11---
2- description : " Learn more about: C++ Language Reference"
32title : " C++ Language Reference"
3+ description : " Learn more about: C++ Language Reference"
44ms.custom : " index-page"
5- ms.date : " 12/10/2019"
5+ ms.date : 12/10/2019
66helpviewer_keywords : ["C++, language reference"]
7- ms.assetid : 4be9cacb-c862-4391-894a-3a118c9c93ce
87---
98# C++ Language Reference
109
@@ -14,96 +13,95 @@ For an overview of Modern C++ programming practices, see [Welcome Back to C++](w
1413
1514See the following tables to quickly find a keyword or operator:
1615
17- - [ C++ Keywords] ( ../cpp/keywords-cpp.md )
18-
19- - [ C++ Operators] ( ../cpp/cpp-built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity.md )
16+ - [ C++ Keywords] ( keywords-cpp.md )
17+ - [ C++ Operators] ( cpp-built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity.md )
2018
2119## In This Section
2220
23- [ Lexical Conventions] ( ../cpp/ lexical-conventions.md) < br />
21+ [ Lexical Conventions] ( lexical-conventions.md ) \
2422Fundamental lexical elements of a C++ program: tokens, comments, operators, keywords, punctuators, literals. Also, file translation, operator precedence/associativity.
2523
26- [ Basic Concepts] ( ../cpp/ basic-concepts-cpp.md) < br />
24+ [ Basic Concepts] ( basic-concepts-cpp.md ) \
2725Scope, linkage, program startup and termination, storage classes, and types.
2826
29- [ Built-in types] ( fundamental-types-cpp.md )
27+ [ Built-in types] ( fundamental-types-cpp.md ) \
3028The fundamental types that are built into the C++ compiler and their value ranges.
3129
32- [ Standard Conversions] ( ../cpp/ standard-conversions.md) < br />
30+ [ Standard Conversions] ( standard-conversions.md ) \
3331Type conversions between built-in types. Also, arithmetic conversions and conversions among pointer, reference, and pointer-to-member types.
3432
35- [ Declarations and definitions] ( declarations-and-definitions-cpp.md )
33+ [ Declarations and definitions] ( declarations-and-definitions-cpp.md ) \
3634Declaring and defining variables, types and functions.
3735
38- [ Operators, Precedence and Associativity] ( ../ cpp/cpp -built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity.md) < br />
36+ [ Operators, Precedence and Associativity] ( cpp-built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity.md ) \
3937The operators in C++.
4038
41- [ Expressions] ( ../cpp/ expressions-cpp.md) < br />
39+ [ Expressions] ( expressions-cpp.md ) \
4240Types of expressions, semantics of expressions, reference topics on operators, casting and casting operators, run-time type information.
4341
44- [ Lambda Expressions] ( ../cpp/ lambda-expressions-in-cpp.md) < br />
42+ [ Lambda Expressions] ( lambda-expressions-in-cpp.md ) \
4543A programming technique that implicitly defines a function object class and constructs a function object of that class type.
4644
47- [ Statements] ( ../cpp/ statements-cpp.md) < br />
45+ [ Statements] ( statements-cpp.md ) \
4846Expression, null, compound, selection, iteration, jump, and declaration statements.
4947
50- [ Classes and structs] ( ../cpp/ classes-and-structs-cpp.md) < br />
48+ [ Classes and structs] ( classes-and-structs-cpp.md ) \
5149Introduction to classes, structures, and unions. Also, member functions, special member functions, data members, bit fields, ** ` this ` ** pointer, nested classes.
5250
53- [ Unions] ( unions.md ) < br />
51+ [ Unions] ( unions.md ) \
5452User-defined types in which all members share the same memory location.
5553
56- [ Derived Classes] ( ../cpp/ inheritance-cpp.md) < br />
54+ [ Derived Classes] ( inheritance-cpp.md ) \
5755Single and multiple inheritance, ** ` virtual ` ** functions, multiple base classes, ** abstract** classes, scope rules. Also, the ** ` __super ` ** and ** ` __interface ` ** keywords.
5856
59- [ Member-Access Control] ( ../cpp/ member-access-control-cpp.md) < br />
57+ [ Member-Access Control] ( member-access-control-cpp.md ) \
6058Controlling access to class members: ** ` public ` ** , ** ` private ` ** , and ** ` protected ` ** keywords. Friend functions and classes.
