diff --git a/Chapter01/Student performance.ipynb b/Chapter01/Student performance.ipynb
index c2df08d..0d8a9bf 100644
--- a/Chapter01/Student performance.ipynb	
+++ b/Chapter01/Student performance.ipynb	
@@ -1,1253 +1,1303 @@
 {
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+  "cells": [
     {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "649"
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "view-in-github",
+        "colab_type": "text"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/ArogeG/Python-Artificial-Intelligence-Projects-for-Beginners/blob/Project-1/Chapter01/Student%20performance.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
       ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 1,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "# load dataset (student Portuguese scores)\n",
-    "import pandas as pd\n",
-    "d = pd.read_csv('student-por.csv', sep=';')\n",
-    "len(d)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+    },
     {
-     "data": {
-      "text/html": [
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-       "\n",
-       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
-       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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-       "</style>\n",
-       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
-       "  <thead>\n",
-       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
-       "      <th></th>\n",
-       "      <th>school</th>\n",
-       "      <th>sex</th>\n",
-       "      <th>age</th>\n",
-       "      <th>address</th>\n",
-       "      <th>famsize</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Pstatus</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Medu</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Fedu</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Mjob</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Fjob</th>\n",
-       "      <th>...</th>\n",
-       "      <th>internet</th>\n",
-       "      <th>romantic</th>\n",
-       "      <th>famrel</th>\n",
-       "      <th>freetime</th>\n",
-       "      <th>goout</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Dalc</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Walc</th>\n",
-       "      <th>health</th>\n",
-       "      <th>absences</th>\n",
-       "      <th>pass</th>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </thead>\n",
-       "  <tbody>\n",
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-       "      <td>...</td>\n",
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-       "      <th>1</th>\n",
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-       "      <td>T</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>at_home</td>\n",
-       "      <td>other</td>\n",
-       "      <td>...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>yes</td>\n",
-       "      <td>no</td>\n",
-       "      <td>5</td>\n",
-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
-       "      <td>2</td>\n",
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-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>2</th>\n",
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-       "      <td>U</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>T</td>\n",
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-       "      <th>3</th>\n",
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-       "      <td>health</td>\n",
-       "      <td>services</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </tbody>\n",
-       "</table>\n",
-       "<p>5 rows × 31 columns</p>\n",
-       "</div>"
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "5Kj92scfZ3ue",
+        "outputId": "55729bd4-e54a-44e4-ea59-4bb479e6d675"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "649"
+            ]
+          },
+          "execution_count": 1,
+          "metadata": {},
+          "output_type": "execute_result"
+        }
       ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "  school sex  age address famsize Pstatus  Medu  Fedu     Mjob      Fjob ...   \\\n",
-       "0     GP   F   18       U     GT3       A     4     4  at_home   teacher ...    \n",
-       "1     GP   F   17       U     GT3       T     1     1  at_home     other ...    \n",
-       "2     GP   F   15       U     LE3       T     1     1  at_home     other ...    \n",
-       "3     GP   F   15       U     GT3       T     4     2   health  services ...    \n",
-       "4     GP   F   16       U     GT3       T     3     3    other     other ...    \n",
-       "\n",
-       "  internet romantic  famrel  freetime  goout Dalc Walc health absences pass  \n",
-       "0       no       no       4         3      4    1    1      3        4    0  \n",
-       "1      yes       no       5         3      3    1    1      3        2    0  \n",
-       "2      yes       no       4         3      2    2    3      3        6    1  \n",
-       "3      yes      yes       3         2      2    1    1      5        0    1  \n",
-       "4       no       no       4         3      2    1    2      5        0    1  \n",
-       "\n",
-       "[5 rows x 31 columns]"
+      "source": [
+        "# load dataset (student Portuguese scores)\n",
+        "import pandas as pd\n",
+        "d = pd.read_csv('student-por.csv', sep=';')\n",
+        "len(d)"
       ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 2,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "# generate binary label (pass/fail) based on G1+G2+G3 (test grades, each 0-20 pts); threshold for passing is sum>=30\n",
-    "d['pass'] = d.apply(lambda row: 1 if (row['G1']+row['G2']+row['G3']) >= 35 else 0, axis=1)\n",
-    "d = d.drop(['G1', 'G2', 'G3'], axis=1)\n",
-    "d.head()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+    },
     {
-     "data": {
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-       "      <th>studytime</th>\n",
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-       "      <th>nursery_no</th>\n",
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-       "      <th>romantic_no</th>\n",
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-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>4</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
-       "      <td>2</td>\n",
-       "      <td>2</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
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-       "    <tr>\n",
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-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>2</td>\n",
-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "      <td>4</td>\n",
-       "      <td>3</td>\n",
-       "      <td>2</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>...</td>\n",
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-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "      <td>1</td>\n",
-       "      <td>0</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </tbody>\n",
-       "</table>\n",
-       "<p>5 rows × 57 columns</p>\n",
-       "</div>"
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "XKoxSqrjZ3ug",
+        "outputId": "5044c44f-efde-47e0-c3ef-d7da36c3c9b2"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "data": {
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+              "    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {\n",
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+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>school</th>\n",
+              "      <th>sex</th>\n",
+              "      <th>age</th>\n",
+              "      <th>address</th>\n",
+              "      <th>famsize</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Pstatus</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Medu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Fedu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Mjob</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Fjob</th>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <th>internet</th>\n",
+              "      <th>romantic</th>\n",
+              "      <th>famrel</th>\n",
+              "      <th>freetime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>goout</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Dalc</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Walc</th>\n",
+              "      <th>health</th>\n",
+              "      <th>absences</th>\n",
+              "      <th>pass</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>18</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>A</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>at_home</td>\n",
+              "      <td>teacher</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>no</td>\n",
+              "      <td>no</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>17</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>at_home</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+              "      <td>no</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>LE3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>at_home</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+              "      <td>no</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>health</td>\n",
+              "      <td>services</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+              "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>no</td>\n",
+              "      <td>no</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>5 rows × 31 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>"
+            ],
+            "text/plain": [
+              "  school sex  age address famsize Pstatus  Medu  Fedu     Mjob      Fjob ...   \\\n",
+              "0     GP   F   18       U     GT3       A     4     4  at_home   teacher ...    \n",
+              "1     GP   F   17       U     GT3       T     1     1  at_home     other ...    \n",
+              "2     GP   F   15       U     LE3       T     1     1  at_home     other ...    \n",
+              "3     GP   F   15       U     GT3       T     4     2   health  services ...    \n",
+              "4     GP   F   16       U     GT3       T     3     3    other     other ...    \n",
+              "\n",
+              "  internet romantic  famrel  freetime  goout Dalc Walc health absences pass  \n",
+              "0       no       no       4         3      4    1    1      3        4    0  \n",
+              "1      yes       no       5         3      3    1    1      3        2    0  \n",
+              "2      yes       no       4         3      2    2    3      3        6    1  \n",
+              "3      yes      yes       3         2      2    1    1      5        0    1  \n",
+              "4       no       no       4         3      2    1    2      5        0    1  \n",
+              "\n",
+              "[5 rows x 31 columns]"
+            ]
+          },
+          "execution_count": 2,
+          "metadata": {},
+          "output_type": "execute_result"
+        }
       ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "   age  Medu  Fedu  traveltime  studytime  failures  famrel  freetime  goout  \\\n",
-       "0   18     4     4           2          2         0       4         3      4   \n",
-       "1   17     1     1           1          2         0       5         3      3   \n",
-       "2   15     1     1           1          2         0       4         3      2   \n",
-       "3   15     4     2           1          3         0       3         2      2   \n",
-       "4   16     3     3           1          2         0       4         3      2   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "   Dalc      ...       activities_no  activities_yes  nursery_no  nursery_yes  \\\n",
-       "0     1      ...                   1               0           0            1   \n",
-       "1     1      ...                   1               0           1            0   \n",
-       "2     2      ...                   1               0           0            1   \n",
-       "3     1      ...                   0               1           0            1   \n",
-       "4     1      ...                   1               0           0            1   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "   higher_no  higher_yes  internet_no  internet_yes  romantic_no  romantic_yes  \n",
-       "0          0           1            1             0            1             0  \n",
-       "1          0           1            0             1            1             0  \n",
-       "2          0           1            0             1            1             0  \n",
-       "3          0           1            0             1            0             1  \n",
-       "4          0           1            1             0            1             0  \n",
-       "\n",
-       "[5 rows x 57 columns]"
+      "source": [
+        "# generate binary label (pass/fail) based on G1+G2+G3 (test grades, each 0-20 pts); threshold for passing is sum>=30\n",
+        "d['pass'] = d.apply(lambda row: 1 if (row['G1']+row['G2']+row['G3']) >= 35 else 0, axis=1)\n",
+        "d = d.drop(['G1', 'G2', 'G3'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d.head()"
       ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 3,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "# use one-hot encoding on categorical columns\n",
-    "d = pd.get_dummies(d, columns=['sex', 'school', 'address', 'famsize', 'Pstatus', 'Mjob', 'Fjob', \n",
-    "                               'reason', 'guardian', 'schoolsup', 'famsup', 'paid', 'activities',\n",
-    "                               'nursery', 'higher', 'internet', 'romantic'])\n",
-    "d.head()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+    },
     {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Passing: 328 out of 649 (50.54%)\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "# shuffle rows\n",
-    "d = d.sample(frac=1)\n",
-    "# split training and testing data\n",
-    "d_train = d[:500]\n",
-    "d_test = d[500:]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "d_train_att = d_train.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
-    "d_train_pass = d_train['pass']\n",
-    "\n",
-    "d_test_att = d_test.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
-    "d_test_pass = d_test['pass']\n",
-    "\n",
-    "d_att = d.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
-    "d_pass = d['pass']\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# number of passing students in whole dataset:\n",
-    "import numpy as np\n",
-    "print(\"Passing: %d out of %d (%.2f%%)\" % (np.sum(d_pass), len(d_pass), 100*float(np.sum(d_pass)) / len(d_pass)))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# fit a decision tree\n",
-    "from sklearn import tree\n",
-    "t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=5)\n",
-    "t = t.fit(d_train_att, d_train_pass)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "guNu952qZ3ug",
+        "outputId": "3529a196-02f5-4ce1-f2c3-1268d745af00"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "data": {
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+              "\n",
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+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>age</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Medu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Fedu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>traveltime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>studytime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>failures</th>\n",
+              "      <th>famrel</th>\n",
+              "      <th>freetime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>goout</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Dalc</th>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <th>activities_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>activities_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>nursery_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>nursery_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>higher_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>higher_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>internet_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>internet_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>romantic_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>romantic_yes</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
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+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
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+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>5 rows × 57 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>"
+            ],
+            "text/plain": [
+              "   age  Medu  Fedu  traveltime  studytime  failures  famrel  freetime  goout  \\\n",
+              "0   18     4     4           2          2         0       4         3      4   \n",
+              "1   17     1     1           1          2         0       5         3      3   \n",
+              "2   15     1     1           1          2         0       4         3      2   \n",
