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Azure Container Apps manages automatic horizontal scaling through a set of declarative scaling rules. As a container app revision scales out, new instances of the revision are created on-demand. These instances are known as replicas.
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Adding or editing scaling rules creates a new revision of your container app. A revision is an immutable snapshot of your container app. See revision[change types](./revisions.md#change-types) to review which types of changes trigger a new revision.
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Adding or editing scaling rules creates a new revision of your container app. A revision is an immutable snapshot of your container app. To learn which types of changes trigger a new revision, see revision [change types](./revisions.md#change-types).
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[Event-driven Container Apps jobs](jobs.md#event-driven-jobs) use scaling rules to trigger executions based on events.
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## Scale definition
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Scaling is defined by the combination of limits, rules, and behavior.
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Scaling is the combination of limits, rules, and behavior.
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-**Limits**are the minimum and maximum possible number of replicas per revision as your container app scales.
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-**Limits**define the minimum and maximum possible number of replicas per revision as your container app scales.
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| Scale limit | Default value | Min value | Max value |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| Minimum number of replicas per revision | 0 | 0 | Maximum replicas configurable are 300 in Azure portal and 1,000 in Azure CLI. |
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| Maximum number of replicas per revision | 10 | 1 | Maximum replicas configurable are 300 in Azure portal and 1,000 in Azure CLI. |
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For more information see [Quotas for Azure Container Apps](quotas.md).
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-**Rules** are the criteria used by Container Apps to decide when to add or remove replicas.
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[Scale rules](#scale-rules) are implemented as HTTP, TCP, or custom.
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[Scale rules](#scale-rules) are implemented as HTTP, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), or custom.
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-**Behavior** is how the rules and limits are combined together to determine scale decisions over time.
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-**Behavior** is the combination of rules and limits to determine scale decisions over time.
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[Scale behavior](#scale-behavior) explains how scale decisions are calculated.
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[Scale behavior](#scale-behavior) explains how scale decisions are made.
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As you define your scaling rules, keep in mind the following items:
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As you define your scaling rules, it's important to consider the following items:
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- You aren't billed usage charges if your container app scales to zero.
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- Replicas that aren't processing, but remain in memory may be billed at a lower "idle" rate. For more information, see [Billing](./billing.md).
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- Replicas that aren't processing, but remain in memory might be billed at a lower "idle" rate. For more information, see [Billing](./billing.md).
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- If you want to ensure that an instance of your revision is always running, set the minimum number of replicas to 1 or higher.
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## Scale rules
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| Scale property | Description | Default value | Min value | Max value |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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|`concurrentConnections`| When the number of concurrent TCP connections exceeds this value, then another replica is added. Replicas will continue to be added up to the `maxReplicas` amount as the number of concurrent connections increase. | 10 | 1 | n/a |
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|`concurrentConnections`| When the number of concurrent TCP connections exceeds this value, then another replica is added. Replicas continue to be added up to the `maxReplicas` amount as the number of concurrent connections increase. | 10 | 1 | n/a |
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```json
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{
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| CLI parameter | Description | Default value | Min value | Max value |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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|`--scale-rule-tcp-concurrency`| When the number of concurrent TCP connections exceeds this value, then another replica is added. Replicas will continue to be added up to the `max-replicas` amount as the number of concurrent connections increase. | 10 | 1 | n/a |
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|`--scale-rule-tcp-concurrency`| When the number of concurrent TCP connections exceeds this value, then another replica is added. Replicas continue to be added up to the `max-replicas` amount as the number of concurrent connections increase. | 10 | 1 | n/a |
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```azurecli-interactive
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az containerapp create \
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Refer to this excerpt for context on how the below examples fit in the ARM template.
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First, you'll define the type and metadata of the scale rule.
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First, you define the type and metadata of the scale rule.
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1. From the KEDA scaler specification, find the `type` value.
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### Authentication
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A KEDA scaler may support using secrets in a [TriggerAuthentication](https://keda.sh/docs/latest/concepts/authentication/) that is referenced by the `authenticationRef` property. You can map the TriggerAuthentication object to the Container Apps scale rule.
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A KEDA scaler supports using secrets in a [TriggerAuthentication](https://keda.sh/docs/latest/concepts/authentication/) that is referenced by the `authenticationRef` property. You can map the TriggerAuthentication object to the Container Apps scale rule.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Container Apps scale rules only support secret references. Other authentication types such as pod identity are not supported.
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1. In the CLI command, set the `--scale-rule-metadata` parameter to the metadata values.
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You'll need to transform the values from a YAML format to a key/value pair for use on the command line. Separate each key/value pair with a space.
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You need to transform the values from a YAML format to a key/value pair for use on the command line. Separate each key/value pair with a space.
A KEDA scaler may support using secrets in a [TriggerAuthentication](https://keda.sh/docs/latest/concepts/authentication/) that is referenced by the authenticationRef property. You can map the TriggerAuthentication object to the Container Apps scale rule.
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A KEDA scaler supports using secrets in a [TriggerAuthentication](https://keda.sh/docs/latest/concepts/authentication/) that is referenced by the authenticationRef property. You can map the TriggerAuthentication object to the Container Apps scale rule.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Container Apps scale rules only support secret references. Other authentication types such as pod identity are not supported.
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### Authentication
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A KEDA scaler may support using secrets in a [TriggerAuthentication](https://keda.sh/docs/latest/concepts/authentication/) that is referenced by the authenticationRef property. You can map the TriggerAuthentication object to the Container Apps scale rule.
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A KEDA scaler supports using secrets in a [TriggerAuthentication](https://keda.sh/docs/latest/concepts/authentication/) that is referenced by the authenticationRef property. You can map the TriggerAuthentication object to the Container Apps scale rule.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Container Apps scale rules only support secret references. Other authentication types such as pod identity are not supported.
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]
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```
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Starting with an empty queue, KEDA takes the following steps in a scale up scenario:
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As your app scales out, KEDA starts with an empty queue and performs the following steps:
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