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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: articles/virtual-network/nat-gateway/nat-overview.md
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ms.service: virtual-network
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ms.subservice: nat
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ms.topic: conceptual
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ms.date: 02/25/2022
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ms.date: 03/17/2022
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ms.author: allensu
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---
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@@ -24,64 +24,70 @@ Virtual Network NAT is a fully managed and highly resilient Network Address Tran
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### Security
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With NAT, individual VMs (or other compute resources) don't need public IP addresses and can remain fully private. Resources without a public IP address can still reach external sources outside the virtual network. You can associate a public IP prefix to ensure that a contiguous set of IPs will be used for outbound. Destination firewall rules can be configured based on this predictable IP list.
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With a NAT gateway, individual VMs or other compute resources, don't need public IP addresses and can remain private. Resources without a public IP address can still reach external sources outside the virtual network. You can associate a public IP prefix to ensure that a contiguous set of IPs will be used for outbound. Destination firewall rules can be configured based on this predictable IP list.
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### Resiliency
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NAT is a fully managed and distributed service. It doesn't depend on any individual compute instances such as VMs or a single physical gateway device. NAT uses software defined networking making it highly resilient.
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Virtual Network NAT is a fully managed and distributed service. It doesn't depend on individual compute instances such as VMs or a single physical gateway device. Software defined networking makes a NAT gateway highly resilient.
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### Scalability
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NAT can be associated to a subnet and can be used by all compute resources in that subnet. Further, all subnets in a virtual network can use the same resource. When associated to a public IP prefix, it automatically scales to the number of IP addresses needed for outbound.
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A NAT gateway resource can be associated to a subnet and can be used by all compute resources in that subnet. All subnets in a virtual network can use the same resource. When a NAT gateway is associated to a public IP prefix, it automatically scales to the number of IP addresses needed for outbound.
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### Performance
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NAT won't affect the network bandwidth of your compute resources since it's a software defined networking service. Learn more about [NAT gateway's performance](nat-gateway-resource.md#performance).
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Virtual Network NAT is a software defined networking service. A NAT gateway won't affect the network bandwidth of your compute resources. Learn more about [NAT gateway's performance](nat-gateway-resource.md#performance).
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## Virtual Network NAT basics
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NAT can be created in a specific availability zone and has redundancy built in within the specified zone. NAT is non-zonal by default. A non-zonal Virtual Network NAT is one that hasn't been associated to a specific zone and instead is assigned to a specific zone by Azure. NAT can be isolated in a specific zone when you create [availability zones](../../availability-zones/az-overview.md) scenarios. This deployment is called a zonal deployment.
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A NAT gateway can be created in a specific availability zone. Redundancy is built in within the specified zone. Virtual Network NAT is non-zonal by default. A non-zonal Virtual Network NAT isn't associated to a specific zone and is assigned to a specific zone by Azure. A NAT gateway can be isolated in a specific zone when you create [availability zones](../../availability-zones/az-overview.md) scenarios. This deployment is called a zonal deployment.
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NAT is fully scaled out from the start. There's no ramp up or scale-out operation required. Azure manages the operation of NAT for you. NAT always has multiple fault domains and can sustain multiple failures without service outage.
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Virtual Network NAT is scaled out from creation. There isn't a ramp up or scale-out operation required. Azure manages the operation of Virtual Network NAT for you. A NAT gateway always has multiple fault domains and can sustain multiple failures without service outage.
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* Outbound connectivity can be defined for each subnet with NAT. Multiple subnets within the same virtual network can have different NATs. Or multiple subnets within the same virtual network can use the same NAT. A subnet is configured by specifying which NAT gateway resource to use. All outbound traffic for the subnet is processed by NAT automatically without any customer configuration. NAT takes precedence over other outbound scenarios and replaces the default Internet destination of a subnet.
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* Outbound connectivity can be defined for each subnet with a NAT gateway. Multiple subnets within the same virtual network can have different NAT gateways associated. Multiple subnets within the same virtual network can use the same NAT gateway. A subnet is configured by specifying which NAT gateway resource to use. All outbound traffic for the subnet is processed by the NAT gateway without any customer configuration. A NAT gateway takes precedence over other outbound scenarios and replaces the default Internet destination of a subnet.
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* Presence of custom UDRs for virtual appliances and VPN ExpressRoutes override NAT gateway for directing internet bound traffic (route to the 0.0.0.0/0 address prefix). See [Troubleshooting NAT gateway](./troubleshoot-nat.md#virtual-appliance-udrs-and-vpn-expressroute-override-nat-gateway-for-routing-outbound-traffic) to learn more.
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* Presence of custom UDRs for virtual appliances and ExpressRoute override NAT gateway for directing internet bound traffic (route to the 0.0.0.0/0 address prefix). See [Troubleshooting NAT gateway](./troubleshoot-nat.md#virtual-appliance-udrs-and-vpn-expressroute-override-nat-gateway-for-routing-outbound-traffic) to learn more.
* NAT is compatible with standard SKU public IP addresses or public IP prefix resources or a combination of both. You can use a public IP prefix directly or distribute the public IP addresses of the prefix across multiple NAT gateway resources. NAT will groom all traffic to the range of IP addresses of the prefix. Basic resources, such as basic load balancer or basic public IPs aren't compatible with NAT. Basic resources must be placed on a subnet not associated to a NAT Gateway. Basic load balancer and basic public IP can be upgraded to standard to work with NAT gateway.
