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For HPC workloads, AMD recommends GCC compiler 7.3 or newer. Older versions, such as 4.8.5 included with RHEL/CentOS 7.4, aren't recommended. GCC 7.3, and newer, delivers higher performance on HPL, HPCG, and DGEMM tests.
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For HPC workloads, AMD recommends GCC compiler 7.3 or newer. Older versions, such as 4.8.5 included with RHEL 7.4, aren't recommended. GCC 7.3, and newer, delivers higher performance on HPL, HPCG, and DGEMM tests.
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# Configure and optimize VMs
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Windows VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets :heavy_check_mark: Uniform scale sets
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This article shares some guidance on configuring and optimizing the InfiniBand-enabled [HB-series](sizes-hpc.md) and [N-series](sizes-gpu.md) VMs for HPC.
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Additionally, more details on what's included in the [Ubuntu-HPC VM images](#ubuntu-hpc-vm-images) and [AlmaLinux-HPC VM images](#almalinux-hpc-vm-images), and how to deploy them are in [Azure HPC VM images](azure-hpc-vm-images.md).
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> [!NOTE]
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> We used to support CentOS-HPC VM images. Due to phasing out of CentOS (currently the only supported version CentOS 7 will continue to receive community security patches and bug fix updates until June 2024), we are not releasing any new CentOS HPC images to Azure marketplace. CentOS/RHEL users are suggested to use our AlmaLinux-HPC images alternatives in Azure marketplace, which have the same set of drivers installed as other HPC images.
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### RHEL/CentOS VM images
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### RHEL VM images
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The base RHEL or CentOS-based non-HPC VM images on the Marketplace can be configured for use on the SR-IOV enabled [RDMA capable VMs](sizes-hpc.md#rdma-capable-instances). Learn more about [enabling InfiniBand](./extensions/enable-infiniband.md) and [setting up MPI](setup-mpi.md) on the VMs.
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The base RHEL-based non-HPC VM images on the Marketplace can be configured for use on the SR-IOV enabled [RDMA capable VMs](sizes-hpc.md#rdma-capable-instances). Learn more about [enabling InfiniBand](./extensions/enable-infiniband.md) and [setting up MPI](setup-mpi.md) on the VMs.
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### Ubuntu VM images
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### Update LIS
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If necessary for functionality or performance, [Linux Integration Services (LIS) drivers](./linux/endorsed-distros.md) can be installed or updated on supported OS distros, especially is deploying using a custom image or an older OS version such as CentOS/RHEL 6.x or earlier version of 7.x.
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If necessary for functionality or performance, [Linux Integration Services (LIS) drivers](./linux/endorsed-distros.md) can be installed or updated on supported OS distros, especially is deploying using a custom image or an older OS version such as RHEL 6.x or earlier version of 7.x.
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# NVIDIA GPU Driver Extension for Linux
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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This extension installs NVIDIA GPU drivers on Linux N-series virtual machines (VMs). Depending on the VM family, the extension installs CUDA or GRID drivers. When you install NVIDIA drivers by using this extension, you're accepting and agreeing to the terms of the [NVIDIA End-User License Agreement](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/products/nvidia-ai-enterprise/eula/). During the installation process, the VM might reboot to complete the driver setup.
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Instructions on manual installation of the drivers and the current supported versions are available. An extension is also available to install NVIDIA GPU drivers on [Windows N-series VMs](hpccompute-gpu-windows.md).
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# HB-series virtual machines overview
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Windows VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets :heavy_check_mark: Uniform scale sets
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Maximizing high performance compute (HPC) application performance on AMD EPYC requires a thoughtful approach memory locality and process placement. Below we outline the AMD EPYC architecture and our implementation of it on Azure for HPC applications. We will use the term “pNUMA” to refer to a physical NUMA domain, and “vNUMA” to refer to a virtualized NUMA domain.
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# Use cloud-init to configure a swap partition on a Linux VM
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> [!CAUTION]
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets
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This article shows you how to use [cloud-init](https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io) to configure the swap partition on various Linux distributions. The swap partition was traditionally configured by the Linux Agent (WALA) based on which distributions required one. This document outlines the process for building the swap partition on demand during provisioning time using cloud-init. For more information about how cloud-init works natively in Azure and the supported Linux distros, see [cloud-init overview](using-cloud-init.md)
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By default on Azure, Ubuntu gallery images do not create swap partitions. To enable swap partition configuration during VM provisioning time using cloud-init - please see the [AzureSwapPartitions document](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AzureSwapPartitions) on the Ubuntu wiki.
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## Create swap partition for Red Hat and CentOS based images
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## Create swap partition for RHEL based images
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Create a file in your current shell named *cloud_init_swappart.txt* and paste the following configuration. For this example, create the file in the Cloud Shell not on your local machine. You can use any editor you wish. Make sure that the whole cloud-init file is copied correctly, especially the first line.