+              "3   15     4     2           1          3         0       3         2      2   \n",
+              "4   16     3     3           1          2         0       4         3      2   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "   Dalc      ...       activities_no  activities_yes  nursery_no  nursery_yes  \\\n",
+              "0     1      ...                   1               0           0            1   \n",
+              "1     1      ...                   1               0           1            0   \n",
+              "2     2      ...                   1               0           0            1   \n",
+              "3     1      ...                   0               1           0            1   \n",
+              "4     1      ...                   1               0           0            1   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "   higher_no  higher_yes  internet_no  internet_yes  romantic_no  romantic_yes  \n",
+              "0          0           1            1             0            1             0  \n",
+              "1          0           1            0             1            1             0  \n",
+              "2          0           1            0             1            1             0  \n",
+              "3          0           1            0             1            0             1  \n",
+              "4          0           1            1             0            1             0  \n",
+              "\n",
+              "[5 rows x 57 columns]"
+            ]
+          },
+          "execution_count": 3,
+          "metadata": {},
+          "output_type": "execute_result"
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# use one-hot encoding on categorical columns\n",
+        "d = pd.get_dummies(d, columns=['sex', 'school', 'address', 'famsize', 'Pstatus', 'Mjob', 'Fjob',\n",
+        "                               'reason', 'guardian', 'schoolsup', 'famsup', 'paid', 'activities',\n",
+        "                               'nursery', 'higher', 'internet', 'romantic'])\n",
+        "d.head()"
+      ]
+    },
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-       "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"212.9531\" y=\"-134.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">guardian_father &lt;= 0.5</text>\n",
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-       "<title>17</title>\n",
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-       "<title>11</title>\n",
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-       "<title>14</title>\n",
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-       "<title>36</title>\n",
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-       "<title>24&#45;&gt;36</title>\n",
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-       "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1622.9531\" y=\"-6.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = pass</text>\n",
-       "</g>\n",
-       "<!-- 28&#45;&gt;29 -->\n",
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-       "<title>28&#45;&gt;29</title>\n",
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+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "UCgcpoaYZ3ug",
+        "outputId": "a1f7fd11-9ecf-49ec-c720-a98853a08ef5"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "text": [
+            "Passing: 328 out of 649 (50.54%)\n"
+          ]
+        }
       ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<graphviz.files.Source at 0x10e5c4630>"
+      "source": [
+        "# shuffle rows\n",
+        "d = d.sample(frac=1)\n",
+        "# split training and testing data\n",
+        "d_train = d[:500]\n",
+        "d_test = d[500:]\n",
+        "\n",
+        "d_train_att = d_train.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d_train_pass = d_train['pass']\n",
+        "\n",
+        "d_test_att = d_test.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d_test_pass = d_test['pass']\n",
+        "\n",
+        "d_att = d.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d_pass = d['pass']\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# number of passing students in whole dataset:\n",
+        "import numpy as np\n",
+        "print(\"Passing: %d out of %d (%.2f%%)\" % (np.sum(d_pass), len(d_pass), 100*float(np.sum(d_pass)) / len(d_pass)))"
       ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 6,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "# visualize tree\n",
-    "import graphviz\n",
-    "dot_data = tree.export_graphviz(t, out_file=None, label=\"all\", impurity=False, proportion=True,\n",
-    "                                feature_names=list(d_train_att), class_names=[\"fail\", \"pass\"], \n",
-    "                                filled=True, rounded=True)\n",
-    "graph = graphviz.Source(dot_data)\n",
-    "graph"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# save tree\n",
-    "tree.export_graphviz(t, out_file=\"student-performance.dot\", label=\"all\", impurity=False, proportion=True,\n",
-    "                     feature_names=list(d_train_att), class_names=[\"fail\", \"pass\"], \n",
-    "                     filled=True, rounded=True)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+    },
     {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "0.59731543624161076"
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ECY_gKznZ3uh"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "# fit a decision tree\n",
+        "from sklearn import tree\n",
+        "t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=5)\n",
+        "t = t.fit(d_train_att, d_train_pass)"
       ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 8,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "t.score(d_test_att, d_test_pass)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+    },
     {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score\n",
-    "scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
-    "# show average score and +/- two standard deviations away (covering 95% of scores)\n",
-    "print(\"Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f)\" % (scores.mean(), scores.std() * 2))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "SFGuUJ9wZ3uh",
+        "outputId": "91c4bf30-e643-448a-9402-a51b146b5536"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
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+              "<g id=\"node3\" class=\"node\">\n",
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+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.925490\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M435.5039,-350C435.5039,-350 308.4023,-350 308.4023,-350 302.4023,-350 296.4023,-344 296.4023,-338 296.4023,-338 296.4023,-298 296.4023,-298 296.4023,-292 302.4023,-286 308.4023,-286 308.4023,-286 435.5039,-286 435.5039,-286 441.5039,-286 447.5039,-292 447.5039,-298 447.5039,-298 447.5039,-338 447.5039,-338 447.5039,-344 441.5039,-350 435.5039,-350\"/>\n",
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+              "<!-- 1&#45;&gt;2 -->\n",
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+              "<g id=\"node10\" class=\"node\">\n",
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+              "<title>1&#45;&gt;9</title>\n",
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+              "<!-- 3 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node4\" class=\"node\">\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 5&#45;&gt;7 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge7\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>5&#45;&gt;7</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M212.9531,-85.9947C212.9531,-77.6273 212.9531,-68.5643 212.9531,-60.0478\"/>\n",
+              "<polygon fill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"#000000\" points=\"216.4532,-60.014 212.9531,-50.014 209.4532,-60.0141 216.4532,-60.014\"/>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 10 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node11\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>10</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.203922\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M840.5039,-250C840.5039,-250 713.4023,-250 713.4023,-250 707.4023,-250 701.4023,-244 701.4023,-238 701.4023,-238 701.4023,-198 701.4023,-198 701.4023,-192 707.4023,-186 713.4023,-186 713.4023,-186 840.5039,-186 840.5039,-186 846.5039,-186 852.5039,-192 852.5039,-198 852.5039,-198 852.5039,-238 852.5039,-238 852.5039,-244 846.5039,-250 840.5039,-250\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"776.9531\" y=\"-234.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">school_GP &lt;= 0.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"776.9531\" y=\"-220.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 52.8%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"776.9531\" y=\"-206.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.443, 0.557]</text>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 9&#45;&gt;10 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge10\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>9&#45;&gt;10</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M854.9334,-285.8089C844.3662,-276.62 832.7374,-266.508 821.7585,-256.9612\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 17 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node18\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>17</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.713725\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1150.5039,-250C1150.5039,-250 1023.4023,-250 1023.4023,-250 1017.4023,-250 1011.4023,-244 1011.4023,-238 1011.4023,-238 1011.4023,-198 1011.4023,-198 1011.4023,-192 1017.4023,-186 1023.4023,-186 1023.4023,-186 1150.5039,-186 1150.5039,-186 1156.5039,-186 1162.5039,-192 1162.5039,-198 1162.5039,-198 1162.5039,-238 1162.5039,-238 1162.5039,-244 1156.5039,-250 1150.5039,-250\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1086.9531\" y=\"-234.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">absences &lt;= 4.5</text>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 9&#45;&gt;17 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge17\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>9&#45;&gt;17</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M954.457,-285.9467C973.8745,-275.989 995.4272,-264.9364 1015.4108,-254.6884\"/>\n",
+              "<polygon fill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"#000000\" points=\"1017.1676,-257.7209 1024.4687,-250.0433 1013.9734,-251.4922 1017.1676,-257.7209\"/>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 11 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node12\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>11</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.356863\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M590.5039,-150C590.5039,-150 463.4023,-150 463.4023,-150 457.4023,-150 451.4023,-144 451.4023,-138 451.4023,-138 451.4023,-98 451.4023,-98 451.4023,-92 457.4023,-86 463.4023,-86 463.4023,-86 590.5039,-86 590.5039,-86 596.5039,-86 602.5039,-92 602.5039,-98 602.5039,-98 602.5039,-138 602.5039,-138 602.5039,-144 596.5039,-150 590.5039,-150\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"526.9531\" y=\"-134.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">goout &lt;= 2.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"526.9531\" y=\"-120.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 17.4%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"526.9531\" y=\"-106.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.609, 0.391]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"526.9531\" y=\"-92.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = fail</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 10&#45;&gt;11 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge11\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>10&#45;&gt;11</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M701.2664,-187.7253C673.2479,-176.5179 641.2926,-163.7358 612.4613,-152.2033\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 14 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node15\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>14</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.435294\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M840.5039,-150C840.5039,-150 713.4023,-150 713.4023,-150 707.4023,-150 701.4023,-144 701.4023,-138 701.4023,-138 701.4023,-98 701.4023,-98 701.4023,-92 707.4023,-86 713.4023,-86 713.4023,-86 840.5039,-86 840.5039,-86 846.5039,-86 852.5039,-92 852.5039,-98 852.5039,-98 852.5039,-138 852.5039,-138 852.5039,-144 846.5039,-150 840.5039,-150\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"776.9531\" y=\"-134.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">Fjob_other &lt;= 0.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"776.9531\" y=\"-120.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 35.4%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"776.9531\" y=\"-106.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.362, 0.638]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"776.9531\" y=\"-92.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = pass</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 10&#45;&gt;14 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge14\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>10&#45;&gt;14</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M776.9531,-185.8089C776.9531,-177.6906 776.9531,-168.8517 776.9531,-160.3186\"/>\n",
+              "<polygon fill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"#000000\" points=\"780.4532,-160.1307 776.9531,-150.1308 773.4532,-160.1308 780.4532,-160.1307\"/>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 12 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node13\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>12</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.439216\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M429.9325,-50C429.9325,-50 317.9738,-50 317.9738,-50 311.9738,-50 305.9738,-44 305.9738,-38 305.9738,-38 305.9738,-12 305.9738,-12 305.9738,-6 311.9738,0 317.9738,0 317.9738,0 429.9325,0 429.9325,0 435.9325,0 441.9325,-6 441.9325,-12 441.9325,-12 441.9325,-38 441.9325,-38 441.9325,-44 435.9325,-50 429.9325,-50\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"373.9531\" y=\"-34.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 5.0%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"373.9531\" y=\"-20.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.36, 0.64]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"373.9531\" y=\"-6.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = pass</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 11&#45;&gt;12 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge12\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>11&#45;&gt;12</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M474.2992,-85.9947C457.962,-76.0642 440.0126,-65.1538 423.8674,-55.3401\"/>\n",
+              "<polygon fill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"#000000\" points=\"425.4684,-52.2174 415.1052,-50.014 421.8325,-58.1991 425.4684,-52.2174\"/>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 13 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node14\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>13</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.592157\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M582.9325,-50C582.9325,-50 470.9738,-50 470.9738,-50 464.9738,-50 458.9738,-44 458.9738,-38 458.9738,-38 458.9738,-12 458.9738,-12 458.9738,-6 464.9738,0 470.9738,0 470.9738,0 582.9325,0 582.9325,0 588.9325,0 594.9325,-6 594.9325,-12 594.9325,-12 594.9325,-38 594.9325,-38 594.9325,-44 588.9325,-50 582.9325,-50\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"526.9531\" y=\"-34.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 12.4%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"526.9531\" y=\"-20.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.71, 0.29]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"526.9531\" y=\"-6.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = fail</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 11&#45;&gt;13 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge13\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>11&#45;&gt;13</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M526.9531,-85.9947C526.9531,-77.6273 526.9531,-68.5643 526.9531,-60.0478\"/>\n",
