diff --git a/.github/workflows/bench-graphql.yml b/.github/workflows/bench-graphql.yml
index 193d94c494..938b2ae3ca 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/bench-graphql.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bench-graphql.yml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run GraphQL benchmarks
         run: cd graphql-bench && make bench-local
       - name: Restore metadata file
-        run: git restore graphql-bench/data/apache/master/.raph # otherwise github-action-benchmark fails to create the commit
+        run: git restore graphql-bench/data/apache/master # otherwise github-action-benchmark fails to create the commit
       - name: Print bench results
         run: cat graphql-bench/output.json
       - name: Store benchmark results from master branch
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test_during_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/test_during_pr.yml
index 0cff1b4c4e..bc1c3b94b5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test_during_pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test_during_pr.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - master
+      - db_v4
       - "0.16"
 
 concurrency:
@@ -18,11 +19,6 @@ jobs:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/test_rust_workflow.yml
     secrets: inherit
     needs: rust-format-check
-  call-test-rust-storage-workflow-in-local-repo:
-    name: Run Rust storage tests
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/test_rust_disk_storage_workflow.yml
-    secrets: inherit
-    needs: rust-format-check
   call-test-python-workflow-in-local-repo:
     name: Run Python tests
     uses: ./.github/workflows/test_python_workflow.yml
@@ -30,13 +26,6 @@ jobs:
       test_python_lower: false
     secrets: inherit
     needs: rust-format-check
-  call-test-python-disk-storage-workflow-in-local-repo:
-    name: Run Python storage tests
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/test_python_disk_storage_workflow.yml
-    with:
-      test_python_lower: false
-    secrets: inherit
-    needs: rust-format-check
   call-test-ui-in-local-repo:
     name: Run UI Tests
     uses: ./.github/workflows/test_ui.yml
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test_python_disk_storage_workflow.yml b/.github/workflows/test_python_disk_storage_workflow.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0171e2e840..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/test_python_disk_storage_workflow.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-name: Run Python storage test
-permissions: { }
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      skip_tests:
-        type: boolean
-        default: false
-        required: false
-      test_python_lower:
-        type: boolean
-        default: false
-        required: false
-# DO NOT CHANGE NAME OF WORKFLOW, USED IN OTHER WORKFLOWS KEEP "Rust Tests"
-jobs:
-  select-strategy:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    outputs:
-      python-versions: ${{ steps.set-matrix.outputs.python-versions }}
-    steps:
-      - id: set-matrix
-        run: |
-          echo "python-versions=[\"3.9\",\"3.13\"]" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-  python-test:
-    if: ${{ !inputs.skip_tests }}
-    name: Python Tests
-    needs: select-strategy
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        python: ${{ fromJson(needs.select-strategy.outputs.python-versions) }}
-        os: [ macos-latest, ubuntu-latest, windows-latest ]
-    runs-on: '${{ matrix.os }}'
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        name: Checkout
-      - uses: maxim-lobanov/setup-xcode@v1
-        name: Xcode version
-        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'macOS')"
-        with:
-          xcode-version: latest-stable
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup_rust
-        name: Setup Rust
-      - name: Install Protoc
-        uses: arduino/setup-protoc@v3
-        with:
-          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - uses: webfactory/ssh-agent@v0.7.0
-        name: Load raphtory-disk_graph key
-        with:
-          ssh-private-key: ${{ secrets.RA_SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-        name: Cargo cache
-        with:
-          cache-all-crates: true
-      - name: Setup Python ${{ matrix.python }}
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
-        with:
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
-          cache: 'pip'
-      - name: Activate pometry-storage in Cargo.toml
-        run: make pull-storage
-      - name: Install Python dependencies
-        run: |
-          python -m pip install tox
-      - name: Run Python tests
-        run: |
-          cd python && tox run -e storage
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test_rust_disk_storage_workflow.yml b/.github/workflows/test_rust_disk_storage_workflow.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index d8d0bafad9..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/test_rust_disk_storage_workflow.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-name: Run Rust test
-permissions: { }
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      skip_tests:
