 237 + NSDD 148, “The U.S. Umbrella Talks + Proposal,” 298 + NSDD 153, “Instructions for the + Shultz-Gromyko Meeting in Geneva,” 348 + NSDD 160, “Preparing for Negotiations + with the Soviet Union,” 369 + NSDD 165, “Instructions for the First + Round of US/Soviet Negotiations in Geneva,” 380 + + National Security Planning Group (NSPG), 123, 274, 279, 346, 353, 369: + Meetings, 91, + 94, 203, 277, 323, 325, + 326, 331, 334 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 1, 40, 50, 72, + 90, 272, 333 + + National Technical Means (NTM), 98, 180, 357 + NATO. See + North Atlantic Treaty + Organization + Naval forces, 268 + Neuman, Bob, 148 + New Directions Advisory Committee, 280 + New Republic, 118 + New York Times, 78, 195, 203, 222, 233, 238, 339, 340 + Nicaragua, 65, 157, 187, 273: + Cuba, relations with, 64, 71, + 79, 96, 153, 159, 336, + 366 + El Salvador, conflict with, 153, 284 + Regional issues, 139, 160, 260, 307 + Soviet Union, relations with, 41, 56, + 62, 64, 83, 93, 116, 255, 264, + 303, 304, 307 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, impact + on, 91, 285, 307, 313, 323, + 336 + + Niles, Thomas, 293 + Nitze, Paul, 292, + 327, 354: + Arms control and disarmament, expert + on, 297, 308, 311, 328, 329, + 333, 343, 352, 362, 365, + 369, 373 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), and, 11, 27, 31, + 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 48, 49, + 62, 83, 94, 105, 145, 180, 195, + 233, 355, 362, 375 + McFarlane, Robert “Bud,” meeting with, + 322, 332, 333 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 203, 277, 323, + 326, 331, 334 + Paper prepared by, 343 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + participant in, 314 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 322 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), participant in, 357, 360 + Soviet private channel, role in, 137 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 108, 146, + 344 + “Walk in the Woods” (1982), role in, + 6, 299, 346 + + Nixon, Richard, 18, + 66, 105, 260, 286, 345: + Foreign aid and assistance, 41 + Linkage, and, 94, 215, 262, 296 + Nixon administration (1969–1974), 11 + + North American Aerospace Defense Command, + 23 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), + 91, 106, 211, 277 (see also + U.S.-NATO relations): + Able Archer (1983), and, 134, 135, + 221 + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 23, 79, 82, 105, 145, 352, 357, + 378 + Conventional weapons, and, 346, 378 + Europe, and, 116, 180, 267, 325, + 374 + Flexible response, 191, 284 + Shultz, George report to, 334 + Soviet Union, relations with, 93, 109, + 117, 119, 159, 223, 224, + 338 + United States INF deployments (1983), + and, 14, 33, 65, 120, 123, + 129, 137, 143, 145, 162, + 164, 169, 206, 221, 286, + 287, 295, 310, 319, 331 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 52, 64, + 161, 201, 229, 284, 290, + 343, 348 + Warsaw Treaty Organization and, 159, 201, + 223, 224, 284, 286, 378 + + North Korea, 162, + 288 + Norwegian Sea, 221 + NPT. See + Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of + Nuclear Weapons (1968) + NSA. See + National Security Agency + NSC. See + National Security Council + NSPG. See + National Security Planning + Group + NTM. See + National Technical Means + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), 294, 297, 301, 367: + Ballistic missiles and, 251, 323, + 324 + Defense and Space Talks (1985–1988), + and, 331, 333, 334, 360, 361, + 380 + Gorbachev, Mikhail views on, 276, 341 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), and, 305, 360, 361, + 380 + Joint statement, 312, 360, 362, 363 + Planning meeting, 313, 322 + Reagan, Ronald, and, 320, 328, + 375 + Senior Arms Control Group and, 380 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva) impact on, 332, 338 + Soviet Nuclear and Space Talks + delegation, 378 + Soviet Union response to, 295, 309, + 310, 311, 314, 319, 322, + 323 + Space-strike arms related to, 308, 319, + 326, 331, 334, 335, 338, + 342, 355, 360, 362, 374, + 378 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), and, 283, 317, 345, + 360, 361, 380 + Strategic Defense Initiative and, 312, 329, + 341, 342, 365, 373 + Strategic offensive arms reductions, + 298, 320, 340, 374 + U.S. Nuclear and Space Talks + Delegation, 365, 369, 372, + 373, 375, 379, 380 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 301, 374, + 379, 382 + + Nuclear energy, 378 + Nuclear testing: + Anti-satellite systems and, 107, 185, + 195, 252, 261, 267, 273, + 276, 277, 286, 297, 301, + 305, 317, 319, 323, 326, + 346, 348, 350, 356 + Comprehensive Test Ban, 38, 218, + 230 + On-site inspections related to, 185, 296, + 342 + Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty + (1976), 31, 129, 188, 230, 293 + Soviet nuclear testing moratorium, + 164, 233, 252, 253, 257, + 258, 259 + Soviet Union and, 129, 191, 197, 313 + Strategic defenses, and, 223, 251, + 261, 342, 356, 359 + Strategic offensive weapons and + weapons systems, and, 288, 308, 346 + Threshold Test Ban Treaty (1974), 31, 129, + 188, 230, 293 + Verification and verification + protocols, 184, 200, 308 + + Nuclear weapon freeze, 201, 273, 297: + Reagan administration (1981–1988) + response to, 15, 191, 200 + Soviet Union and, 28, 65, 73, 79, + 187, 197, 286, 293, 314, + 357, 358, 366 + + + OAS. See + Organization of American + States + Obukhov, Alexey, 284, 288, 355, 360: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 327, 331, 344 + Soviet Union, notetaker for, 286, 297 + + Ogarkov, Nikolai, 120, 157, 260, 283, 320: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 201, 226, 270 + Vessey, John W., Jr. counterpart to, + 185 + + Olympic Games (1980), 112, 116, 217 + Olympic Games (1984), 188, 214, 217, 218, 221 + O’Neill, Thomas “Tip,” 364, 376 + On-site inspections, 79, 200, 277: + Nuclear testing, related to, 185, 296, + 342 + Verification and verification + protocols, included in, 340, 346 + + Open Skies Treaty, 267 + Organization of American States (OAS), 117, 305, 336 + Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, + 128 + Orlov, Yuri, 79, + 169, 176, + 178, 185, + 195 + Ortega Saavedra, Daniel, 303 + Outer space, 197, + 201, 203, + 205, 209: + Arms control and disarmament, 230, 253, + 259, 300 + Arms race in, 79, 169, 178, 197, + 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, + 286, 310, 323, 334, 335, + 341 + Space cooperation, 185 + Vienna talks on space weapons (1984), + 240, 241, 242, 246, 247, + 249, 251, 252, 253, 256, + 257, 258, 264, 273, 275, + 286, 297 + + Outer Space Treaty (1967), 129, 306, 348, 357, 358, 360, 374 + + Pacific air safety, 185, 189, 205, 209, 230, 259, 295 + Pakistan, 139, 157, 160, 273, 302: + Afghanistan and, 71, 185, 221, 264, + 372 + India, conflict with, 264 + Soviet invasion/occupation of + Afghanistan, 21, 41, 116, 159, 260 + Soviet Union, diplomatic relations + with, 255 + United States, diplomatic relations + with, 211, 268, 284, 285 + + Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 137, 260, 371: + Soviet Union and, 53, 71, 116, 139, + 287 + + Palestinians, 137, + 192, 287, + 371 + Palmer, Robie Marcus Hooker “Mark,” 163, 185, 245, 254, 288: + Briefing Memorandum prepared by, 24 + Isakov, Viktor, meeting with, 295, 296, + 302 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 45, 51, + 61, 72, 106 + Sokolov, Oleg, meeting with, 20, 258, + 284, 307, 382 + + Panama Canal, 264 + Pascoe, Boris “Lynn,” 112, 129, 251, 