+              "<polygon fill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"#000000\" points=\"530.4532,-60.014 526.9531,-50.014 523.4532,-60.0141 530.4532,-60.014\"/>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 15 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node16\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>15</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.031373\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M751.5039,-50C751.5039,-50 624.4023,-50 624.4023,-50 618.4023,-50 612.4023,-44 612.4023,-38 612.4023,-38 612.4023,-12 612.4023,-12 612.4023,-6 618.4023,0 624.4023,0 624.4023,0 751.5039,0 751.5039,0 757.5039,0 763.5039,-6 763.5039,-12 763.5039,-12 763.5039,-38 763.5039,-38 763.5039,-44 757.5039,-50 751.5039,-50\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"687.9531\" y=\"-34.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 12.6%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"687.9531\" y=\"-20.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.508, 0.492]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"687.9531\" y=\"-6.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = fail</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 14&#45;&gt;15 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge15\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>14&#45;&gt;15</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M746.3244,-85.9947C737.437,-76.7079 727.7294,-66.564 718.8271,-57.2616\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 16 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node17\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>16</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.607843\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M920.5039,-50C920.5039,-50 793.4023,-50 793.4023,-50 787.4023,-50 781.4023,-44 781.4023,-38 781.4023,-38 781.4023,-12 781.4023,-12 781.4023,-6 787.4023,0 793.4023,0 793.4023,0 920.5039,0 920.5039,0 926.5039,0 932.5039,-6 932.5039,-12 932.5039,-12 932.5039,-38 932.5039,-38 932.5039,-44 926.5039,-50 920.5039,-50\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"856.9531\" y=\"-34.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 22.8%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"856.9531\" y=\"-20.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.281, 0.719]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"856.9531\" y=\"-6.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = pass</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 14&#45;&gt;16 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge16\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>14&#45;&gt;16</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M804.4846,-85.9947C812.3151,-76.8917 820.8539,-66.9654 828.725,-57.8152\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 18 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node19\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>18</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.803922\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1150.5039,-150C1150.5039,-150 1023.4023,-150 1023.4023,-150 1017.4023,-150 1011.4023,-144 1011.4023,-138 1011.4023,-138 1011.4023,-98 1011.4023,-98 1011.4023,-92 1017.4023,-86 1023.4023,-86 1023.4023,-86 1150.5039,-86 1150.5039,-86 1156.5039,-86 1162.5039,-92 1162.5039,-98 1162.5039,-98 1162.5039,-138 1162.5039,-138 1162.5039,-144 1156.5039,-150 1150.5039,-150\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1086.9531\" y=\"-134.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">freetime &lt;= 4.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1086.9531\" y=\"-120.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 20.6%</text>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 17&#45;&gt;18 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge18\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>17&#45;&gt;18</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1086.9531,-185.8089C1086.9531,-177.6906 1086.9531,-168.8517 1086.9531,-160.3186\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 21 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node22\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>21</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.250980\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1380.5039,-150C1380.5039,-150 1253.4023,-150 1253.4023,-150 1247.4023,-150 1241.4023,-144 1241.4023,-138 1241.4023,-138 1241.4023,-98 1241.4023,-98 1241.4023,-92 1247.4023,-86 1253.4023,-86 1253.4023,-86 1380.5039,-86 1380.5039,-86 1386.5039,-86 1392.5039,-92 1392.5039,-98 1392.5039,-98 1392.5039,-138 1392.5039,-138 1392.5039,-144 1386.5039,-150 1380.5039,-150\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1316.9531\" y=\"-134.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">Fedu &lt;= 2.5</text>\n",
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+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1316.9531\" y=\"-92.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = pass</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 17&#45;&gt;21 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge21\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>17&#45;&gt;21</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1160.6756,-185.9467C1183.991,-175.8096 1209.9163,-164.5377 1233.8421,-154.1352\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 19 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node20\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>19</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.843137\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1089.5039,-50C1089.5039,-50 962.4023,-50 962.4023,-50 956.4023,-50 950.4023,-44 950.4023,-38 950.4023,-38 950.4023,-12 950.4023,-12 950.4023,-6 956.4023,0 962.4023,0 962.4023,0 1089.5039,0 1089.5039,0 1095.5039,0 1101.5039,-6 1101.5039,-12 1101.5039,-12 1101.5039,-38 1101.5039,-38 1101.5039,-44 1095.5039,-50 1089.5039,-50\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 18&#45;&gt;19 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge19\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>18&#45;&gt;19</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1065.9604,-85.9947C1060.1706,-77.1676 1053.8729,-67.5662 1048.024,-58.6491\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 20 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node21\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>20</title>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 18&#45;&gt;20 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge20\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>18&#45;&gt;20</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1118.6143,-85.9947C1127.8013,-76.7079 1137.8361,-66.564 1147.0385,-57.2616\"/>\n",
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+              "<!-- 22 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node23\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>22</title>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 21&#45;&gt;22 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge22\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>21&#45;&gt;22</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1316.9531,-85.9947C1316.9531,-77.6273 1316.9531,-68.5643 1316.9531,-60.0478\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 23 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node24\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>23</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" fill-opacity=\"0.498039\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1533.5039,-50C1533.5039,-50 1406.4023,-50 1406.4023,-50 1400.4023,-50 1394.4023,-44 1394.4023,-38 1394.4023,-38 1394.4023,-12 1394.4023,-12 1394.4023,-6 1400.4023,0 1406.4023,0 1406.4023,0 1533.5039,0 1533.5039,0 1539.5039,0 1545.5039,-6 1545.5039,-12 1545.5039,-12 1545.5039,-38 1545.5039,-38 1545.5039,-44 1539.5039,-50 1533.5039,-50\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 21&#45;&gt;23 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge23\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>21&#45;&gt;23</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1369.607,-85.9947C1385.9443,-76.0642 1403.8937,-65.1538 1420.0388,-55.3401\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 25 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node26\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>25</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.929412\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1606.5039,-350C1606.5039,-350 1479.4023,-350 1479.4023,-350 1473.4023,-350 1467.4023,-344 1467.4023,-338 1467.4023,-338 1467.4023,-298 1467.4023,-298 1467.4023,-292 1473.4023,-286 1479.4023,-286 1479.4023,-286 1606.5039,-286 1606.5039,-286 1612.5039,-286 1618.5039,-292 1618.5039,-298 1618.5039,-298 1618.5039,-338 1618.5039,-338 1618.5039,-344 1612.5039,-350 1606.5039,-350\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1542.9531\" y=\"-334.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">internet_no &lt;= 0.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1542.9531\" y=\"-320.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 15.0%</text>\n",
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+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1542.9531\" y=\"-292.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = fail</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 24&#45;&gt;25 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge25\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>24&#45;&gt;25</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1542.9531,-385.8089C1542.9531,-377.6906 1542.9531,-368.8517 1542.9531,-360.3186\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 36 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node37\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>36</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1743.8594,-343C1743.8594,-343 1648.0468,-343 1648.0468,-343 1642.0468,-343 1636.0468,-337 1636.0468,-331 1636.0468,-331 1636.0468,-305 1636.0468,-305 1636.0468,-299 1642.0468,-293 1648.0468,-293 1648.0468,-293 1743.8594,-293 1743.8594,-293 1749.8594,-293 1755.8594,-299 1755.8594,-305 1755.8594,-305 1755.8594,-331 1755.8594,-331 1755.8594,-337 1749.8594,-343 1743.8594,-343\"/>\n",
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+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1695.9531\" y=\"-299.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = pass</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 24&#45;&gt;36 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge36\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>24&#45;&gt;36</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1592.2055,-385.8089C1610.373,-373.9347 1630.8989,-360.5191 1648.8698,-348.7734\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 26 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node27\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>26</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.980392\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1605.5489,-250C1605.5489,-250 1480.3574,-250 1480.3574,-250 1474.3574,-250 1468.3574,-244 1468.3574,-238 1468.3574,-238 1468.3574,-198 1468.3574,-198 1468.3574,-192 1474.3574,-186 1480.3574,-186 1480.3574,-186 1605.5489,-186 1605.5489,-186 1611.5489,-186 1617.5489,-192 1617.5489,-198 1617.5489,-198 1617.5489,-238 1617.5489,-238 1617.5489,-244 1611.5489,-250 1605.5489,-250\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1542.9531\" y=\"-234.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">Fjob_at_home &lt;= 0.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1542.9531\" y=\"-220.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 10.0%</text>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 25&#45;&gt;26 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge26\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>25&#45;&gt;26</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1542.9531,-285.8089C1542.9531,-277.6906 1542.9531,-268.8517 1542.9531,-260.3186\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 31 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node32\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>31</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.807843\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1824.9325,-250C1824.9325,-250 1712.9738,-250 1712.9738,-250 1706.9738,-250 1700.9738,-244 1700.9738,-238 1700.9738,-238 1700.9738,-198 1700.9738,-198 1700.9738,-192 1706.9738,-186 1712.9738,-186 1712.9738,-186 1824.9325,-186 1824.9325,-186 1830.9325,-186 1836.9325,-192 1836.9325,-198 1836.9325,-198 1836.9325,-238 1836.9325,-238 1836.9325,-244 1830.9325,-250 1824.9325,-250\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1768.9531\" y=\"-234.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">health &lt;= 3.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1768.9531\" y=\"-220.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 5.0%</text>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 25&#45;&gt;31 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge31\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>25&#45;&gt;31</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1615.3935,-285.9467C1639.7785,-275.1569 1667.0691,-263.0814 1691.8032,-252.1371\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 27 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node28\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>27</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1524.8594,-143C1524.8594,-143 1429.0468,-143 1429.0468,-143 1423.0468,-143 1417.0468,-137 1417.0468,-131 1417.0468,-131 1417.0468,-105 1417.0468,-105 1417.0468,-99 1423.0468,-93 1429.0468,-93 1429.0468,-93 1524.8594,-93 1524.8594,-93 1530.8594,-93 1536.8594,-99 1536.8594,-105 1536.8594,-105 1536.8594,-131 1536.8594,-131 1536.8594,-137 1530.8594,-143 1524.8594,-143\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 26&#45;&gt;27 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge27\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>26&#45;&gt;27</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1521.707,-185.8089C1514.5113,-174.9063 1506.4578,-162.7041 1499.1873,-151.6882\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 28 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node29\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>28</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.666667\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1678.9325,-150C1678.9325,-150 1566.9738,-150 1566.9738,-150 1560.9738,-150 1554.9738,-144 1554.9738,-138 1554.9738,-138 1554.9738,-98 1554.9738,-98 1554.9738,-92 1560.9738,-86 1566.9738,-86 1566.9738,-86 1678.9325,-86 1678.9325,-86 1684.9325,-86 1690.9325,-92 1690.9325,-98 1690.9325,-98 1690.9325,-138 1690.9325,-138 1690.9325,-144 1684.9325,-150 1678.9325,-150\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1622.9531\" y=\"-134.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">paid_no &lt;= 0.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1622.9531\" y=\"-120.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 0.8%</text>\n",
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+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1622.9531\" y=\"-92.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = fail</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 26&#45;&gt;28 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge28\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>26&#45;&gt;28</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1568.706,-185.8089C1575.7716,-176.9769 1583.5195,-167.2921 1590.8924,-158.0759\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 29 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node30\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>29</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1670.8594,-50C1670.8594,-50 1575.0468,-50 1575.0468,-50 1569.0468,-50 1563.0468,-44 1563.0468,-38 1563.0468,-38 1563.0468,-12 1563.0468,-12 1563.0468,-6 1569.0468,0 1575.0468,0 1575.0468,0 1670.8594,0 1670.8594,0 1676.8594,0 1682.8594,-6 1682.8594,-12 1682.8594,-12 1682.8594,-38 1682.8594,-38 1682.8594,-44 1676.8594,-50 1670.8594,-50\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 28&#45;&gt;29 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge29\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>28&#45;&gt;29</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1622.9531,-85.9947C1622.9531,-77.6273 1622.9531,-68.5643 1622.9531,-60.0478\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 30 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node31\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>30</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1808.8594,-50C1808.8594,-50 1713.0468,-50 1713.0468,-50 1707.0468,-50 1701.0468,-44 1701.0468,-38 1701.0468,-38 1701.0468,-12 1701.0468,-12 1701.0468,-6 1707.0468,0 1713.0468,0 1713.0468,0 1808.8594,0 1808.8594,0 1814.8594,0 1820.8594,-6 1820.8594,-12 1820.8594,-12 1820.8594,-38 1820.8594,-38 1820.8594,-44 1814.8594,-50 1808.8594,-50\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 28&#45;&gt;30 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge30\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>28&#45;&gt;30</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1670.4449,-85.9947C1685.044,-76.1562 1701.0704,-65.3558 1715.5274,-55.613\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 32 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node33\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>32</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1816.8594,-143C1816.8594,-143 1721.0468,-143 1721.0468,-143 1715.0468,-143 1709.0468,-137 1709.0468,-131 1709.0468,-131 1709.0468,-105 1709.0468,-105 1709.0468,-99 1715.0468,-93 1721.0468,-93 1721.0468,-93 1816.8594,-93 1816.8594,-93 1822.8594,-93 1828.8594,-99 1828.8594,-105 1828.8594,-105 1828.8594,-131 1828.8594,-131 1828.8594,-137 1822.8594,-143 1816.8594,-143\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 31&#45;&gt;32 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge32\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>31&#45;&gt;32</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1768.9531,-185.8089C1768.9531,-175.446 1768.9531,-163.909 1768.9531,-153.3327\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 33 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node34\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>33</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.600000\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1988.7316,-150C1988.7316,-150 1859.1746,-150 1859.1746,-150 1853.1746,-150 1847.1746,-144 1847.1746,-138 1847.1746,-138 1847.1746,-98 1847.1746,-98 1847.1746,-92 1853.1746,-86 1859.1746,-86 1859.1746,-86 1988.7316,-86 1988.7316,-86 1994.7316,-86 2000.7316,-92 2000.7316,-98 2000.7316,-98 2000.7316,-138 2000.7316,-138 2000.7316,-144 1994.7316,-150 1988.7316,-150\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1923.9531\" y=\"-134.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">guardian_other &lt;= 0.5</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1923.9531\" y=\"-120.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 2.8%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1923.9531\" y=\"-106.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.714, 0.286]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1923.9531\" y=\"-92.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = fail</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 31&#45;&gt;33 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge33\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>31&#45;&gt;33</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1818.8493,-185.8089C1833.7835,-176.174 1850.2907,-165.5241 1865.7118,-155.575\"/>\n",