# Use cloud-init to update and install packages in a Linux VM in Azure
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**Applies to:**:heavy_check_mark: Linux VMs :heavy_check_mark: Flexible scale sets
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This article shows you how to use [cloud-init](https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io) to update packages on a Linux virtual machine (VM) or virtual machine scale sets at provisioning time in Azure. These cloud-init scripts run on first boot once the resources have been provisioned by Azure. For more information about how cloud-init works natively in Azure and the supported Linux distros, see [cloud-init overview](using-cloud-init.md)
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Run the package management tool and check for updates:
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# [RHEL/CentOS/Oracle Linux](#tab/rhel)
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# [RHEL/Oracle Linux](#tab/rhel)
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- Execute the following command to confirm there are no pending updates
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# Time sync for Linux VMs in Azure
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> This article references CentOS, a Linux distribution that is End Of Life (EOL) status. Please consider your use and plan accordingly. For more information, see the [CentOS End Of Life guidance](~/articles/virtual-machines/workloads/centos/centos-end-of-life.md).
Time sync is important for security and event correlation. Sometimes it's used for distributed transactions implementation. Time accuracy between multiple computer systems is achieved through synchronization. Synchronization can be affected by multiple things, including reboots and network traffic between the time source and the computer fetching the time.
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The VMICTimeSync is used in parallel and provides two functions:
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- Immediately updates the Linux VM time-of-day clock after a host maintenance event
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- Instantiates an IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) hardware clock source as a /dev/ptp device that provides the accurate time-of-day from the Azure host. Chronyd can be configured to synchronize against this time source (which is the default configuration in the newest Linux images). Linux distributions with kernel version 4.11 or later (or version 3.10.0-693 or later for RHEL/CentOS 7) support the /dev/ptp device. For earlier kernel versions that don't support /dev/ptp for Azure host time, only synchronization against an external time source is possible.
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- Instantiates an IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) hardware clock source as a /dev/ptp device that provides the accurate time-of-day from the Azure host. Chronyd can be configured to synchronize against this time source (which is the default configuration in the newest Linux images). Linux distributions with kernel version 4.11 or later (or version 3.10.0-693 or later for RHEL 7) support the /dev/ptp device. For earlier kernel versions that don't support /dev/ptp for Azure host time, only synchronization against an external time source is possible.
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Of course, the default configuration can be changed. An older image that is configured to use ntpd and an external time source can be changed to use chronyd and the /dev/ptp device for Azure host time. Similarly, an image using Azure host time via a /dev/ptp device can be configured to use an external NTP time source if required by your application or workload.
With newer versions of Linux, a Precision Time Protocol (PTP) clock source corresponding to the Azure host is available as part of the VMICTimeSync provider.
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On older versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS 7.x the [Linux Integration Services](https://github.com/LIS/lis-next) can be downloaded and used to
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On older versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.x, the [Linux Integration Services](https://github.com/LIS/lis-next) can be downloaded and used to
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install the updated driver. When the PTP clock source is available, the Linux device will be of the form /dev/ptp*x*.
On Ubuntu 19.10 and later versions, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and CentOS 8.x, [chrony](https://chrony.tuxfamily.org/) is configured to use a PTP source clock. Instead of chrony, older Linux releases use the Network Time Protocol daemon (ntpd), which doesn't support PTP sources. To enable PTP in those releases, chrony must be manually installed and configured (in chrony.conf) by using the following statement:
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On Ubuntu 19.10 (and later versions) and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.x, [chrony](https://chrony.tuxfamily.org/) is configured to use a PTP source clock. Instead of chrony, older Linux releases use the Network Time Protocol daemon (ntpd), which doesn't support PTP sources. To enable PTP in those releases, chrony must be manually installed and configured (in chrony.conf) by using the following statement:
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## Supported distributions and drivers
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### NVIDIA CUDA drivers
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For the latest CUDA drivers and supported operating systems, visit the [NVIDIA](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-zone) website. Ensure that you install or upgrade to the latest supported CUDA drivers for your distribution.
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>The Azure NVads A10 v5 VMs only support GRID 14.1(510.73) or higher driver versions. The vGPU driver for the A10 SKU is a unified driver that supports both graphics and compute workloads.
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> [!TIP]
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> As an alternative to manual CUDA driver installation on a Linux VM, you can deploy an Azure [Data Science Virtual Machine](../articles/machine-learning/data-science-virtual-machine/overview.md) image. The DSVM editions for Ubuntu 16.04 LTS or CentOS 7.4 pre-install NVIDIA CUDA drivers, the CUDA Deep Neural Network Library, and other tools.
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> As an alternative to manual CUDA driver installation on a Linux VM, you can deploy an Azure [Data Science Virtual Machine](../articles/machine-learning/data-science-virtual-machine/overview.md) image. The DSVM edition for Ubuntu 16.04 LTS pre-installs NVIDIA CUDA drivers, the CUDA Deep Neural Network Library, and other tools.
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