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| 1 | +#### German suprasegmentals |
| 2 | + |
| 3 | +| Example 1 (Onset for consonant, word-initial for vowel) | Example 2 (Intervocalic for consonant, word-medial nucleus for vowel) | Example 3 (Coda for consonant, word-final for vowel) | Comments | |
| 4 | +|--|--|--|--| |
| 5 | +| anders /a **1** n - d ax r s/ | Multiplikationszeichen /m uh l - t iy - p l iy - k a - ts y ow **1** n s - ts ay - c n/ | Biologie /b iy - ow - l ow - g iy **1**/ | Speech service phone set put stress after the vowel of the stressed syllable | |
| 6 | +| Allgemeinwissen /a **2** l - g ax - m ay 1 n - v ih - s n/ | Abfallentsorgungsfirma /a 1 p - f a l - ^ eh n t - z oh **2** ax r - g uh ng s - f ih ax r - m a/ | Computertomographie /k oh m - p y uw 1 - t ax r - t ow - m ow - g r a - f iy **2**/ | The Speech service phone set puts stress after the vowel of the sub-stressed syllable | |
| 7 | + |
| 8 | +#### German vowels |
| 9 | + |
| 10 | +| `sapi` | `ipa` | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| 11 | +|--------|-----------|---------------------------------------|---------------|------------------------------------| |
| 12 | +| a: | `aː` | **A**ber | Maßst**a**b | Schem**a** | |
| 13 | +| a | `a` | **A**bfall | B**a**ch | Agath**a** | |
| 14 | +| oh | `ɔ` | **O**sten | Pf**o**sten | | |
| 15 | +| eh: | `ɛː` | **Ä**hnlichkeit | B**ä**r | Fasci**ae**[<sup>1</sup>](#de-v-1) | |
| 16 | +| eh | `ɛ` | **ä**ndern | Proz**e**nt | Amygdal**ae** | |
| 17 | +| ax | `ə` | 'v**e**rstauen[<sup>2</sup>](#de-v-2) | Aach**e**n | Frag**e** | |
| 18 | +| iy | `iː` | **I**ran | abb**ie**gt | Relativitätstheor**ie** | |
| 19 | +| ih | `ɪ` | **I**nnung | s**i**ngen | Wood**y** | |
| 20 | +| eu | `øː` | **Ö**sen | abl**ö**sten | Malm**ö** | |
| 21 | +| ow | `o`, `oː` | **o**hne | Balk**o**n | Trept**ow** | |
| 22 | +| oe | `œ` | **Ö**ffnung | bef**ö**rdern | | |
| 23 | +| ey | `e`, `eː` | **E**berhard | abf**e**gt | b | |
| 24 | +| uw | `uː` | **U**do | H**u**t | Akk**u** | |
| 25 | +| uh | `ʊ` | **U**nterschiedes | b**u**nt | | |
| 26 | +| ue | `yː` | **Ü**bermut | pfl**ü**gt | Men**ü** | |
| 27 | +| uy | `ʏ` | **ü**ppig | S**y**stem | | |
| 28 | + |
| 29 | +<a id="de-v-1"></a> |
| 30 | +**1** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as Fasci**ae***.<br> |
| 31 | +<a id="de-v-2"></a> |
| 32 | +**2** *Word-initial only in words of foreign origin, such as **A**ppointment. Syllable-initial in 'v**e**rstauen*. |
| 33 | + |
| 34 | +#### German diphthong |
| 35 | + |
| 36 | +| `sapi` | `ipa` | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| 37 | +|--------|-------------|--------------|--------------------|-----------| |
| 38 | +| ay | `ai` | **ei**nsam | Unabhängigk**ei**t | Abt**ei** | |
| 39 | +| aw | `au` | **au**ßen | abb**au**st | St**au** | |
| 40 | +| oy | `ɔy`, `ɔʏ̯` | **Eu**phorie | tr**äu**mt | sch**eu** | |
| 41 | + |
| 42 | +#### German semivowels |
| 43 | + |
| 44 | +| `sapi` | `ipa` | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| 45 | +|--------|-------|-----------|--------------|------------| |
| 46 | +| ax r | `ɐ` | | abänd**er**n | lock**er** | |
| 47 | + |
| 48 | +#### German consonants |
| 49 | + |
| 50 | +| `sapi` | `ipa` | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| 51 | +|--|--|--|--|--| |
| 52 | +| b | `b` | **B**ank | | Pu**b**[<sup>1</sup>](#de-c-1) | |
| 53 | +| c | `ç` | **Ch**emie | mögli**ch**st | i**ch**[<sup>2</sup>](#de-c-2) | |
| 54 | +| d | `d` | **d**anken | Len**d**l[<sup>3</sup>](#de-c-3) | Clau**d**e[<sup>4</sup>](#de-c-4) | |