319, 382 + Patolichev, Nikolai, 289, 351 + PDPA. See + People’s Democratic Party of + Afghanistan + Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty (1976) + (PNET), 187, 214, 296, 357, 358, 366: + Nuclear testing, 31, 129, 188, 230, + 293 + Treaty ratification, 38, 65, + 164, 180, 184, 191, 195, + 199, 223, 308 + Verification and verification + protocols, 13, 39, 197, 228 + + Peacekeeper. See + MX missile + Pell, Claiborne, 169: + Andropov, Yuri, meeting with, 79, 122, + 140 + + Pentecostalists issue, 26, 42, 96, 122: + Human rights, 37, 45, 46, 54, + 64, 67, 73, 83, 159, 169, 209, + 284 + Robison, Olin mediator of, 34, 38, + 39 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations and, 1, 10, 11, 12, + 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, + 36, 74, 138, 185, 188, + 286 + + People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan + (PDPA), 260, 378: + Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, + and, 185, 273 + + People’s Movement for the Liberation of + Angola (MPLA, Movimento Popular para a Libertação + de AngolaMovimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola), 139 + People’s Republic of China. See + China + PepsiCo, Inc., 112 + Percy, Charles, 32, + 35, 39, 61, 67 + Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier, 19, 21, 38, 268 + Perle, Richard, 39, + 214, 365, + 378: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 56, 354, 359, 363 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 314 + + Perroots, Leonard + Pershing II missile: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 36, 56, 127, 191, 195, + 293, 334, 346, 380 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), 2, 11, 36, + 45, 56, 64, 79, 82, 120, 127, + 145, 148, 157, 159, 160, + 161, 180, 185, 186, 191, + 195, 201, 211, 222, 223, + 226, 229, 346, 348, 374, + 375, 380 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991) and, 45, 145, 157, + 161, 185, 338 + United States INF deployments (1983), + role in, 79, 160, 180, 201, 211, + 222, 223, 229, 319, 374 + + Persian Gulf, 188, + 371: + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), and, 192, 197, + 199, 211, 264, 273, 287 + United States role in, 163, 180, + 260 + + PFIAB. See + President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory + Board + Philippines, 41, + 116 + Pickering, Thomas, 126 + PL-5, 28, 50, 54, 83, 129 + PLO. See + Palestine Liberation + Organization + PNET. See + Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty + (1976) + Podhoretz, Norman, 280 + Poindexter, John, 23, 287, 296, 311, 330: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 242, 293, 294, 299, 305 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + chair of, 314 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 54, 55, + 149, 162, 163, 235, 244, + 252, 260, 318, 321 + + Poland, 37, 79, 157, 221: + Economic sanctions, 21, 32, 36, 47, + 199 + Polish martial law (1981–1983), 10, 65, + 67, 71, 229, 260 + Solidarity, 13, 245 + United States, relations with, 36, 186 + + Polish-Soviet Sanctions Monitoring Group, + 63 + Politburo, 276, + 293, 321, + 376: + Andropov, Yuri and, 152 + Chernenko, Konstantin and, 65, 140, + 174, 225 + Soviet foreign policy, role in, 121, 169, + 173, 179, 192, 248, 260, + 289, 299, 356, 367, 368, + 378 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 88, 157, + 195, 201, 217, 221, 264, + 269, 281, 364, 372 + + Political prisoners, 116: + Shcharanskiy, Anatoly, 104 + + Polyakov, Vladimir, 371, 372 + Ponomarev, Boris, 144, 156, 244, 260 + Pope John Paul II, 21, 67, 71, 126, 148, 177 + Portugal, 41, 139, 202 + Potsdam Agreement (1945), 288 + Powell, Charles, 337, 341 + Prague Declaration, 6 + Pravda, 29, 125, 132, 229, 295, 372: + Andropov, Yuri interview with, 30, 96, + 120, 122, 129, 169, 191 + Chernenko, Konstantin interview with, + 212, 267, 273, 283 + + President’s Commission on Strategic Forces, + 193: + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), 50, 71 + + President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory + Board (PFIAB), 23, 135, 301 + Price, Charles, II, 337 + + Qadhafi, Muammar, 116, 334 + + Radio Liberty, 371 + RAND Corporation, 262, 296, 324 + Rangoon bombing (1983), 129, 162 + Raymond, Walter, Jr., 72, 78, 113, 156, 245 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), 104, 148, 259: + Agricultural agreement, 32, 35 + Arms control and disarmament, 42, 50, + 200, 208, 266, 267, 274, + 278, 282, 284, 297, 298, + 329, 340, 346, 357, 369, + 380 + Central Committee and, 142, 185, + 238, 244, 269, 292, 299 + Comprehensive Test Ban and, 38, 129, + 184, 205, 212, 218 + Conference on Disarmament in Europe + (1984–), and, 129, 152, 185, + 346 + Conference on Security and + Co-operation in Europe (1986–1989) and, 11 + Detente, response to, 28, 36, + 40, 169, 254, 260, 262, + 296, 320, 366 + “Four-part agenda” and, 1, 3, 11, 13, + 19, 21, 25, 31, 61, 66, 159, + 160, 169, 185, 188, 230, + 372 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), response to, 84, 87, 88, + 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98, + 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, + 109, 110, 112, 113, 117, + 118, 119, 120, 122, 130 + Middle East and, 7, 8, 21, 83, 96, 138, + 155, 260, 264, 305, 306 + Military budget, impact on, 245 + Mujahideen, and, 71, 264 + MX missile, and, 13, 23, 83, 112, + 127, 188, 200, 301, 334, + 338, 375 + Nuclear weapon freeze, response to, + 15, 191, 200 + Sakharov, Andrei, and, 53, 64, + 67, 83, 159, 160, 169, + 176, 178, 185, 215, 284, + 295, 372 + Soviet Union, relations with, 65, 69, + 77, 120, 125, 127, 128, + 133, 143, 153, 157, 159, + 172, 182, 185, 201, 241, + 246, 264, 293, 299, 318 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), and, 62, 64, 96, + 122, 123, 140, 186, 188, + 189, 196, 200, 203, 208, + 278, 322, 323 + Strategic Defense Initiative and, 23, 242, + 243, 296, 324, 334, 340 + U.S. Congress, relations with, 32, 35, + 41, 47, 100, 112, 117, + 159, 172, 188, 203, 206, + 254, 266, 267, 277, 314, + 320, 339, 380 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 6, 7, 13, 17, + 55, 61, 66, 71, 122, 127, 129, + 138, 148, 156, 157, 158, + 159, 169, 178, 206, 245, + 268, 271, 278, 283, 284, + 298, 301, 303, 306, 308, + 317, 319, 321, 324, 345, + 381, 383 + Weinberger, Caspar and, 23, 26, + 57, 167, 279, 332, 345 + + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September 1984, + Washington), 286, 287: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, impact + on, 291, 292, 296, 308 + + Reagan, Nancy, 9, + 287 + Reagan, Ronald, 123, 263: + Andropov, Yuri, correspondence with, + 70, 81, 147, 149, 150, + 164 + Arms control and disarmament, 26, 62, + 107, 305, 309, 310, 313, + 323, 331, 353, 357 + Chernenko, Konstantin, correspondence + with, 175, 183, 190, 197, 211, + 223, 234, 240, 247, 252, + 256, 257, 304, 307, 308, + 310, 328, 335, 336, App. + C + Defense budget, and, 78, 89, + 91, 112, 162, 188, 202, + 229, 254, 366 + Eureka College, speaker at, 324 + “Evil empire” speech (1983), 15 + Gromyko, Andrei, meeting with, 286, 287 + Human rights, and, 10, 13, 26, 38, + 62, 74, 75, 107, 169, 284, 286 + “Ivan and Anya” speech (1983), 158 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), response to, 84, 91, 106 + National Association of Evangelicals, + speaker at, 15 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991) + and, 320, 328, 375 + Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, meeting with, + 378 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 9, 26, 27, 37, + 62, 109, 135, 188, 306, + 319, 363, 383, App. B + Strategic Defense Initiative, and, + 23, 243, 261, 326, 334 + Thatcher, Margaret, meeting with, 337 + United Nations General Assembly, + speaker at, 113, 117, 120, + 122, 272, 277, 297, 298, + 304, 308 + U.S.