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*Virtual Network NAT is compatible with standard SKU public IP addresses or public IP prefix resources or a combination of both. You can use a public IP prefix directly or distribute the public IP addresses of the prefix across multiple NAT gateway resources. The NAT gateway will groom all traffic to the range of IP addresses of the prefix. Basic resources, such as basic load balancer or basic public IPs aren't compatible with Virtual Network NAT. Basic resources must be placed on a subnet not associated to a NAT gateway. Basic load balancer and basic public IP can be upgraded to standard to work with a NAT gateway.
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* To upgrade a basic load balancer to standard, see [Upgrade a public Azure Load Balancer](../../load-balancer/upgrade-basic-standard.md)
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* To upgrade a basic load balancer too standard, see [Upgrade a public Basic Azure Load Balancer](../../load-balancer/upgrade-basic-standard.md)
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* To upgrade a basic public IP to standard, see [Upgrade a public IP address](../ip-services/public-ip-upgrade-portal.md)
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* To upgrade a basic public IP too standard, see [Upgrade a public IP address](../ip-services/public-ip-upgrade-portal.md)
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* NAT is the recommended method for outbound connectivity. A NAT gateway doesn't have the same limitations of SNAT port exhaustion as does [default outbound access](../ip-services/default-outbound-access.md) and [outbound rules of a load balancer](../../load-balancer/outbound-rules.md).
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*Virtual Network NAT is the recommended method for outbound connectivity. A NAT gateway doesn't have the same limitations of SNAT port exhaustion as does [default outbound access](../ip-services/default-outbound-access.md) and [outbound rules of a load balancer](../../load-balancer/outbound-rules.md).
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* To migrate outbound access to a NAT gateway from default outbound access or from load balancer outbound rules, see [Migrate outbound access to Azure Virtual Network NAT](./tutorial-migrate-outbound-nat.md)
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* To migrate outbound access to a NAT gateway from default outbound access or load balancer outbound rules, see [Migrate outbound access to Azure Virtual Network NAT](./tutorial-migrate-outbound-nat.md)
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* NAT can’t be associated to an IPv6 public IP address or IPv6 public IP prefix. It can be associated to a dual stack subnet.
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*A NAT gateway can’t be associated to an IPv6 public IP address or IPv6 public IP prefix. It can be associated to a dual stack subnet.
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* NAT allows flows to be created from the virtual network to the services outside your virtual network. Return traffic from the Internet is only allowed in response to an active flow. Services outside your virtual network can’t initiate an inbound connection through NAT gateway.
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*A NAT gateway allows flows to be created from the virtual network to the services outside your virtual network. Return traffic from the Internet is only allowed in response to an active flow. Services outside your virtual network can’t initiate an inbound connection through NAT gateway.
* Multiple NATs can’t be attached to a single subnet.
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* Multiple NAT gateways can’t be attached to a single subnet.
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* NAT can’t be deployed in a [gateway subnet](../../vpn-gateway/vpn-gateway-about-vpn-gateway-settings.md#gwsub)
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*A NAT gateway can’t be deployed in a [gateway subnet](../../vpn-gateway/vpn-gateway-about-vpn-gateway-settings.md#gwsub)
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* The private side of NAT (virtual machine instances or other compute resources) sends TCP reset packets for attempts to communicate on a TCP connection that doesn't exist. One example is connections that have reached idle timeout. The next packet received will return a TCP reset to the private IP address to signal and force connection closure. The public side of NAT doesn't generate TCP reset packets or any other traffic. Only traffic produced by the customer's virtual network is emitted.
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* The private side of a NAT gateway, virtual machine instances or other compute resources, sends TCP reset packets for attempts to communicate on a TCP connection that doesn't exist. An example is connections that have reached idle timeout. The next packet received will return a TCP reset to the private IP address to signal and force connection closure. The public side of a NAT gateway doesn't generate TCP reset packets or any other traffic. Only traffic produced by the customer's virtual network is emitted.
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* A default TCP idle timeout of 4 minutes is used and can be increased to up to 120 minutes. Any activity on a flow can also reset the idle timer, including TCP keepalives.
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## Pricing and SLA
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For Azure Virtual Network NAT pricing, see [NAT gateway pricing](https://azure.microsoft.com/pricing/details/virtual-network/#pricing).
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For information on the SLA, see [SLA for Virtual Network NAT](https://azure.microsoft.com/support/legal/sla/virtual-network-nat/v1_0/).
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## Next steps
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* Learn [how to get better outbound connectivity using an Azure NAT Gateway](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ng_uM0ZaB4).
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* Learn about [NAT gateway resource](./nat-gateway-resource.md).
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* Learn more about [NAT gateway metrics](./nat-metrics.md).
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* Learn [how to get better outbound connectivity using an Azure NAT gateway](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ng_uM0ZaB4)
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* Learn about [NAT gateway resource](./nat-gateway-resource.md)
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* Learn more about [NAT gateway metrics](./nat-metrics.md)
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