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articles/key-vault/managed-hsm/multi-region-replication.md

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# Enable multi-region replication on Azure Managed HSM
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Multi-region replication allows you to extend a managed HSM pool from one Azure region (called a primary) to another Azure region (called a secondary). Once configured, both regions are active, able to serve requests and, with automated replication, share the same key material, roles, and permissions. The closest available region to the application receives and fulfills the request, thereby maximizing read throughput and latency. While regional outages are rare, multi-region replication enhances the availability of mission critical cryptographic keys should one region become unavailable. For more information on SLA, visit [SLA for Azure Key Vault Managed HSM](https://azure.microsoft.com/support/legal/sla/key-vault-managed-hsm/v1_0/).
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Multi-region replication allows you to extend a managed HSM pool from one Azure region (called the primary region) to another Azure region (called an extended region). Once configured, both regions are active, able to serve requests and, with automated replication, share the same key material, roles, and permissions. The closest available region to the application receives and fulfills the request, thereby maximizing read throughput and latency. While regional outages are rare, multi-region replication enhances the availability of mission critical cryptographic keys should one region become unavailable. For more information on SLA, visit [SLA for Azure Key Vault Managed HSM](https://azure.microsoft.com/support/legal/sla/key-vault-managed-hsm/v1_0/).
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## Architecture
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:::image type="content" source="../media/multi-region-replication.png" alt-text="Architecture diagram of managed HSM Multi-Region Replication." lightbox="../media/multi-region-replication.png":::
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When multi-region replication is enabled on a managed HSM, a second managed HSM pool, with three load-balanced HSM partitions, is created in the secondary region. When requests are issued to the Traffic Manager global DNS endpoint `<hsm-name>.managedhsm.azure.net`, the closest available region receives and fulfills the request. While each region individually maintains regional high-availability due to the distribution of HSMs across the region, the traffic manager ensures that even if all partitions of a managed HSM in one region are unavailable due to a catastrophe, requests can still be served by the secondary managed HSM pool.
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When multi-region replication is enabled on a managed HSM, a second managed HSM pool, with three load-balanced HSM partitions, is created in an extended region. When requests are issued to the Traffic Manager global DNS endpoint `<hsm-name>.managedhsm.azure.net`, the closest available region receives and fulfills the request. While each region individually maintains regional high-availability due to the distribution of HSMs across the region, the traffic manager ensures that even if all partitions of a managed HSM in one region are unavailable due to a catastrophe, requests can still be served by the managed HSM pool in the extended region.
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## Replication latency
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| Affected Region | Reads Allowed | Writes Allowed |
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|--|--|--|
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| Secondary | Yes | Yes |
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| Primary | Yes | Maybe |
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| Extended Region | Yes | Yes |
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| Primary Region | Yes | Maybe |
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If the secondary region becomes unavailable, read operations (get key, list keys, all crypto operations, list role assignments) are available if the primary region is alive. Write operations (create and update keys, create and update role assignments, create and update role definitions) are also available.
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If an extended region becomes unavailable, read operations (get key, list keys, all crypto operations, list role assignments) are available if the primary region is alive. Write operations (create and update keys, create and update role assignments, create and update role definitions) are also available.
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If the primary region is unavailable, read operations are available, but write operations may not, depending on the scope of the outage.
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## Time to failover
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Under the hood, DNS resolution handles the redirection of requests to either the primary or secondary region.
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Under the hood, DNS resolution handles the redirection of requests to either the primary or the extended regions.
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If both regions are active, the Traffic Manager resolves incoming requests to the location that has the closest geographical proximity or lowest network latency to the origin of the request. DNS records are configured with a default TTL of 5 seconds.
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- US West Central
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> [!NOTE]
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> US Central, US East, US South Central, West US 2, Switzerland North, West Europe, Central India, Canada Central, Canada East, Japan West, Qatar Central, Poland Central and US West Central cannot be extended as a secondary region at this time. Other regions may be unavailable for extension due to capacity limitations in the region.
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> US Central, US East, US South Central, West US 2, Switzerland North, West Europe, Central India, Canada Central, Canada East, Japan West, Qatar Central, Poland Central and US West Central cannot be extended regions at this time. Other regions may be unavailable for extension due to capacity limitations in the region.
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## Billing
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Multi-region replication into secondary region incurs extra billing (x2), as a new HSM pool is consumed in the secondary region. For more information, see [Azure Managed HSM pricing](https://azure.microsoft.com/pricing/details/key-vault).
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Multi-region replication into an extended region incurs extra billing (x2), as a new HSM pool is consumed in an extended region. For more information, see [Azure Managed HSM pricing](https://azure.microsoft.com/pricing/details/key-vault).
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## Soft-delete behavior
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The [Managed HSM soft-delete feature](soft-delete-overview.md) allows recovery of deleted HSMs and keys however in a multi-region replication enabled scenario, there are subtle differences where the secondary HSM must be deleted before soft-delete can be executed on the primary HSM. Additionally, when a secondary is deleted, it's purged immediately and doesn't go into a soft-delete state that stops all billing for the secondary. You can always extend to a new region as the secondary from the primary if needed.
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The [Managed HSM soft-delete feature](soft-delete-overview.md) allows recovery of deleted HSMs and keys however in a multi-region replication enabled scenario, there are subtle differences where the secondary HSM must be deleted before soft-delete can be executed on the primary HSM. Additionally, when an extended region is removed from the primary HSM, the HSM in the removed region is purged instead of entering a soft-delete state, and billing for the purged HSM ends immediately. You can always extend to a new extended region from the primary if needed.