-China relations, and, 9, 17, 83, 123, + 142, 188, 203, 212, 254 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 9, 11, 17, 123, + 125, 154, 155, 171, 172, + 274, 281, 286, 302, 381 + + Reagan-Shcherbitsky meeting (March 1985, + Washington), 378 + Regan, Donald, 32, + 35, 42, 351: + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 91 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington), participant in, 287 + Reagan-Shcherbitsky meeting (March + 1985, Washington), participant in, 378 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 383 + + Regional issues: + Afghanistan, 4, 13, 14, 38, 39, 54, + 62, 71, 79, 83, 96, 102, 118, + 124, 139, 152, 157, 160, + 175, 185, 186, 188, 200, + 207, 211, 212, 221, 254, + 260 + Cambodia, 6, + 21, 37, 71, 83, 185 + Lebanon, 91, + 112, 149, 187, 221 + Middle East, 11, 48, 50, 62, + 129, 137, 149, 160, 165, + 169, 176, 192, 205, 209, + 211, 230, 296, 305, 371 + National Security Council and, 371 + Nicaragua, 139, 160, 260, 307 + Poland, 2, + 11, 37, 62, 79, 135, 143, 157, + 162, 221 + Southern Africa, 11, 160, 175, 210, + 224, 225, 254, 307, 371 + United Nations mediator of, 83, 93, + 303 + U.S.-China relations, 9, 17, 21, 83, + 123, 142, 186, 188, 203, + 212, 254 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 38, 39, + 42, 68, 138, 140, 159, + 169, 172, 175, 178, 181, + 190, 197, 262, 284, 288, + 296, 308, 328, 335, 371, + 372 + + Republic of Korea. See + South Korea + Ridgway, Rozanne “Roz,” 262 + Robinson, Roger, 109, 113, 118, 351 + Robison, Olin, 34, + 38, 39 + Rodman, Peter, 214, + 226, 260, + 262: + Memorandum prepared by, 254, 255, + 316 + Regional issues, and, 371 + + Rogov, Sergey, 317 + Romania, 21, 146, 254 + Romanov, Grigory, 140, 260 + Rowny, Edward, 73, + 233, 297, + 326, 354: + Arms control and disarmament, expert + on, 94, 108, 333, 334, 365, + 369, 375 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 203, 277, 323, + 331 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), 31, 37, 38, 39, 42, + 50, 62, 64, 83, 105, 145, 188, + 346, 353 + + + SA–5 missiles, 14, + 19, 71, 107, 157 + SACG. See + Senior Arms Control Group + SACPG. See + Senior Arms Control Policy + Group + Sakhalin Island, 84, + 85, 86, 96, 98, 102, 117 + Sakharov, Andrei: + Academy of Sciences of the Soviet + Union, member of, 79 + Bonner, Elena spouse of, 53, 212, + 217, 225 + Hunger strike, 213, 218, 219, 220 + Reagan administration (1981–1988) and, + 53, 64, 67, 83, 159, 160, 169, + 176, 178, 185, 215, 284, + 295, 372 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 79, 107, + 116, 192, 195, 222, 230, + 268, 273, 296 + + SALT. See + Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty + (1972) + SALT II (1979), 184, 196, 201, 261, 323 (see also + Strategic Arms Limitation Talks + (1969–1979)): + Carter administration (1977–1981), + and, 69, 116, 145, 200, 223, + 357 + Forward-based systems, and, 159, 160, + 161, 374 + Intercontinental ballistic missile + included in, 42, 96, 286 + Telemetry encryption, 96, 129, + 266, 342, 374 + Treaty ratification, 28, 79, + 197, 297 + + Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN, + Frente Sandinista de Liberación + Nacional), 71, 93, 139, 153, 260, 264 + SA–X–12 anti-air missile, 355 + Scali, John, 132, + 265, 271 + SCC. See + Standing Consultative + Commission + Scowcroft, Brent, 200, 214, 216, 375: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 235, 262, 333, 365 + President’s Commission on Strategic + Forces, chair of, 50, 193 + Soviet Union, visit to, 192, 195, + 198, 203, 205, 209, 238, + 292 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 123, 153, + 180, 184, 185, 189, 233, + 299 + + SDI. See + Strategic Defense Initiative + Sea of Japan, 92, + 122, 129 + Seitz, Raymond “Ray,” 17, 51, 161 + Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC), + 26, 350: + Shultz, George report to, 61, 64, + 67, 78, 80 + + Senior Arms Control Group (SACG), 325, 346: + Department of State, and, 324, 325, + 332, 369 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + and, 380 + Senior Arms Control Group meeting, + 314 + + Senior Arms Control Policy Group (SACPG), + 266, 305, + 314, 324: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 206, 232, 233, 237, 294, + 297, 301 + Senior Arms Control Policy Group + meeting, 243 + + Sestanovich, Stephen, 153, 155, 260 + SFRC. See + Senate Foreign Relations + Committee + Shamir, Yitzhak, 284, 285, 287, 352 + Shcharanskiy, Anatoly, 122: + Kampelman-Kondrashev channel and, 129, 130, + 131, 132, 137, 138 + Reagan administration (1981–1988) and, + 16, 19, 31, 45, 73, 74, 75, + 159, 160, 176, 178, 185, + 209, 352 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 13, 14, + 25, 64, 67, 79, 83, 89, 96, + 104, 107, 169, 195, 212, + 284, 285, 295, 372 + + Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 140, 372: + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 378 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 378 + United States, visit to, 376, 377, + 381, 382 + + Shevchenko, Arkadiy, 349 + Short-range intermediate nuclear forces + (SRINF), 355 + Shultz, George, 138, 203, 274, 337: + Arms control and disarmament, role in, + 274, 308, 321, 343, 347 + Confidence-building measures, and, + 43 + Dobrynin, Anatoly, meeting with, 6, 10, 11, 20, + 22, 31, 38, 39, 42, 45, 53, + 64, 73, 130, 131, 137, + 152, 165, 192, 209, 212, + 218, 225, 230, 233, 236, + 275, 284, 288, 296, 307, + 327, 367, 372 + Gromyko, Andrei, meeting with, 104, 105, + 108, 159, 160, 284, 285, + 288, 355, 357, 360, 362 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), and, 119 + McFarlane, Robert “Bud,” meeting with, + 262, 332 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 277, 331, 334 + Nitze, Paul, meeting with, 322 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization, + report to, 334 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + views on, 379 + Pentecostalists issue, and, 34 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington), participant in, 287, 290 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 9, 26, 27, 37, + 62, 109, 135, 188, 306, + 319, 363, 383, App. B + Senate Foreign Relations Committee, + report to, 61, 64, 67, 78, 80 + Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, meeting with, + 378 + Shultz-Dobrynin channel, 9, 10, 50, 294, + 297, 301 + Shultz-Gromyko channel, 1 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (September + 1983, Madrid), views on, 108 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), report on, 356, 358, 361 + Tikhonov, Nikolay, meeting with, 302, 308 + U.S.