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@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ Use these routines to work with areas of memory on a byte-by-byte basis.
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| Routine | Use |
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|---|---|
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|[`_memccpy`](./reference/memccpy.md)| Copy characters from one buffer to another until given character or given number of characters has been copied |
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|[`memchr`, `wmemchr`](./reference/memchr-wmemchr.md)| Return pointer to first occurrence, within specified number of characters, of given character in buffer |
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|[`memcmp`, `wmemcmp`](./reference/memcmp-wmemcmp.md)| Compare specified number of characters from two buffers |
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|[`memcpy`, `wmemcpy`](./reference/memcpy-wmemcpy.md), [`memcpy_s`, `wmemcpy_s`](./reference/memcpy-s-wmemcpy-s.md)| Copy specified number of characters from one buffer to another |
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|[`_memicmp`, `_memicmp_l`](./reference/memicmp-memicmp-l.md)| Compare specified number of characters from two buffers without regard to case |
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|[`memmove`, `wmemmove`](./reference/memmove-wmemmove.md), [`memmove_s`, `wmemmove_s`](./reference/memmove-s-wmemmove-s.md)| Copy specified number of characters from one buffer to another |
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|[`memset`, `wmemset`](./reference/memset-wmemset.md)| Use given character to initialize specified number of bytes in the buffer |
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|[`_swab`](./reference/swab.md)| Swap bytes of data and store them at specified location |
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|[`_memccpy`](reference/memccpy.md)| Copy characters from one buffer to another until given character or given number of characters has been copied |
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|[`memchr`, `wmemchr`](reference/memchr-wmemchr.md)| Return pointer to first occurrence, within specified number of characters, of given character in buffer |
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|[`memcmp`, `wmemcmp`](reference/memcmp-wmemcmp.md)| Compare specified number of characters from two buffers |
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|[`memcpy`, `wmemcpy`](reference/memcpy-wmemcpy.md), [`memcpy_s`, `wmemcpy_s`](reference/memcpy-s-wmemcpy-s.md)| Copy specified number of characters from one buffer to another |
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|[`_memicmp`, `_memicmp_l`](reference/memicmp-memicmp-l.md)| Compare specified number of characters from two buffers without regard to case |
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|[`memmove`, `wmemmove`](reference/memmove-wmemmove.md), [`memmove_s`, `wmemmove_s`](reference/memmove-s-wmemmove-s.md)| Copy specified number of characters from one buffer to another |
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|[`memset`, `wmemset`](reference/memset-wmemset.md)| Use given character to initialize specified number of bytes in the buffer |
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|[`_swab`](reference/swab.md)| Swap bytes of data and store them at specified location |
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When the source and target areas overlap, only `memmove` is guaranteed to copy the full source properly.
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## See also
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[Universal C runtime routines by category](./run-time-routines-by-category.md)
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[Universal C runtime routines by category](run-time-routines-by-category.md)
Use these routines to create, delete, and manipulate files and to set and check file-access permissions.
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The C run-time libraries have a 512 limit for the number of files that can be open at any one time. Attempting to open more than the maximum number of file descriptors or file streams causes program failure. Use [`_setmaxstdio`](./reference/setmaxstdio.md) to change this number.
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The C run-time libraries have a 512 limit for the number of files that can be open at any one time. Attempting to open more than the maximum number of file descriptors or file streams causes program failure. Use [`_setmaxstdio`](reference/setmaxstdio.md) to change this number.
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## File-handling routines (file descriptor)
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These routines operate on files designated by a file descriptor.
|[`_filelength`, `_filelengthi64`](./reference/filelength-filelengthi64.md)| Get file length |
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|[`_fstat`, `_fstat32`, `_fstat64`, `_fstati64`, `_fstat32i64`, `_fstat64i32`](./reference/fstat-fstat32-fstat64-fstati64-fstat32i64-fstat64i32.md)| Get file-status information on descriptor |
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|[`_get_osfhandle`](./reference/get-osfhandle.md)| Return operating-system file handle associated with existing C run-time file descriptor |
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|[`_isatty`](./reference/isatty.md)| Check for character device |
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|[`_locking`](./reference/locking.md)| Lock areas of file |
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|[`_open_osfhandle`](./reference/open-osfhandle.md)| Associate C run-time file descriptor with existing operating-system file handle |
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|[`_setmode`](./reference/setmode.md)| Set file-translation mode |
|[`_filelength`, `_filelengthi64`](reference/filelength-filelengthi64.md)| Get file length |
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|[`_fstat`, `_fstat32`, `_fstat64`, `_fstati64`, `_fstat32i64`, `_fstat64i32`](reference/fstat-fstat32-fstat64-fstati64-fstat32i64-fstat64i32.md)| Get file-status information on descriptor |
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|[`_get_osfhandle`](reference/get-osfhandle.md)| Return operating-system file handle associated with existing C run-time file descriptor |
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|[`_isatty`](reference/isatty.md)| Check for character device |
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|[`_locking`](reference/locking.md)| Lock areas of file |
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|[`_open_osfhandle`](reference/open-osfhandle.md)| Associate C run-time file descriptor with existing operating-system file handle |
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|[`_setmode`](reference/setmode.md)| Set file-translation mode |
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## File-Handling Routines (Path or Filename)
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These routines operate on files specified by a path or filename.