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+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 34 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node35\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>34</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#e58139\" fill-opacity=\"0.800000\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1982.5039,-50C1982.5039,-50 1855.4023,-50 1855.4023,-50 1849.4023,-50 1843.4023,-44 1843.4023,-38 1843.4023,-38 1843.4023,-12 1843.4023,-12 1843.4023,-6 1849.4023,0 1855.4023,0 1855.4023,0 1982.5039,0 1982.5039,0 1988.5039,0 1994.5039,-6 1994.5039,-12 1994.5039,-12 1994.5039,-38 1994.5039,-38 1994.5039,-44 1988.5039,-50 1982.5039,-50\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1918.9531\" y=\"-34.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 2.4%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1918.9531\" y=\"-20.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.833, 0.167]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1918.9531\" y=\"-6.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = fail</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 33&#45;&gt;34 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge34\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>33&#45;&gt;34</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1922.2324,-85.9947C1921.7826,-77.6273 1921.2953,-68.5643 1920.8374,-60.0478\"/>\n",
+              "<polygon fill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"#000000\" points=\"1924.3299,-59.8117 1920.298,-50.014 1917.34,-60.1875 1924.3299,-59.8117\"/>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 35 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"node36\" class=\"node\">\n",
+              "<title>35</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"#399de5\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M2119.8594,-50C2119.8594,-50 2024.0468,-50 2024.0468,-50 2018.0468,-50 2012.0468,-44 2012.0468,-38 2012.0468,-38 2012.0468,-12 2012.0468,-12 2012.0468,-6 2018.0468,0 2024.0468,0 2024.0468,0 2119.8594,0 2119.8594,0 2125.8594,0 2131.8594,-6 2131.8594,-12 2131.8594,-12 2131.8594,-38 2131.8594,-38 2131.8594,-44 2125.8594,-50 2119.8594,-50\"/>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"2071.9531\" y=\"-34.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">samples = 0.4%</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"2071.9531\" y=\"-20.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">value = [0.0, 1.0]</text>\n",
+              "<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"2071.9531\" y=\"-6.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\" fill=\"#000000\">class = pass</text>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "<!-- 33&#45;&gt;35 -->\n",
+              "<g id=\"edge35\" class=\"edge\">\n",
+              "<title>33&#45;&gt;35</title>\n",
+              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000000\" d=\"M1974.8863,-85.9947C1990.6897,-76.0642 2008.0525,-65.1538 2023.67,-55.3401\"/>\n",
+              "<polygon fill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"#000000\" points=\"2025.5409,-58.2981 2032.1458,-50.014 2021.8165,-52.3711 2025.5409,-58.2981\"/>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "</g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n"
+            ],
+            "text/plain": [
+              "<graphviz.files.Source at 0x10e5c4630>"
+            ]
+          },
+          "execution_count": 6,
+          "metadata": {},
+          "output_type": "execute_result"
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# visualize tree\n",
+        "import graphviz\n",
+        "dot_data = tree.export_graphviz(t, out_file=None, label=\"all\", impurity=False, proportion=True,\n",
+        "                                feature_names=list(d_train_att), class_names=[\"fail\", \"pass\"],\n",
+        "                                filled=True, rounded=True)\n",
+        "graph = graphviz.Source(dot_data)\n",
+        "graph"
+      ]
+    },
     {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Max depth: 1, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.05)\n",
-      "Max depth: 2, Accuracy: 0.69 (+/- 0.08)\n",
-      "Max depth: 3, Accuracy: 0.69 (+/- 0.09)\n",
-      "Max depth: 4, Accuracy: 0.66 (+/- 0.10)\n",
-      "Max depth: 5, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n",
-      "Max depth: 6, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.08)\n",
-      "Max depth: 7, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.02)\n",
-      "Max depth: 8, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.07)\n",
-      "Max depth: 9, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n",
-      "Max depth: 10, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.12)\n",
-      "Max depth: 11, Accuracy: 0.65 (+/- 0.07)\n",
-      "Max depth: 12, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.07)\n",
-      "Max depth: 13, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.07)\n",
-      "Max depth: 14, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.08)\n",
-      "Max depth: 15, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.06)\n",
-      "Max depth: 16, Accuracy: 0.62 (+/- 0.05)\n",
-      "Max depth: 17, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.09)\n",
-      "Max depth: 18, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.08)\n",
-      "Max depth: 19, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.06)\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for max_depth in range(1, 20):\n",
-    "    t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=max_depth)\n",
-    "    scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
-    "    print(\"Max depth: %d, Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f)\" % (max_depth, scores.mean(), scores.std() * 2))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "QfN5nwnPZ3uh"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "# save tree\n",
+        "tree.export_graphviz(t, out_file=\"student-performance.dot\", label=\"all\", impurity=False, proportion=True,\n",
+        "                     feature_names=list(d_train_att), class_names=[\"fail\", \"pass\"],\n",
+        "                     filled=True, rounded=True)"
+      ]
+    },
     {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "array([[  1.        ,   0.63790456,   0.04848398],\n",
-       "       [  2.        ,   0.68559869,   0.07148267],\n",
-       "       [  3.        ,   0.68710174,   0.0865951 ],\n",
-       "       [  4.        ,   0.6669467 ,   0.10726248],\n",
-       "       [  5.        ,   0.66261518,   0.05307124],\n",
-       "       [  6.        ,   0.65018859,   0.07040891],\n",
-       "       [  7.        ,   0.66564494,   0.02029519],\n",
-       "       [  8.        ,   0.67474598,   0.05984916],\n",
-       "       [  9.        ,   0.6640118 ,   0.03746891],\n",
-       "       [ 10.        ,   0.6346137 ,   0.09657669],\n",
-       "       [ 11.        ,   0.6484015 ,   0.10475147],\n",
-       "       [ 12.        ,   0.64545485,   0.05529647],\n",
-       "       [ 13.        ,   0.64544256,   0.08167465],\n",
-       "       [ 14.        ,   0.6346614 ,   0.07458128],\n",
-       "       [ 15.        ,   0.63463773,   0.08162646],\n",
-       "       [ 16.        ,   0.62853141,   0.05926906],\n",
-       "       [ 17.        ,   0.63622335,   0.05390067],\n",
-       "       [ 18.        ,   0.62548936,   0.06050112],\n",
-       "       [ 19.        ,   0.63004547,   0.07022296]])"
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "eHUxderrZ3uh",
+        "outputId": "11ca2919-b7a8-4f44-a86d-30efb1458d48"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "0.59731543624161076"
+            ]
+          },
+          "execution_count": 8,
+          "metadata": {},
+          "output_type": "execute_result"
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "t.score(d_test_att, d_test_pass)"
       ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 11,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "depth_acc = np.empty((19,3), float)\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "for max_depth in range(1, 20):\n",
-    "    t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=max_depth)\n",
-    "    scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
-    "    depth_acc[i,0] = max_depth\n",
-    "    depth_acc[i,1] = scores.mean()\n",
-    "    depth_acc[i,2] = scores.std() * 2\n",
-    "    i += 1\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "depth_acc"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
+    },
     {
-     "data": {
-      "image/png": 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78zYU8u7nBeEuR6TeBBX6ZjbezHLMLNfM7q+mzdVmlm1mG8zstYDp5Wa2xn+bHarCgzVz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\n+iIiHqLQFxHxEIW+iIiHKPRFRDzk/wNlqKa3/3voUAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x10ee94588>"
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "vEIV4K2rZ3uh",
+        "outputId": "97a78398-3821-4396-a4e0-ff6627924761"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "text": [
+            "Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score\n",
+        "scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
+        "# show average score and +/- two standard deviations away (covering 95% of scores)\n",
+        "print(\"Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f)\" % (scores.mean(), scores.std() * 2))"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "3giUkyr1Z3ui",
+        "outputId": "d8464658-e15f-43a4-bb0d-0fe8ec270357"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "text": [
+            "Max depth: 1, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.05)\n",
+            "Max depth: 2, Accuracy: 0.69 (+/- 0.08)\n",
+            "Max depth: 3, Accuracy: 0.69 (+/- 0.09)\n",
+            "Max depth: 4, Accuracy: 0.66 (+/- 0.10)\n",
+            "Max depth: 5, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n",
+            "Max depth: 6, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.08)\n",
+            "Max depth: 7, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.02)\n",
+            "Max depth: 8, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.07)\n",
+            "Max depth: 9, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n",
+            "Max depth: 10, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.12)\n",
+            "Max depth: 11, Accuracy: 0.65 (+/- 0.07)\n",
+            "Max depth: 12, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.07)\n",
+            "Max depth: 13, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.07)\n",
+            "Max depth: 14, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.08)\n",
+            "Max depth: 15, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.06)\n",
+            "Max depth: 16, Accuracy: 0.62 (+/- 0.05)\n",
+            "Max depth: 17, Accuracy: 0.64 (+/- 0.09)\n",
+            "Max depth: 18, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.08)\n",
+            "Max depth: 19, Accuracy: 0.63 (+/- 0.06)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "for max_depth in range(1, 20):\n",
+        "    t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=max_depth)\n",
+        "    scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
+        "    print(\"Max depth: %d, Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f)\" % (max_depth, scores.mean(), scores.std() * 2))"
       ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "lgB4tmHEZ3ui",
+        "outputId": "1ae3eccb-31db-4f2c-da35-5ba100a71a71"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "array([[  1.        ,   0.63790456,   0.04848398],\n",
+              "       [  2.        ,   0.68559869,   0.07148267],\n",
+              "       [  3.        ,   0.68710174,   0.0865951 ],\n",
+              "       [  4.        ,   0.6669467 ,   0.10726248],\n",
+              "       [  5.        ,   0.66261518,   0.05307124],\n",
+              "       [  6.        ,   0.65018859,   0.07040891],\n",
+              "       [  7.        ,   0.66564494,   0.02029519],\n",
+              "       [  8.        ,   0.67474598,   0.05984916],\n",
+              "       [  9.        ,   0.6640118 ,   0.03746891],\n",
+              "       [ 10.        ,   0.6346137 ,   0.09657669],\n",
+              "       [ 11.        ,   0.6484015 ,   0.10475147],\n",
+              "       [ 12.        ,   0.64545485,   0.05529647],\n",
+              "       [ 13.        ,   0.64544256,   0.08167465],\n",
+              "       [ 14.        ,   0.6346614 ,   0.07458128],\n",
+              "       [ 15.        ,   0.63463773,   0.08162646],\n",
+              "       [ 16.        ,   0.62853141,   0.05926906],\n",
+              "       [ 17.        ,   0.63622335,   0.05390067],\n",
+              "       [ 18.        ,   0.62548936,   0.06050112],\n",
+              "       [ 19.        ,   0.63004547,   0.07022296]])"
+            ]
+          },
+          "execution_count": 11,
+          "metadata": {},
+          "output_type": "execute_result"
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "depth_acc = np.empty((19,3), float)\n",
+        "i = 0\n",
+        "for max_depth in range(1, 20):\n",
+        "    t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=max_depth)\n",
+        "    scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
+        "    depth_acc[i,0] = max_depth\n",
+        "    depth_acc[i,1] = scores.mean()\n",
+        "    depth_acc[i,2] = scores.std() * 2\n",
+        "    i += 1\n",
+        "\n",
+        "depth_acc"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "uDSxKc7NZ3ui",
+        "outputId": "13ff8a4f-6177-4570-8542-59356b124e1e"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "data": {
+            "image/png": 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78zYU8u7nBeEuR6TeBBX6ZjbezHLMLNfM7q+mzdVmlm1mG8zstYDp5Wa2xn+bHarCgzVz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\n+iIiHqLQFxHxEIW+iIiHKPRFRDzk/wNlqKa3/3voUAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+            "text/plain": [
+              "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x10ee94588>"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "output_type": "display_data"
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+        "fig, ax = plt.subplots()\n",
+        "ax.errorbar(depth_acc[:,0], depth_acc[:,1], yerr=depth_acc[:,2])\n",
+        "plt.show()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "SzXpO23KZ3ui"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": []
+    }
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "display_name": "Python 3",
+      "language": "python",
+      "name": "python3"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "codemirror_mode": {
+        "name": "ipython",
+        "version": 3
+      },
+      "file_extension": ".py",