| 55 | +| jh | `ʤ` | **J**eff | gemana**g**t | Chan**g**e[<sup>5</sup>](#de-c-5) | |
| 56 | +| f | `f` | **F**ahrtdauer | angri**ff**slustig | abbruchrei**f** | |
| 57 | +| g | `g` | **g**ut | Gre**g**[<sup>6</sup>](#de-c-6) | | |
| 58 | +| h | `h` | **H**ausanbau | | | |
| 59 | +| y | `j` | **J**od | Reakt**i**on | hu**i** | |
| 60 | +| k | `k` | **K**oma | Aspe**k**t | Flec**k** | |
| 61 | +| l | `l` | **l**au | ähne**l**n | zuvie**l** | |
| 62 | +| m | `m` | **M**ut | A**m**t | Leh**m** | |
| 63 | +| n | `n` | **n**un | u**n**d | Huh**n** | |
| 64 | +| ng | `ŋ` | **Ng**uyen[<sup>7</sup>](#de-c-7) | Schwa**nk** | R**ing** | |
| 65 | +| p | `p` | **P**artner | abru**p**t | Ti**p** | |
| 66 | +| pf | `pf` | **Pf**erd | dam**pf**t | To**pf** | |
| 67 | +| r | `ʀ`, `r`, `ʁ` | **R**eise | knu**rr**t | Haa**r** | |
| 68 | +| s | `s` | **S**taccato[<sup>8</sup>](#de-c-8) | bi**s**t | mie**s** | |
| 69 | +| sh | `ʃ` | **Sch**ule | mi**sch**t | lappi**sch** | |
| 70 | +| t | `t` | **T**raum | S**t**raße | Mu**t** | |
| 71 | +| ts | `ts` | **Z**ug | Ar**z**t | Wit**z** | |
| 72 | +| ch | `tʃ` | **Tsch**echien | aufgepu**tsch**t | bundesdeu**tsch** | |
| 73 | +| v | `v` | **w**inken | Q**u**alle | Gr**oo**ve[<sup>9</sup>](#de-c-9) | |
| 74 | +| x | `x`[<sup>10</sup>](#de-c-10), `ç`[<sup>11</sup>](#de-c-11) | Ba**ch**erach[<sup>12</sup>](#de-c-12) | Ma**ch**t mögli**ch**st | Schma**ch** 'i**ch** | |
| 75 | +| z | `z` | **s**uper | | | |
| 76 | +| zh | `ʒ` | **G**enre | B**re**ezinski | Edvi**g**e | |
| 77 | + |
| 78 | +<a id="de-c-1"></a> |
| 79 | +**1** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as Pu**b***.<br> |
| 80 | +<a id="de-c-2"></a> |
| 81 | +**2** *Soft "ch" after "e" and "i"*.<br> |
| 82 | +<a id="de-c-3"></a> |
| 83 | +**3** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as Len**d**l*.<br> |
| 84 | +<a id="de-c-4"></a> |
| 85 | +**4** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as Clau**d**e*.<br> |
| 86 | +<a id="de-c-5"></a> |
| 87 | +**5** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as Chan**g**e*.<br> |
| 88 | +<a id="de-c-6"></a> |
| 89 | +**6** *Word-terminally only in words of foreign origin, such as Gre**g***.<br> |
| 90 | +<a id="de-c-7"></a> |
| 91 | +**7** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as **Ng**uyen*.<br> |
| 92 | +<a id="de-c-8"></a> |
| 93 | +**8** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as **S**taccato*.<br> |
| 94 | +<a id="de-c-9"></a> |
| 95 | +**9** *Only in words of foreign origin, such as Gr**oo**ve*.<br> |
| 96 | +<a id="de-c-10"></a> |
| 97 | +**10** *The IPA `x` is a hard "ch" after all non-front vowels (a, aa, oh, ow, uh, uw, and the diphthong aw)*.<br> |
| 98 | +<a id="de-c-11"></a> |
| 99 | +**11** *The IPA `ç` is a soft "ch" after front vowels (ih, iy, eh, ae, uy, ue, oe, eu, and diphthongs ay, oy) and consonants*.<br> |
| 100 | +<a id="de-c-12"></a> |
| 101 | +**12** *Word-initial only in words of foreign origin, such as **J**uan. Syllable-initial also in words such as Ba**ch**erach*.<br> |
| 102 | + |
| 103 | +#### German oral consonants |
| 104 | + |
| 105 | +| `sapi` | `ipa` | Example | |
| 106 | +|--------|-------|--------------------------------------------| |
| 107 | +| ^ | `ʔ` | beachtlich /b ax - ^ a 1 x t - l ih c/ | |
| 108 | + |
| 109 | +> [!NOTE] |
| 110 | +> We need to add a [gs\] phone between two distinct vowels, except when the two vowels are a genuine diphthong. This oral consonant is a glottal stop. For more information, see [glottal stop](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop). |
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