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and visualise them along with the volumetric data (\autoref{fig:basic}a).
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![Example of visualising 3D seismic data of the Alps, using a) geographic coordinates (`GeoData`) or b) Cartesian coordinates (`CartData`) projected from geographic coordinates. Shown are topography as well as several slices through the 3D seismic tomography P-wave model of [@Paffrath_Friederich_Schmid_Handy_2021]. \label{fig:basic} ](../src/assets/img/Basic_Tutorial_.png){ width=100% }
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![Example of visualising 3D seismic data of the Alps, using a) geographic coordinates (`GeoData`) or b) Cartesian coordinates (`CartData`) projected from geographic coordinates. Shown are topography as well as several slices through the 3D seismic tomography P-wave model of [@Paffrath_Friederich_Schmid_Handy_2021]. \label{fig:basic} ](../src/assets/img/Basic_Tutorial.png){ width=100% }
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One complication with geographic data is that Paraview does not have native support for geographic coordinates, and accordingly it is not always straightforward to use the built-in tools, for example, to create slices through the data.
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In addition, many numerical models work in (orthogonal) Cartesian rather than in spherical coordinates, which appears to be a good first-order approximation for many geodynamic applications [@Macherel_Räss_Schmalholz_2024].
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In [`Tutorial_AlpineData.jl`](https://juliageodynamics.github.io/GeophysicalModelGenerator.jl/dev/man/Tutorial_AlpineData/), users learn how to load the topography of the region, import Moho data, load and visualise GPS vectors, import and plot earthquake locations, along with cross-sections through the model (\autoref{fig:alps}).
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![Example of combined data of the Alps, which shows the GPS surface velocity (arrows), topography, earthquake locations (colored dots) and cross-sections through a recent anisotropic P-wave tomography model by [@Rappisi_VanderBeek_Faccenda_Morelli_Molinari_2022]. \label{fig:alps}](../src/assets/img/GMG_AlpineData_.png){ width=90% }
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![Example of combined data of the Alps, which shows the GPS surface velocity (arrows), topography, earthquake locations (colored dots) and cross-sections through a recent anisotropic P-wave tomography model by [@Rappisi_VanderBeek_Faccenda_Morelli_Molinari_2022]. \label{fig:alps}](../src/assets/img/GMG_AlpineData.png){ width=90% }
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### La Palma volcanic eruption
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The 2019 Cumbre Viejo eruption in La Palma, Canary Islands, was accompanied by seismic activity. In [`Tutorial_LaPalma.jl`](https://juliageodynamics.github.io/GeophysicalModelGenerator.jl/dev/man/Tutorial_LaPalma/), users learn to generate a Cartesian block model of the island, import seismicity and use that to generate a 3D volumetric seismic activity map (\autoref{fig:lapalma}).
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### Jura mountains
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The Jura mountains are a small-scale fold and thrust belt located in Switzerland and France. Thanks to seismic cross-sections and boreholes, a lot of information is available about its structure at depth, which was used to generate extensive 3D models of the subsurface including thickness maps of various geological units, generate a new geological map of the region, and create balanced reconstructions [@Schori_2021].
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In [`Tutorial_Jura.jl`](https://juliageodynamics.github.io/GeophysicalModelGenerator.jl/dev/man/Tutorial_Jura/) users learn how to drape the geological map over the topography, import surfaces from GeoTIFF images (such as basement topography), and include screenshots from geological cross-sections. The data is rotated and transferred to Cartesian coordinates such that we obtain a 3D block model that is perpendicular to the strike of the mountain range (\autoref{fig:jura}).
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![Example of creating a 3D Cartesian block model that runs perpendicular to the Jura mountains, combining surface geology, with screenshots from interpreted cross-sections (in the center right), and digital data of the the basement topography [using data of @Schori_2021]. \label{fig:jura}](../src/assets/img/Jura_2_.png){ width=100% }
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![Example of creating a 3D Cartesian block model that runs perpendicular to the Jura mountains, combining surface geology, with screenshots from interpreted cross-sections (in the center right), and digital data of the the basement topography [using data of @Schori_2021]. \label{fig:jura}](../src/assets/img/Jura_2.png){ width=100% }
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### Slab model setup
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In `Tutorial_NumericalModel_3D.jl`, users learn how to generate a 3D geodynamic model setup with subducting slabs, a mid oceanic ridge and an overriding cratonic lithosphere. The thermal structure of the oceanic slab increases away from the ridge until the trench following a halfspace cooling analytical solution, whereas the thermal structure of the subducted part of the slab is based on an analytical solution that takes heating from the surrounding, hot, mantle into account [after @McKenzie_1969]. Between the mantle and the trench, the slab uses a mixture between these two thermal models. A weak-zone is added above the slab (to facilitate subduction in numerical models). A sedimentary wedge is situated at the continental margin and a grid-like pattern is put on top of the oceanic slab to simplify tracking deformation throughout the simulation (\autoref{fig:slab3d}).
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# Acknowledgements
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We acknowledge funding from ERC Consolidator Grant 771143 (MAGMA), by the German Ministry of Science and Education (BMBF) as part of project DEGREE, by the CHEESE-2p Center of Excellence (co-funded by both EuroHPC-JU and the BMBF), by the German Research Foundation (DFG grants TH2076/7-1 and KA3367/10-1) as part of the SPP 2017 4DMB project project, and by DFG Emmy Noether grant TH2076/8-1.
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