+      "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+      "name": "python",
+      "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+      "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+      "version": "3.6.2"
+    },
+    "colab": {
+      "provenance": [],
+      "include_colab_link": true
     }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "fig, ax = plt.subplots()\n",
-    "ax.errorbar(depth_acc[:,0], depth_acc[:,1], yerr=depth_acc[:,2])\n",
-    "plt.show()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
   },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.6.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Copy_of_Student_performance.ipynb b/Copy_of_Student_performance.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9267dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Copy_of_Student_performance.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1565 @@
+{
+  "cells": [
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "view-in-github",
+        "colab_type": "text"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/ArogeG/Python-Artificial-Intelligence-Projects-for-Beginners/blob/Project-1/Copy_of_Student_performance.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "# prompt: clone https://github.com/ArogeG/Python-Artificial-Intelligence-Projects-for-Beginners.git\n",
+        "\n",
+        "!git clone https://github.com/ArogeG/Python-Artificial-Intelligence-Projects-for-Beginners.git\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "h127TImh6sqH",
+        "outputId": "50fbdc99-d11a-4230-f2e9-2dce0d485bd7",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Cloning into 'Python-Artificial-Intelligence-Projects-for-Beginners'...\n",
+            "remote: Enumerating objects: 78, done.\u001b[K\n",
+            "remote: Counting objects: 100% (14/14), done.\u001b[K\n",
+            "remote: Compressing objects: 100% (10/10), done.\u001b[K\n",
+            "remote: Total 78 (delta 7), reused 10 (delta 4), pack-reused 64 (from 1)\u001b[K\n",
+            "Receiving objects: 100% (78/78), 3.84 MiB | 5.16 MiB/s, done.\n",
+            "Resolving deltas: 100% (19/19), done.\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "import os\n",
+        "os.chdir('/content/Python-Artificial-Intelligence-Projects-for-Beginners/Chapter01/dataset')\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "NdZJIVC07IdS"
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "jsyNjZuw5drC",
+        "outputId": "79adf0bc-0b59-4493-fc45-be42e2fc0c6e",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "649"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 3
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# load dataset (student Portuguese scores)\n",
+        "import pandas as pd\n",
+        "d = pd.read_csv('student-por.csv', sep=';')\n",
+        "len(d)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "# prompt: view top ten rows\n",
+        "\n",
+        "d.head(10)\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "u7pG1_tj7cKn",
+        "outputId": "cbc05dd8-a3db-4084-eb5d-7c5d0408f60d",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 412
+        }
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "  school sex  age address famsize Pstatus  Medu  Fedu      Mjob      Fjob  \\\n",
+              "0     GP   F   18       U     GT3       A     4     4   at_home   teacher   \n",
+              "1     GP   F   17       U     GT3       T     1     1   at_home     other   \n",
+              "2     GP   F   15       U     LE3       T     1     1   at_home     other   \n",
+              "3     GP   F   15       U     GT3       T     4     2    health  services   \n",
+              "4     GP   F   16       U     GT3       T     3     3     other     other   \n",
+              "5     GP   M   16       U     LE3       T     4     3  services     other   \n",
+              "6     GP   M   16       U     LE3       T     2     2     other     other   \n",
+              "7     GP   F   17       U     GT3       A     4     4     other   teacher   \n",
+              "8     GP   M   15       U     LE3       A     3     2  services     other   \n",
+              "9     GP   M   15       U     GT3       T     3     4     other     other   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "   ... famrel freetime  goout  Dalc  Walc health absences  G1  G2  G3  \n",
+              "0  ...      4        3      4     1     1      3        4   0  11  11  \n",
+              "1  ...      5        3      3     1     1      3        2   9  11  11  \n",
+              "2  ...      4        3      2     2     3      3        6  12  13  12  \n",
+              "3  ...      3        2      2     1     1      5        0  14  14  14  \n",
+              "4  ...      4        3      2     1     2      5        0  11  13  13  \n",
+              "5  ...      5        4      2     1     2      5        6  12  12  13  \n",
+              "6  ...      4        4      4     1     1      3        0  13  12  13  \n",
+              "7  ...      4        1      4     1     1      1        2  10  13  13  \n",
+              "8  ...      4        2      2     1     1      1        0  15  16  17  \n",
+              "9  ...      5        5      1     1     1      5        0  12  12  13  \n",
+              "\n",
+              "[10 rows x 33 columns]"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-732f122b-5d06-44e9-bbb9-769c1a820e2d\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>school</th>\n",
+              "      <th>sex</th>\n",
+              "      <th>age</th>\n",
+              "      <th>address</th>\n",
+              "      <th>famsize</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Pstatus</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Medu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Fedu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Mjob</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Fjob</th>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <th>famrel</th>\n",
+              "      <th>freetime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>goout</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Dalc</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Walc</th>\n",
+              "      <th>health</th>\n",
+              "      <th>absences</th>\n",
+              "      <th>G1</th>\n",
+              "      <th>G2</th>\n",
+              "      <th>G3</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>18</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>A</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>at_home</td>\n",
+              "      <td>teacher</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>11</td>\n",
+              "      <td>11</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>17</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>at_home</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9</td>\n",
+              "      <td>11</td>\n",
+              "      <td>11</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>LE3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>at_home</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6</td>\n",
+              "      <td>12</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "      <td>12</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>health</td>\n",
+              "      <td>services</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>14</td>\n",
+              "      <td>14</td>\n",
+              "      <td>14</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>11</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>5</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>M</td>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>LE3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>services</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6</td>\n",
+              "      <td>12</td>\n",
+              "      <td>12</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>6</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>M</td>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>LE3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "      <td>12</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>7</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>F</td>\n",
+              "      <td>17</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>A</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>teacher</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>10</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>8</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>M</td>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>LE3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>A</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>services</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>17</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>9</th>\n",
+              "      <td>GP</td>\n",
+              "      <td>M</td>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>U</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GT3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>T</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>other</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>12</td>\n",
+              "      <td>12</td>\n",
+              "      <td>13</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>10 rows × 33 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-732f122b-5d06-44e9-bbb9-769c1a820e2d')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-732f122b-5d06-44e9-bbb9-769c1a820e2d button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-732f122b-5d06-44e9-bbb9-769c1a820e2d');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-bc316a98-55f6-4be7-bc07-b9f670afdaa7\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-bc316a98-55f6-4be7-bc07-b9f670afdaa7')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-bc316a98-55f6-4be7-bc07-b9f670afdaa7 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "d"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 4
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "vqVmLh8T5drD",
+        "outputId": "92051410-888b-4b74-e21f-aec27c074ffe",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 256
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "     age  Medu  Fedu  traveltime  studytime  failures  famrel  freetime  \\\n",
+              "283   16     3     3           3          2         1       5         3   \n",
+              "426   15     3     3           2          1         0       5         4   \n",
+              "77    16     2     2           1          4         0       5         2   \n",
+              "34    16     3     2           1          1         0       5         4   \n",
+              "207   16     3     3           1          1         0       4         3   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "     goout  Dalc  ...  activities_yes  nursery_no  nursery_yes  higher_no  \\\n",
+              "283      3     1  ...           False        True        False      False   \n",
+              "426      4     2  ...           False       False         True      False   \n",
+              "77       3     1  ...           False       False         True      False   \n",
+              "34       3     1  ...           False        True        False      False   \n",
+              "207      2     3  ...            True       False         True      False   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "     higher_yes  internet_no  internet_yes  romantic_no  romantic_yes  pass  \n",
+              "283        True        False          True         True         False     0  \n",
+              "426        True        False          True         True         False     0  \n",
+              "77         True        False          True        False          True     1  \n",
+              "34         True        False          True         True         False     1  \n",
+              "207        True        False          True         True         False     0  \n",
+              "\n",
+              "[5 rows x 57 columns]"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-3662b68b-a24b-4aaa-b950-0343456f3459\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>age</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Medu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Fedu</th>\n",
+              "      <th>traveltime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>studytime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>failures</th>\n",
+              "      <th>famrel</th>\n",
+              "      <th>freetime</th>\n",
+              "      <th>goout</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Dalc</th>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <th>activities_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>nursery_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>nursery_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>higher_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>higher_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>internet_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>internet_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>romantic_no</th>\n",
+              "      <th>romantic_yes</th>\n",
+              "      <th>pass</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>283</th>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>426</th>\n",
+              "      <td>15</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>77</th>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>34</th>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>207</th>\n",
+              "      <td>16</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>True</td>\n",
+              "      <td>False</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>5 rows × 57 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-3662b68b-a24b-4aaa-b950-0343456f3459')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-3662b68b-a24b-4aaa-b950-0343456f3459 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-3662b68b-a24b-4aaa-b950-0343456f3459');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-330c8812-743c-43c8-8d69-9aab968071a3\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-330c8812-743c-43c8-8d69-9aab968071a3')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-330c8812-743c-43c8-8d69-9aab968071a3 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "d"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 7
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# generate binary label (pass/fail) based on G1+G2+G3 (test grades, each 0-20 pts); threshold for passing is sum>=30\n",
+        "d['pass'] = d.apply(lambda row: 1 if (row['G1']+row['G2']+row['G3']) >= 35 else 0, axis=1)\n",
+        "d = d.drop(['G1', 'G2', 'G3'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d.head()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "collapsed": true,
+        "id": "WE7DjUrq5drD",
+        "outputId": "e46a5da7-64e4-4258-c961-0cd581de9941",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "error",
+          "ename": "KeyError",
+          "evalue": "\"None of [Index(['sex', 'school', 'address', 'famsize', 'Pstatus', 'Mjob', 'Fjob',\\n       'reason', 'guardian', 'schoolsup', 'famsup', 'paid', 'activities',\\n       'nursery', 'higher', 'internet', 'romantic'],\\n      dtype='object')] are in the [columns]\"",
+          "traceback": [
