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If you want to pass a Japanese proficiency test, like the JLPT, this guide isn't targeted at you. You will likely be fine if you use it, because achieving Japanese proficiency is all that is needed to pass such tests, but it will likely betray your expectations in the short term. The topics in this guide are not sorted by JLPT difficulty and if your goal is to pass early levels in a short amount of time, you might be better off using JLPT-specific resources instead.
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Not even the best linguists in the entire world can explain simple ideas like "gonna" with any less than an impenetrable book-length essay. That's not a matter of philosophy, it's a matter of explaining what things really mean, or how they work. Simple incomplete explanations are good, but have holes in them. This guide tries to walk the line and warn you about things it can't explain, but it's really hard. As a reader, you are expected to be flexible and take things written here at "face value." Understand that this is **how** Japanese works, and that asking **why** is often not going to lead you anywhere.
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Not even the best linguists in the entire world can explain simple ideas like "gonna" with any less than an impenetrable book-length essay. That's not a matter of philosophy, it's a matter of explaining what things really mean, or how they work. Simple incomplete explanations are good, but have holes in them. This guide tries to walk the line and warn you about things it can't explain, but it's really hard. As a reader, you are expected to be flexible and take things written here at "face value". Understand that this is **how** Japanese works, and that asking **why** is often not going to lead you anywhere.
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This grammar guide does its best to give you some basic exposure to Japanese grammar. It can't **teach** you it. It can only introduce you to it. Your job is to turn that exposure into acquisition. The exposure is just a foot in the door.
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# The anatomy of Japanese sentences
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When you approach the study of a new language, especially one like Japanese that does not use spaces to show word boundaries, your biggest source of confusion is going to be how to correctly separate the different parts of each sentence to more easily digest and understand them. We call this activity "parsing."
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When you approach the study of a new language, especially one like Japanese that does not use spaces to show word boundaries, your biggest source of confusion is going to be how to correctly separate the different parts of each sentence to more easily digest and understand them. We call this activity "parsing".
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No matter what, if you cannot "parse" a sentence, you will not understand its meaning. If you do not understand its meaning, you cannot acquire the language used in it. This lesson will give you a very brief and quick rundown of what to expect to achieve basic "parsing" abilities.
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It may seem weird at first, but you will get used to this "backwards" structure in no time as you get exposed to more and more language. Also, plenty of exceptions exist, this order is not a rule but a general recommendation.
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Japanese has two general formations. Almost every sentence will be in the shape of "A is B" or "A does B." Or, following Japanese order, "A B is" and "A B does." We will see in the next lesson how to make "A B is" type sentences, and later we will learn "A B does" ones too. Then, we will learn how to connect and chain them together.
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Japanese has two general formations. Almost every sentence will be in the shape of "A is B" or "A does B". Or, following Japanese order, "A B is" and "A B does". We will see in the next lesson how to make "A B is" type sentences, and later we will learn "A B does" ones too. Then, we will learn how to connect and chain them together.
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Another specific aspect of Japanese is that it is a pro-drop language. What this means is that anything that can be implied or understood from the context can be omitted. For example, if it is obvious who the subject is, we don't need to state it again. "Apple eat" is a completely fine sentence, as long as we know the subject it refers to is "I."
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Another specific aspect of Japanese is that it is a pro-drop language. What this means is that anything that can be implied or understood from the context can be omitted. For example, if it is obvious who the subject is, we don't need to state it again. "Apple eat" is a completely fine sentence, as long as we know the subject it refers to is "I".
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This is because Japanese is a "topic" driven language. Most Japanese conversations begin by setting the stage of what is being talked about, and then add more details with every new statement that relates back to the topic. When the focus shifts, we change the topic by raising a new one. Being able to identify and keep track of how the topic changes is fundamental to get a good "parse" on a sentence.
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# State of being with だ and です
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Let's start from sentences in the shape of "A is B." Japanese has two basic "is" words. The grammar term for such words is "copula." Copulas have a dedicated term because they're special verb-like things.
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Let's start from sentences in the shape of "A is B". Japanese has two basic "is" words. The grammar term for such words is "copula". Copulas have a dedicated term because they're special verb-like things.
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The two copulas in Japanese are だ and です. です is more polite than だ. Despite both being copulas, their usage can be flexible and sometimes optional; you can omit them entirely while still implying an "A is B" type of relationship in your sentences. Especially だ is usually omitted at the end of conversational sentences in modern Japanese.
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The difference between だ and です is generally a matter of politeness and formality. One thing that is important to remember is that while です is the polite version of だ, the two aren't always interchangeable and have a lot of different uses. You cannot always freely replace だ for です (or vice-versa). You will learn some of those uses in later lessons.
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Later you will also see です get used in places where English wouldn't allow "is." This is because it can even act just like a filler word with no added meaning.
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Later you will also see です get used in places where English wouldn't allow "is". This is because it can even act just like a filler word with no added meaning.
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To state that something is *not*, we turn the だ into ではない and です into ではありません. In speech the では gets slurred into じゃ so じゃない and じゃありません are more common. We will look at what this では does in a later lesson. There exists an alternative to ではありません which is just adding です after ではない/じゃない, the meaning is the same.
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It is not a book (polite)
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</pre>
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Japanese has two basic tenses: the plain tense and the past tense. Since dictionaries list verbs by their plain tense, it's also sometimes called the "dictionary form." In this context, "form" and "tense" are interchangeable.
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Japanese has two basic tenses: the plain tense and the past tense. Since dictionaries list verbs by their plain tense, it's also sometimes called the "dictionary form". In this context, "form" and "tense" are interchangeable.
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The past form of だ is だった. The past form of です is でした.
