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docs/c-runtime-library/reference/floating-point-primitives.md

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---
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description: "Learn more about: Floating-point primitives"
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title: "Floating-point primitives"
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ms.date: "4/2/2020"
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description: "Learn more about: Floating-point primitives"
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ms.date: 4/2/2020
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api_name: ["_dclass", "_ldclass", "_fdclass", "_dsign", "_ldsign", "_fdsign", "_dpcomp", "_ldpcomp", "_fdpcomp", "_dtest", "_ldtest", "_fdtest", "_d_int", "_ld_int", "_fd_int", "_dscale", "_ldscale", "_fdscale", "_dunscale", "_ldunscale", "_fdunscale", "_dexp", "_ldexp", "_fdexp", "_dnorm", "_fdnorm", "_dpoly", "_ldpoly", "_fdpoly", "_dlog", "_ldlog", "_fdlog", "_dsin", "_ldsin", "_fdsin", "_o__d_int", "_o__dclass", "_o__dlog", "_o__dnorm", "_o__dpcomp", "_o__dpoly", "_o__dscale", "_o__dsign", "_o__dsin", "_o__dtest", "_o__dunscale", "_o__fd_int", "_o__fdclass", "_o__fdexp", "_o__fdlog", "_o__fdpcomp", "_o__fdpoly", "_o__fdscale", "_o__fdsign", "_o__fdsin", "_o__ld_int", "_o__ldclass", "_o__ldexp", "_o__ldlog", "_o__ldpcomp", "_o__ldpoly", "_o__ldscale", "_o__ldsign", "_o__ldsin", "_o__ldtest", "_o__ldunscale"]
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api_location: ["msvcrt.dll", "msvcr80.dll", "msvcr90.dll", "msvcr100.dll", "msvcr100_clr0400.dll", "msvcr110.dll", "msvcr110_clr0400.dll", "msvcr120.dll", "msvcr120_clr0400.dll", "ucrtbase.dll", "api-ms-win-crt-math-l1-1-0.dll"]
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api_type: ["DLLExport"]
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### Remarks
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These floating-point primitives implement the C versions of the CRT macro [`fpclassify`](fpclassify.md) for floating-point types. The classification of the argument *`x`* is returned as one of these constants, defined in math.h:
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These floating-point primitives implement the C versions of the CRT macro [`fpclassify`](fpclassify.md) for floating-point types. The classification of the argument *`x`* is returned as one of these constants, defined in `math.h`:
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| Value | Description |
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|---|---|
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These floating-point primitives implement the [`signbit`](signbit.md) macro or function in the CRT. They return a non-zero value if the sign bit is set in the significand (mantissa) of the argument *`x`*. Otherwise, they return 0 if the sign bit isn't set.
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## _dpcomp, _ldpcomp, _fdpcomp
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## `_dpcomp`, `_ldpcomp`, `_fdpcomp`
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### Syntax
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### Remarks
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These floating-point primitives take two arguments, *`x`* and *`y`*, and return a value that shows their ordering relationship, expressed as the bitwise or of these constants, defined in math.h:
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These floating-point primitives take two arguments, *`x`* and *`y`*, and return a value that shows their ordering relationship, expressed as the bitwise or of these constants, defined in `math.h`:
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| Value | Description |
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|------------|-----------------|
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These primitives implement the [`isgreater`, `isgreaterequal`, `isless`, `islessequal`, `islessgreater`, and `isunordered`](floating-point-ordering.md) macros and functions in the CRT.
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## _dtest, _ldtest, _fdtest
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## `_dtest`, `_ldtest`, `_fdtest`
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### Syntax
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### Remarks
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These floating-point primitives implement the C++ versions of the CRT function [`fpclassify`](fpclassify.md) for floating-point types. The argument *`x`* is evaluated and the classification is returned as one of these constants, defined in math.h:
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These floating-point primitives implement the C++ versions of the CRT function [`fpclassify`](fpclassify.md) for floating-point types. The argument *`x`* is evaluated and the classification is returned as one of these constants, defined in `math.h`:
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| Value | Description |
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For more detail, you can use the Microsoft-specific [`_fpclass`, `_fpclassf`](fpclass-fpclassf.md) functions. Use the [`fpclassify`](fpclassify.md) function for portability.
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## _d_int, _ld_int, _fd_int
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## `_d_int`, `_ld_int`, `_fd_int`
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### Syntax
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These floating-point primitives take a pointer to a floating-point value *`px`* and an exponent value *`exp`*, and remove the fractional part of the floating-point value below the given exponent, if possible. The value returned is the result of `fpclassify` on the input value in *`px`* if it's a NaN or infinity, and on the output value in *`px`* otherwise.
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## _dscale, _ldscale, _fdscale
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## `_dscale`, `_ldscale`, `_fdscale`
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### Syntax