6159
62- [ Overloading] ( operator-overloading.md ) < br />
60+ [ Overloading] ( operator-overloading.md ) \
6361Overloaded operators, rules for operator overloading.
6462
65- [ Exception Handling] ( ../cpp/ exception-handling-in-visual-cpp.md) < br />
63+ [ Exception Handling] ( exception-handling-in-visual-cpp.md ) \
6664C++ exception handling, structured exception handling (SEH), keywords used in writing exception handling statements.
6765
68- [ Assertion and User-Supplied Messages] ( ../cpp/ assertion-and-user-supplied-messages-cpp.md) < br />
66+ [ Assertion and User-Supplied Messages] ( assertion-and-user-supplied-messages-cpp.md ) \
6967` #error ` directive, the ** ` static_assert ` ** keyword, the ` assert ` macro.
7068
71- [ Templates] ( ../cpp/ templates-cpp.md) < br />
69+ [ Templates] ( templates-cpp.md ) \
7270Template specifications, function templates, class templates, ** ` typename ` ** keyword, templates vs. macros, templates and smart pointers.
7371
74- [ Event Handling] ( ../cpp/ event-handling.md) < br />
72+ [ Event Handling] ( event-handling.md ) \
7573Declaring events and event handlers.
7674
77- [ Microsoft-Specific Modifiers] ( ../cpp/ microsoft-specific-modifiers.md) < br />
75+ [ Microsoft-Specific Modifiers] ( microsoft-specific-modifiers.md ) \
7876Modifiers specific to Microsoft C++. Memory addressing, calling conventions, ** ` naked ` ** functions, extended storage-class attributes (** ` __declspec ` ** ), ** ` __w64 ` ** .
7977
80- [ Inline Assembler] ( ../assembler/inline/inline-assembler.md ) < br />
78+ [ Inline Assembler] ( ../assembler/inline/inline-assembler.md ) \
8179Using assembly language and C++ in ** ` __asm ` ** blocks.
8280
83- [ Compiler COM Support] ( ../cpp/ compiler-com-support.md) < br />
81+ [ Compiler COM Support] ( compiler-com-support.md ) \
8482A reference to Microsoft-specific classes and global functions used to support COM types.
8583
86- [ Microsoft Extensions] ( ../cpp/ microsoft-extensions.md) < br />
84+ [ Microsoft Extensions] ( microsoft-extensions.md ) \
8785Microsoft extensions to C++.
8886
89- [ Nonstandard Behavior] ( ../cpp/ nonstandard-behavior.md) < br />
87+ [ Nonstandard Behavior] ( nonstandard-behavior.md ) \
9088Information about nonstandard behavior of the Microsoft C++ compiler.
9189
92- [ Welcome Back to C++] ( welcome-back-to-cpp-modern-cpp.md ) < br />
90+ [ Welcome Back to C++] ( welcome-back-to-cpp-modern-cpp.md ) \
9391An overview of modern C++ programming practices for writing safe, correct and efficient programs.
9492
9593## Related Sections
9694
97- [ Component Extensions for Runtime Platforms] ( ../extensions/component-extensions-for-runtime-platforms.md ) < br />
95+ [ Component Extensions for Runtime Platforms] ( ../extensions/component-extensions-for-runtime-platforms.md ) \
9896Reference material on using the Microsoft C++ compiler to target .NET.
9997
100- [ C/C++ Building Reference] ( ../build/reference/c-cpp-building-reference.md ) < br />
98+ [ C/C++ Building Reference] ( ../build/reference/c-cpp-building-reference.md ) \
10199Compiler options, linker options, and other build tools.
102100
103- [ C/C++ Preprocessor Reference] ( ../preprocessor/c-cpp-preprocessor-reference.md ) < br />
101+ [ C/C++ Preprocessor Reference] ( ../preprocessor/c-cpp-preprocessor-reference.md ) \
104102Reference material on pragmas, preprocessor directives, predefined macros, and the preprocessor.
105103
106- [ Visual C++ Libraries] ( ../standard-library/cpp-standard-library-reference.md ) < br />
104+ [ Visual C++ Libraries] ( ../standard-library/cpp-standard-library-reference.md ) \
107105A list of links to the reference start pages for the various Microsoft C++ libraries.
108106
109107## See also
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