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articles/storage/blobs/encryption-customer-provided-keys.md

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@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ The following Blob storage operations support sending customer-provided encrypti
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## Rotate customer-provided keys
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To rotate an encryption key that was used to encrypt a blob, download the blob and then re-upload it with the new encryption key.
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To rotate an encryption key that was used to encrypt a blob, download the blob and then reupload it with the new encryption key.
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> [!IMPORTANT]
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> The Azure portal cannot be used to read from or write to a container or blob that is encrypted with a key provided on the request.

articles/storage/common/azure-defender-storage-configure.md

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1. Launch the Azure **Policy - Definitions** page.
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1. Search for the **Azure Defender for Storage should be enabled** policy, then select the policy to view the policy definition page.
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:::image type="content" source="media/azure-defender-storage-configure/storage-defender-policy-definitions.png" alt-text="Locate built-in policy to enable Microsoft Defender for Storage for your storage accounts.":::
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:::image type="content" source="media/azure-defender-storage-configure/storage-defender-policy-definitions.png" alt-text="Locate built-in policy to enable Microsoft Defender for Storage for your storage accounts." lightbox="media/azure-defender-storage-configure/storage-defender-policy-definitions.png":::
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1. Select the **Assign** button for the built-in policy, then specify an Azure subscription. You can also optionally specify a resource group to further scope the policy assignment.
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:::image type="content" source="media/azure-defender-storage-configure/storage-defender-policy-assignment.png" alt-text="Select subscription and optionally resource group to scope the policy assignment.":::
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:::image type="content" source="media/azure-defender-storage-configure/storage-defender-policy-assignment.png" alt-text="Select subscription and optionally resource group to scope the policy assignment." lightbox="media/azure-defender-storage-configure/storage-defender-policy-assignment.png":::
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1. Select **Review + create** to review the policy definition and then create it with the specified scope.
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articles/storage/common/storage-redundancy.md

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# Azure Storage redundancy
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Azure Storage always stores multiple copies of your data so that it is protected from planned and unplanned events, including transient hardware failures, network or power outages, and massive natural disasters. Redundancy ensures that your storage account meets its availability and durability targets even in the face of failures.
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Azure Storage always stores multiple copies of your data so that it's protected from planned and unplanned events, including transient hardware failures, network or power outages, and massive natural disasters. Redundancy ensures that your storage account meets its availability and durability targets even in the face of failures.
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When deciding which redundancy option is best for your scenario, consider the tradeoffs between lower costs and higher availability. The factors that help determine which redundancy option you should choose include:
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Data in an Azure Storage account is always replicated three times in the primary region. Azure Storage offers two options for how your data is replicated in the primary region:
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- **Locally redundant storage (LRS)** copies your data synchronously three times within a single physical location in the primary region. LRS is the least expensive replication option, but is not recommended for applications requiring high availability or durability.
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- **Locally redundant storage (LRS)** copies your data synchronously three times within a single physical location in the primary region. LRS is the least expensive replication option, but isn't recommended for applications requiring high availability or durability.
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- **Zone-redundant storage (ZRS)** copies your data synchronously across three Azure availability zones in the primary region. For applications requiring high availability, Microsoft recommends using ZRS in the primary region, and also replicating to a secondary region.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Microsoft recommends using ZRS in the primary region for Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2 workloads.
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### Locally-redundant storage
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### Locally redundant storage
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Locally redundant storage (LRS) replicates your storage account three times within a single data center in the primary region. LRS provides at least 99.999999999% (11 nines) durability of objects over a given year.
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- If your application stores data that can be easily reconstructed if data loss occurs, you may opt for LRS.
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- If your application is restricted to replicating data only within a country or region due to data governance requirements, you may opt for LRS. In some cases, the paired regions across which the data is geo-replicated may be in another country or region. For more information on paired regions, see [Azure regions](https://azure.microsoft.com/regions/).
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- If your scenario is using Azure unmanaged disks. While it is possible to create a storage account for Azure unmanaged disks that uses GRS, it is not recommended due to potential issues with consistency over asynchronous geo-replication.
