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The shortest JS program is empty file. Because even then, JS engine does a lot of things.
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As always, even in this case, it creates the GEC which has memory space and the execution context.
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JS engine creates something known as 'window'. It is an object, which is created in the global space.
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It contains lots of functions and variables. These functions and variables can be accessed from anywhere in the program.
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JS engine also creates a this keyword, which points to the window object at the global level.
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So, in summary, along with GEC, a global object (window) and a this variable are created.
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In different engines, the name of global object changes.
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Window in browsers, but in nodeJS it is called something else. At global level, this === window
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If we create any variable in the global scope, then the variables get attached to the global object.