+Metal AM processes show great promise in advancing manufacturing capabilities across a variety of industries. However, the quantification of uncertainty in the desired properties of AM parts is an ongoing challenge which spans many disciplines of engineering. A key driver in this challenge is the modeling of explicit sLoF defect geometries and their occurrence rates [@reddy_fatigue_2024;@berez_fatiguevariation_2022]. Experimental observations of sLoF show that these defects persist well into the previously determined optimal processing regime; their occurrence, however, is sparse [@miner_lof_2024]. The sparsity of the sLoF defects coupled with their impact on desirable properties necessitates a focused, collaborative modeling effort for the simulation, prediction, and mitigation of these defects to accelerate metal AM adoption throughout industry.
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