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- If your scenario is using Azure unmanaged disks, you may opt for LRS. While it's possible to create a storage account for Azure unmanaged disks that uses GRS, it isn't recommended due to potential issues with consistency over asynchronous geo-replication.
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### Zone-redundant storage
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Zone-redundant storage (ZRS) replicates your storage account synchronously across three Azure availability zones in the primary region. Each availability zone is a separate physical location with independent power, cooling, and networking. ZRS offers durability for storage resources of at least 99.9999999999% (12 9's) over a given year.
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With ZRS, your data is still accessible for both read and write operations even if a zone becomes unavailable. If a zone becomes unavailable, Azure undertakes networking updates, such as DNS re-pointing. These updates may affect your application if you access data before the updates have completed. When designing applications for ZRS, follow practices for transient fault handling, including implementing retry policies with exponential back-off.
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With ZRS, your data is still accessible for both read and write operations even if a zone becomes unavailable. If a zone becomes unavailable, Azure undertakes networking updates, such as DNS repointing. These updates may affect your application if you access data before the updates have completed. When designing applications for ZRS, follow practices for transient fault handling, including implementing retry policies with exponential back-off.
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A write request to a storage account that is using ZRS happens synchronously. The write operation returns successfully only after the data is written to all replicas across the three availability zones.
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Microsoft recommends using ZRS in the primary region for scenarios that require high availability. ZRS is also recommended for restricting replication of data to within a country or region to meet data governance requirements.
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Microsoft recommends using ZRS in the primary region for scenarios that require high availability. ZRS is also recommended for restricting replication of data to a particular country or region to meet data governance requirements.
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Microsoft recommends using ZRS for Azure Files workloads. If a zone becomes unavailable, no remounting of Azure file shares from the connected clients is required.
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ZRS provides excellent performance, low latency, and resiliency for your data if it becomes temporarily unavailable. However, ZRS by itself may not protect your data against a regional disaster where multiple zones are permanently affected. For protection against regional disasters, Microsoft recommends using [geo-zone-redundant storage](#geo-zone-redundant-storage) (GZRS), which uses ZRS in the primary region and also geo-replicates your data to a secondary region.
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The Archive tier for Blob Storage is not currently supported for ZRS accounts. Unmanaged disks don't support ZRS or GZRS.
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The Archive tier for Blob Storage isn't currently supported for ZRS accounts. Unmanaged disks don't support ZRS or GZRS.
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For more information about which regions support ZRS, see [Azure regions with availability zones](../../availability-zones/az-overview.md#azure-regions-with-availability-zones).
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> [!NOTE]
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> The primary difference between GRS and GZRS is how data is replicated in the primary region. Within the secondary region, data is always replicated synchronously three times using LRS. LRS in the secondary region protects your data against hardware failures.
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With GRS or GZRS, the data in the secondary region isn't available for read or write access unless there is a failover to the secondary region. For read access to the secondary region, configure your storage account to use read-access geo-redundant storage (RA-GRS) or read-access geo-zone-redundant storage (RA-GZRS). For more information, see [Read access to data in the secondary region](#read-access-to-data-in-the-secondary-region).
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With GRS or GZRS, the data in the secondary region isn't available for read or write access unless there's a failover to the secondary region. For read access to the secondary region, configure your storage account to use read-access geo-redundant storage (RA-GRS) or read-access geo-zone-redundant storage (RA-GZRS). For more information, see [Read access to data in the secondary region](#read-access-to-data-in-the-secondary-region).
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If the primary region becomes unavailable, you can choose to fail over to the secondary region. After the failover has completed, the secondary region becomes the primary region, and you can again read and write data. For more information on disaster recovery and to learn how to fail over to the secondary region, see [Disaster recovery and storage account failover](storage-disaster-recovery-guidance.md).
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## Read access to data in the secondary region
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Geo-redundant storage (with GRS or GZRS) replicates your data to another physical location in the secondary region to protect against regional outages. However, that data is available to be read only if the customer or Microsoft initiates a failover from the primary to secondary region. When you enable read access to the secondary region, your data is available to be read at all times, including in a situation where the primary region becomes unavailable. For read access to the secondary region, enable read-access geo-redundant storage (RA-GRS) or read-access geo-zone-redundant storage (RA-GZRS).