+            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+            "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-8-c7230bfe60c2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 2>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# use one-hot encoding on categorical columns\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m d = pd.get_dummies(d, columns=['sex', 'school', 'address', 'famsize', 'Pstatus', 'Mjob', 'Fjob', \n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m                                \u001b[0;34m'reason'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'guardian'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'schoolsup'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'famsup'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'paid'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'activities'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m                                'nursery', 'higher', 'internet', 'romantic'])\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mhead\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+            "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/pandas/core/reshape/encoding.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_dummies\u001b[0;34m(data, prefix, prefix_sep, dummy_na, columns, sparse, drop_first, dtype)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    162\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mTypeError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Input must be a list-like for parameter `columns`\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    163\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32melse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 164\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mdata_to_encode\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcolumns\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    165\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    166\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m# validate prefixes and separator to avoid silently dropping cols\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+            "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/pandas/core/frame.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__getitem__\u001b[0;34m(self, key)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3897\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mis_iterator\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3898\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlist\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 3899\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcolumns\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_get_indexer_strict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"columns\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   3900\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   3901\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m# take() does not accept boolean indexers\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+            "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_get_indexer_strict\u001b[0;34m(self, key, axis_name)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   6113\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mkeyarr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnew_indexer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_reindex_non_unique\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkeyarr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   6114\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 6115\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_raise_if_missing\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkeyarr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0maxis_name\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   6116\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   6117\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mkeyarr\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtake\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+            "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_raise_if_missing\u001b[0;34m(self, key, indexer, axis_name)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   6174\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0muse_interval_msg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   6175\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlist\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 6176\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34mf\"None of [{key}] are in the [{axis_name}]\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   6177\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   6178\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mnot_found\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlist\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mensure_index\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmissing_mask\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnonzero\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0munique\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+            "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: \"None of [Index(['sex', 'school', 'address', 'famsize', 'Pstatus', 'Mjob', 'Fjob',\\n       'reason', 'guardian', 'schoolsup', 'famsup', 'paid', 'activities',\\n       'nursery', 'higher', 'internet', 'romantic'],\\n      dtype='object')] are in the [columns]\""
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# use one-hot encoding on categorical columns\n",
+        "d = pd.get_dummies(d, columns=['sex', 'school', 'address', 'famsize', 'Pstatus', 'Mjob', 'Fjob',\n",
+        "                               'reason', 'guardian', 'schoolsup', 'famsup', 'paid', 'activities',\n",
+        "                               'nursery', 'higher', 'internet', 'romantic'])\n",
+        "d.head()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ilHI4_sS5drE",
+        "outputId": "79d5365d-65b6-4284-9d46-ff8b638ca4e9",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Passing: 328 out of 649 (50.54%)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# shuffle rows\n",
+        "d = d.sample(frac=1)\n",
+        "# split training and testing data\n",
+        "d_train = d[:500]\n",
+        "d_test = d[500:]\n",
+        "\n",
+        "d_train_att = d_train.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d_train_pass = d_train['pass']\n",
+        "\n",
+        "d_test_att = d_test.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d_test_pass = d_test['pass']\n",
+        "\n",
+        "d_att = d.drop(['pass'], axis=1)\n",
+        "d_pass = d['pass']\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# number of passing students in whole dataset:\n",
+        "import numpy as np\n",
+        "print(\"Passing: %d out of %d (%.2f%%)\" % (np.sum(d_pass), len(d_pass), 100*float(np.sum(d_pass)) / len(d_pass)))"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "yq-gcN4E5drE"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "# fit a decision tree\n",
+        "from sklearn import tree\n",
+        "t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=5)\n",
+        "t = t.fit(d_train_att, d_train_pass)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "_0hXcS945drE",
+        "outputId": "d523cbe0-d692-4e8c-8c97-5d49097c5959",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 817
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "image/svg+xml": "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n \"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd\">\n<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.43.0 (0)\n -->\n<!-- Title: Tree Pages: 1 -->\n<svg width=\"1640pt\" height=\"581pt\"\n viewBox=\"0.00 0.00 1640.00 581.00\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\n<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 577)\">\n<title>Tree</title>\n<polygon fill=\"white\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-577 1636,-577 1636,4 -4,4\"/>\n<!-- 0 -->\n<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n<title>0</title>\n<path fill=\"#fefcfa\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1058,-573C1058,-573 935,-573 935,-573 929,-573 923,-567 923,-561 923,-561 923,-517 923,-517 923,-511 929,-505 935,-505 935,-505 1058,-505 1058,-505 1064,-505 1070,-511 1070,-517 1070,-517 1070,-561 1070,-561 1070,-567 1064,-573 1058,-573\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"996.5\" y=\"-557.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">failures &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"996.5\" y=\"-542.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 100.0%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"996.5\" y=\"-527.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.506, 0.494]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"996.5\" y=\"-512.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 1 -->\n<g id=\"node2\" class=\"node\">\n<title>1</title>\n<path fill=\"#d0e8f9\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M743,-469C743,-469 620,-469 620,-469 614,-469 608,-463 608,-457 608,-457 608,-413 608,-413 608,-407 614,-401 620,-401 620,-401 743,-401 743,-401 749,-401 755,-407 755,-413 755,-413 755,-457 755,-457 755,-463 749,-469 743,-469\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-453.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">higher_yes &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-438.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 85.6%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-423.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.432, 0.568]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-408.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 0&#45;&gt;1 -->\n<g id=\"edge1\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>0&#45;&gt;1</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M922.65,-514.09C875.34,-498.77 813.85,-478.86 764.8,-462.97\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"765.76,-459.6 755.16,-459.85 763.6,-466.26 765.76,-459.6\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"766.54\" y=\"-478.42\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">True</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 22 -->\n<g id=\"node23\" class=\"node\">\n<title>22</title>\n<path fill=\"#e78845\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1178,-469C1178,-469 1055,-469 1055,-469 1049,-469 1043,-463 1043,-457 1043,-457 1043,-413 1043,-413 1043,-407 1049,-401 1055,-401 1055,-401 1178,-401 1178,-401 1184,-401 1190,-407 1190,-413 1190,-413 1190,-457 1190,-457 1190,-463 1184,-469 1178,-469\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1116.5\" y=\"-453.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">Medu &lt;= 2.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1116.5\" y=\"-438.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 14.4%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1116.5\" y=\"-423.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.944, 0.056]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1116.5\" y=\"-408.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 0&#45;&gt;22 -->\n<g id=\"edge22\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>0&#45;&gt;22</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1035.46,-504.88C1046.36,-495.62 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font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.962, 0.038]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-304.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 1&#45;&gt;2 -->\n<g id=\"edge2\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>1&#45;&gt;2</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M607.91,-418.23C521.76,-399.77 379.41,-369.27 289.15,-349.92\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"289.73,-346.47 279.22,-347.8 288.27,-353.31 289.73,-346.47\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 7 -->\n<g id=\"node8\" class=\"node\">\n<title>7</title>\n<path fill=\"#bcdef6\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M743,-365C743,-365 620,-365 620,-365 614,-365 608,-359 608,-353 608,-353 608,-309 608,-309 608,-303 614,-297 620,-297 620,-297 743,-297 743,-297 749,-297 755,-303 755,-309 755,-309 755,-353 755,-353 755,-359 749,-365 743,-365\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-349.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">school_GP &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-334.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 80.4%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-319.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.398, 0.602]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"681.5\" y=\"-304.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 1&#45;&gt;7 -->\n<g id=\"edge7\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>1&#45;&gt;7</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M681.5,-400.88C681.5,-392.78 681.5,-383.98 681.5,-375.47\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"685,-375.3 681.5,-365.3 678,-375.3 685,-375.3\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 3 -->\n<g id=\"node4\" class=\"node\">\n<title>3</title>\n<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M105,-253.5C105,-253.5 12,-253.5 12,-253.5 6,-253.5 0,-247.5 0,-241.5 0,-241.5 0,-212.5 0,-212.5 0,-206.5 6,-200.5 12,-200.5 12,-200.5 105,-200.5 105,-200.5 111,-200.5 117,-206.5 117,-212.5 117,-212.5 117,-241.5 117,-241.5 117,-247.5 111,-253.5 105,-253.5\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"58.5\" y=\"-238.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 4.4%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"58.5\" y=\"-223.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [1.0, 0.0]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"58.5\" y=\"-208.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 2&#45;&gt;3 -->\n<g id=\"edge3\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>2&#45;&gt;3</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M157.77,-296.88C140.34,-284.79 120.69,-271.15 103.5,-259.22\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"105.49,-256.35 95.28,-253.52 101.5,-262.1 105.49,-256.35\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 4 -->\n<g id=\"node5\" class=\"node\">\n<title>4</title>\n<path fill=\"#eeab7b\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M263.5,-261C263.5,-261 147.5,-261 147.5,-261 141.5,-261 135.5,-255 135.5,-249 135.5,-249 135.5,-205 135.5,-205 135.5,-199 141.5,-193 147.5,-193 147.5,-193 263.5,-193 263.5,-193 269.5,-193 275.5,-199 275.5,-205 275.5,-205 275.5,-249 275.5,-249 275.5,-255 269.5,-261 263.5,-261\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-245.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">activities_yes &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-230.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 0.8%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-215.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.75, 0.25]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-200.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 2&#45;&gt;4 -->\n<g id=\"edge4\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>2&#45;&gt;4</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M205.5,-296.88C205.5,-288.78 205.5,-279.98 205.5,-271.47\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"209,-271.3 205.5,-261.3 202,-271.3 209,-271.3\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 5 -->\n<g id=\"node6\" class=\"node\">\n<title>5</title>\n<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M117,-149.5C117,-149.5 24,-149.5 24,-149.5 18,-149.5 12,-143.5 12,-137.5 12,-137.5 12,-108.5 12,-108.5 12,-102.5 18,-96.5 24,-96.5 24,-96.5 117,-96.5 117,-96.5 123,-96.5 129,-102.5 129,-108.5 129,-108.5 129,-137.5 129,-137.5 129,-143.5 123,-149.5 117,-149.5\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"70.5\" y=\"-134.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 0.6%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"70.5\" y=\"-119.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [1.0, 0.0]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"70.5\" y=\"-104.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 4&#45;&gt;5 -->\n<g id=\"edge5\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>4&#45;&gt;5</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M161.67,-192.88C145.8,-180.9 127.94,-167.4 112.26,-155.55\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"114.37,-152.76 104.28,-149.52 110.15,-158.34 114.37,-152.76\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 6 -->\n<g id=\"node7\" class=\"node\">\n<title>6</title>\n<path fill=\"#399de5\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M252,-149.5C252,-149.5 159,-149.5 159,-149.5 153,-149.5 147,-143.5 147,-137.5 147,-137.5 147,-108.5 147,-108.5 147,-102.5 153,-96.5 159,-96.5 159,-96.5 252,-96.5 252,-96.5 258,-96.5 264,-102.5 264,-108.5 264,-108.5 264,-137.5 264,-137.5 264,-143.5 258,-149.5 252,-149.5\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-134.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 0.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-119.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.0, 1.0]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"205.5\" y=\"-104.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 4&#45;&gt;6 -->\n<g id=\"edge6\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>4&#45;&gt;6</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M205.5,-192.88C205.5,-182.33 205.5,-170.6 205.5,-159.85\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"209,-159.52 205.5,-149.52 202,-159.52 209,-159.52\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 8 -->\n<g id=\"node9\" class=\"node\">\n<title>8</title>\n<path fill=\"#f9e3d2\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M664,-261C664,-261 541,-261 541,-261 535,-261 529,-255 529,-249 529,-249 529,-205 529,-205 529,-199 535,-193 541,-193 541,-193 664,-193 664,-193 670,-193 676,-199 676,-205 676,-205 676,-249 676,-249 676,-255 670,-261 664,-261\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-245.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">Walc &lt;= 2.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-230.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 25.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-215.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.563, 0.437]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-200.