-        type: boolean
-        default: false
-        required: false
-# DO NOT CHANGE NAME OF WORKFLOW, USED IN OTHER WORKFLOWS KEEP "Rust Tests"
-jobs:
-  rust-test:
-    if: ${{ !inputs.skip_tests }}
-    name: Rust Tests
-    runs-on: '${{ matrix.os }}'
-    env:
-      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - { os: macos-latest, flags: "" }
-          - { os: ubuntu-latest, flags: "-C link-arg=-fuse-ld=lld" }
-          - { os: windows-latest, flags: "" }
-    steps:
-      - uses: maxim-lobanov/setup-xcode@v1
-        name: Xcode version
-        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'macOS')"
-        with:
-          xcode-version: latest-stable
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        name: Checkout
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup_rust
-        name: Setup Rust
-      - name: Free up space (ubuntu)
-        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')"
-        run: |
-          sudo rm -rf /usr/share/dotnet
-          sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/android
-          sudo rm -rf /opt/ghc
-          sudo rm -rf "$AGENT_TOOLSDIRECTORY"
-      - name: Install LLD
-        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')"
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get install lld
-      - uses: webfactory/ssh-agent@v0.7.0
-        name: Load pometry-storage key
-        with:
-          ssh-private-key: ${{ secrets.RA_SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-      - name: Rust version
-        run: rustc --version --verbose
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-        name: Cargo cache
-        with:
-          cache-all-crates: true
-      - name: Install Protoc
-        uses: arduino/setup-protoc@v3
-        with:
-          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Install nextest
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
-        with:
-          tool: nextest@0.9.99
-      - name: Install cargo-hack
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-hack
-      - name: Activate pometry-storage in Cargo.toml
-        run: make pull-storage
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.12'
-      - name: Run all Tests (disk_graph)
-        env:
-          RUSTFLAGS: -Awarnings ${{ matrix.flags }}
-          TEMPDIR: ${{ runner.temp }}
-        run: |
-          cargo nextest run --all --no-default-features --features "storage" --cargo-profile build-fast
-      - name: Check all features
-        env:
-          RUSTFLAGS: -Awarnings
-        run: |
-          cargo hack check --workspace --all-targets --each-feature  --skip extension-module,default
-
-
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test_rust_workflow.yml b/.github/workflows/test_rust_workflow.yml
index c84a380c84..3c341520ee 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test_rust_workflow.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test_rust_workflow.yml
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           cache-all-crates: true
       - name: Install nextest
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
-        with:
-          tool: nextest@0.9.99
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
+      - name: Install cargo-hack
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-hack
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: '3.12'
@@ -60,7 +60,12 @@ jobs:
           RUSTFLAGS: -Awarnings
           TEMPDIR: ${{ runner.temp }}
         run: |
-          cargo nextest run --all --no-default-features --cargo-profile build-fast
+          cargo nextest run --workspace --no-default-features --cargo-profile build-fast
+      - name: Check all features
+        env:
+          RUSTFLAGS: -Awarnings
+        run: |
+          cargo hack check --workspace --all-targets --each-feature  --skip extension-module,default
   doc-test:
     if: ${{ !inputs.skip_tests }}
     name: "Doc tests"
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 0a0a442ff0..afd90f8332 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ massif.*
 .zed/
 .fleet/
 **/proptest-regressions/
+**/*.proptest-regressions
 # these are generated by flamegraph
 *.svg
 # this is for raphtory
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index 83994a118e..6cabc18c8f 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-[submodule "pometry-storage-private"]
-	path = pometry-storage-private
-	url = git@github.com:Pometry/pometry-storage.git
 [submodule "ui-tests"]
 	path = ui-tests
-	url = git@github.com:Pometry/ui-tests.git
+	url = git@github.com:Pometry/ui-tests.git
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c55ea60d34..ea9a199bea 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -12,15 +12,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "addr2line"
-version = "0.25.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b5d307320b3181d6d7954e663bd7c774a838b8220fe0593c86d9fb09f498b4b"
-dependencies = [
- "gimli",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "adler2"
 version = "2.0.1"
@@ -46,7 +37,7 @@ checksum = "5a15f179cd60c4584b8a8c596927aadc462e27f2ca70c04e0071964a73ba7a75"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "const-random",