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In Japanese, ordinary statements about the future use the plain form most of the time. This is where the name "non-past" comes from.
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Sometimes the past tense can also be used for things that are already completed like "has become," even if they're hypothetical and haven't happened yet. You might also hear it called "completed tense" or "completed form."
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Sometimes the past tense can also be used for things that are already completed like "has become", even if they're hypothetical and haven't happened yet. You might also hear it called "completed tense" or "completed form".
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| 赤くな<b>い</b> | 赤くな<b>くて</b> |
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| 食べな<b>い</b> | 食べな<b>くて</b> |
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We saw "A is B" and "A does B" type of sentences. With the introduction of the て form we will see our first example of "A does B, and then D does C" type of sentences. At the very basic syntax level, AてB means "A happens, and then B." It can mark either a temporal sequence, or a cause \-\> consequence relationship. It allows us to make longer sentences with multiple verbs in sequence. Note that the subject on both sides does not have to be the same.
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We saw "A is B" and "A does B" type of sentences. With the introduction of the て form we will see our first example of "A does B, and then D does C" type of sentences. At the very basic syntax level, AてB means "A happens, and then B". It can mark either a temporal sequence, or a cause \-\> consequence relationship. It allows us to make longer sentences with multiple verbs in sequence. Note that the subject on both sides does not have to be the same.
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I'll do you the favor of killing you
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</pre>
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In this example, the verb あげる attaches to the て form of 殺す. あげる has a few meanings, two of them being "to raise (something)" and "to give (something to someone)." Because it is used in this pattern, it assumes the meaning of "giving" the action 殺す to someone else. It can have the nuance of doing it as some kind of favor, sometimes ironically or sarcastically (as in the example above).
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In this example, the verb あげる attaches to the て form of 殺す. あげる has a few meanings, two of them being "to raise (something)" and "to give (something to someone)". Because it is used in this pattern, it assumes the meaning of "giving" the action 殺す to someone else. It can have the nuance of doing it as some kind of favor, sometimes ironically or sarcastically (as in the example above).
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In grammar, a "clause" is a phrase that contains a single statement. "It's already over" is a clause. The "I'm late" in "I'm sorry I'm late" is a clause. Compound sentences like "I'm late because the traffic was bad" contain multiple clauses.
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</div>
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Relative clauses are statements that are embedded inside other statements. If we take a structure like "A is B," a relative clause allows us to expand it as much as we want with something like "A is (B that is C)" and then "A is (B that is (C that does D))." In English, this may look unwieldy, but in Japanese it is very common.
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Relative clauses are statements that are embedded inside other statements. If we take a structure like "A is B", a relative clause allows us to expand it as much as we want with something like "A is (B that is C)" and then "A is (B that is (C that does D))". In English, this may look unwieldy, but in Japanese it is very common.
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In this lesson we're going to cover relative clauses that modify nouns. Relative clauses that modify nouns are things like "I used to live in" in the sentence "That is the house <ins>I used to live in</ins>."
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In this lesson we're going to cover relative clauses that modify nouns. Relative clauses that modify nouns are things like "I used to live in" in the sentence "That is the house <ins>I used to live in</ins>".
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To make a verb modify a noun directly, you just attach the verb right before the noun. This means that Japanese verbs can basically act like adjectives.
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# な-adjectives
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Now let's look at な-adjectives, named after the な that comes after them. な adjectives are simple words that look like nouns, but they can be used attributively to describe other nouns by connecting them with the な "particle."
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Now let's look at な-adjectives, named after the な that comes after them. な adjectives are simple words that look like nouns, but they can be used attributively to describe other nouns by connecting them with the な "particle".
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<pre>
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バカ<b>な</b>子供
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Beloved person
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</pre>
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Now that we learned what relative clauses are, it's good to learn that the term "attributively" basically means "as a relative clause."
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Now that we learned what relative clauses are, it's good to learn that the term "attributively" basically means "as a relative clause".
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At the end of sentences, な-adjectives can look like nouns, and just like nouns they can end sentences with だ
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Both ある and いる are verbs of existence, and when it comes to marking the location of existence, we usually use に instead of で.
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</div>
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Sometimes, when people want to state that they have/own something, they use ある or いる. They technically don't mean "to have," but it's an equivalent translation to how we use "have/possess" in English. It's just a wording difference.
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Sometimes, when people want to state that they have/own something, they use ある or いる. They technically don't mean "to have", but it's an equivalent translation to how we use "have/possess" in English. It's just a wording difference.
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<pre>
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デスクが<b>ある</b>
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いる conjugates as an ichidan verb.
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<divclass="warning">
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There is another いる verb: 要る which means "to need." The difference is that this verb conjugates as godan instead, so besides the plain form, you can easily distinguish the two from each other when they are conjugated.
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There is another いる verb: 要る which means "to need". The difference is that this verb conjugates as godan instead, so besides the plain form, you can easily distinguish the two from each other when they are conjugated.
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</div>
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ある conjugates as a godan verb, but its negative conjugation is irregular.
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者, pronounced しゃ here, is a suffix. It can act like a piece of a compound word, but can't stand on its own as its own word. When 者 appears on its own in a sentence, it's a different word, and not pronounced しゃ. *Thanks, kanji*.
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Some words can have multiple ways they can be read. 明日, meaning "tomorrow," is normally read as あした, but can also be read あす (formal, not rare) or みょうにち (even more formal, much more rare). Watch out for reading variation when you start reading, or you'll be super confused.
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Some words can have multiple ways they can be read. 明日, meaning "tomorrow", is normally read as あした, but can also be read あす (formal, not rare) or みょうにち (even more formal, much more rare). Watch out for reading variation when you start reading, or you'll be super confused.
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