-Soviet Union bilateral issues, + views on, 19 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, views on, + 1, 3, + 13, 17, 19, 61, 78, 80, 199, + 224, 299, 324 + + Shultz-Gromyko channel, 3, 6, 10 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (September 1983, + Madrid), 104, 105, 106 + Shultz-Gromyko meeting (September 1984, New + York), 284 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), 355, 357, 360, 362: + Planning meeting, 344, 345, 346, 347, + 352, 354 + + Shultz, Helena O’Bie, 9 + Shustov, Vladimir, 201 + Simons, Thomas, 92, + 288, 293, + 315: + Shultz-Dobrynin meeting, participant + in, 11, 64 + + Sims, Bob, 74, 78, 126, 162, 293 + Skorov, Georgy, 207 + SLBM. See + Submarine-launched ballistic + missile + SLCM. See + Submarine-launched cruise + missiles + Smith, Carolyn, 357, 362 + SNDV. See + Strategic nuclear delivery + vehicle + Soares, Mario, 139 + Sokolov, Oleg, 11, + 143, 251, + 265, 287: + Burt, Richard “Rick” + counterpart to, 73, 88, 117, 152, 205, 218, 312 + meeting with, 92, 159, 304, 315, 372 + + Dam, Kenneth, meeting with, 43, 48, + 258 + Eagleburger, Lawrence, meeting with, + 75, 88, 92 + Palmer, Robie Marcus Hooker “Mark,” + meeting with, 20, 258, 284, + 307, 382 + Shultz, George, meeting with, 12, 34 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 42, 64, + 84, 99, 101, 112, 252, + 253, 271 + + Sokolov, Sergei, 124 + Solidarity, 13, 245 + Sommer, Peter, 78, + 109, 113, + 337, 341 + South Africa, 139, + 260, 273: + Angola, and, 71, 185 + Apartheid, 159, 160, 284 + + Southeast Asia, 77, + 79, 200, 212 + Southern Africa, 116, 209: + Regional issues, 11, 160, 175, 210, + 224, 225, 254, 307, 371 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 71, 83, + 139, 185, 211, 230, 260, + 273, 284, 285 + + South Korea, 99, + 118, 162: + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, + 90, 95, 101, 106, 117 + Soviet Union, relations with, 107, 129 + United States and, 100, 112, 288 + + Soviet Embassy, Washington, DC: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, views on, + 295 + + Soviet foreign policy, 77, 79, 264, 268. See + Foreign policy + under + Soviet Union: + Developing countries, and, 41, 71, + 139, 157 + Soviet military role in, 107, 115, + 121, 140, 146, 221, 226, + 264, 320, 340 + + Soviet SS–20s in Asia, 64, 82, 107, 288: + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), 33, 48, 49, + 199, 343, 374, 375 + + Soviet State Committee for Science & + Technology (GKNT, Gosudarstvennyi Komitet po Nauke + i Tekhnike), 163 + Soviet Union: + Able Archer (1983), response to, 134, 135, + 204 + Active measures, 126, 148 + Air forces, 135 + Arab-Israeli dispute, and, 284, 285, + 371 + China, relations with, 1, 2, 21, 71, + 116, 123, 133, 139, 187, + 254, 273 + Civil defense, 229, 326 + Cruise missiles, and, 338 + Cuba, relations with, 83, 93, + 116, 128, 139, 187, 221 + Cultural heritage, 260 + Defense spending, 169, 330 + Developing countries, and, 41, 68, + 155, 186, 260 + Disinformation, 77, 156, 172 + Eastern Europe, relations with, 65, 71, + 77, 133, 157 + Economic affairs, and, 71, 169, + 226, 229, 320, 323, 330 + Economic reform, 65, 71, 125, 260, + 337 + Emerging technologies, 226, 375 + Emigration, and, 1, 37, 64, 67, + 79, 83, 159, 195, 209, + 230, 337 + Five-Year Plan for 1986–90, 157, 169, + 320, 323, 382 + Foreign policy, 41, 71, 77, 79, + 116, 122, 140, 143, 144, + 146, 157, 159, 169, 173, + 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, + 192, 193, 203, 221, 229, + 238, 248, 254, 260, 264, + 268, 273, 281, 284, 285, + 307, 317, 320, 322, 323, + 340, 355, 366, 371 + Forward-based systems, views on, 145, 185, + 266 + Iran, diplomatic relations with, 133, 371 + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), and, 71, 129, + 287 + Israel, relations with, 284, 285, + 287, 371 + Japan, relations with, 71, 116, + 118, 133, 260, 288 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), response to, 89, 92, 96, + 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, + 107, 108, 115, 117, 120, + 121, 129 + Lebanon, and, 7, 50, 71, 87, + 90, 92, 129, 157, 169, + 178, 191, 260 + Middle East, and, 14, 19, 71, 107, + 116, 133, 142, 144, 157, + 164 + Military assistance and sales, 41, 371 + Military buildup, 348, 376, 378 + Military capabilities, 7, 77, 221, 231, + 323, 369, 375, 380 + Military exercise, 221, 231 + Nicaragua, relations with, 41, 56, + 62, 64, 83, 93, 116, 255, 264, + 303, 304, 307 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization, + relations with, 93, 109, 117, + 119, 159, 223, 224, 338 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + response to, 295, 309, 310, + 311, 314, 319, 322, 323 + Nuclear testing, and, 129, 191, + 197, 313 + Nuclear weapon freeze, and, 28, 65, + 73, 79, 187, 197, 286, + 293, 314, 357, 358, 366 + Olympic Games boycott (1984), 215, 217, + 224 + Pakistan, diplomatic relations with, + 255 + Palestine Liberation Organization, + and, 53, 71, 116, 139, 287 + Peace movement, 71, 120, 125, 135, + 143, 156, 157, 201, 221, + 260, 366 + Political-military relations, 121, 179 + Propaganda, allegations of, 3, 5, 18, 36, + 121, 125, 128, 135, 157, + 207, 221, 263, 280, 318, + 337, 339, 346, 366 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + relations with, 65, 69, 77, + 120, 125, 127, 128, 133, + 143, 153, 157, 159, 172, + 182, 185, 201, 241, 246, + 264, 293, 299, 318 + South Korea, relations with, 107, 129 + Soviet Air Force, 135 + Soviet apparatchiks, 174 + Soviet Central Committee Plenum (June + 1983), 65, 71 + Soviet GRU, 135, 148 + Soviet invasion/occupation of + Afghanistan, 2, 41, 107, 116, 124, + 143, 156, 179, 211, 217, + 271 + Soviet military, and, 124, 270, + 280, 340 + Soviet nuclear testing moratorium, + 107, 164, 252, 256, 257, + 258, 259 + Space program, 323 + Strategic Defense Initiative, response + to, 29, 30, 31, 291, 314, 317, 358, + 361, 377 + Strategic defenses, capable of, 31, 163, + 284, 285, 297, 298, 322, + 323, 331, 334, 340, 342, + 343, 345, 362 + Syria, relations with, 14, 19, + 53, 138, 139, 155, 371 + United Kingdom, relations with, 206, 225, + 341 + United States INF deployments (1983), + response to, 60, 66, 116, 122, 123, + 125, 127, 128, 141, 142, + 143, 145, 156, 157, 159, + 169, 181, 183, 195, 221, + 222, 229, 264, 293, 334, + 338, 374 + U.S. presidential election (1984), + response to, 144, 153, 156, + 169, 185, 215, 259, 264, + 283, 293, 297, 314 + V-E Day 40th anniversary (1985), + response to, 367, 372 + Warsaw Treaty Organization, and, 48, 120, + 221, 229 + Western Europe, relations with, 351 + Western Hemisphere, role in, 93 + West Germany, relations with, 65, 201, + 260, 367 + + Space-strike arms, 201, 227, 284, 346: + Arms race and, 164, 239, 240, 241, + 247, 252, 254, 276, 283, + 286, 360, 361, 378 + Gorbachev, Mikhail views on, 334, 338 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + related to, 308, 319, 326, + 331, 334, 335, 338, 342, + 355, 360, 362, 374, 378 + + Speakes, Larry, 84, + 117, 222, + 251 + Special Consultative Group, 82, 86, 201 + Special National Intelligence Estimate: + SNIE 11-10-1984/JX, “Implications of + Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities,” 221 + SNIE 11–9–84, “Soviet Policy Toward + The United States in 1984,” 264 + + SRINF. See + Short-range intermediate nuclear + forces + SS–17 ICBM, 42 + SS–18 ICBM, 42, 145, 267, 323, 378 + SS–19 ICBM, 42 + SS–20, 30, 107, 260, 267, 338: + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 14, 81, 82, 105, 129, 145, 180, + 185, 284, 347, 359, 374 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), role in, 11, + 45, 137, 159, 160, 161, + 286, 348 + United States INF deployments (1983), + related to, 2, 31, 79, 195, 199, + 211, 221, 378 + + SS–4 ICBM, 2 + SS–5 ICBM, 2 + SS–X–24 ICBM, 323, + 334, 375 + Stalin, Joseph, 320, 378: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 116, 173, + 254, 260, 337 + + Standing Consultative Commission (SCC), 96, 194, 331: + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty + violation, and, 129, 296, 374 + Ballistic missile defense, and, 64, 