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 7&#45;&gt;8 -->\n<g id=\"edge8\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>7&#45;&gt;8</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M655.85,-296.88C649.02,-288.07 641.56,-278.43 634.44,-269.24\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"637.18,-267.06 628.29,-261.3 631.65,-271.35 637.18,-267.06\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 15 -->\n<g id=\"node16\" class=\"node\">\n<title>15</title>\n<path fill=\"#97ccf1\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M953,-261C953,-261 830,-261 830,-261 824,-261 818,-255 818,-249 818,-249 818,-205 818,-205 818,-199 824,-193 830,-193 830,-193 953,-193 953,-193 959,-193 965,-199 965,-205 965,-205 965,-249 965,-249 965,-255 959,-261 953,-261\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-245.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">Dalc &lt;= 1.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-230.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 55.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-215.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.322, 0.678]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-200.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 7&#45;&gt;15 -->\n<g id=\"edge15\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>7&#45;&gt;15</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M749.68,-296.88C770.23,-286.9 792.94,-275.87 814.05,-265.62\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"815.84,-268.64 823.3,-261.12 812.78,-262.35 815.84,-268.64\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 9 -->\n<g id=\"node10\" class=\"node\">\n<title>9</title>\n<path fill=\"#ddeefa\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M417,-157C417,-157 294,-157 294,-157 288,-157 282,-151 282,-145 282,-145 282,-101 282,-101 282,-95 288,-89 294,-89 294,-89 417,-89 417,-89 423,-89 429,-95 429,-101 429,-101 429,-145 429,-145 429,-151 423,-157 417,-157\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"355.5\" y=\"-141.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">health &lt;= 1.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"355.5\" y=\"-126.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 16.8%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"355.5\" y=\"-111.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.452, 0.548]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"355.5\" y=\"-96.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 8&#45;&gt;9 -->\n<g id=\"edge9\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>8&#45;&gt;9</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M528.73,-195.53C500.38,-183.83 467.83,-170.39 438.66,-158.34\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"439.9,-155.07 429.32,-154.48 437.23,-161.54 439.9,-155.07\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 12 -->\n<g id=\"node13\" class=\"node\">\n<title>12</title>\n<path fill=\"#eca36f\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M664,-157C664,-157 541,-157 541,-157 535,-157 529,-151 529,-145 529,-145 529,-101 529,-101 529,-95 535,-89 541,-89 541,-89 664,-89 664,-89 670,-89 676,-95 676,-101 676,-101 676,-145 676,-145 676,-151 670,-157 664,-157\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-141.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">Medu &lt;= 3.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-126.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 8.4%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-111.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.786, 0.214]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"602.5\" y=\"-96.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 8&#45;&gt;12 -->\n<g id=\"edge12\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>8&#45;&gt;12</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M602.5,-192.88C602.5,-184.78 602.5,-175.98 602.5,-167.47\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"606,-167.3 602.5,-157.3 599,-167.3 606,-167.3\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 10 -->\n<g id=\"node11\" class=\"node\">\n<title>10</title>\n<path fill=\"#67b4eb\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M210,-53C210,-53 87,-53 87,-53 81,-53 75,-47 75,-41 75,-41 75,-12 75,-12 75,-6 81,0 87,0 87,0 210,0 210,0 216,0 222,-6 222,-12 222,-12 222,-41 222,-41 222,-47 216,-53 210,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"148.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 3.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"148.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.188, 0.812]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"148.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 9&#45;&gt;10 -->\n<g id=\"edge10\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>9&#45;&gt;10</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M283.1,-88.95C260.56,-78.66 235.84,-67.37 213.81,-57.32\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"215.1,-54.06 204.55,-53.09 212.19,-60.42 215.1,-54.06\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 11 -->\n<g id=\"node12\" class=\"node\">\n<title>11</title>\n<path fill=\"#fef8f4\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M375,-53C375,-53 252,-53 252,-53 246,-53 240,-47 240,-41 240,-41 240,-12 240,-12 240,-6 246,0 252,0 252,0 375,0 375,0 381,0 387,-6 387,-12 387,-12 387,-41 387,-41 387,-47 381,-53 375,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"313.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 13.6%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"313.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.515, 0.485]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"313.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 9&#45;&gt;11 -->\n<g id=\"edge11\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>9&#45;&gt;11</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M340.81,-88.95C337.03,-80.44 332.95,-71.26 329.12,-62.65\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"332.2,-60.95 324.94,-53.24 325.8,-63.8 332.2,-60.95\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 13 -->\n<g id=\"node14\" class=\"node\">\n<title>13</title>\n<path fill=\"#e89153\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M540,-53C540,-53 417,-53 417,-53 411,-53 405,-47 405,-41 405,-41 405,-12 405,-12 405,-6 411,0 417,0 417,0 540,0 540,0 546,0 552,-6 552,-12 552,-12 552,-41 552,-41 552,-47 546,-53 540,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"478.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 7.0%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"478.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.886, 0.114]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"478.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 12&#45;&gt;13 -->\n<g id=\"edge13\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>12&#45;&gt;13</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M559.13,-88.95C546.53,-79.34 532.79,-68.87 520.29,-59.34\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"522.35,-56.51 512.27,-53.24 518.1,-62.08 522.35,-56.51\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 14 -->\n<g id=\"node15\" class=\"node\">\n<title>14</title>\n<path fill=\"#88c4ef\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M705,-53C705,-53 582,-53 582,-53 576,-53 570,-47 570,-41 570,-41 570,-12 570,-12 570,-6 576,0 582,0 582,0 705,0 705,0 711,0 717,-6 717,-12 717,-12 717,-41 717,-41 717,-47 711,-53 705,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"643.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 1.4%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"643.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.286, 0.714]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"643.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 12&#45;&gt;14 -->\n<g id=\"edge14\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>12&#45;&gt;14</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M616.84,-88.95C620.53,-80.44 624.52,-71.26 628.25,-62.65\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"631.56,-63.8 632.33,-53.24 625.14,-61.02 631.56,-63.8\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 16 -->\n<g id=\"node17\" class=\"node\">\n<title>16</title>\n<path fill=\"#80c0ee\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M954,-157C954,-157 829,-157 829,-157 823,-157 817,-151 817,-145 817,-145 817,-101 817,-101 817,-95 823,-89 829,-89 829,-89 954,-89 954,-89 960,-89 966,-95 966,-101 966,-101 966,-145 966,-145 966,-151 960,-157 954,-157\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-141.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">schoolsup_yes &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-126.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 40.0%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-111.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.265, 0.735]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"891.5\" y=\"-96.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 15&#45;&gt;16 -->\n<g id=\"edge16\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>15&#45;&gt;16</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M891.5,-192.88C891.5,-184.78 891.5,-175.98 891.5,-167.47\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"895,-167.3 891.5,-157.3 888,-167.3 895,-167.3\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 19 -->\n<g id=\"node20\" class=\"node\">\n<title>19</title>\n<path fill=\"#ebf5fc\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1200,-157C1200,-157 1077,-157 1077,-157 1071,-157 1065,-151 1065,-145 1065,-145 1065,-101 1065,-101 1065,-95 1071,-89 1077,-89 1077,-89 1200,-89 1200,-89 1206,-89 1212,-95 1212,-101 1212,-101 1212,-145 1212,-145 1212,-151 1206,-157 1200,-157\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1138.5\" y=\"-141.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">traveltime &lt;= 1.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1138.5\" y=\"-126.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 15.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1138.5\" y=\"-111.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.474, 0.526]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1138.5\" y=\"-96.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 15&#45;&gt;19 -->\n<g id=\"edge19\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>15&#45;&gt;19</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M965.27,-195.53C993.62,-183.83 1026.17,-170.39 1055.34,-158.34\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1056.77,-161.54 1064.68,-154.48 1054.1,-155.07 1056.77,-161.54\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 17 -->\n<g id=\"node18\" class=\"node\">\n<title>17</title>\n<path fill=\"#74baed\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M870,-53C870,-53 747,-53 747,-53 741,-53 735,-47 735,-41 735,-41 735,-12 735,-12 735,-6 741,0 747,0 747,0 870,0 870,0 876,0 882,-6 882,-12 882,-12 882,-41 882,-41 882,-47 876,-53 870,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"808.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 34.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"808.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.228, 0.772]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"808.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 16&#45;&gt;17 -->\n<g id=\"edge17\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>16&#45;&gt;17</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M862.47,-88.95C854.52,-79.89 845.89,-70.07 837.91,-60.99\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"840.33,-58.44 831.1,-53.24 835.07,-63.06 840.33,-58.44\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 18 -->\n<g id=\"node19\" class=\"node\">\n<title>18</title>\n<path fill=\"#f2f8fd\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1035,-53C1035,-53 912,-53 912,-53 906,-53 900,-47 900,-41 900,-41 900,-12 900,-12 900,-6 906,0 912,0 912,0 1035,0 1035,0 1041,0 1047,-6 1047,-12 1047,-12 1047,-41 1047,-41 1047,-47 1041,-53 1035,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"973.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 5.8%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"973.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.483, 0.517]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"973.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 16&#45;&gt;18 -->\n<g id=\"edge18\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>16&#45;&gt;18</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M920.18,-88.95C928.04,-79.89 936.56,-70.07 944.44,-60.99\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"947.26,-63.08 951.17,-53.24 941.97,-58.5 947.26,-63.08\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 20 -->\n<g id=\"node21\" class=\"node\">\n<title>20</title>\n<path fill=\"#b9dcf6\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1200,-53C1200,-53 1077,-53 1077,-53 1071,-53 1065,-47 1065,-41 1065,-41 1065,-12 1065,-12 1065,-6 1071,0 1077,0 1077,0 1200,0 1200,0 1206,0 1212,-6 1212,-12 1212,-12 1212,-41 1212,-41 1212,-47 1206,-53 1200,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1138.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 11.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1138.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.393, 0.607]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1138.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 19&#45;&gt;20 -->\n<g id=\"edge20\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>19&#45;&gt;20</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1138.5,-88.95C1138.5,-80.72 1138.5,-71.85 1138.5,-63.48\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1142,-63.24 1138.5,-53.24 1135,-63.24 1142,-63.24\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 21 -->\n<g id=\"node22\" class=\"node\">\n<title>21</title>\n<path fill=\"#f0b78e\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1335,-53C1335,-53 1242,-53 1242,-53 1236,-53 1230,-47 1230,-41 1230,-41 1230,-12 1230,-12 1230,-6 1236,0 1242,0 1242,0 1335,0 1335,0 1341,0 1347,-6 1347,-12 1347,-12 1347,-41 1347,-41 1347,-47 1341,-53 1335,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1288.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 4.0%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1288.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.7, 0.3]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1288.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 19&#45;&gt;21 -->\n<g id=\"edge21\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>19&#45;&gt;21</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1190.96,-88.95C1206.5,-79.16 1223.46,-68.48 1238.82,-58.8\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1241.05,-61.53 1247.65,-53.24 1237.32,-55.61 1241.05,-61.53\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 23 -->\n<g id=\"node24\" class=\"node\">\n<title>23</title>\n<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1163,-357.5C1163,-357.5 1070,-357.5 1070,-357.5 1064,-357.5 1058,-351.5 1058,-345.5 1058,-345.5 1058,-316.5 1058,-316.5 1058,-310.5 1064,-304.5 1070,-304.5 1070,-304.5 1163,-304.5 1163,-304.5 1169,-304.5 1175,-310.5 1175,-316.5 1175,-316.5 1175,-345.5 1175,-345.5 1175,-351.5 1169,-357.5 1163,-357.5\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1116.5\" y=\"-342.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 9.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1116.5\" y=\"-327.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [1.0, 0.0]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1116.5\" y=\"-312.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 22&#45;&gt;23 -->\n<g id=\"edge23\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>22&#45;&gt;23</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1116.5,-400.88C1116.5,-390.33 1116.5,-378.6 1116.5,-367.85\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1120,-367.52 1116.5,-357.52 1113,-367.52 1120,-367.52\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 24 -->\n<g id=\"node25\" class=\"node\">\n<title>24</title>\n<path fill=\"#ea985d\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1485,-365C1485,-365 1362,-365 1362,-365 1356,-365 1350,-359 1350,-353 1350,-353 1350,-309 1350,-309 1350,-303 1356,-297 1362,-297 1362,-297 1485,-297 1485,-297 1491,-297 1497,-303 1497,-309 1497,-309 1497,-353 1497,-353 1497,-359 1491,-365 1485,-365\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-349.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">school_MS &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-334.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 5.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-319.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.846, 0.154]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-304.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 22&#45;&gt;24 -->\n<g id=\"edge24\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>22&#45;&gt;24</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1190.03,-409.57C1235.26,-394.54 1293.33,-375.25 1340.24,-359.66\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1341.38,-362.97 1349.77,-356.5 1339.17,-356.33 1341.38,-362.97\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 25 -->\n<g id=\"node26\" class=\"node\">\n<title>25</title>\n<path fill=\"#efb388\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1485,-261C1485,-261 1362,-261 1362,-261 1356,-261 1350,-255 1350,-249 1350,-249 1350,-205 1350,-205 1350,-199 1356,-193 1362,-193 1362,-193 1485,-193 1485,-193 1491,-193 1497,-199 1497,-205 1497,-205 1497,-249 1497,-249 1497,-255 1491,-261 1485,-261\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-245.