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## Private link behavior with Multi-region replication
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The [Azure Private Link feature](private-link.md) allows you to access the Managed HSM service over a private endpoint in your virtual network. You would configure private endpoint on the Managed HSM in the primary region just as you would when not using the multi-region replication feature. For the Managed HSM in the secondary region, it is recommended to create another private endpoint once the Managed HSM in the primary region is replicated to the Managed HSM in the secondary region. This will redirect client requests to the Managed HSM closest to the client location.
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The [Azure Private Link feature](private-link.md) allows you to access the Managed HSM service over a private endpoint in your virtual network. You would configure private endpoint on the Managed HSM in the primary region just as you would when not using the multi-region replication feature. For the Managed HSM in an extended region, it is recommended to create another private endpoint and private DNS zone once the Managed HSM in the primary region is replicated to the Managed HSM in an extended region. This will redirect client requests to the Managed HSM closest to the client location.
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Some scenarios below with examples: Managed HSM in a primary region (UK South) and another Managed HSM in a secondary region (US West Central).
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Some scenarios below with examples: Managed HSM in a primary region (UK South) and another Managed HSM in an extended region (US West Central).
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- When both Managed HSMs in the primary and secondary regions are up and running with private endpoint enabled, client requests are redirected to the Managed HSM closest to client location. Client requests go to the closest region's private endpoint and then directed to the same region's Managed HSM by the traffic manager.
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- When both Managed HSMs in the primary and extended regions are up and running with private endpoint enabled, client requests are redirected to the Managed HSM closest to client location. Client requests go to the closest region's private endpoint and then directed to the same region's Managed HSM by the traffic manager.
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:::image type="content" source="../media/managed-hsm-multiregion-scenario-1.png" alt-text="Diagram illustrating the first managed HSM multi-region scenario." lightbox="../media/managed-hsm-multiregion-scenario-1.png":::
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- When one of the Managed HSMs (UK South, as an example) in a multiregion replicated scenario is unavailable with private endpoints enabled, then client requests are redirected to available Managed HSM (US West Central). Client requests from UK south will go to UK south's private endpoint first and then directed to the US west Central Managed HSM by the traffic manager.
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:::image type="content" source="../media/managed-hsm-multiregion-scenario-2.png" alt-text="Diagram illustrating the second managed HSM multi-region scenario." lightbox="../media/managed-hsm-multiregion-scenario-2.png":::
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- Managed HSMs in primary and secondary regions but only one private endpoint configured in either primary or secondary. For a client from a different VNET (VNET1) to connect to a Managed HSM through a private endpoint in a different VNET (VNET2), it requires VNET peering between the two VNETs. You can add VNET link for the private DNS zone which is created during the private endpoint creation.
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- Managed HSMs in primary and extended regions but only one private endpoint configured in either the primary or extended region. For a client from a different VNET (VNET1) to connect to a Managed HSM through a private endpoint in a different VNET (VNET2), it requires VNET peering between the two VNETs. You can add VNET link for the private DNS zone which is created during the private endpoint creation.
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:::image type="content" source="../media/managed-hsm-multiregion-scenario-3.png" alt-text="Diagram illustrating the third managed HSM multi-region scenario." lightbox="../media/managed-hsm-multiregion-scenario-3.png":::
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### Azure CLI commands
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If creating a new Managed HSM pool and then extending to a secondary, refer to [these instructions](quick-create-cli.md#create-a-managed-hsm) prior to extending. If extending from an already existing Managed HSM pool, then use the following instructions to create a secondary HSM into another region.
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If creating a new Managed HSM pool and then extending to an extended region, refer to [these instructions](quick-create-cli.md#create-a-managed-hsm) prior to extending. If extending from an already existing Managed HSM pool, then use the following instructions to extend the HSM pool into an extended region.
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> [!NOTE]
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> These commands requires Azure CLI version 2.48.1 or higher. To install the latest version, see [How to install the Azure CLI](/cli/azure/install-azure-cli).
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### Add a secondary HSM in another region
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### Extend a primary HSM into an extended region
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To extend a managed HSM pool to another region, run the following command that will automatically create a second HSM.
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To extend a managed HSM pool to another region, run the following command that will automatically create a new HSM in an extended region.
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```azurecli-interactive
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az keyvault region add --hsm-name "ContosoMHSM" --region "australiaeast"
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```
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> [!NOTE]
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> "ContosoMHSM" in this example is the primary HSM pool name; "australiaeast" is the secondary region into which you are extending it.
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> "ContosoMHSM" in this example is the primary HSM pool name; "australiaeast" is the extended region into which you are extending it.
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### Remove a secondary HSM in another region
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### Remove an extended region from the primary HSM
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Once you remove a secondary HSM, the HSM partitions in the other region will be purged. All secondaries must be deleted before a primary managed HSM can be soft-deleted or purged. Only secondaries can be deleted using this command. The primary can only be deleted using the [soft-delete](soft-delete-overview.md#soft-delete-behavior) and [purge](soft-delete-overview.md#purge-protection) commands
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Once you remove an extended HSM, the HSM partitions in the other region will be purged. All secondaries must be deleted before a primary managed HSM can be soft-deleted or purged. Only secondaries can be deleted using this command. The primary can only be deleted using the [soft-delete](soft-delete-overview.md#soft-delete-behavior) and [purge](soft-delete-overview.md#purge-protection) commands
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```azurecli-interactive
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az keyvault region remove --hsm-name ContosoMHSM --region australiaeast
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