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For HPC workloads, AMD recommends GCC compiler 7.3 or newer. Older versions, such as 4.8.5 included with RHEL/CentOS 7.4, aren't recommended. GCC 7.3, and newer, delivers higher performance on HPL, HPCG, and DGEMM tests.
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For HPC workloads, AMD recommends GCC compiler 7.3 or newer. Older versions, such as 4.8.5 included with RHEL 7.4, aren't recommended. GCC 7.3, and newer, delivers higher performance on HPL, HPCG, and DGEMM tests.
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# Configure and optimize VMs
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Windows VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets :heavy_check_mark: Uniform scale sets
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This article shares some guidance on configuring and optimizing the InfiniBand-enabled [HB-series](sizes-hpc.md) and [N-series](sizes-gpu.md) VMs for HPC.
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Additionally, more details on what's included in the [Ubuntu-HPC VM images](#ubuntu-hpc-vm-images) and [AlmaLinux-HPC VM images](#almalinux-hpc-vm-images), and how to deploy them are in [Azure HPC VM images](azure-hpc-vm-images.md).
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> [!NOTE]
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> We used to support CentOS-HPC VM images. Due to phasing out of CentOS (currently the only supported version CentOS 7 will continue to receive community security patches and bug fix updates until June 2024), we are not releasing any new CentOS HPC images to Azure marketplace. CentOS/RHEL users are suggested to use our AlmaLinux-HPC images alternatives in Azure marketplace, which have the same set of drivers installed as other HPC images.
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### RHEL/CentOS VM images
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### RHEL VM images
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The base RHEL or CentOS-based non-HPC VM images on the Marketplace can be configured for use on the SR-IOV enabled [RDMA capable VMs](sizes-hpc.md#rdma-capable-instances). Learn more about [enabling InfiniBand](./extensions/enable-infiniband.md) and [setting up MPI](setup-mpi.md) on the VMs.
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The base RHEL-based non-HPC VM images on the Marketplace can be configured for use on the SR-IOV enabled [RDMA capable VMs](sizes-hpc.md#rdma-capable-instances). Learn more about [enabling InfiniBand](./extensions/enable-infiniband.md) and [setting up MPI](setup-mpi.md) on the VMs.
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### Ubuntu VM images
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### Update LIS
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If necessary for functionality or performance, [Linux Integration Services (LIS) drivers](./linux/endorsed-distros.md) can be installed or updated on supported OS distros, especially is deploying using a custom image or an older OS version such as CentOS/RHEL 6.x or earlier version of 7.x.
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If necessary for functionality or performance, [Linux Integration Services (LIS) drivers](./linux/endorsed-distros.md) can be installed or updated on supported OS distros, especially is deploying using a custom image or an older OS version such as RHEL 6.x or earlier version of 7.x.
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# NVIDIA GPU Driver Extension for Linux
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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This extension installs NVIDIA GPU drivers on Linux N-series virtual machines (VMs). Depending on the VM family, the extension installs CUDA or GRID drivers. When you install NVIDIA drivers by using this extension, you're accepting and agreeing to the terms of the [NVIDIA End-User License Agreement](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/products/nvidia-ai-enterprise/eula/). During the installation process, the VM might reboot to complete the driver setup.
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Instructions on manual installation of the drivers and the current supported versions are available. An extension is also available to install NVIDIA GPU drivers on [Windows N-series VMs](hpccompute-gpu-windows.md).
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# HB-series virtual machines overview
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Windows VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets :heavy_check_mark: Uniform scale sets
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Maximizing high performance compute (HPC) application performance on AMD EPYC requires a thoughtful approach memory locality and process placement. Below we outline the AMD EPYC architecture and our implementation of it on Azure for HPC applications. We will use the term “pNUMA” to refer to a physical NUMA domain, and “vNUMA” to refer to a virtualized NUMA domain.
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Maximizing high performance compute (HPC) application performance on AMD EPYC requires a thoughtful approach memory locality and process placement. Below we outline the AMD EPYC architecture and our implementation of it on Azure for HPC applications. We use the term “pNUMA” to refer to a physical NUMA domain, and “vNUMA” to refer to a virtualized NUMA domain.
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Physically, an [HB-series](hb-series.md) server is 2 * 32-core EPYC 7551 CPUs for a total of 64 physical cores. These 64 cores are divided into 16 pNUMA domains (8 per socket), each of which is four cores and known as a “CPU Complex” (or “CCX”). Each CCX has its own L3 cache, which is how an OS will see a pNUMA/vNUMA boundary. A pair of adjacent CCXs shares access to two channels of physical DRAM (32 GB of DRAM in HB-series servers).
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Physically, an [HB-series](hb-series.md) server is 2 * 32-core EPYC 7551 CPUs for a total of 64 physical cores. These 64 cores are divided into 16 pNUMA domains (8 per socket), each of which is four cores and known as a “CPU Complex” (or “CCX”). Each CCX has its own L3 cache, which is how an OS sees a pNUMA/vNUMA boundary. A pair of adjacent CCXs shares access to two channels of physical DRAM (32 GB of DRAM in HB-series servers).