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">Fjob_services &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-230.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 2.8%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-215.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.714, 0.286]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-200.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 24&#45;&gt;25 -->\n<g id=\"edge25\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>24&#45;&gt;25</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1423.5,-296.88C1423.5,-288.78 1423.5,-279.98 1423.5,-271.47\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1427,-271.3 1423.5,-261.3 1420,-271.3 1427,-271.3\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 30 -->\n<g id=\"node31\" class=\"node\">\n<title>30</title>\n<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1620,-253.5C1620,-253.5 1527,-253.5 1527,-253.5 1521,-253.5 1515,-247.5 1515,-241.5 1515,-241.5 1515,-212.5 1515,-212.5 1515,-206.5 1521,-200.5 1527,-200.5 1527,-200.5 1620,-200.5 1620,-200.5 1626,-200.5 1632,-206.5 1632,-212.5 1632,-212.5 1632,-241.5 1632,-241.5 1632,-247.5 1626,-253.5 1620,-253.5\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1573.5\" y=\"-238.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 2.4%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1573.5\" y=\"-223.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [1.0, 0.0]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1573.5\" y=\"-208.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 24&#45;&gt;30 -->\n<g id=\"edge30\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>24&#45;&gt;30</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1472.2,-296.88C1489.99,-284.79 1510.04,-271.15 1527.58,-259.22\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1529.67,-262.04 1535.97,-253.52 1525.73,-256.25 1529.67,-262.04\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 26 -->\n<g id=\"node27\" class=\"node\">\n<title>26</title>\n<path fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1473.5,-157C1473.5,-157 1373.5,-157 1373.5,-157 1367.5,-157 1361.5,-151 1361.5,-145 1361.5,-145 1361.5,-101 1361.5,-101 1361.5,-95 1367.5,-89 1373.5,-89 1373.5,-89 1473.5,-89 1473.5,-89 1479.5,-89 1485.5,-95 1485.5,-101 1485.5,-101 1485.5,-145 1485.5,-145 1485.5,-151 1479.5,-157 1473.5,-157\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-141.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">Fjob_other &lt;= 0.5</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-126.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 1.6%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-111.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.5, 0.5]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-96.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 25&#45;&gt;26 -->\n<g id=\"edge26\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>25&#45;&gt;26</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1423.5,-192.88C1423.5,-184.78 1423.5,-175.98 1423.5,-167.47\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1427,-167.3 1423.5,-157.3 1420,-167.3 1427,-167.3\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 29 -->\n<g id=\"node30\" class=\"node\">\n<title>29</title>\n<path fill=\"#e58139\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1609,-149.5C1609,-149.5 1516,-149.5 1516,-149.5 1510,-149.5 1504,-143.5 1504,-137.5 1504,-137.5 1504,-108.5 1504,-108.5 1504,-102.5 1510,-96.5 1516,-96.5 1516,-96.5 1609,-96.5 1609,-96.5 1615,-96.5 1621,-102.5 1621,-108.5 1621,-108.5 1621,-137.5 1621,-137.5 1621,-143.5 1615,-149.5 1609,-149.5\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1562.5\" y=\"-134.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 1.2%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1562.5\" y=\"-119.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [1.0, 0.0]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1562.5\" y=\"-104.3\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 25&#45;&gt;29 -->\n<g id=\"edge29\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>25&#45;&gt;29</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1468.63,-192.88C1484.97,-180.9 1503.36,-167.4 1519.51,-155.55\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1521.73,-158.26 1527.72,-149.52 1517.59,-152.61 1521.73,-158.26\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 27 -->\n<g id=\"node28\" class=\"node\">\n<title>27</title>\n<path fill=\"#399de5\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1470,-53C1470,-53 1377,-53 1377,-53 1371,-53 1365,-47 1365,-41 1365,-41 1365,-12 1365,-12 1365,-6 1371,0 1377,0 1377,0 1470,0 1470,0 1476,0 1482,-6 1482,-12 1482,-12 1482,-41 1482,-41 1482,-47 1476,-53 1470,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 0.6%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.0, 1.0]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1423.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = pass</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 26&#45;&gt;27 -->\n<g id=\"edge27\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>26&#45;&gt;27</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1423.5,-88.95C1423.5,-80.72 1423.5,-71.85 1423.5,-63.48\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1427,-63.24 1423.5,-53.24 1420,-63.24 1427,-63.24\"/>\n</g>\n<!-- 28 -->\n<g id=\"node29\" class=\"node\">\n<title>28</title>\n<path fill=\"#eca06a\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1605,-53C1605,-53 1512,-53 1512,-53 1506,-53 1500,-47 1500,-41 1500,-41 1500,-12 1500,-12 1500,-6 1506,0 1512,0 1512,0 1605,0 1605,0 1611,0 1617,-6 1617,-12 1617,-12 1617,-41 1617,-41 1617,-47 1611,-53 1605,-53\"/>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1558.5\" y=\"-37.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">samples = 1.0%</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1558.5\" y=\"-22.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">value = [0.8, 0.2]</text>\n<text text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"1558.5\" y=\"-7.8\" font-family=\"Helvetica,sans-Serif\" font-size=\"14.00\">class = fail</text>\n</g>\n<!-- 26&#45;&gt;28 -->\n<g id=\"edge28\" class=\"edge\">\n<title>26&#45;&gt;28</title>\n<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"black\" d=\"M1470.72,-88.95C1484.57,-79.25 1499.68,-68.68 1513.4,-59.07\"/>\n<polygon fill=\"black\" stroke=\"black\" points=\"1515.55,-61.84 1521.73,-53.24 1511.53,-56.1 1515.55,-61.84\"/>\n</g>\n</g>\n</svg>\n",
+            "text/plain": [
+              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7d4f2f3560b0>"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 11
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# visualize tree\n",
+        "import graphviz\n",
+        "dot_data = tree.export_graphviz(t, out_file=None, label=\"all\", impurity=False, proportion=True,\n",
+        "                                feature_names=list(d_train_att), class_names=[\"fail\", \"pass\"],\n",
+        "                                filled=True, rounded=True)\n",
+        "graph = graphviz.Source(dot_data)\n",
+        "graph"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "lHCyPiXf5drE"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "# save tree\n",
+        "tree.export_graphviz(t, out_file=\"student-performance.dot\", label=\"all\", impurity=False, proportion=True,\n",
+        "                     feature_names=list(d_train_att), class_names=[\"fail\", \"pass\"],\n",
+        "                     filled=True, rounded=True)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "RzKU7iKV5drE",
+        "outputId": "b992b355-1dde-4c93-e38a-4ad0d11013ff"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "0.7315436241610739"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 13
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "t.score(d_test_att, d_test_pass)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "g-WJCveK5drE",
+        "outputId": "f3d4d6f4-1e14-4834-8dcb-0d332f129b25"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Accuracy: 0.69 (+/- 0.06)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score\n",
+        "scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
+        "# show average score and +/- two standard deviations away (covering 95% of scores)\n",
+        "print(\"Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f)\" % (scores.mean(), scores.std() * 2))"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "BMvyOvRR5drE",
+        "outputId": "30db1fba-534d-4697-b515-0ee918cc68a6",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 430
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "display_data",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "<Figure size 640x480 with 1 Axes>"
+            ],
+            "image/png": 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\n"
+          },
+          "metadata": {}
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+        "fig, ax = plt.subplots()\n",
+        "ax.errorbar(depth_acc[:,0], depth_acc[:,1], yerr=depth_acc[:,2])\n",
+        "plt.show()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "# prompt: print classification report\n",
+        "\n",
+        "from sklearn.metrics import classification_report\n",
+        "t.fit(d_train_att, d_train_pass)\n",
+        "y_pred = t.predict(d_test_att)\n",
+        "y_test = d_test_pass\n",
+        "\n",
+        "print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred))\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ZEPcumB7JERR",
+        "outputId": "b308c7c6-3ffd-4bfa-8cd7-01303566962c",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
+            "\n",
+            "           0       0.63      0.79      0.70        68\n",
+            "           1       0.78      0.60      0.68        81\n",
+            "\n",
+            "    accuracy                           0.69       149\n",
+            "   macro avg       0.70      0.70      0.69       149\n",
+            "weighted avg       0.71      0.69      0.69       149\n",
+            "\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "# prompt: print the confusion matrix\n",
+        "\n",
+        "from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix\n",
+        "\n",
+        "cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)\n",
+        "print(cm)\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "lEM2H3HNJuSh",
+        "outputId": "da94ec7d-ef8e-4198-bc56-b5017fda2ab2"
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "[[54 14]\n",
+            " [32 49]]\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "2d6VzWz55drE",
+        "outputId": "38b1fddd-2697-4297-f98d-ecf407194c3e",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "array([[ 1.        ,  0.62257603,  0.06582266],\n",
+              "       [ 2.        ,  0.68728682,  0.06067724],\n",
+              "       [ 3.        ,  0.71036374,  0.07389675],\n",
+              "       [ 4.        ,  0.70422182,  0.07859402],\n",
+              "       [ 5.        ,  0.6687418 ,  0.02820843],\n",
+              "       [ 6.        ,  0.64719141,  0.09086315],\n",
+              "       [ 7.        ,  0.6718545 ,  0.06098184],\n",
+              "       [ 8.        ,  0.6718068 ,  0.03568044],\n",
+              "       [ 9.        ,  0.68103757,  0.04223098],\n",
+              "       [10.        ,  0.68565295,  0.03202528],\n",
+              "       [11.        ,  0.6718068 ,  0.06188139],\n",
+              "       [12.        ,  0.6656768 ,  0.05202111],\n",
+              "       [13.        ,  0.66412642,  0.0565803 ],\n",
+              "       [14.        ,  0.65943948,  0.05876299],\n",
+              "       [15.        ,  0.65946333,  0.05650805],\n",
+              "       [16.        ,  0.65791294,  0.03796156],\n",
+              "       [17.        ,  0.66101371,  0.04463823],\n",
+              "       [18.        ,  0.65635063,  0.03758446],\n",
+              "       [19.        ,  0.65793679,  0.03154424]])"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 15
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "depth_acc = np.empty((19,3), float)\n",
+        "i = 0\n",
+        "for max_depth in range(1, 20):\n",
+        "    t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=max_depth)\n",
+        "    scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
+        "    depth_acc[i,0] = max_depth\n",
+        "    depth_acc[i,1] = scores.mean()\n",
+        "    depth_acc[i,2] = scores.std() * 2\n",
+        "    i += 1\n",
+        "\n",
+        "depth_acc"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "Jy8u68fQ5drE",
+        "outputId": "307529f8-00f2-4b6c-fa30-c2f0a9837881",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Max depth: 1, Accuracy: 0.62 (+/- 0.07)\n",
+            "Max depth: 2, Accuracy: 0.69 (+/- 0.06)\n",
+            "Max depth: 3, Accuracy: 0.71 (+/- 0.07)\n",
+            "Max depth: 4, Accuracy: 0.70 (+/- 0.09)\n",
+            "Max depth: 5, Accuracy: 0.68 (+/- 0.04)\n",
+            "Max depth: 6, Accuracy: 0.65 (+/- 0.08)\n",
+            "Max depth: 7, Accuracy: 0.66 (+/- 0.04)\n",
+            "Max depth: 8, Accuracy: 0.68 (+/- 0.05)\n",
+            "Max depth: 9, Accuracy: 0.68 (+/- 0.02)\n",
+            "Max depth: 10, Accuracy: 0.68 (+/- 0.05)\n",
+            "Max depth: 11, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n",
+            "Max depth: 12, Accuracy: 0.65 (+/- 0.07)\n",
+            "Max depth: 13, Accuracy: 0.65 (+/- 0.04)\n",
+            "Max depth: 14, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.06)\n",
+            "Max depth: 15, Accuracy: 0.66 (+/- 0.05)\n",
+            "Max depth: 16, Accuracy: 0.67 (+/- 0.04)\n",
+            "Max depth: 17, Accuracy: 0.66 (+/- 0.05)\n",
+            "Max depth: 18, Accuracy: 0.65 (+/- 0.04)\n",
+            "Max depth: 19, Accuracy: 0.66 (+/- 0.03)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "for max_depth in range(1, 20):\n",
+        "    t = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion=\"entropy\", max_depth=max_depth)\n",
+        "    scores = cross_val_score(t, d_att, d_pass, cv=5)\n",
+        "    print(\"Max depth: %d, Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f)\" % (max_depth, scores.mean(), scores.std() * 2))"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "qHHRkNad5drE"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred))"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "!git config --global user.email \"your_email@example.com\"\n",
+        "!git config --global user.name \"Your Name\"\n",
+        "!git add .\n",
+        "!git commit -m \"Commit message\"\n",
+        "!git push origin your_branch_name"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "jTlbevi9LQOy",
+        "outputId": "0308a566-9ba1-4f0b-c294-9b14164fb7dc",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Author identity unknown\n",
+            "\n",
+            "*** Please tell me who you are.\n",
+            "\n",
+            "Run\n",
+            "\n",
+            "  git config --global user.email \"you@example.com\"\n",
+            "  git config --global user.name \"Your Name\"\n",
+            "\n",
+            "to set your account's default identity.\n",
+            "Omit --global to set the identity only in this repository.\n",
+            "\n",
+            "fatal: unable to auto-detect email address (got 'root@ec078c4b9cd8.(none)')\n",
+            "error: src refspec your_branch_name does not match any\n",
+            "\u001b[31merror: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/ArogeG/Python-Artificial-Intelligence-Projects-for-Beginners.git'\n",
+            "\u001b[m"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "!git branch\n",
+        "!git checkout -b Project-1"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "gWn9lphtOWvU",
+        "outputId": "342b9164-8444-469a-d891-966bce23a001",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        }
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "* \u001b[32mmaster\u001b[m\n",
+            "Switched to a new branch 'Project-1'\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "display_name": "Python 3",
+      "language": "python",
+      "name": "python3"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "codemirror_mode": {
+        "name": "ipython",
+        "version": 3
+      },
+      "file_extension": ".py",
+      "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+      "name": "python",
+      "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+      "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+      "version": "3.6.2"
+    },
+    "colab": {
+      "provenance": [],
+      "toc_visible": true,
+      "include_colab_link": true
+    }
+  },
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
\ No newline at end of file