73, + 230 + + “Star Wars,” 23, + 261, 337. + See + Strategic Defense Initiative + Stearman, William, 52, 173, 276, 366 + Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1969–1979), + 374: + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) + and, 273 + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 7, 145, 159, 201, 266, + 277, 282, 348, 355 + Carter administration (1977–1981) and, + 28, 200, 320 + Soviet invasion/occupation of + Afghanistan, and, 200 + + Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972) + (SALT), 267, 286, 323, 340: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, 28, 127, + 161, 200, 306, 331 + + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (1982–1991): + Air-launched cruise missiles, and, + 42, 73, 159, 266, 347, + 353, 374, 375, 379, 380 + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), + and, 197, 266, 346 + Arms control and disarmament and, 29, 56, + 60, 108, 116, 137, 138, + 152, 153, 166, 169, 194, + 198, 202, 205, 209, 210, + 214, 230, 236, 276, 326, + 352 + Ballistic missiles, 150, 239, + 334, 343, 346, 347, 379 + Ground-launched cruise missiles and, + 145, 159, 160, 185, 201 + Intercontinental ballistic missile, + and, 42, 129, 159, 266, 286, + 319, 346, 353, 355, 356, + 359, 375, 379, 380 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987) and, 81, 94, 129, + 165, 191, 199, 214, 239, + 266, 278, 297, 333, 334, + 338, 345, 346, 348, 355, + 356, 366, 374 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991) + and, 283, 317, 345, 360, 361, + 380 + Pershing II missile, and, 45, 145, + 157, 161, 185, 338 + Potential interim agreement, 297, 301, + 304, 305 + President’s Commission on Strategic + Forces, 50, 71 + Reagan administration (1981–1988) and, + 62, 64, 96, 122, 123, 140, 186, + 188, 189, 196, 200, 203, + 208, 278, 322, 323 + Soviet suspension of talks (1983), + 107, 142, 143, 206, 207, + 228, 266, 282, 347, 353, + 365, 375, 382 + Strategic Defense Initiative and, 192, 262, + 346 + Strategic defenses and, 192 + Strategic offensive arms reductions, + 42, 73, 79, 105, 149, 159, 178, + 183, 190, 206, 273, 319, + 342, 346, 355, 362, 379 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 14, 44, + 83, 112, 146, 156, 176, + 180, 211, 212, 233, 254 + + Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 316, 332, 333, 338, 346, 348, 380: + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), + and, 230, 267, 296, 319, 322 + Anti-satellite systems, and, 244, 253, + 276, 277 + Boost phase, 232, 348, 380 + Defense and Space Talks (1985–1988) + and, 339, 375, 379 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + and, 312, 329, 341, 342, 365, + 373 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 23, 242, 243, 296, 324, + 334, 340 + Research and development, 22, 232, + 285, 323, 326, 334, 337, + 339, 355, 357, 358, 360, + 361, 362, 375, 376 + Soviet Union response to, 29, 30, + 31, 291, 314, 317, 358, + 361, 377 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), and, 192, 262, 346 + Strategic offensive arms reductions, + related to, 297, 298, 323, + 325, 326, 337, 343, 359, + 373 + Strategic offensive weapons and + weapons systems, 242, 247, 314, + 322, 331, 378 + U.S. Congress and, 232, 235, 278, 301, + 306, 316, 326, 334, 343, + 350, 374 + Weinberger, Caspar views on, 243, 247, + 278, 317, 339, 346, 365 + Western alliance, and, 23, 344 + + Strategic defenses: + Air and missile defense, 50, 53, + 73, 211, 223, 261, 267, + 276, 333, 338, 343, 345, + 354, 355, 375 + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), + whether permitted by, 22, 23, 29, + 30, 31, 73, 264, 331, 354 + Ballistic missiles and, 73, 266, + 282, 284, 287, 297, 298, + 343 + Deterrence, 296, 325, 334, 339, + 340, 346, 348, 352, 358, + 360, 380 + First strike capability, related to, + 30, 163, 317, 326, 331, + 376 + Military balance, impact on, 273, 357, + 374 + Nuclear testing and, 223, 251, + 261, 342, 356, 359 + Soviet nuclear testing moratorium and, + 79, 249 + Soviet Union capable of, 31, 163, + 284, 285, 297, 298, 322, + 323, 331, 334, 340, 342, + 343, 345, 362 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), and, 192 + Strategic offensive weapons and + weapons systems, related to, 256, + 291, 297, 298, 301, 310, + 319, 324, 325, 328, 329, + 332, 333, 334, 342, 345, + 352, 361 + + Strategic nuclear delivery vehicle (SNDV), + 48, 267, 323, 324, 374, 375, 380 + Strategic offensive arms reductions, 298, 310, 331, 335, 374, 380: + Arms control and disarmament, 240, 241, + 249, 285, 286, 289, 292, + 305, 324, 339, 343, 348, + 352, 357, 360, 361 + Cruise missiles included in, 355, 356, + 357, 359 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + 298, 320, 340, 374 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991), 42, 73, 79, 105, 149, + 159, 178, 183, 190, 206, + 273, 319, 342, 346, 355, + 362, 379 + Strategic Defense Initiative related + to, 297, 298, 323, 325, 326, + 337, 343, 359, 373 + Submarine-launched ballistic missile + included in, 42, 355, 356, + 359 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 155, 175, + 180, 200, 256, 277, 281, + 284, 290, 308, 328, 341, + 348, 378 + Verification and verification + protocols, 266, 272, 282, + 286, 326, 334, 338, 340, + 342, 345, 357, 366 + + Strategic offensive weapons and weapons + systems, 278, 286, 374: + Deterrence, 255, 348, 357, 359, + 360, 378, 380 + Emerging technologies, 226, 267, + 338, 375 + Intermediate-range nuclear forces and, + 145, 161, 287, 295, 356 + Modernization, 211, 339, 343, 346, + 348, 357, 375, 376, 380 + Nuclear testing and, 288, 308, + 346 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 246, 249, 277, 281, 296, + 304, 305, 323 + Strategic Defense Initiative, 242, 247, + 314, 322, 331, 378 + Strategic defenses related to, 256, 291, + 297, 298, 301, 310, 319, + 324, 325, 328, 329, 332, + 333, 334, 342, 345, 352, + 361 + + Stukalin, Boris, 378 + Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), + 211, 221, + 260, 323: + D-5 submarine-launched ballistic + missile, 201, 375 + Poseidon SLBM, 266, 267 + Strategic offensive arms reductions, + included in, 42, 355, 356, + 359 + Trident SLBM, 148, 266, 267, 334, + 338 + + Submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLCM), + 116, 201, + 374 + Sukhodrev, Viktor, 104, 105, 178, 284, 288, 302, 344: + Andropov, Yuri, interpreter for, 79 + Chernenko, Konstantin, interpreter + for, 159, 178 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington), interpreter for, 286, 287 + Shultz-Gromyko meetings (January 1985, + Geneva), interpreter for, 355, + 357, 360, 362 + + Sulzberger, Arthur, 26 + Supreme Soviet, 169, 180: + Andropov, Yuri and, 150, 151 + Chernenko, Konstantin and, 210, 211 + Gromyko, Andrei speaker at, 64, 65 + U.S.