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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: articles/virtual-network/nat-gateway/nat-gateway-resource.md
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---
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title: Design virtual networks with NAT gateway
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titleSuffix: Azure Virtual Network NAT
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titleSuffix: Azure NAT Gateway
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description: Learn how to design virtual networks that use Network Address Translation (NAT) gateway resources.
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author: asudbring
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ms.service: virtual-network
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# Design virtual networks with NAT gateway
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NAT gateway provides outbound internet connectivity for one or more subnets of a virtual network. Once NAT gateway is associated to a subnet, NAT provides source network address translation (SNAT) for that subnet. NAT gateway specifies which static IP addresses virtual machines use when creating outbound flows. Static IP addresses come from public IP addresses, public IP prefixes, or both. If a public IP prefix is used, all IP addresses of the entire public IP prefix are consumed by a NAT gateway. A NAT gateway can use up to 16 static IP addresses from either.
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NAT gateway provides outbound internet connectivity for one or more subnets of a virtual network. Once NAT gateway is associated to a subnet, NAT gateway provides source network address translation (SNAT) for that subnet. NAT gateway specifies which static IP addresses virtual machines use when creating outbound flows. Static IP addresses come from public IP addresses, public IP prefixes, or both. If a public IP prefix is used, all IP addresses of the entire public IP prefix are consumed by a NAT gateway. A NAT gateway can use up to 16 static IP addresses from either.
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:::image type="content" source="./media/nat-overview/flow-direction1.png" alt-text="Diagram of a NAT gateway resource with virtual machines and a Virtual Machine Scale Set.":::
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*Figure: Virtual Network NAT for outbound to internet*
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*Figure: NAT gateway for outbound to internet*
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## How to deploy NAT
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:::image type="content" source="./media/nat-overview/flow-direction2.png" alt-text="Diagram of a NAT gateway resource that consumes all IP addresses for a public IP prefix. The NAT gateway directs traffic for two subnets of VMs and a Virtual Machine Scale Set.":::
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*Figure: Virtual Network NAT and VM with an instance level public IP*
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*Figure: NAT gateway and VM with an instance level public IP*
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| Direction | Resource |
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|:---:|:---:|
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:::image type="content" source="./media/nat-overview/flow-direction3.png" alt-text="Diagram that depicts a NAT gateway that supports outbound traffic to the internet from a virtual network and inbound traffic with a public load balancer.":::
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*Figure: Virtual Network NAT and VM with a standard public load balancer*
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*Figure: NAT gateway and VM with a standard public load balancer*
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| Direction | Resource |
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|:---:|:---:|
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### Monitor outbound network traffic with NSG flow logs
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A network security group allows you to filter inbound and outbound traffic to and from a virtual machine. To monitor outbound traffic flowing from NAT, you can enable NSG flow logs.
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A network security group allows you to filter inbound and outbound traffic to and from a virtual machine. To monitor outbound traffic flowing from the virtual machine behind your NAT gateway, enable NSG flow logs.
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To learn more about NSG flow logs, see [NSG Flow Log Overview](../../network-watcher/network-watcher-nsg-flow-logging-overview.md).
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## Scalability
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Scaling NAT gateway is primarily a function of managing the shared, available SNAT port inventory. NAT needs sufficient SNAT port inventory for expected peak outbound flows for all subnets that are attached to a NAT gateway. You can use public IP addresses, public IP prefixes, or both to create SNAT port inventory.
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Scaling NAT gateway is primarily a function of managing the shared, available SNAT port inventory. NAT gateway needs sufficient SNAT port inventory for expected peak outbound flows for all subnets that are attached to a NAT gateway. You can use public IP addresses, public IP prefixes, or both to create SNAT port inventory.
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A single NAT gateway can scale up to 16 IP addresses. Each NAT gateway public IP address provides 64,512 SNAT ports to make outbound connections. NAT gateway can scale up to over 1 million SNAT ports. TCP and UDP are separate SNAT port inventories and are unrelated to NAT gateway.