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "once_cell",
  "serde",
  "version_check",
@@ -55,9 +46,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "aho-corasick"
-version = "1.1.3"
+version = "1.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e60d3430d3a69478ad0993f19238d2df97c507009a52b3c10addcd7f6bcb916"
+checksum = "ddd31a130427c27518df266943a5308ed92d4b226cc639f5a8f1002816174301"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -106,9 +97,9 @@ checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
-version = "0.6.20"
+version = "0.6.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3ae563653d1938f79b1ab1b5e668c87c76a9930414574a6583a7b7e11a8e6192"
+checksum = "43d5b281e737544384e969a5ccad3f1cdd24b48086a0fc1b2a5262a26b8f4f4a"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "anstyle-parse",
@@ -136,22 +127,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-query"
-version = "1.1.4"
+version = "1.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e231f6134f61b71076a3eab506c379d4f36122f2af15a9ff04415ea4c3339e2"
+checksum = "40c48f72fd53cd289104fc64099abca73db4166ad86ea0b4341abe65af83dadc"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.60.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-wincon"
-version = "3.0.10"
+version = "3.0.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3e0633414522a32ffaac8ac6cc8f748e090c5717661fddeea04219e2344f5f2a"
+checksum = "291e6a250ff86cd4a820112fb8898808a366d8f9f58ce16d1f538353ad55747d"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "once_cell_polyfill",
- "windows-sys 0.60.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -160,6 +151,15 @@ version = "1.0.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a23eb6b1614318a8071c9b2521f36b424b2c83db5eb3a0fead4a6c0809af6e61"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ar_archive_writer"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f0c269894b6fe5e9d7ada0cf69b5bf847ff35bc25fc271f08e1d080fce80339a"
+dependencies = [
+ "object",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arbitrary"
 version = "1.4.2"
@@ -171,9 +171,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arc-swap"
-version = "1.7.1"
+version = "1.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "69f7f8c3906b62b754cd5326047894316021dcfe5a194c8ea52bdd94934a3457"
+checksum = "51d03449bb8ca2cc2ef70869af31463d1ae5ccc8fa3e334b307203fbf815207e"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustversion",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arraydeque"
@@ -199,19 +202,40 @@ version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6e833808ff2d94ed40d9379848a950d995043c7fb3e81a30b383f4c6033821cc"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-arith",
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-cast",
- "arrow-csv",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-ipc",
- "arrow-json",
- "arrow-ord",
- "arrow-row",
- "arrow-schema",
- "arrow-select",
- "arrow-string",
+ "arrow-arith 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-csv 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-ipc 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-json 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-ord 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-row 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-string 56.2.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2a2b10dcb159faf30d3f81f6d56c1211a5bea2ca424eabe477648a44b993320e"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-arith 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-csv 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-ipc 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-json 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-ord 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-row 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-string 57.2.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -220,14 +244,28 @@ version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ad08897b81588f60ba983e3ca39bda2b179bdd84dced378e7df81a5313802ef8"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "chrono",
  "num",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-arith"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "288015089e7931843c80ed4032c5274f02b37bcb720c4a42096d50b390e70372"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "chrono",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-array"
 version = "56.2.0"
@@ -235,16 +273,35 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8548ca7c070d8db9ce7aa43f37393e4bfcf3f2d3681df278490772fd1673d08d"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "chrono",
  "chrono-tz 0.10.4",
  "half",
- "hashbrown 0.16.0",
+ "hashbrown 0.16.1",
  "num",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-array"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "65ca404ea6191e06bf30956394173337fa9c35f445bd447fe6c21ab944e1a23c"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "chrono",
+ "chrono-tz 0.10.4",
+ "half",
+ "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-buffer"
 version = "56.2.0"
@@ -256,17 +313,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "num",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-buffer"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36356383099be0151dacc4245309895f16ba7917d79bdb71a7148659c9206c56"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "half",
