The first category contains models that seek to resolve all relevant physics within the melt pool. These models can produce excellent agreement with experiments and offer insights into the underlying causes of anomalous features during processing, but are generally expensive to run, limiting the scan length that can be simulated to a few millimeters with current computational resources. Due to their computational expense, these models are well-suited for use at specialized research institutions with large HPC infrastructure to answer target questions about melt pool scale physical phenomena. For example, ALE3D [@ALE3D] is a versatile multiphysics simulation tool that uses the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach and has been used for powder-resolved simulations of laser-material interactions in AM. However, ALE3D is a limited access code for use by United States Department of Defense/Energy laboratories and their contractors, while ALE3D4I is available for U.S. companies and academics through individual use agreements. Alternatively, FLOW-3D [@FLOW-3D] is a commercial CFD software known for its capabilities in simulating complex free-surface problems, and it has several specialized models for AM. However, FLOW-3D is proprietary, meaning its source code is not available for public inspection or modification, and users must purchase a license to use the software.
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