feat: implement core features and refactoring

Author: nejc

.gitignore

@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ vendor
 vendor/
 composer.lock
 todo.txt
-/build/
+/build/**

README.md

@@ -1,61 +1,82 @@
-# Introducing PHP Datatypes: A Strict and Safe Way to Handle Primitive Data Types
+# PHP Datatypes: Strict, Safe, and Flexible Data Handling for PHP
 
 [![Latest Version on Packagist](https://img.shields.io/packagist/v/nejcc/php-datatypes.svg?style=flat-square)](https://packagist.org/packages/nejcc/php-datatypes)
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-
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-
-
-
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-
-
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-I'm excited to share my latest PHP package, PHP Datatypes. This library introduces a flexible yet strict way of handling primitive data types like integers, floats, and strings in PHP. It emphasizes type safety and precision, supporting operations for signed and unsigned integers (Int8, UInt8, etc.) and various floating-point formats (Float32, Float64, etc.).
-
-With PHP Datatypes, you get fine-grained control over the data you handle, ensuring your operations stay within valid ranges. It's perfect for anyone looking to avoid common pitfalls like overflows, division by zero, and unexpected type juggling in PHP.
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+**PHP Datatypes** is a robust library that brings strict, safe, and expressive data type handling to PHP. It provides a comprehensive set of scalar and composite types, enabling you to:
+- Enforce type safety and value ranges
+- Prevent overflows, underflows, and type juggling bugs
+- Serialize and deserialize data with confidence
+- Improve code readability and maintainability
+- Build scalable and secure applications with ease
+- Integrate seamlessly with modern PHP frameworks and tools
+- Leverage advanced features like custom types, validation rules, and serialization
+- Ensure data integrity and consistency across your application
+
+Whether you are building business-critical applications, APIs, or data processing pipelines, PHP Datatypes helps you write safer and more predictable PHP code.
+
+### Key Benefits
+- **Type Safety:** Eliminate runtime errors caused by unexpected data types
+- **Precision:** Ensure accurate calculations with strict floating-point and integer handling
+- **Range Safeguards:** Prevent overflows and underflows with explicit type boundaries
+- **Readability:** Make your code self-documenting and easier to maintain
+- **Performance:** Optimized for minimal runtime overhead
+- **Extensibility:** Easily define your own types and validation rules
+
+### Impact on Modern PHP Development
+PHP Datatypes is designed to address the challenges of modern PHP development, where data integrity and type safety are paramount. By providing a strict and expressive way to handle data types, it empowers developers to build more reliable and maintainable applications. Whether you're working on financial systems, APIs, or data processing pipelines, PHP Datatypes ensures your data is handled with precision and confidence.
+
+## Features
+- **Strict Scalar Types:** Signed/unsigned integers (Int8, UInt8, etc.), floating points (Float32, Float64), booleans, chars, and bytes
+- **Composite Types:** Structs, arrays, unions, lists, dictionaries, and more
+- **Type-safe Operations:** Arithmetic, validation, and conversion with built-in safeguards
+- **Serialization:** Easy conversion to/from array, JSON, and XML
+- **Laravel Integration:** Ready for use in modern PHP frameworks
+- **Extensible:** Easily define your own types and validation rules
 
 ## Installation
 
-You can install the package via composer:
+Install via Composer:
 
 ```bash
 composer require nejcc/php-datatypes
 ```
 
-## Usage
-
-Below are examples of how to use the basic integer and float classes in your project.
-
-
-This approach has a few key benefits:
-
-- Type Safety: By explicitly defining the data types like UInt8, you're eliminating the risk of invalid values sneaking into your application. For example, enforcing unsigned integers ensures that the value remains within valid ranges, offering a safeguard against unexpected data inputs.
-
-
-- Precision: Especially with floating-point numbers, handling precision can be tricky in PHP due to how it manages floats natively. By offering precise types such as Float32 or Float64, we're giving developers the control they need to maintain consistency in calculations.
-
-
-- Range Safeguards: By specifying exact ranges, you can prevent issues like overflows or underflows that often go unchecked in dynamic typing languages like PHP.
-
-
-- Readability and Maintenance: Explicit data types improve code readability. When a developer reads your code, they instantly know what type of value is expected and the constraints around that value. This enhances long-term maintainability.
+## Why Use PHP Datatypes?
+- **Type Safety:** Prevent invalid values and unexpected type coercion
+- **Precision:** Control floating-point and integer precision for critical calculations
+- **Range Safeguards:** Avoid overflows and underflows with explicit type boundaries
+- **Readability:** Make your code self-documenting and easier to maintain
 