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These floating-point primitives take a pointer to a floating-point value *`px`* and an exponent value *`exp`*, and scale the value in *`px`* by 2<sup>*`exp`*</sup>, if possible. The value returned is the result of `fpclassify` on the input value in *`px`* if it's a NaN or infinity, and on the output value in *`px`* otherwise. For portability, prefer the [`ldexp`, `ldexpf`, `ldexpl`](ldexp.md) functions.
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## _dunscale, _ldunscale, _fdunscale
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## `_dunscale`, `_ldunscale`, `_fdunscale`
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### Syntax
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These floating-point primitives break down the floating-point value pointed at by *`px`* into a significand (mantissa) and an exponent, if possible. The significand is scaled such that the absolute value is greater than or equal to 0.5 and less than 1.0. The exponent is the value *`n`*, where the original floating-point value is equal to the scaled significand times 2<sup>n</sup>. This integer exponent *`n`* is stored at the location pointed to by *`pexp`*. The value returned is the result of `fpclassify` on the input value in *`px`* if it's a NaN or infinity, and on the output value otherwise. For portability, prefer the [`frexp`, `frexpf`, `frexpl`](frexp.md) functions.
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## _dexp, _ldexp, _fdexp
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## `_dexp`, `_ldexp`, `_fdexp`
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### Syntax
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These floating-point primitives construct a floating-point value in the location pointed at by *`px`* equal to *`y`* * 2<sup>exp</sup>. The value returned is the result of `fpclassify` on the input value in *`y`* if it's a NaN or infinity, and on the output value in *`px`* otherwise. For portability, prefer the [`ldexp`, `ldexpf`, `ldexpl`](ldexp.md) functions.
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## _dnorm, _fdnorm
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## `_dnorm`, `_fdnorm`
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### Syntax
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### Remarks
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These floating-point primitives normalize the fractional part of an underflowed floating-point value and adjust the *characteristic*, or biased exponent, to match. The value is passed as the bitwise representation of the floating-point type converted to an array of **`unsigned short`** through the `_double_val`, `_ldouble_val`, or `_float_val` type-punning union declared in math.h. The return value is the result of `fpclassify` on the input floating-point value if it's a NaN or infinity, and on the output value otherwise.
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These floating-point primitives normalize the fractional part of an underflowed floating-point value and adjust the *characteristic*, or biased exponent, to match. The value is passed as the bitwise representation of the floating-point type converted to an array of **`unsigned short`** through the `_double_val`, `_ldouble_val`, or `_float_val` type-punning union declared in `math.h`. The return value is the result of `fpclassify` on the input floating-point value if it's a NaN or infinity, and on the output value otherwise.
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## _dpoly, _ldpoly, _fdpoly
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## `_dpoly`, `_ldpoly`, `_fdpoly`
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### Syntax
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```C
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double __cdecl _dpoly(double x, double const* table, int n);
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long double __cdecl _ldpoly(long double x, long double const* table, int n);
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float __cdecl _fdpoly(float x, _float const* table, int n);
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float __cdecl _fdpoly(float x, float const* table, int n);
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```
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### Parameters
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These floating-point primitives return the evaluation of *`x`* in the polynomial of order *`n`* whose coefficients are represented by the corresponding constant values in *`table`*. For example, if *`table[0]`* = 3.0, *`table[1]`* = 4.0, *`table[2]`* = 5.0, and *`n`* = 2, it represents the polynomial 5.0x<sup>2</sup> + 4.0x + 3.0. If this polynomial is evaluated for *`x`* of 2.0, the result is 31.0. These functions aren't used internally.
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## _dlog, _dlog, _dlog
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## `_dlog`, `_ldlog`, `_fdlog`
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### Syntax
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These floating-point primitives return the natural log of *`x`* (ln(x) or log<sub>*e*</sub>(x)), when *`base_flag`* is 0. They return the log base 10 of *`x`*, or log<sub>10</sub>(x), when *`base_flag`* is non-zero. These functions aren't used internally. For portability, prefer the functions [`log`, `logf`, `logl`, `log10`, `log10f`, and `log10l`](log-logf-log10-log10f.md).
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## _dsin, _ldsin, _fdsin
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## `_dsin`, `_ldsin`, `_fdsin`
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## Requirements
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Header: \<math.h>
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Header: `<math.h>`
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For more compatibility information, see [Compatibility](../compatibility.md).
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docs/code-quality/using-the-cpp-core-guidelines-checkers.md