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To provide room for the Azure hypervisor to operate without interfering with the VM, we reserve physical pNUMA domain 0 (the first CCX). We then assign pNUMA domains 1-15 (the remaining CCX units) for the VM. The VM will see:
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To provide room for the Azure hypervisor to operate without interfering with the VM, we reserve physical pNUMA domain 0 (the first CCX). We then assign pNUMA domains 1-15 (the remaining CCX units) for the VM. The VM sees:
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`(15 vNUMA domains) * (4 cores/vNUMA) = 60` cores per VM
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# Use cloud-init to configure a swap partition on a Linux VM
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets
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This article shows you how to use [cloud-init](https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io) to configure the swap partition on various Linux distributions. The swap partition was traditionally configured by the Linux Agent (WALA) based on which distributions required one. This document outlines the process for building the swap partition on demand during provisioning time using cloud-init. For more information about how cloud-init works natively in Azure and the supported Linux distros, see [cloud-init overview](using-cloud-init.md)
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## Create swap partition for Ubuntu based images
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By default on Azure, Ubuntu gallery images do not create swap partitions. To enable swap partition configuration during VM provisioning time using cloud-init - please see the [AzureSwapPartitions document](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AzureSwapPartitions) on the Ubuntu wiki.
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By default on Azure, Ubuntu gallery images don't create swap partitions. To enable swap partition configuration during VM provisioning time using cloud-init - please see the [AzureSwapPartitions document](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AzureSwapPartitions) on the Ubuntu wiki.
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## Create swap partition for Red Hat and CentOS based images
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## Create swap partition for RHEL based images
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Create a file in your current shell named *cloud_init_swappart.txt* and paste the following configuration. For this example, create the file in the Cloud Shell not on your local machine. You can use any editor you wish. Make sure that the whole cloud-init file is copied correctly, especially the first line.
The mount is created with the `nofail` option to ensure that the boot process continues even if the mount is not completed successfully.
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The mount is created with the `nofail` option to ensure that the boot process continues even if the mount isn't completed successfully.
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Before deploying this image, you need to create a resource group with the [az group create](/cli/azure/group) command. An Azure resource group is a logical container into which Azure resources are deployed and managed. The following example creates a resource group named *myResourceGroup* in the *eastus* location.
> The name of the file is totally arbitrary, it can be replaced with any particular name of your preference, it just needs the .cfg suffix and make sure to reflect the changes in the CLOUD_CFG parameter line as well.
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After the changes are done, the machine needs to be deallocated or re-deployed for the changes to take effect.
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After the changes are done, the machine needs to be deallocated or redeployed for the changes to take effect.
# Use cloud-init to update and install packages in a Linux VM in Azure
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets
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This article shows you how to use [cloud-init](https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io) to update packages on a Linux virtual machine (VM) or virtual machine scale sets at provisioning time in Azure. These cloud-init scripts run on first boot once the resources have been provisioned by Azure. For more information about how cloud-init works natively in Azure and the supported Linux distros, see [cloud-init overview](using-cloud-init.md)
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## Update a VM with cloud-init
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For security purposes, you may want to configure a VM to apply the latest updates on first boot. As cloud-init works across different Linux distros, there is no need to specify `apt`, `zypper` or `yum` for the package manager. Instead, you define `package_upgrade` and let the cloud-init process determine the appropriate mechanism for the distro in use.
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For security purposes, you may want to configure a VM to apply the latest updates on first boot. As cloud-init works across different Linux distros, there's no need to specify `apt`, `zypper` or `yum` for the package manager. Instead, you define `package_upgrade` and let the cloud-init process determine the appropriate mechanism for the distro in use.
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For this example, we will be using the Azure Cloud Shell. To see the upgrade process in action, create a file named *cloud_init_upgrade.txt* and paste the following configuration. You can use any editor you wish. Make sure that the whole cloud-init file is copied correctly, especially the first line.
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For this example, we use the Azure Cloud Shell. To see the upgrade process in action, create a file named *cloud_init_upgrade.txt* and paste the following configuration. You can use any editor you wish. Make sure that the whole cloud-init file is copied correctly, especially the first line.
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Copy the text below and paste it into the `cloud_init_upgrade.txt` file. Make sure that the whole cloud-init file is copied correctly, especially the first line.
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Run the package management tool and check for updates:
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# [RHEL/CentOS/Oracle Linux](#tab/rhel)
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# [RHEL/Oracle Linux](#tab/rhel)
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- Execute the following command to confirm there are no pending updates
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As cloud-init checked for and installed updates on boot, there should be no additional updates to apply.
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- You can see the update process, number of altered packages as well as the installation of `httpd` by running the following command and review the output.
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- You can see the update process, number of altered packages, and the installation of `httpd` by running the following command and review the output.
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