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- content: "It's an apparatus for measuring quantum electrical impulses in laboratories."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "A qubit or quantum bit is the basic unit of information in a quantum computer. It's the quantum analog of the classical bit."
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- content: "It's the quantum analog of the classical bit. A qubit can take the value `0`, `1`, and a superposition of both `0` and `1`."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: 'The word *qubit* comes from quantum bit. A bit is a binary quantity that can take a value of `0` or `1`. A qubit can take a value of `0`, `1`, or a superposition of both `0` and `1`.'
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- content: "It's a quantum state of two entangled particles."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "A qubit is a single particle, which can be in a superposition of two states, `0` and 1. Entanglement isn't required for a qubit."
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- content: 'Which of the following sentences best describes the Azure Quantum service?'
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choices:
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- content: 'Azure Quantum is a cloud service that allows you to simulate quantum systems using accelerated classical supercomputers.'
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: 'With Azure Quantum you can run quantum algorithms on real quantum hardware, not on classical supercomputers.'
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- content: 'Azure Quantum is a cloud service that allows you to write and run quantum algorithms on real quantum hardware.'
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: 'Azure Quantum provides tools and services to help you develop and run quantum programs on real quantum hardware.'
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- content: 'Azure Quantum is a series of workshops and training courses that teach you how to program quantum computers.'
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "Although you can learn quantum computing while using Azure Quantum, Azure Quantum isn't a workshop but a cloud service."
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- content: "What advantages does a quantum programming language like Q# offer?"
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choices:
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- content: 'It allows you to develop programs that create qubits in the laboratory, and specify their characteristics and architecture.'
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "A programming language doesn't create real qubits in the laboratory. It allows you to develop programs that run on a quantum computer."
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- content: "None, because quantum programming languages are still in the research phase and aren't yet available for commercial use."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "Q# is a quantum programming language that's available for commercial use. It allows you to develop programs that run on a quantum computer."
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- content: "It allows quantum algorithms to be performed without the need to express them in the form of circuits, and integrates classical and quantum computing."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "In the long term, we want to build algorithms and run them on universal quantum computers. Q# is designed to overcome circuits, respects the laws of physics, and integrates classical and quantum computing."
- content: "It's an apparatus for measuring quantum electrical impulses in laboratories."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "A qubit or quantum bit is the basic unit of information in a quantum computer. It's the quantum analog of the classical bit."
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- content: "It's the quantum analog of the classical bit. A qubit can take the value `0`, `1`, and a superposition of both `0` and `1`."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: 'The word *qubit* comes from quantum bit. A bit is a binary quantity that can take a value of `0` or `1`. A qubit can take a value of `0`, `1`, or a superposition of both `0` and `1`.'
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- content: "It's a quantum state of two entangled particles."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "A qubit is a single particle, which can be in a superposition of two states, `0` and 1. Entanglement isn't required for a qubit."
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- content: 'Which of the following sentences best describes the Azure Quantum service?'
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choices:
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- content: 'Azure Quantum is a cloud service that allows you to simulate quantum systems using accelerated classical supercomputers.'
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: 'With Azure Quantum you can run quantum algorithms on real quantum hardware, not on classical supercomputers.'
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- content: 'Azure Quantum is a cloud service that allows you to write and run quantum algorithms on real quantum hardware.'
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: 'Azure Quantum provides tools and services to help you develop and run quantum programs on real quantum hardware.'
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- content: 'Azure Quantum is a series of workshops and training courses that teach you how to program quantum computers.'
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "Although you can learn quantum computing while using Azure Quantum, Azure Quantum isn't a workshop but a cloud service."
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- content: "What advantages does a quantum programming language like Q# offer?"
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choices:
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- content: 'It allows you to develop programs that create qubits in the laboratory, and specify their characteristics and architecture.'
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "A programming language doesn't create real qubits in the laboratory. It allows you to develop programs that run on a quantum computer."
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- content: "None, because quantum programming languages are still in the research phase and aren't yet available for commercial use."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "Q# is a quantum programming language that's available for commercial use. It allows you to develop programs that run on a quantum computer."
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- content: "It allows quantum algorithms to be performed without the need to express them in the form of circuits, and integrates classical and quantum computing."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "In the long term, we want to build algorithms and run them on universal quantum computers. Q# is designed to overcome circuits, respects the laws of physics, and integrates classical and quantum computing."
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Quantum computers work fundamentally differently from classical computers. They can offer solutions when classical computers run into limitations. But why is that? What makes quantum computing so special? And how can you run quantum algorithms on real quantum computers from your own home?
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Quantum computers work in a fundamentally different way from classical computers. They can offer solutions when classical computers run into limitations. But why is that? What makes quantum computing so special? And how can you run quantum algorithms on real quantum computers from your own home?
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[Azure Quantum](https://azure.microsoft.com/products/quantum/) is an open ecosystem to build quantum computing solutions. It offers the flexibility to use your preferred development tools with support for Qiskit and Q#. Learn how you can use the familiar and trusted Azure platform to develop quantum algorithms and run them on real hardware from multiple providers.