|[`_fullpath`, `_wfullpath`](./reference/fullpath-wfullpath.md)| Expand a relative path to its absolute path name |
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|[`_makepath`, `_wmakepath`](./reference/makepath-wmakepath.md), [`_makepath_s`, `_wmakepath_s`](./reference/makepath-s-wmakepath-s.md)| Merge path components into single, full path |
|[`_fullpath`, `_wfullpath`](reference/fullpath-wfullpath.md)| Expand a relative path to its absolute path name |
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|[`_makepath`, `_wmakepath`](reference/makepath-wmakepath.md), [`_makepath_s`, `_wmakepath_s`](reference/makepath-s-wmakepath-s.md)| Merge path components into single, full path |
|[`fopen`, `_wfopen`](./reference/fopen-wfopen.md), [`fopen_s`, `_wfopen_s`](./reference/fopen-s-wfopen-s.md)| Opens a file and returns a pointer to the open file. |
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|[`_fsopen`, `_wfsopen`](./reference/fsopen-wfsopen.md)| Open a stream with file sharing and returns a pointer to the open file. |
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|[`_open`, `_wopen`](./reference/open-wopen.md)| Opens a file and returns a file descriptor to the opened file. |
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|[`_sopen`, `_wsopen`](./reference/sopen-wsopen.md), [`_sopen_s`, `_wsopen_s`](./reference/sopen-s-wsopen-s.md)| Open a file with file sharing and returns a file descriptor to the open file. |
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|[`_pipe`](./reference/pipe.md)| Creates a pipe for reading and writing. |
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|[`freopen`, `_wfreopen`](./reference/freopen-wfreopen.md), [`freopen_s`, `_wfreopen_s`](./reference/freopen-s-wfreopen-s.md)| Reassign a file pointer. |
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|[`fopen`, `_wfopen`](reference/fopen-wfopen.md), [`fopen_s`, `_wfopen_s`](reference/fopen-s-wfopen-s.md)| Opens a file and returns a pointer to the open file. |
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|[`_fsopen`, `_wfsopen`](reference/fsopen-wfsopen.md)| Open a stream with file sharing and returns a pointer to the open file. |
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|[`_open`, `_wopen`](reference/open-wopen.md)| Opens a file and returns a file descriptor to the opened file. |
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|[`_sopen`, `_wsopen`](reference/sopen-wsopen.md), [`_sopen_s`, `_wsopen_s`](reference/sopen-s-wsopen-s.md)| Open a file with file sharing and returns a file descriptor to the open file. |
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|[`_pipe`](reference/pipe.md)| Creates a pipe for reading and writing. |
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|[`freopen`, `_wfreopen`](reference/freopen-wfreopen.md), [`freopen_s`, `_wfreopen_s`](reference/freopen-s-wfreopen-s.md)| Reassign a file pointer. |
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These routines provide a way to change the representation of the file between a `FILE` structure, a file descriptor, and a Win32 file handle.
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| Routine | Use |
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|[`_fdopen`, `_wfdopen`](./reference/fdopen-wfdopen.md)| Associates a stream with a file that was previously opened for low-level I/O and returns a pointer to the open stream. |
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|[`_fileno`](./reference/fileno.md)| Gets the file descriptor associated with a stream. |
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|[`_get_osfhandle`](./reference/get-osfhandle.md)| Return operating-system file handle associated with existing C run-time file descriptor |
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|[`_open_osfhandle`](./reference/open-osfhandle.md)| Associates C run-time file descriptor with an existing operating-system file handle. |
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|[`_fdopen`, `_wfdopen`](reference/fdopen-wfdopen.md)| Associates a stream with a file that was previously opened for low-level I/O and returns a pointer to the open stream. |
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|[`_fileno`](reference/fileno.md)| Gets the file descriptor associated with a stream. |
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|[`_get_osfhandle`](reference/get-osfhandle.md)| Return operating-system file handle associated with existing C run-time file descriptor |
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|[`_open_osfhandle`](reference/open-osfhandle.md)| Associates C run-time file descriptor with an existing operating-system file handle. |
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The following Win32 functions also open files and pipes:
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## See also
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[Universal C runtime routines by category](./run-time-routines-by-category.md)\
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[Directory control](./directory-control.md)\
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[System calls](./system-calls.md)
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[Universal C runtime routines by category](run-time-routines-by-category.md)\
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