AnnotatedString: add concrete type asserts to isvalid, ncodeunits (#57607)

The type assertions are valid according to the doc strings of these two
functions in the case of `AbstractString`.

Should prevent some invalidation on loading user code.

Fixes #57606

(cherry picked from commit c4eeabf)

Author: nsajko

base/strings/annotated.jl

@@ -147,11 +147,11 @@ promote_rule(::Type{<:AnnotatedString}, ::Type{<:AbstractString}) = AnnotatedStr
 
 ## AbstractString interface ##
 
-ncodeunits(s::AnnotatedString) = ncodeunits(s.string)
+ncodeunits(s::AnnotatedString) = ncodeunits(s.string)::Int
 codeunits(s::AnnotatedString) = codeunits(s.string)
 codeunit(s::AnnotatedString) = codeunit(s.string)
 codeunit(s::AnnotatedString, i::Integer) = codeunit(s.string, i)
-isvalid(s::AnnotatedString, i::Integer) = isvalid(s.string, i)
+isvalid(s::AnnotatedString, i::Integer) = isvalid(s.string, i)::Bool
 @propagate_inbounds iterate(s::AnnotatedString, i::Integer=firstindex(s)) =
     if i <= lastindex(s.string); (s[i], nextind(s, i)) end
 eltype(::Type{<:AnnotatedString{S}}) where {S} = AnnotatedChar{eltype(S)}

test/strings/annotated.jl

@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ using StyledStrings # see https://github.com/JuliaLang/StyledStrings.jl/issues/6
         "AnnotatedString{String}(\"some string\", [(1:4, :thing, 0x01), (6:11, :other, 0x02), (1:11, :all, 0x03)])"
     @test eval(Meta.parse(repr(str))) == str
     @test sprint(show, MIME("text/plain"), str) == "\"some string\""
+
+    @test Bool === Base.infer_return_type(isvalid, Tuple{Base.AnnotatedString, Vararg})
+    @test Int === Base.infer_return_type(ncodeunits, Tuple{Base.AnnotatedString})
 end
 
 @testset "AnnotatedChar" begin