docs: manual: fix inclusion and location of : doc strings (#59262)

This fixes issues with the location and lack of inclusion of the docs
strings of `:` into the Manual:

* The doc string for the metaprogramming functionality was mistakenly
included into the page on math, instead of into Essentials.

* The other doc strings, for the range functionality, were missing
entirely from the manual, so include them into the page on math.

These doc bugs were introduced all the way back in PR #19609!

Author: nsajko

base/multidimensional.jl

@@ -345,6 +345,8 @@ module IteratorsMD
     CartesianIndices((2:1:3, 1:2:3))
     ```
     """
+    (:)(::CartesianIndex, ::CartesianIndex, ::CartesianIndex)
+
     (:)(I::CartesianIndex{N}, J::CartesianIndex{N}) where N =
         CartesianIndices(map((i,j) -> i:j, Tuple(I), Tuple(J)))
     (:)(I::CartesianIndex{N}, S::CartesianIndex{N}, J::CartesianIndex{N}) where N =

base/range.jl

@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ The operator `:` is also used in indexing to select whole dimensions, e.g. in `A
 `:` is also used to [`quote`](@ref) code, e.g. `:(x + y) isa Expr` and `:x isa Symbol`.
 Since `:2 isa Int`, it does *not* create a range in indexing: `v[:2] == v[2] != v[begin:2]`.
 """
+(:)(::Any, ::Any, ::Any)
+
 (:)(start::T, step, stop::T) where {T} = _colon(start, step, stop)
 (:)(start::T, step, stop::T) where {T<:Real} = _colon(start, step, stop)
 # without the second method above, the first method above is ambiguous with

doc/src/base/base.md

@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ where
 .=
 .
 ->
+Base.:(:)
 ::
 []
 ```

doc/src/base/math.md

@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ Base.:(<<)
 Base.:(>>)
 Base.:(>>>)
 Base.bitrotate
-Base.:(:)
+Base.:(:)(::Any, ::Any, ::Any)
+Base.:(:)(::CartesianIndex, ::CartesianIndex, ::CartesianIndex)
 Base.range
 Base.OneTo
 Base.StepRangeLen