+ "num-bigint",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-cast"
 version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "919418a0681298d3a77d1a315f625916cb5678ad0d74b9c60108eb15fd083023"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
- "arrow-select",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 56.2.0",
  "atoi",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "chrono",
@@ -277,15 +346,52 @@ dependencies = [
  "ryu",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-cast"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9c8e372ed52bd4ee88cc1e6c3859aa7ecea204158ac640b10e187936e7e87074"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-ord 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 57.2.0",
+ "atoi",
+ "base64 0.22.1",
+ "chrono",
+ "comfy-table",
+ "half",
+ "lexical-core",
+ "num-traits",
+ "ryu",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-csv"
 version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bfa9bf02705b5cf762b6f764c65f04ae9082c7cfc4e96e0c33548ee3f67012eb"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-cast",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "chrono",
+ "csv",
+ "csv-core",
+ "regex",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-csv"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8e4100b729fe656f2e4fb32bc5884f14acf9118d4ad532b7b33c1132e4dce896"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
  "chrono",
  "csv",
  "csv-core",
@@ -298,42 +404,69 @@ version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a5c64fff1d142f833d78897a772f2e5b55b36cb3e6320376f0961ab0db7bd6d0"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "half",
  "num",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-data"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bf87f4ff5fc13290aa47e499a8b669a82c5977c6a1fedce22c7f542c1fd5a597"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "half",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-ipc"
 version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1d3594dcddccc7f20fd069bc8e9828ce37220372680ff638c5e00dea427d88f5"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
- "arrow-select",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 56.2.0",
  "flatbuffers",
- "lz4_flex",
+ "lz4_flex 0.11.5",
  "zstd",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-ipc"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eb3ca63edd2073fcb42ba112f8ae165df1de935627ead6e203d07c99445f2081"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 57.2.0",
+ "flatbuffers",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-json"
 version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "88cf36502b64a127dc659e3b305f1d993a544eab0d48cce704424e62074dc04b"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-cast",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "chrono",
  "half",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "lexical-core",
  "memchr",
  "num",
@@ -342,17 +475,54 @@ dependencies = [
  "simdutf8",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-json"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a36b2332559d3310ebe3e173f75b29989b4412df4029a26a30cc3f7da0869297"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "chrono",
+ "half",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
+ "itoa",
+ "lexical-core",
+ "memchr",
+ "num-traits",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde_core",
+ "serde_json",
+ "simdutf8",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-ord"
 version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3c8f82583eb4f8d84d4ee55fd1cb306720cddead7596edce95b50ee418edf66f"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
- "arrow-select",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 56.2.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-ord"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "13c4e0530272ca755d6814218dffd04425c5b7854b87fa741d5ff848bf50aa39"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 57.2.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -361,10 +531,23 @@ version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9d07ba24522229d9085031df6b94605e0f4b26e099fb7cdeec37abd941a73753"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "half",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-row"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b07f52788744cc71c4628567ad834cadbaeb9f09026ff1d7a4120f69edf7abd3"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
  "half",
 ]
 
@@ -374,11 +557,19 @@ version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b3aa9e59c611ebc291c28582077ef25c97f1975383f1479b12f3b9ffee2ffabe"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-schema"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6bb63203e8e0e54b288d0d8043ca8fa1013820822a27692ef1b78a977d879f2c"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-select"
 version = "56.2.0"
@@ -386,30 +577,61 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8c41dbbd1e97bfcaee4fcb30e29105fb2c75e4d82ae4de70b792a5d3f66b2e7a"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "num",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-select"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c96d8a1c180b44ecf2e66c9a2f2bbcb8b1b6f14e165ce46ac8bde211a363411b"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-string"