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@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ There are many ways to understand why quantum systems are hard to simulate. The
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### Quantum computing grows exponentially
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Consider a system of quantum particles, for example electrons. There are $40$ possible positions or locations for the electrons. The system therefore might be in any of $2^{40}$ configurations, since each location can either have or not have an electron. To store the quantum state of the electrons in a conventional computer memory would require in excess of $130$ GB of memory! If the electrons were allowed to one extra location, so that they could be in any of $41$ positions, there would be twice as many configurations at $2^{41}$, which in turn would require more than $260$ GB of memory to store the quantum state.
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Consider a system of quantum particles, for example electrons. There are $40$ possible positions or locations for the electrons. The system therefore might be in any of $2^{40}$ configurations, since each location can either have or not have an electron. Storing the quantum state of the electrons in a conventional computer memory would require in excess of $130$ GB of memory! If the electrons were allowed in one extra location, so that they could be in any of $41$ positions, there would be twice as many configurations at $2^{41}$. That system would require more than $260$ GB of memory to store the quantum state.
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This game of increasing the number of locations can't be played indefinitely. If you want to store the state conventionally, you would quickly exceed the memory capacities of the world's most powerful machines. At a few hundred electrons, the memory required to store the system exceeds the number of particles in the universe; thus there's no hope with our conventional computers to ever simulate their quantum dynamics.
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In 1985, David Deutsch showed that a quantum computer could efficiently simulate the behavior of any physical system. This discovery was the first indication that quantum computers could be used to solve problems that are intractable on classical computers.
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In 1994, Peter Shor discovered a quantum algorithm for factoring integers that runs exponentially faster than the best known classical algorithm. Solving factoring makes possible the ability to break many of our public key cryptosystems underlying the security of e-commerce today, including RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography. This discovery sparked a huge interest in quantum computing and led to the development of quantum algorithms for many other problems.
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In 1994, Peter Shor discovered a quantum algorithm for factoring integers that runs exponentially faster than the best known classical algorithm. Solving factoring makes possible the ability to break many of our public key cryptosystems underlying the security of e-commerce today, including Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography. This discovery sparked a huge interest in quantum computing and led to the development of quantum algorithms for many other problems.
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Since that time, fast and efficient quantum computer algorithms were developed for many of our hard classical tasks: simulating physical systems in chemistry, physics, and materials science, searching an unordered database, solving systems of linear equations, and machine learning.
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## How to build a quantum computer
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A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena. Quantum computers use quantum states of matter to store and compute information. They can "program" quantum interference to do things faster or better than classical computers.
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A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena. Quantum computers use quantum states of matter to store and compute information. They can "program" quantum interference to do things faster or better than classical computers.
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When building a quantum computer, we need to think about how to create the qubits and how to store them. We also need to think about how to manipulate them and how to read the results of our computations.
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1.**Scalable:** It can have many qubits.
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1.**Initializable:** It can set the qubits to a specific state (usually the $0$ state).
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1.**Resilient:** It can keep the qubits in superposition state for a long time.
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1.**Universal:** A quantum computer doesn't need to perform every possible operation, only a set of operations called *universal set*. A set of universal quantum operations is such that any other operation can be decomposed into a sequence of them.
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1.**Universal:** A quantum computer doesn't need to perform every possible operation, only a set of operations called the *universal set*. A set of universal quantum operations is such that any other operation can be decomposed into a sequence of them.
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1.**Reliable:** It can measure the qubits accurately.
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These five criteria are often known as the Di Vincenzo criteria for quantum computation.
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## Quantum programming with the Azure Quantum Development Kit
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Quantum programming is a distinct art from classical programming that requires different tools to understand and express quantum algorithmic thinking. The Azure Quantum Development Kit (QDK) is a **free**, open-source software development kit that you can use to write quantum programs.
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Quantum programming is a distinct art from classical programming that requires different tools to understand and express quantum algorithmic thinking. The Azure Quantum Development Kit (QDK) is a **free** open-source software development kit that you can use to write quantum programs.
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The QDK includes Q#, a high-level **quantum programming language**. Q# is designed to address the challenges of quantum information processing.
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Azure Quantum Credits consumption is based on a resource-usage model defined by each quantum provider and cost of use is deducted from your credits.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Note that Azure credits and Azure Quantum credits are different grants and shouldn't be confused. When you create a [free trial Azure account](https://azure.microsoft.com/free/), you get USD200 free Azure Credits to use on Azure services. Azure credits aren't eligible to use on quantum hardware providers.
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> Azure credits and Azure Quantum credits are different grants and shouldn't be confused. When you create a [free trial Azure account](https://azure.microsoft.com/free/), you get USD200 free Azure Credits to use on Azure services. Azure credits aren't eligible to use on quantum hardware providers.
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## If I'm not a quantum expert, can I still use Azure Quantum?
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If you want to learn by doing, try the [Quantum Katas,](https://quantum.microsoft.com/experience/quantum-katas) a series of self-paced tutorials that teach you elements of quantum computing and Q# programming. You can also explore [the Q# quantum samples](https://github.com/microsoft/Quantum/tree/main/samples/azure-quantum).
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You can also learn from experts and enthusiasts through blogs, articles and videos. And you can try out some Q# code samples in the online code editor.
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You can also learn from experts and enthusiasts through blogs, articles, and videos. And you can try out some Q# code samples in the online code editor.
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