-Soviet Union bilateral issues, + and, 185, 364 + + Suriname, 41, 139 + Syria, 65, 107, 142, 260, 288: + Israel and, 48, 49, 71, 116, + 129, 137, 157, 159, 185, + 192 + Lebanon, and, 83, 89, 96, 153, + 287 + Soviet Union, relations with, 14, 19, + 53, 138, 139, 155, 371 + + + Taft, William H. IV., 323, 326 + Taiwan, 260, 288 + Talbott, Strobe, 238, 349 + Tarasenko, Sergei, 15, 29, 159 + TASS. See + Telegraph Agency of the Soviet + Union + Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS, + Telegraphnoye Agentstvo Sovyetskogo + Soyvza), 89, 96: + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 29, 30, + 42, 84, 86, 92, 150, 158, 196, + 218, 255, 263, 289, 302 + + Teller, Edward, 343, 365 + Thailand + Thatcher, Margaret, 66, 99, 126, 171, 334, 344: + Gorbachev, Mikhail + meeting with, 341, 350 + views on, 341 + + Paper prepared by, 341 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 337 + + Threshold Test Ban Treaty (1974) (TTBT), 11, 187, 203, 357: + Nuclear testing, 31, 129, 188, 230, + 293 + Treaty ratification, 65, 164, + 180, 184, 185, 191, 194, + 195, 196, 199, 223, 296, + 308 + Verification and verification + protocols, 13, 38, 39, 42, 58, + 192, 197, 200, 205, 228 + + Throw-weight, 28, + 42, 203, 319, 379: + Arms control and disarmament, role in, + 83, 116, 145, 159, 267, + 346, 375 + + Tikhonov, Nikolay, 184, 188, 260, 303, 364: + Shultz, George, meeting with, 302, 308 + + Timbie, James, 258, + 266, 319, + 333, 374 + Tonkin Gulf, 221 + Tower, John, 333, + 379: + U.S. Nuclear and Space Talks + Delegation, member of, 365, 369, 375 + + Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear + Weapons (1968) (NPT), 306, 357 + Trident. See + Trident SLBM + under + Submarine-launched ballistic + missile + Troyanovsky, Oleg, 195 + Trudeau, Pierre, 169, 171 + Tsongas Amendment (1984), 185 + TTBT. See + Threshold Test Ban Treaty + (1974) + Tumarkin, Nina, 280 + Turkey, 135, 155 + + UK. See + United Kingdom + Ukraine, 40, 72, 117, 260 + Umbrella Talks. See + Nuclear and Space Talks + (1985–1991) + UN. See + United Nations + United Kingdom (UK), 227, 296, 334: + Gorbachev, Mikhail visitor to, 337, 364, + 376 + Intermediate-range nuclear forces, + and, 14, 31, 33, 48, 49, + 82, 105, 145, 180, 188, + 195, 201, 259, 266, 267, + 273, 286, 323, 331, 338, + 346, 348, 355, 356, 359, + 366, 375 + Nuclear testing, and, 65, 197, + 357 + Soviet Union, relations with, 206, 225, + 341 + United States, diplomatic relations + with, 66, 337, 341 + + United Nations (UN), 223, 225, 286, 357: + Chemical weapons control, and, 159, 200 + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), and, 197 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983), and, 94, 101 + Regional issues, mediator of, 83, 93, + 303 + Soviet Mission at the United Nations, + 54 + United Nations Educational, Scientific + and Cultural Organization, 100, + 117 + United Nations General Assembly, 6, 53, 66, 78, + 86, 139, 198, 267, 293, + 301, 320, 375 + United Nations Good Offices Mission to + Afghanistan and Pakistan, 372 + United Nations Interim Force in + Lebanon, 64, 147, 153, 185, 188, + 287, 288, 296 + United Nations Security Council, 86, 88, + 89, 95, 99, 100, 106, 287 + + United States (see + also + Reagan administration (1981–1988); + U.S.-Soviet Union relations): + Arab-Israeli dispute, and, 284, 285, + 371, 372 + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 42, 50, 267, 274, 278, + 282, 284, 297, 298, 329, + 334, 340, 346, 357, 369, + 380 + China, relations with, 100, 116, + 117, 254, 260 + Covert actions, 41, 72, 112, 245, + 260 + Defense policy, 229 + Defense spending, 157, 172, 200, 306, + 323, 326 + Eastern Europe, relations with, 72, 139, + 245, 262 + East Germany, relations with, 229, 262, + 304 + East-West trade, 76, 351 + El Salvador, diplomatic relations + with, 82 + Europe, and, 2, 5, 8, 21, 31, 33, + 48, 60, 66, 67, 117, 123, 159, + 162, 180 + Foreign policy, 66, 77, 118, 138, + 154, 155, 158, 159, 169, + 185, 221, 229, 255, 264, + 268, 273, 284, 292, 301, + 306, 319, 320, 322, 323, + 337, 366 + Gorbachev, Mikhail visitor to, 350, 364, + 370 + Intelligence community, 114, 135, + 174, 270, 301 + Israel, diplomatic relations with, + 371 + Japan, diplomatic relations with, 66, 87, + 88, 288 + Lebanon, and, 65, 83, 89, 110, + 137, 152, 160, 162, 164, + 254, 371, 372 + Military budget, 7, 28, 78, 286 + Military capabilities, 369 + Mujahideen, and, 71, 159, 273 + NATO INF deployment (1983), 13, 127, + 273, 319, 334, 346, 348, + 355, 359, 366, 374, 378 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization, + relations with, 1, 4, 5, 60, 77, 109, 112, + 117, 119, 157, 158, 185, + 195, 201, 202, 206, 211, + 264, 266, 343 + Olympic Games boycott (1980), 112, 116, + 217 + Pakistan, diplomatic relations with, + 211, 268, 284, 285 + Persian Gulf, role in, 163, 180, + 260 + Poland, relations with, 36, 186 + Presidential election (1984), 138, 169, + 185, 268, 272, 291, 299, + 301, 302, 304, 363 + South Korea, and, 100, 112, 288 + Soviet nuclear testing moratorium, + response to, 253, 256, 257, + 258, 259, 277 + United Kingdom, diplomatic relations + with, 66, 337, 341 + United States Information Agency, 18, 90, + 100, 102, 117, 185, 219, + 260, 280 + United States invasion of Grenada + (October 1983), 128, 129, 135, + 139, 157, 159, 160, 162, + 221, 260, 378 + U.S. Air Force, 382 + U.S. Embassy, Moscow, 170, 213, + 293, 382, 383 + U.S. Navy, 152, 164 + U.S. presidential election (1984), + 51, 71, 123, 142, 143, + 171, 180, 184, 188, 200, + 201, 202, 203, 205, 221, + 225, 235, 236, 242, 255, + 265, 272, 279, 296, 303, + 337 + West Germany, diplomatic relations + with, 127, 277, 368 + + United States INF deployments (1983), 2, 120, 157, 346, 348: + Ground-launched cruise missiles role + in, 36, 56, 334, 374, 380 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization + and, 14, 33, 65, 120, 123, + 129, 137, 143, 145, 162, + 164, 169, 206, 221, 286, + 287, 295, 310, 319, 331 + Pershing II missile role in, 79, 160, + 180, 201, 211, 222, 223, + 229, 319, 374 + SS–20 related to, 2, 31, 79, 195, + 199, 211, 221, 378 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, impact + on, 69, 83, 135, 138, 141, + 142, 143, 153, 161, 179, + 185, 187, 188, 192, 200, + 209, 230, 266, 283, 295, + 314, 323 + + UNSC Resolution 242 (1962), 371 + UNSC Resolution 435 (1978), 160 + U.S.-China relations, 1, 13, 16, 153, 260: + Normalization, 116 + Regional issues, 9, 17, 21, 83, + 123, 142, 186, 188, 203, + 212, 254 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 71, 123, + 142 + + U.S. Congress, 200, + 209, 237, + 274, 346, + 351: + MX missile, approval of, 21, 28, + 36, 56, 188, 323, 342, + 347, 350, 377 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + relations with, 32, 35, 41, + 47, 100, 112, 117, 159, + 172, 188, 203, 206, 254, + 266, 267, 277, 314, 320, + 339, 380 + Senate Armed Services Committee, 200 + Strategic Defense Initiative, and, + 232, 235, 278, 301, 306, + 316, 326, 334, 343, 350, + 374 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 8, 18, 38, 40, + 50, 67, 79, 122, 169, 185, 205, + 227, 302, 342, 348, 376 + + U.S.-NATO relations, 109, 112, 117, 157, 211, 264, 343: + Arms control and disarmament and, 1, 17, 23, 145, + 158, 161, 185, 202, 319, + 334, 346, 374, 380 + Department of State and, 109, 206, + 266, 368 + Europe and, 5, + 60, 77, 143 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), and, 13, 66, 319, + 323, 342, 343, 374, 379 + Middle East and, 66 + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989) and, 188, 191, 195, + 199, 201 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 21, 36, + 64, 118, 119, 123, 161, + 222, 229, 284, 290, 299, + 314, 320, 331, 332, 338, + 339, 344, 348, 352, 355 + + U.S.-Soviet Bilateral Fisheries Agreement, + 38, 39, 284 + U.S.