 version = "56.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53f5183c150fbc619eede22b861ea7c0eebed8eaac0333eaa7f6da5205fd504d"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
- "arrow-select",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 56.2.0",
  "memchr",
  "num",
  "regex",
  "regex-syntax",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrow-string"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a8ad6a81add9d3ea30bf8374ee8329992c7fd246ffd8b7e2f48a3cea5aa0cc9a"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 57.2.0",
+ "memchr",
+ "num-traits",
+ "regex",
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arroy"
 version = "0.6.3"
@@ -467,15 +689,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-graphql"
-version = "7.0.17"
+version = "7.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "036618f842229ba0b89652ffe425f96c7c16a49f7e3cb23b56fca7f61fd74980"
+checksum = "31b75c5a43a58890d6dcc02d03952456570671332bb0a5a947b1f09c699912a5"
 dependencies = [
  "async-graphql-derive",
  "async-graphql-parser",
  "async-graphql-value",
- "async-stream",
  "async-trait",
+ "asynk-strim",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "bytes",
  "chrono",
@@ -485,7 +707,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-util",
  "handlebars",
  "http",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "mime",
  "multer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -496,31 +718,31 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_urlencoded",
  "static_assertions_next",
  "tempfile",
- "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-graphql-derive"
-version = "7.0.17"
+version = "7.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd45deb3dbe5da5cdb8d6a670a7736d735ba65b455328440f236dfb113727a3d"
+checksum = "0c266ec9a094bbf2d088e016f71aa8d3be7f18c7343b2f0fe6d0e6c1e78977ea"
 dependencies = [
  "Inflector",
  "async-graphql-parser",
- "darling",
+ "darling 0.23.0",
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "strum",
- "syn 2.0.106",
- "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "strum 0.27.2",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-graphql-parser"
-version = "7.0.17"
+version = "7.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "60b7607e59424a35dadbc085b0d513aa54ec28160ee640cf79ec3b634eba66d3"
+checksum = "67e2188d3f1299087aa02cfb281f12414905ce63f425dbcfe7b589773468d771"
 dependencies = [
  "async-graphql-value",
  "pest",
@@ -530,9 +752,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-graphql-poem"
-version = "7.0.17"
+version = "7.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4dcb6b3a79ee6cecec0ffbef55add2be12ca362540b775b0cb6c66a47d61c3ae"
+checksum = "1ff5480bfb998f5405f4ad3d861b69a0467e8667f9f4174e86e85bf896c1f8c9"
 dependencies = [
  "async-graphql",
  "futures-util",
@@ -547,21 +769,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-graphql-value"
-version = "7.0.17"
+version = "7.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34ecdaff7c9cffa3614a9f9999bf9ee4c3078fe3ce4d6a6e161736b56febf2de"
+checksum = "527a4c6022fc4dac57b4f03f12395e9a391512e85ba98230b93315f8f45f27fc"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-lock"
-version = "3.4.1"
+version = "3.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5fd03604047cee9b6ce9de9f70c6cd540a0520c813cbd49bae61f33ab80ed1dc"
+checksum = "290f7f2596bd5b78a9fec8088ccd89180d7f9f55b94b0576823bbbdc72ee8311"
 dependencies = [
  "event-listener",
  "event-listener-strategy",
@@ -613,7 +835,7 @@ checksum = "c7c24de15d275a1ecfd47a380fb4d5ec9bfe0933f309ed5e705b775596a3574d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -624,7 +846,17 @@ checksum = "9035ad2d096bed7955a320ee7e2230574d28fd3c3a0f186cbea1ff3c7eed5dbb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "asynk-strim"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "52697735bdaac441a29391a9e97102c74c6ef0f9b60a40cf109b1b404e29d2f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "pin-project-lite",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -670,7 +902,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustversion",
  "serde",
  "sync_wrapper",
- "tower 0.5.2",
+ "tower 0.5.3",
  "tower-layer",
  "tower-service",
 ]
@@ -702,28 +934,13 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b62ddb9cb1ec0a098ad4bbf9344d0713fa193ae1a80af55febcff2627b6a00c1"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
  "instant",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "rand 0.8.5",
  "tokio",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "backtrace"
-version = "0.3.76"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bb531853791a215d7c62a30daf0dde835f381ab5de4589cfe7c649d2cbe92bd6"
-dependencies = [
- "addr2line",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "miniz_oxide",
- "object",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "windows-link",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.21.7"
@@ -747,9 +964,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bigdecimal"
-version = "0.4.8"
