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articles/virtual-machines/linux/serial-console-grub-single-user-mode.md

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# Using Serial Console to access GRUB and Single User Mode
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# Use Serial Console to access GRUB and Single User Mode
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Single user mode is a minimal environment with minimal functionality. It can be useful for investigating boot issues or network issues as fewer services may run in the background, and, depending on the runlevel, a filesystem may not even be automatically mounted. This is useful to investigate situations such as a corrupt filesystem, a broken fstab, or network connectivity (incorrect iptables configuration).
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Some distros will automatically drop you into single user mode or emergency mode if the VM is unable to boot. Others, however, require additional setup before they can drop you into single-user or emergency mode automatically.
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> Note: Red Hat also provides documentation for booting into Rescue Mode, Emergency Mode, Debug Mode, and resetting the root password. [Click here to access it](https://aka.ms/rhel7grubterminal).
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### Setting up root access for single user mode in RHEL
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### Set up root access for single user mode in RHEL
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Single-user mode in RHEL requires the root user to be enabled, which is disabled by default. If you have a need to enable single user mode, use the following instructions:
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1. Log in to the Red Hat system via SSH
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Alternatively for RHEL 7.4+ or 6.9+ you can enable single user mode in the GRUB prompts, see instructions [here](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/5/html/installation_guide/s1-rescuemode-booting-single)
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### Manually entering single user mode in RHEL
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### Manually enter single user mode in RHEL
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If you have set up GRUB and root access with the instructions above, then you can enter single user mode with the following instructions:
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1. Press 'Esc' while restarting the VM to enter GRUB
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![](../media/virtual-machines-serial-console/virtual-machine-linux-serial-console-rhel-enter-emergency-shell.gif)
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### Single user mode without root account enabled in RHEL
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### Enter single user mode without root account enabled in RHEL
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If you did not go through the steps above to enable the root user, you can still reset your root password. Use the following instructions:
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> Note: If you are using SELinux, please ensure you have taken the additional steps described in the Red Hat documentation [here](https://aka.ms/rhel7grubterminal) when resetting the root password.

articles/virtual-machines/linux/serial-console-nmi-sysrq.md

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# Using Serial Console for SysRq and NMI calls
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# Use Serial Console for SysRq and NMI calls
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## System Request (SysRq)
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A SysRq is a sequence of keys understood by the Linux operation system kernel, which can trigger a set of pre-defined actions. These commands are often used when virtual machine troubleshooting or recovery can't be performed through traditional administration (for example, if the VM is hung). Using the SysRq feature of Azure Serial Console will mimic pressing of the SysRq key and characters entered on a physical keyboard.
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The SysRq command can't be used on virtual machines that are stopped or whose kernel is in a non-responsive state. (for example a kernel panic).
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### Enabling SysRq
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### Enable SysRq
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As described in the *SysRq Admin Guide* above, SysRq can be configured such that all, none, or only certain commands are available. You can enable all SysRq commands using the step below but it will not survive a reboot:
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```
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echo "1" >/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq

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