-Soviet Union bilateral issues, 13, 86, 193, 199, 210, 307, 327, 335, 366: + Aeroflot related to, 199, 205, + 209, 218, 223, 224, 230, + 268, 296, 372 + Broadcasting, 18 + Civil aviation, 88, 112, 137, 372 + Conference on Disarmament in Europe + (1984–), included in, 202 + Consular offices, 13, 16, 17, 25, + 27, 36, 37, 40, 50, 53, 54, + 58, 62, 64, 67, 73, 83, 89, + 96, 100, 122, 123, 138, + 153, 159, 160, 168, 169, + 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, + 190, 192, 194, 205, 209, + 212, 218, 268, 296, 372 + Educational exchange, 18 + Environmental affairs, 378 + Fisheries aid, 19, 38, 39, 45, + 185, 372 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), role in, 314 + Maritime boundaries, 159, 160, + 169, 185, 189, 192, 218 + Pacific air safety, 137, 138, + 159, 160, 166, 169, 184, + 185, 186, 189, 205, 209, + 230, 259, 268, 284, 296, + 351, 372 + People-to-people contacts, 185 + Soviet private channel, 132, 136, + 137, 165, 286 + Space activities, 195 + U.S.-Soviet cultural exchanges, 18, 25, + 27, 36, 37, 40, 50, 53, 54, + 56, 58, 62, 64, 67, 73, 83, + 89, 95, 96, 100, 122, 123, 138, + 140, 153, 159, 160, 168, + 169, 182, 184, 185, 186, + 188, 189, 190, 192, 197, + 205, 223, 268, 280, 288, + 289, 296, 308, 372 + + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, 77, 175, 209: + Able Archer (1983), and, 135, 204, + 221 + Afghanistan and, 4, 39, 54, 62, + 107, 118, 124, 139, 255, + 260, 308, 378 + Andropov, Yuri and, 1, 10, 11, 27, + 31, 36, 60, 69, 82, 120, 172, + 185 + Apollo–Soyuz space mission (1975), + 372 + Arms control and disarmament, and, + 1, 2, + 3, 5, + 6, 7, + 11, 13, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, + 56, 62, 65, 70, 83, 96, 105, + 107, 108, 116, 120, 123, + 133, 137, 149, 152, 155, + 159, 160, 164, 166, 169, + 178, 179, 184, 185, 186, + 190, 192, 193, 195, 197, + 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, + 208, 209, 210, 211, 224, + 225, 228, 232, 233, 235, + 254, 256, 262, 266, 267, + 272, 281, 282, 284, 285, + 287, 288, 290, 295, 296, + 298, 300, 301, 303, 304, + 309, 310, 313, 314, 315, + 316, 318, 319, 321, 323, + 325, 326, 327, 329, 331, + 335, 338, 343, 345, 346, + 348, 355, 366, 369 + Aviation security, 100 + Basic Principles of U.S.-Soviet + Relations (1972), 28 + Berlin air corridors impact on, 296, 304 + Caribbean and, 128, 133, 159, 273, + 284 + Central Intelligence Agency and, 36, 148, + 151, 157, 201, 203, 231, + 273, 302, 306, 311, 320, + 325, 346, 351 + Chernenko, Konstantin and, 184, 188, + 193, 224, 225, 230, 236, + 292, 315 + Conference on Disarmament in Europe + (1984–), and, 107, 123, 146, + 153, 159, 169, 179, 201, + 296 + Confidence-building measures and, 6, 39, 50, 62, + 67, 116, 191, 211 + Conventional Arms Transfer, 164 + Cooperative agreements, 188 + Department of State + and, 11, 35, 36, 43, 51, 52, 58, 61, 62, 89, 113, 154, 176, 238, 245, 266, 268, 269, 274, 292, 294, 305, 311, 344 + views on, 3, 16, 17, 25, 26, 66, 71, 129, 154, 231, 260, 291, 297, 325 + + Deterrence, 5, + 16, 158, 182, 195, 255, + 284, 323, 331, 343, 348, + 355, 357, 360, 374, 375, + 378, 380 + Developing countries, and, 68, 155, + 266 + Disinformation role in, 25, 28, + 72, 102, 156 + Espionage, and, 148 + “Evil empire” speech (1983), 15 + “Four-part agenda” and, 39, 54, + 64, 83, 140, 236, 262, + 275, 284, 328 + Historical overview, 116, 182, + 223, 337, 378 + Hotline, 103, 159, 264, 284 + Human rights and, 11, 13, 107, 108, + 160, 172, 285, 296, 351, + 356, 376 + Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + Talks (1982–1987), and, 28, 116, 122, + 127, 138, 141, 146, 188, + 190, 192, 193, 194, 196, + 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, + 233 + International relations, impact on, + 104, 159, 178, 183, 264 + Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), and, 137, 199, + 371, 372 + Korean Airlines Flight 007 shootdown + (1983) impact on, 86, 87, 88, + 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 101, 104, + 105, 106, 107, 108, 115, + 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, + 129, 135, 138, 156, 162, + 188, 372 + Linkage, 69, + 94 + Long-range intermediate nuclear forces + and, 145, 185, 194, 195, 346 + Middle East and, 6, 10, 89, 137, + 152, 159, 178, 185, 199, + 218, 268, 288, 308, 355, + 367, 371 + Military balance related to, 157, 172, + 254, 273, 337, 348 + Military buildup impact on, 8, 13, 96, 190, + 211, 221, 267, 273, 284, + 286, 332, 334, 343, 348, + 355, 378 + Military communication, 45, 96, + 308 + Military-to-military contacts, 105, 153, + 185, 192, 199, 342 + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989) and, 16, 53, 71, + 107, 108, 143, 160, 190, + 212, 266, 284, 296 + National Security Council and, 3, 15, 35, 36, + 51, 52, 67, 155, 262, 276, 281, + 291, 294, 297, 301 + National Security Planning Group and, + 1, 40, + 50, 72, 90, 272, 333 + Nicaragua impact on, 91, 285, + 307, 313, 323, 336 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization + and, 52, 64, 161, 201, 229, + 284, 290, 343, 348 + NSDD 54, “US Policy Towards Eastern + Europe,” 72 + NSDD 75, “U.S. Relations with the + USSR,” 18, 54, 57, 63, 72 + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991) + and, 301, 374, 379, 382 + Pentecostalists issue, and, 1, 10, 11, 12, + 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, + 36, 74, 138, 185, 188, + 286 + Reagan administration (1981–1988) and, + 6, 7, + 13, 17, 55, 61, 66, 71, 122, + 127, 129, 138, 148, 156, + 157, 158, 159, 169, 178, + 206, 245, 268, 271, 278, + 283, 284, 298, 301, 303, + 306, 308, 317, 319, 321, + 324, 345, 381, 383 + Reagan-Gromyko meeting (September + 1984, Washington) impact on, 291, + 292, 296, 308 + Reagan, Ronald and, 9, 11, 17, 123, + 125, 154, 155, 171, 172, + 274, 281, 286, 302, 381 + Regional issues and, 38, 39, + 42, 68, 138, 140, 159, + 169, 172, 175, 178, 181, + 190, 197, 262, 284, 288, + 296, 308, 328, 335, 371, + 372 + SALT II Treaty compliance, related to, + 28, 36, 96, 203, 260, 267 + Sandinista National Liberation Front + impact on, 336 + Soviet Embassy, Washington, DC views + on, 295 + Soviet invasion/occupation of + Afghanistan, and, 58, 69, 273 + Soviet private channel, 152, 153, + 159, 163, 186, 188, 192, + 193, 269, 295, 299, 318, + 321, 344 + Space cooperation, 154, 165, 185, 190, + 192, 352, 367, 372 + Stalin, Joseph and, 116, 173, + 254, 260, 337 + Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty + (1972), 28, 127, 161, 200, 306, + 331 + Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + (1982–1991) and, 14, 44, 83, + 112, 146, 156, 176, 180, + 211, 212, 233, 254 + Summit planning, 52, 58, 60, 66 + Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union + and, 29, 30, 42, 84, 86, + 92, 150, 158, 196, 218, + 255, 263, 289, 302 + Trade and commercial + policy/agreements, 11, 13, 25, + 254 + United Nations General Assembly and, + 11, 60, 69, 73, 83, 119, 129, + 150, 169, 260, 342, 366 + United States INF deployments (1983) + impact on, 69, 83, 135, 138, 141, + 142, 143, 153, 161, 179, + 185, 187, 188, 192, 200, + 209, 230, 266, 283, 295, + 314, 323 + U.S.-China relations and, 71, 123, + 142 + U.S. Congress and, 8, 18, 38, 40, + 50, 67, 79, 122, 169, 185, 205, + 227, 302, 342, 348, 376 + U.S.-NATO relations and, 21, 36, + 64, 118, 119, 123, 161, + 222, 229, 284, 290, 299, + 314, 320, 331, 332, 338, + 339, 344, 348, 352, 355 + U.S. presidential election (1984), + impact on, 60, 66, 68, 69, 122, + 138, 152, 163, 169, 172, + 186, 199, 207, 261, 273, + 276, 281, 289, 291, 295, + 302, 363 + Visas, 229 + Western Europe, and, 222, 284, + 288, 290 + + U.S.-Soviet Union trade relations, 59, 70, 188, 284, 288, 296: + Department of Defense and, 351 + Department of State and, 351 + Human rights impact on, 351 + Joint Commercial Commission mediator + of, 1, 3, + 351 + Long-term Grain Agreement, and, 13, 32, + 35, 36, 59, 76, 284 + Maritime agreement, 59, 351 + National Security Council and, 351 + Technology transfer, and, 63, 116, + 351 + + Ustinov, Dmitri, 157, 167, 169, 303: + Able Archer (1983), response to, 135 + Soviet foreign policy, role in, 71, 116, + 125, 140, 172, 173, 179, + 184, 217, 221, 248, 260 + Weinberger, Caspar counterpart to, + 1, 222 + + U.S.