+version = "0.4.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a22f228ab7a1b23027ccc6c350b72868017af7ea8356fbdf19f8d991c690013"
+checksum = "4d6867f1565b3aad85681f1015055b087fcfd840d6aeee6eee7f2da317603695"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "libm",
@@ -768,6 +985,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bincode"
+version = "2.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36eaf5d7b090263e8150820482d5d93cd964a81e4019913c972f4edcc6edb740"
+dependencies = [
+ "bincode_derive",
+ "serde",
+ "unty",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bincode_derive"
+version = "2.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bf95709a440f45e986983918d0e8a1f30a9b1df04918fc828670606804ac3c09"
+dependencies = [
+ "virtue",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bit-set"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -785,22 +1022,35 @@ checksum = "5e764a1d40d510daf35e07be9eb06e75770908c27d411ee6c92109c9840eaaf7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.9.4"
+version = "2.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2261d10cca569e4643e526d8dc2e62e433cc8aba21ab764233731f8d369bf394"
+checksum = "812e12b5285cc515a9c72a5c1d3b6d46a19dac5acfef5265968c166106e31dd3"
 dependencies = [
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitpacking"
-version = "0.9.2"
+version = "0.9.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c1d3e2bfd8d06048a179f7b17afc3188effa10385e7b00dc65af6aae732ea92"
+checksum = "96a7139abd3d9cebf8cd6f920a389cf3dc9576172e32f4563f188cae3c3eb019"
 dependencies = [
  "crunchy",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bitvec"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1bc2832c24239b0141d5674bb9174f9d68a8b5b3f2753311927c172ca46f7e9c"
+dependencies = [
+ "funty",
+ "radium",
+ "serde",
+ "tap",
+ "wyz",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "blake2"
 version = "0.10.6"
@@ -812,15 +1062,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake3"
-version = "1.8.2"
+version = "1.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3888aaa89e4b2a40fca9848e400f6a658a5a3978de7be858e209cafa8be9a4a0"
+checksum = "2468ef7d57b3fb7e16b576e8377cdbde2320c60e1491e961d11da40fc4f02a2d"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayref",
  "arrayvec",
  "cc",
  "cfg-if",
- "constant_time_eq",
+ "constant_time_eq 0.4.2",
+ "cpufeatures",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -832,6 +1083,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "boxcar"
+version = "0.2.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36f64beae40a84da1b4b26ff2761a5b895c12adc41dc25aaee1c4f2bbfe97a6e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "brotli"
 version = "7.0.0"
@@ -876,28 +1133,28 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.19.0"
+version = "3.19.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46c5e41b57b8bba42a04676d81cb89e9ee8e859a1a66f80a5a72e1cb76b34d43"
+checksum = "5dd9dc738b7a8311c7ade152424974d8115f2cdad61e8dab8dac9f2362298510"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
-version = "1.23.2"
+version = "1.24.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3995eaeebcdf32f91f980d360f78732ddc061097ab4e39991ae7a6ace9194677"
+checksum = "1fbdf580320f38b612e485521afda1ee26d10cc9884efaaa750d383e13e3c5f4"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck_derive"
-version = "1.10.1"
+version = "1.10.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4f154e572231cb6ba2bd1176980827e3d5dc04cc183a75dea38109fbdd672d29"
+checksum = "f9abbd1bc6865053c427f7198e6af43bfdedc55ab791faed4fbd361d789575ff"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -908,9 +1165,9 @@ checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytes"
-version = "1.10.1"
+version = "1.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d71b6127be86fdcfddb610f7182ac57211d4b18a3e9c82eb2d17662f2227ad6a"
+checksum = "b35204fbdc0b3f4446b89fc1ac2cf84a8a68971995d0bf2e925ec7cd960f9cb3"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
@@ -936,9 +1193,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bea8dcd42434048e4f7a304411d9273a411f647446c1234a65ce0554923f4cff"
+checksum = "f3a53fac24f34a81bc9954b5d6cfce0c21e18ec6959f44f56e8e90e4bb7c346c"
 dependencies = [
  "libbz2-rs-sys",
 ]
@@ -961,9 +1218,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.39"
+version = "1.2.52"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e1354349954c6fc9cb0deab020f27f783cf0b604e8bb754dc4658ecf0d29c35f"
+checksum = "cd4932aefd12402b36c60956a4fe0035421f544799057659ff86f923657aada3"
 dependencies = [
  "find-msvc-tools",
  "jobserver",
@@ -979,9 +1236,9 @@ checksum = "4f4c707c6a209cbe82d10abd08e1ea8995e9ea937d2550646e02798948992be0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2fd1289c04a9ea8cb22300a459a72a385d7c73d3259e2ed7dcb2af674838cfa9"
+checksum = "9330f8b2ff13f34540b44e946ef35111825727b38d33286ef986142615121801"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg_aliases"
@@ -991,16 +1248,16 @@ checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.42"
+version = "0.4.43"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "145052bdd345b87320e369255277e3fb5152762ad123a901ef5c262dd38fe8d2"
+checksum = "fac4744fb15ae8337dc853fee7fb3f4e48c0fbaa23d0afe49c447b4fab126118"