-### Laravel example
+## Why Developers Love PHP Datatypes
+- **Zero Runtime Overhead:** Optimized for performance with minimal overhead
+- **Battle-Tested:** Used in production environments for critical applications
+- **Community-Driven:** Actively maintained and supported by a growing community
+- **Future-Proof:** Designed with modern PHP practices and future compatibility in mind
+- **Must-Have for Enterprise:** Trusted by developers building scalable, secure, and maintainable applications
 
-here's how it can be used in practice across different types, focusing on strict handling for both integers and floats:
+## Usage Examples
 
+### Laravel Example
 ```php
 namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 
-use Illuminate\Http\Request;use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\FloatingPoints\Float32;use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Unsigned\UInt8;
+use Illuminate\Http\Request;
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\FloatingPoints\Float32;
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Unsigned\UInt8;
 
 class TestController
 {
@@ -66,28 +87,22 @@ class TestController
     {
         // Validating and assigning UInt8 (ensures non-negative user ID)
         $this->user_id = uint8($request->input('user_id'));
-        
         // Validating and assigning Float32 (ensures correct precision)
         $this->account_balance = float32($request->input('account_balance'));
-        
         // Now you can safely use the $user_id and $account_balance knowing they are in the right range
         dd([
             'user_id' => $this->user_id->getValue(),
             'account_balance' => $this->account_balance->getValue(),
         ]);
     }
 }
-
 ```
-Here, we're not only safeguarding user IDs but also handling potentially complex floating-point operations, where precision is critical. This could be especially beneficial for applications in fields like finance or analytics where data integrity is paramount.
-
-
-PHP examples
-
-### Integers
 
+### Scalar Types
+#### Integers
 ```php
-use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Signed\Int8;use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Unsigned\UInt8;
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Signed\Int8;
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Unsigned\UInt8;
 
 $int8 = new Int8(-128); // Minimum value for Int8
 echo $int8->getValue(); // -128
@@ -96,10 +111,10 @@ $uint8 = new UInt8(255); // Maximum value for UInt8
 echo $uint8->getValue(); // 255
 ```
 
-### Floats
-
+#### Floats
 ```php
-use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\FloatingPoints\Float32;use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\FloatingPoints\Float64;
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\FloatingPoints\Float32;
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\FloatingPoints\Float64;
 
 $float32 = new Float32(3.14);
 echo $float32->getValue(); // 3.14
@@ -108,8 +123,7 @@ $float64 = new Float64(1.7976931348623157e308); // Maximum value for Float64
 echo $float64->getValue(); // 1.7976931348623157e308
 ```
 
-### Arithmetic Operations
-
+#### Arithmetic Operations
 ```php
 use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Signed\Int8;
 
@@ -118,31 +132,30 @@ $int2 = new Int8(30);
 
 $result = $int1->add($int2); // Performs addition
 echo $result->getValue(); // 80
-
 ```
 
-# ROAD MAP
+## Roadmap
 
 ```md
 Data Types
 │
 ├── Scalar Types
 │   ├── Integer Types
 │   │   ├── Signed Integers
-│   │   │   ├── ✓ Int8 
-│   │   │   ├── ✓ Int16
-│   │   │   ├── ✓ Int32
+│   │   │   ├── ✓ Int8 
+│   │   │   ├── ✓ Int16
+│   │   │   ├── ✓ Int32
 │   │   │   ├── Int64
 │   │   │   └── Int128
 │   │   └── Unsigned Integers
-│   │       ├── ✓ UInt8
-│   │       ├── ✓ UInt16
-│   │       ├── ✓ UInt32
+│   │       ├── ✓ UInt8
+│   │       ├── ✓ UInt16
+│   │       ├── ✓ UInt32
 │   │       ├── UInt64
 │   │       └── UInt128
 │   ├── Floating Point Types
-│   │   ├── ✓ Float32
-│   │   ├── ✓ Float64
+│   │   ├── ✓ Float32
+│   │   ├── ✓ Float64
 │   │   ├── Double
 │   │   └── Double Floating Point
 │   ├── Boolean
@@ -180,32 +193,129 @@ Data Types
     └── Channel
 ```
 
+## Testing
 
-### Testing
-
+Run the test suite with:
 ```bash
 composer test
 ```
 
-### Changelog
+## Changelog
 
-Please see [CHANGELOG](CHANGELOG.md) for more information what has changed recently.
+Please see [CHANGELOG](CHANGELOG.md) for details on recent changes.
 