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Geo-redundant storage (with GRS or GZRS) replicates your data to another physical location in the secondary region to protect against regional outages. However, that data is available to be read only if the customer or Microsoft initiates a failover from the primary to secondary region. When you enable read access to the secondary region, your data is always available to be read, including in a situation where the primary region becomes unavailable. For read access to the secondary region, enable read-access geo-redundant storage (RA-GRS) or read-access geo-zone-redundant storage (RA-GZRS).
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> [!NOTE]
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> Azure Files does not support read-access geo-redundant storage (RA-GRS) or read-access geo-zone-redundant storage (RA-GZRS).
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### Check the Last Sync Time property
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Because data is replicated to the secondary region asynchronously, the secondary region is often behind the primary region. If a failure happens in the primary region, it's likely that all writes to the primary will not yet have been replicated to the secondary.
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Because data is replicated to the secondary region asynchronously, the secondary region is often behind the primary region. If a failure happens in the primary region, it's likely that all writes to the primary won't yet have been replicated to the secondary.
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To determine which write operations have been replicated to the secondary region, your application can check the **Last Sync Time** property for your storage account. All write operations written to the primary region prior to the last sync time have been successfully replicated to the secondary region, meaning that they are available to be read from the secondary. Any write operations written to the primary region after the last sync time may or may not have been replicated to the secondary region, meaning that they may not be available for read operations.
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To determine which write operations have been replicated to the secondary region, your application can check the **Last Sync Time** property for your storage account. All write operations written to the primary region prior to the last sync time have been successfully replicated to the secondary region, meaning that they're available to be read from the secondary. Any write operations written to the primary region after the last sync time may or may not have been replicated to the secondary region, meaning that they may not be available for read operations.
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You can query the value of the **Last Sync Time** property using Azure PowerShell, Azure CLI, or one of the Azure Storage client libraries. The **Last Sync Time** property is a GMT date/time value. For more information, see [Check the Last Sync Time property for a storage account](last-sync-time-get.md).
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| Blob storage (including Data Lake Storage)<br/>Queue storage <br/>Table storage <br/>Azure Files<sup>1,</sup><sup>2</sup> <br/>Azure managed disks<br/> Page blobs | Blob storage (including Data Lake Storage)<br/>Queue storage <br/>Table storage <br/>Azure Files<sup>1,</sup><sup>2</sup> <br/>Azure managed disks<sup>3</sup> | Blob storage (including Data Lake Storage)<br/>Queue storage <br/>Table storage <br/>Azure Files<sup>1</sup> | Blob storage (including Data Lake Storage)<br/>Queue storage <br/>Table storage <br/> | Blob storage (including Data Lake Storage)<br/>Queue storage <br/>Table storage <br/>Azure Files<sup>1</sup> | Blob storage (including Data Lake Storage)<br/>Queue storage <br/>Table storage <br/> |
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<sup>1</sup> Standard file shares are supported on LRS and ZRS. Standard file shares are supported on GRS and GZRS as long as they are less than or equal to five TiB in size.<br/>
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<sup>1</sup> Standard file shares are supported on LRS and ZRS. Standard file shares are supported on GRS and GZRS as long as they're less than or equal to 5 TiB in size.<br/>
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<sup>2</sup> Premium file shares are supported on LRS and ZRS.<br/>
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<sup>3</sup> ZRS managed disks have certain limitations. See the [Limitations](../../virtual-machines/disks-redundancy.md#limitations) section of the redundancy options for managed disks article for details.<br/>
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## Data integrity
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Azure Storage regularly verifies the integrity of data stored using cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). If data corruption is detected, it is repaired using redundant data. Azure Storage also calculates checksums on all network traffic to detect corruption of data packets when storing or retrieving data.
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Azure Storage regularly verifies the integrity of data stored using cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). If data corruption is detected, it's repaired using redundant data. Azure Storage also calculates checksums on all network traffic to detect corruption of data packets when storing or retrieving data.
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## See also
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