 dependencies = [
  "iana-time-zone",
  "js-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "serde",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-link",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1074,9 +1331,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.48"
+version = "4.5.54"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2134bb3ea021b78629caa971416385309e0131b351b25e01dc16fb54e1b5fae"
+checksum = "c6e6ff9dcd79cff5cd969a17a545d79e84ab086e444102a591e288a8aa3ce394"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -1084,9 +1341,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.48"
+version = "4.5.54"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c2ba64afa3c0a6df7fa517765e31314e983f51dda798ffba27b988194fb65dc9"
+checksum = "fa42cf4d2b7a41bc8f663a7cab4031ebafa1bf3875705bfaf8466dc60ab52c00"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -1096,21 +1353,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.5.47"
+version = "4.5.49"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbfd7eae0b0f1a6e63d4b13c9c478de77c2eb546fba158ad50b4203dc24b9f9c"
+checksum = "2a0b5487afeab2deb2ff4e03a807ad1a03ac532ff5a2cee5d86884440c7f7671"
 dependencies = [
  "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.5"
+version = "0.7.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b94f61472cee1439c0b966b47e3aca9ae07e45d070759512cd390ea2bebc6675"
+checksum = "c3e64b0cc0439b12df2fa678eae89a1c56a529fd067a9115f7827f1fffd22b32"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
@@ -1124,8 +1381,8 @@ version = "7.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e0d05af1e006a2407bedef5af410552494ce5be9090444dbbcb57258c1af3d56"
 dependencies = [
- "strum",
- "strum_macros",
+ "strum 0.26.3",
+ "strum_macros 0.26.4",
  "unicode-width",
 ]
 
@@ -1178,7 +1435,7 @@ version = "0.1.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f9d839f2a20b0aee515dc581a6172f2321f96cab76c1a38a4c584a194955390e"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
  "once_cell",
  "tiny-keccak",
 ]
@@ -1189,6 +1446,12 @@ version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7c74b8349d32d297c9134b8c88677813a227df8f779daa29bfc29c183fe3dca6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "constant_time_eq"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3d52eff69cd5e647efe296129160853a42795992097e8af39800e1060caeea9b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "convert_case"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -1235,9 +1498,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crc"
-version = "3.3.0"
+version = "3.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9710d3b3739c2e349eb44fe848ad0b7c8cb1e42bd87ee49371df2f7acaf3e675"
+checksum = "5eb8a2a1cd12ab0d987a5d5e825195d372001a4094a0376319d5a0ad71c1ba0d"
 dependencies = [
  "crc-catalog",
 ]
@@ -1344,9 +1607,9 @@ checksum = "460fbee9c2c2f33933d720630a6a0bac33ba7053db5344fac858d4b8952d77d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crypto-common"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1bfb12502f3fc46cca1bb51ac28df9d618d813cdc3d2f25b9fe775a34af26bb3"
+checksum = "78c8292055d1c1df0cce5d180393dc8cce0abec0a7102adb6c7b1eef6016d60a"
 dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
  "typenum",
@@ -1354,21 +1617,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "csv"
-version = "1.3.1"
+version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "acdc4883a9c96732e4733212c01447ebd805833b7275a73ca3ee080fd77afdaf"
+checksum = "52cd9d68cf7efc6ddfaaee42e7288d3a99d613d4b50f76ce9827ae0c6e14f938"
 dependencies = [
  "csv-core",
  "itoa",
  "ryu",
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "csv-core"
-version = "0.1.12"
+version = "0.1.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7d02f3b0da4c6504f86e9cd789d8dbafab48c2321be74e9987593de5a894d93d"
+checksum = "704a3c26996a80471189265814dbc2c257598b96b8a7feae2d31ace646bb9782"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -1379,8 +1642,18 @@ version = "0.20.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fc7f46116c46ff9ab3eb1597a45688b6715c6e628b5c133e288e709a29bcb4ee"
 dependencies = [
- "darling_core",
- "darling_macro",
+ "darling_core 0.20.11",
+ "darling_macro 0.20.11",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling"
+version = "0.23.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "25ae13da2f202d56bd7f91c25fba009e7717a1e4a1cc98a76d844b65ae912e9d"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core 0.23.0",
+ "darling_macro 0.23.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1394,7 +1667,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "strsim",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_core"
+version = "0.23.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9865a50f7c335f53564bb694ef660825eb8610e0a53d3e11bf1b0d3df31e03b0"
+dependencies = [
+ "ident_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "strsim",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1403,9 +1689,20 @@ version = "0.20.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fc34b93ccb385b40dc71c6fceac4b2ad23662c7eeb248cf10d529b7e055b6ead"
 dependencies = [
- "darling_core",
+ "darling_core 0.20.11",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_macro"