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## <a name="vs2015_corecheck"></a> Use the C++ Core Check guidelines in Visual Studio 2015 projects
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If you use Visual Studio 2015, the C++ Core Check code analysis rule sets aren't installed by default. Other steps are needed before you can enable the C++ Core Check code analysis tools in Visual Studio 2015. Microsoft provides support for Visual Studio 2015 projects by using a NuGet package. The package is named Microsoft.CppCoreCheck, and it's available at [http://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.CppCoreCheck](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.CppCoreCheck). This package requires you have at least Visual Studio 2015 with Update 1 installed.
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If you use Visual Studio 2015, the C++ Core Check code analysis rule sets aren't installed by default. Other steps are needed before you can enable the C++ Core Check code analysis tools in Visual Studio 2015. Microsoft provides support for Visual Studio 2015 projects by using a NuGet package. The package is named Microsoft.CppCoreCheck, and it's available at [https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.CppCoreCheck](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.CppCoreCheck). This package requires you have at least Visual Studio 2015 with Update 1 installed.
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The package also installs another package as a dependency, the header-only Guideline Support Library (GSL). The GSL is also available on GitHub at [https://github.com/Microsoft/GSL](https://github.com/Microsoft/GSL).
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docs/error-messages/compiler-errors-2/compiler-error-c3066.md

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In Visual Studio 2015, the compiler erroneously treated copy-list-initialization in the same way as regular copy-initialization; it considered only converting constructors for overload resolution. In the following example, Visual Studio 2015 chooses MyInt(23) but Visual Studio 2017 correctly raises the error.
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// From https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/cwg_closed.html#1228
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docs/overview/cpp-conformance-improvements-2017.md

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In Visual Studio 2015, the compiler erroneously treated copy-list-initialization in the same way as regular copy-initialization: it considered only converting constructors for overload resolution. In the following example, Visual Studio 2015 chooses `MyInt(23)`. Visual Studio 2017 correctly raises the error.
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docs/overview/what-s-new-for-visual-cpp-in-visual-studio.md

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A partial list of new features in 17.2:
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- Added IntelliSense support for C++23 features [deducing `this`](https://wg21.link/p0847) and [`if consteval`](https://wg21.link/p1938).
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docs/sanitizers/asan.md

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To build from the IDE, opt out of any [incompatible options](./asan-known-issues.md#incompatible-options). For an existing project compiled by using **`/Od`** (or Debug mode), you may need to turn off these options:
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- Turn off [edit and continue](/visualstudio/debugger/how-to-enable-and-disable-edit-and-continue)
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- Turn off [`/ZI` (Debug Information Format)](../build/reference/z7-zi-zi-debug-information-format.md)
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- Turn off [`/INCREMENTAL` (incremental linking)](../build/reference/incremental-link-incrementally.md)
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