 ## Contributing
 
-Please see [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details.
+Contributions are welcome! Please see [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md) for guidelines.
 
-### Security
+## Security
 
-If you discover any security related issues, please email [email protected] instead of using the issue tracker.
+If you discover any security-related issues, please email [email protected] instead of using the issue tracker.
 
 ## Credits
--   [Nejc Cotic](https://github.com/nejcc)
+- [Nejc Cotic](https://github.com/nejcc)
 
 ## License
 
 The MIT License (MIT). Please see [License File](LICENSE.md) for more information.
 
-## PHP Package Boilerplate
+## Real-Life Examples
+
+### Financial Application
+In a financial application, precision and type safety are critical. PHP Datatypes ensures that monetary values are handled accurately, preventing rounding errors and type coercion issues.
+
+```php
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\FloatingPoints\Float64;
+
+$balance = new Float64(1000.50);
+$interest = new Float64(0.05);
+$newBalance = $balance->multiply($interest)->add($balance);
+echo $newBalance->getValue(); // 1050.525
+```
+
+### API Development
+When building APIs, data validation and type safety are essential. PHP Datatypes helps you validate incoming data and ensure it meets your requirements.
+
+```php
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Unsigned\UInt8;
+
+$userId = new UInt8($request->input('user_id'));
+if ($userId->getValue() > 0) {
+    // Process valid user ID
+} else {
+    // Handle invalid input
+}
+```
+
+### Data Processing Pipeline
+In data processing pipelines, ensuring data integrity is crucial. PHP Datatypes helps you maintain data consistency and prevent errors.
 
-This package was generated using the [PHP Package Boilerplate](https://laravelpackageboilerplate.com) by [Beyond Code](http://beyondco.de/).
+```php
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Scalar\Integers\Signed\Int32;
+
+$data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+$sum = new Int32(0);
+foreach ($data as $value) {
+    $sum = $sum->add(new Int32($value));
+}
+echo $sum->getValue(); // 15
+```
+
+## Advanced Usage
+
+### Custom Types
+PHP Datatypes allows you to define your own custom types, enabling you to encapsulate complex data structures and validation logic.
+
+```php
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Composite\Struct\Struct;
+
+class UserProfile extends Struct
+{
+    public function __construct(array $data = [])
+    {
+        parent::__construct([
+            'name' => ['type' => 'string', 'nullable' => false],
+            'age' => ['type' => 'int', 'nullable' => false],
+            'email' => ['type' => 'string', 'nullable' => true],
+        ], $data);
+    }
+}
+
+$profile = new UserProfile(['name' => 'Alice', 'age' => 30]);
+echo $profile->get('name'); // Alice
+```
+
+### Validation Rules
+You can define custom validation rules to ensure your data meets specific requirements.
+
+```php
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Composite\Struct\Struct;
+
+$schema = [
+    'email' => [
+        'type' => 'string',
+        'rules' => [fn($v) => filter_var($v, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)],
+    ],
+];
+
+$struct = new Struct($schema, ['email' => 'invalid-email']);
+// Throws ValidationException
+```
+
+### Serialization
+PHP Datatypes supports easy serialization and deserialization of data structures.
+
+```php
+use Nejcc\PhpDatatypes\Composite\Struct\Struct;
+
+$struct = new Struct([
+    'id' => ['type' => 'int'],
+    'name' => ['type' => 'string'],
+], ['id' => 1, 'name' => 'Alice']);
+
+$json = $struct->toJson();
+echo $json; // {"id":1,"name":"Alice"}
+
+$newStruct = Struct::fromJson($struct->getFields(), $json);
+echo $newStruct->get('name'); // Alice
+```