I've verified this is the case. The issue causes the Preview app on macOS to be unable to open GLB files entirely due to the fact that the binary doesn't exist on macOS. I'm unsure why it breaks Preview.app, but it does.
The only solution is to remove the iOS app's data in iCloud entirely and to disallow it from saving any data there. Although it turns out this isn't enough as there are a few files in iCloud that macOS holds onto that you have to purge manually via the terminal.
The problem happens when the Launch Services database is rebuilt and the system is restarted.