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@@ -55,24 +55,28 @@ of the boundary particle ``b``.
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### Hydrodynamic density of dummy particles
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We provide five options to compute the boundary density and pressure, determined by the `density_calculator`:
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We provide six options to compute the boundary density and pressure, determined by the `density_calculator`:
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1. (Recommended) With [`AdamiPressureExtrapolation`](@ref), the pressure is extrapolated from the pressure of the
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fluid according to [Adami et al., 2012](@cite Adami2012), and the density is obtained by applying the inverse of the state equation.
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This option usually yields the best results of the options listed here.
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2. With [`SummationDensity`](@ref), the density is calculated by summation over the neighboring particles,
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2. (Only relevant for FSI) With [`BernoulliPressureExtrapolation`](@ref), the pressure is extrapolated from the
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pressure similar to the [`AdamiPressureExtrapolation`](@ref), but a relative velocity-dependent pressure part
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is calculated between moving solids and fluids, which increases the boundary pressure in areas prone to
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penetrations.
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3. With [`SummationDensity`](@ref), the density is calculated by summation over the neighboring particles,
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and the pressure is computed from the density with the state equation.
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3. With [`ContinuityDensity`](@ref), the density is integrated from the continuity equation,
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4. With [`ContinuityDensity`](@ref), the density is integrated from the continuity equation,
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and the pressure is computed from the density with the state equation.
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Note that this causes a gap between fluid and boundary where the boundary is initialized
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without any contact to the fluid. This is due to overestimation of the boundary density
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as soon as the fluid comes in contact with boundary particles that initially did not have
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contact to the fluid.
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Therefore, in dam break simulations, there is a visible "step", even though the boundary is supposed to be flat.
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See also [dual.sphysics.org/faq/#Q_13](https://dual.sphysics.org/faq/#Q_13).
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4. With [`PressureZeroing`](@ref), the density is set to the reference density and the pressure
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5. With [`PressureZeroing`](@ref), the density is set to the reference density and the pressure
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is computed from the density with the state equation.
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This option is not recommended. The other options yield significantly better results.
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5. With [`PressureMirroring`](@ref), the density is set to the reference density. The pressure
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6. With [`PressureMirroring`](@ref), the density is set to the reference density. The pressure
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is not used. Instead, the fluid pressure is mirrored as boundary pressure in the
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momentum equation.
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This option is not recommended due to stability issues. See [`PressureMirroring`](@ref)
@@ -93,7 +97,20 @@ where the sum is over all fluid particles, ``\rho_f`` and ``p_f`` denote the den
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AdamiPressureExtrapolation
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```
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#### 4. [`PressureZeroing`](@ref)
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#### 2. [`BernoulliPressureExtrapolation`](@ref)
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Identical to the pressure ``p_b `` calculated via [`AdamiPressureExtrapolation`](@ref), but it adds the dynamic pressure component of the Bernoulli equation:
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