-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the + Field of Environmental Protection (1972), 215 + U.S.-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the + Field of Transportation (1979), 63, 64, 73, 86, 88, 89, 95, 96, 100 + U.S.-USSR Civil Aviation Agreement (1966), + 100 + U.S.-USSR Economic, Technical and Industrial + Cooperation Long-Term Agreement (1974), 185, 188, 230, 264, 351 + U.S.-USSR Economic Working Group of Experts, + 351 + U.S.-USSR Trade Act (1975), 116 + U.S.-USSR Trade and Economic Council, 188, 292, 350 + + Vance, Cyrus, 320 + Vashchenko, Lydia, 19, 20, 22, 27, 34, 37, 38, 46, 62 (see also + Pentecostalists issue) + V-E Day 40th anniversary (1985), 367, 368, 370, 372 + Velikhov, Evgeny, 163, 169, 216, 238, 244, 277 + Verification and verification protocols, 191, 195, 197, 212, 218, 305: + Anti-satellite systems, 192, 227, + 228, 230, 235, 236, 237, + 331 + Chemical weapons, 159, 180, 185, 192, + 194, 201, 277, 288 + Comprehensive Test Ban, and, 188, 192, + 209, 232 + Conventional weapons, 286, 378 + Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + (1973–1989), 22, 27, 64, 73, 129, + 159, 185, 192, 211, 230 + National Technical Means included in, + 343, 346, 348, 358 + Nuclear testing, 184, 200, 308 + On-site inspections included in, 340, 346 + Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty + (1976), 13, 39, 197, 228 + Threshold Test Ban Treaty (1974), 13, 38, + 39, 42, 58, 192, 197, 200, 205, + 228 + Treaty compliance, 369, 375 + Weapons and weapons systems, 191, 195, + 197, 212, 218, 305, 357 + + Vershbow, Alexander, 14, 71, 107, 115, 260, 267, 290, 319, 325, 352, 374 + Vessey, John W., Jr., 95, 251, 256, 298: + Joint Chiefs of Staff, chair of, 339, 346, + 353 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 91, 203, 323, + 334 + Ogarkov, Nikolai, counterpart to, 185 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 188, 375 + + Victory in Europe Day, 327, 352, 367, 368, 372 + Vienna Summit (1961), 52 + Vienna talks on space weapons (1984): + Strategic offensive weapons and + weapons systems, includes, 246, + 247, 249, 273, 277, 286, + 296 + + Vietnam, 116, 139, 221, 254, 372 + Visas, 18, 40, 112, 148: + Visa clearance, 40 + + Vishnevsky, Sergei, 132: + Matlock, Jack, meeting with, 125 + + Vladivostok Accords (1974), 116, 123, 266, 267, 286, 297, 318, 324 + Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 195, 200, 201 + Vogel, Wolfgang, 295 + Voice of America, 67, 100, 280 + Vorotnikov, Vitaly, 169, 260 + + “Walk in the Woods” (1982), 6, 45, 107, 186, 189, 201, 299, 308, 346 + Warsaw Treaty Organization, 285: + Able Archer (1983), response to, 135 + North Atlantic Treaty Organization, + and, 159, 201, 223, 224, 284, + 286, 378 + Prague Declaration, 6 + Soviet Union and, 48, 120, 221, 229 + + Washington Post, 105, 326: + Chernenko, Konstantin interview with, + 293 + + Watkins, James, 326, 331 + Weapons and weapons systems: + Air-launched cruise missiles, 42, 64, + 73, 129, 149, 159, 201, + 203, 266, 323, 324, 375, + 380 + Anti-satellite systems, 79, 107, + 164, 169, 185, 188, 191, + 192, 194, 195, 197, 199, + 200, 202, 203, 205, 209, + 214, 216, 218, 223, 224, + 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, + 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, + 239, 244, 246, 247, 249, + 250, 251, 252, 253, 256, + 257, 258, 259, 260, 355 + Antisubmarine warfare, 221, 323 + Ballistic missiles, 42, 129, 236, 237, + 239, 251, 259 + Forward-based systems, 145, 159, + 160, 161, 185, 197, 266, + 286, 374 + Ground-launched cruise missiles, 36, 145, + 159, 160, 201, 226, 346, + 347, 348, 374, 380 + Intercontinental ballistic missile, + 235, 266, 277, 334, 348, + 357, 373, 374, 380 + Intermediate-range nuclear forces, + 45, 127, 129, 161, 190, + 221, 223, 267, 374, 378 + Long-range intermediate nuclear + forces, 143, 145, 161, 195, 260, + 355 + Midgetman intercontinental ballistic + missile, 375 + Minuteman intercontinental ballistic + missile, 375 + Modernization, 281, 301, 323, 326, + 355 + Multiple independently targeted + re-entry vehicles, 159, 190, 201, + 260, 267, 323, 375, 380 + MX missile, 77, 89, 116, 148, + 200, 201, 261, 266, 323, + 333, 347, 375, 378 + Pershing II missile, 11, 64, + 82, 148, 159, 186, 226, + 277, 323, 331, 340, 346, + 374, 375 + SS–18 ICBM, 42, 145, 267, 323, + 378 + SS–20, 11, + 30, 107, 260, 267, 323, + 334, 338, 348 + Strategic nuclear delivery vehicle, + 42, 48, 323, 374, 380 + Submarine-launched ballistic missile, + 211, 260 + Throw-weight, 28, 42, 83, 145, + 159, 203, 319, 346, 375 + Verification and verification + protocols, 191, 195, 197, + 212, 218, 305, 357 + + Weinberger, Caspar, 32, 35, 183, 256, 287: + Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty + violation, views on, 342 + Arms control and disarmament, views + on, 172, 200, 227, 232, 261, + 272, 306, 311, 340, 342, + 347, 353, 354 + Confidence-building measures, and, + 14, 38, 39, 42, 43, 64, 342 + Hartman, Arthur, meeting with, 14 + Military communication, 38, 43, + 44, 296 + National Security Planning Group + meeting, participant in, 91, 203, 277, + 323, 331, 334, App. D + Nuclear and Space Talks (1985–1991), + views on, 375, 379 + Reagan administration (1981–1988), + and, 23, 26, 57, 167, 279, + 332, 345 + Reagan, Ronald, meeting with, 17, 62, + 77, 188, 246, 363 + Strategic Defense Initiative, views + on, 243, 247, 278, 317, 339, + 346, 365 + U.S.-China relations, and, 83, 117, + 118 + U.S.-Soviet Union relations, and, 51, 58, + 94, 282, 351 + Ustinov, Dmitri, counterpart to, 1, 222 + + West Bank, 287, + 371 + Western Europe, 154, 299, 357: + United States INF deployments (1983), + 21, 28, 30, 31, 48, 60, 66, + 67, 69, 71, 73, 77, 78, 79, + 80, 81, 82, 83, 90, 91, 93, + 105, 107, 116, 120, 122, + 123, 128, 133, 135, 137, + 140, 145, 157, 159, 162, + 173, 180, 187, 191, 195, + 197, 201, 202, 206, 223, + 231, 276, 286, 287, 310, + 323, 346, 355, 359, 366, + 375 + + West Germany (FRG), 100, 288, 372: + Intermediate-range nuclear forces, + and, 2, 105, 116, 130, 206 + Kohl, Helmut and, 14, 65, 71 + Soviet Union, relations with, 65, 201, + 260, 367 + United States, diplomatic relations + with, 127, 277, 368 + + Wick, Charles, 1, + 18, 54, 280 + Wirthlin, Dick, 26 + Wohlstetter, Albert, 262 + Wohlstetter, Roberta, 262 + World Jewish Congress, 159, 160 + World Tourist Organization, 100, 117 + World War II (1939–1945), 65, 70, 127, 162, 277, 280, 284, 286, 288, 289, 323, 357, 367, 378 + Wright, Oliver, 337 + + Yemen, 139 + Yom Kippur War (1973), 116 + Yugoslavia, 21, 146, 169, 254, 314 + + Zablocki, Clement, 89, 91 + Zacharski, Marian, 75 + Zagladin, Vadim, 156, 169, 195, 198, 201, 292, 368: + Horowitz, Lawrence “Larry,” meeting + with, 163 + Matlock, Jack, meeting with, 180, 193, + 214, 269 + Soviet private channel, related to, + 244, 299 + + Zaire. See + Democratic Republic of the + Congo + Zarechnak, Dimitriy, 284, 286, 287, 288, 378 + Zero option, 200, + 203, 319, + 379: + Intermediate-range nuclear forces, + 2, 5, + 8, 11, + 28, 36, 334, 346, 357, + 375, 379 + Western alliance, impact on, 2, 5, 14, 28, + 31 + + Zia, Muhammad, 41, + 116, 264 + Zimmermann, Warren, 79, 98, 127, 128, 188, 195, 217, 313, 333 + + + +