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:::image type="content" source="./media/nat-overview/lb-vnnat-chart.png" alt-text="Diagram that depicts the inventory of all available SNAT ports used by any VM on subnets configured with NAT.":::
Pre-allocation of SNAT ports to each virtual machine is required for other SNAT methods. This pre-allocation of SNAT ports can cause SNAT port exhaustion on some virtual machines while others still have available SNAT ports for connecting outbound. With NAT gateway, pre-allocation of SNAT ports isn't required, which means SNAT ports aren't left unused by VMs not actively needing them.
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## Next steps
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- Review [virtual network NAT](nat-overview.md).
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- Review [Azure NAT Gateway](nat-overview.md).
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- Learn about [metrics and alerts for NAT gateway](nat-metrics.md).
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: articles/virtual-network/nat-gateway/nat-metrics.md
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title: Metrics and alerts for Azure Virtual Network NAT
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title: Metrics and alerts for Azure NAT Gateway
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titleSuffix: Azure Virtual Network
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description: Understand Azure Monitor metrics and alerts available for Virtual Network NAT.
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description: Understand Azure Monitor metrics and alerts available for NAT gateway.
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author: asudbring
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manager: KumudD
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ms.service: virtual-network
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ms.date: 04/12/2022
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ms.author: allensu
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---
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# Azure Virtual Network NAT metrics and alerts
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# Azure NAT Gateway metrics and alerts
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This article provides an overview of all NAT gateway metrics and diagnostic capabilities. This article provides general guidance on how to use metrics and alerts to monitor, manage, and [troubleshoot](troubleshoot-nat.md) your NAT gateway resource.
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Azure Virtual Network NAT gateway provides the following diagnostic capabilities:
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Azure NAT Gateway provides the following diagnostic capabilities:
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- Multi-dimensional metrics and alerts through Azure Monitor. You can use these metrics to monitor and manage your NAT gateway and to assist you in troubleshooting issues.
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- Network Insights: Azure Monitor Insights provides you with visual tools to view, monitor, and assist you in diagnosing issues with your NAT gateway resource. Insights provide you with a topological map of your Azure setup and metrics dashboards.
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:::image type="content" source="./media/nat-overview/flow-direction1.png" alt-text="Diagram of a NAT gateway that consumes all IP addresses for a public IP prefix. The NAT gateway directs traffic to and from two subnets of VMs and a virtual machine scale set.":::
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*Figure: Virtual Network NAT for outbound to Internet*
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*Figure: Azure NAT Gateway for outbound to Internet*
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## Metrics overview
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## Next steps
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* Learn about [Virtual Network NAT](nat-overview.md)
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* Learn about [Azure NAT Gateway](nat-overview.md)
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* Learn about [NAT gateway resource](nat-gateway-resource.md)
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* Learn about [Azure Monitor](../../azure-monitor/overview.md)
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* Learn about [troubleshooting NAT gateway resources](troubleshoot-nat.md).
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title: Azure Virtual Network NAT Resource Health
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title: Azure NAT Gateway Resource Health
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titleSuffix: Azure Virtual Network
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description: Understand how to use resource health for Virtual Network NAT.
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description: Understand how to use resource health for NAT gateway.
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author: asudbring
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ms.service: virtual-network
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ms.subservice: nat
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# Customer intent: As an IT administrator, I want to understand how to use resource health to monitor Virtual Network NAT.
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# Customer intent: As an IT administrator, I want to understand how to use resource health to monitor NAT gateway.
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ms.topic: conceptual
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ms.date: 04/25/2022
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ms.author: allensu
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# Azure Virtual Network NAT Resource Health
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# Azure NAT Gateway Resource Health
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This article provides guidance on how to use Azure Resource Health to monitor and troubleshoot connectivity issues with your NAT gateway resource. Resource health provides an automatic check to keep you informed on the current availability of your NAT gateway.
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## Next steps
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- Learn about [Virtual Network NAT](./nat-overview.md)
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- Learn about [Azure NAT Gateway](./nat-overview.md)
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- Learn about [metrics and alerts for NAT gateway](./nat-metrics.md)
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- Learn about [troubleshooting NAT gateway resources](./troubleshoot-nat.md)
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- Learn about [Azure resource health](../../service-health/resource-health-overview.md)
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- Learn about [Azure resource health](../../service-health/resource-health-overview.md)
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