+version = "0.23.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3984ec7bd6cfa798e62b4a642426a5be0e68f9401cfc2a01e3fa9ea2fcdb8d"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core 0.23.0",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1426,22 +1723,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "data-encoding"
-version = "2.9.0"
+version = "2.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2a2330da5de22e8a3cb63252ce2abb30116bf5265e89c0e01bc17015ce30a476"
+checksum = "d7a1e2f27636f116493b8b860f5546edb47c8d8f8ea73e1d2a20be88e28d1fea"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "481d0c1cad7606cee11233abcdff8eec46e43dd25abda007db6d5d26ae8483c4"
+checksum = "2af15bb3c6ffa33011ef579f6b0bcbe7c26584688bd6c994f548e44df67f011a"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
- "arrow-ipc",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-ipc 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",
- "bzip2 0.6.0",
+ "bzip2 0.6.1",
  "chrono",
  "datafusion-catalog",
  "datafusion-catalog-listing",
@@ -1473,7 +1770,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "object_store",
  "parking_lot",
- "parquet",
+ "parquet 56.2.0",
  "rand 0.9.2",
  "regex",
  "sqlparser",
@@ -1487,11 +1784,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-catalog"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d70327e81ab3a1f5832d8b372d55fa607851d7cea6d1f8e65ff0c98fcc32d222"
+checksum = "187622262ad8f7d16d3be9202b4c1e0116f1c9aa387e5074245538b755261621"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "dashmap",
  "datafusion-common",
@@ -1513,11 +1810,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-catalog-listing"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "268819e6bb20ba70a664abddc20deac604f30d3267f8c91847064542a8c0720c"
+checksum = "9657314f0a32efd0382b9a46fdeb2d233273ece64baa68a7c45f5a192daf0f83"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "datafusion-catalog",
  "datafusion-common",
@@ -1536,22 +1833,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-common"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "054873d5563f115f83ef4270b560ac2ce4de713905e825a40cac49d6ff348254"
+checksum = "5a83760d9a13122d025fbdb1d5d5aaf93dd9ada5e90ea229add92aa30898b2d1"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow",
- "arrow-ipc",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-ipc 56.2.0",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "chrono",
  "half",
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "libc",
  "log",
  "object_store",
- "parquet",
+ "parquet 56.2.0",
  "paste",
  "recursive",
  "sqlparser",
@@ -1561,9 +1858,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-common-runtime"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b8a1d1bc69aaaadb8008b65329ed890b33e845dc063225c190f77b20328fbe1d"
+checksum = "5b6234a6c7173fe5db1c6c35c01a12b2aa0f803a3007feee53483218817f8b1e"
 dependencies = [
  "futures",
  "log",
@@ -1572,15 +1869,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-datasource"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d855160469020982880fd9bd0962e033d2f4728f56f85a83d8c90785638b6519"
+checksum = "7256c9cb27a78709dd42d0c80f0178494637209cac6e29d5c93edd09b6721b86"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-compression",
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",
- "bzip2 0.6.0",
+ "bzip2 0.6.1",
  "chrono",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-common-runtime",
@@ -1597,7 +1894,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "object_store",
- "parquet",
+ "parquet 56.2.0",
  "rand 0.9.2",
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
@@ -1609,11 +1906,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-datasource-csv"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ec3aa7575378d23aae96b955b5233bea6f9d461648174f6ccc8f3c160f2b7a7"
+checksum = "64533a90f78e1684bfb113d200b540f18f268134622d7c96bbebc91354d04825"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",
  "datafusion-catalog",
@@ -1634,11 +1931,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-datasource-json"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00cfb8f33e2864eeb3188b6818acf5546d56a5a487d423cce9b684a554caabfa"
+checksum = "8d7ebeb12c77df0aacad26f21b0d033aeede423a64b2b352f53048a75bf1d6e6"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",
  "datafusion-catalog",
@@ -1659,11 +1956,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-datasource-parquet"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab3bfb48fb4ff42ac1485a12ea56434eaab53f7da8f00b2443b1a3d35a0b6d10"
+checksum = "09e783c4c7d7faa1199af2df4761c68530634521b176a8d1331ddbc5a5c75133"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",
  "datafusion-catalog",
@@ -1685,24 +1982,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "object_store",
  "parking_lot",
- "parquet",
+ "parquet 56.2.0",
  "rand 0.9.2",
  "tokio",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-doc"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2fbf41013cf55c2369b5229594898e8108c8a1beeb49d97feb5e0cce9933eb8f"
+checksum = "99ee6b1d9a80d13f9deb2291f45c07044b8e62fb540dbde2453a18be17a36429"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-execution"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26fd0c1ffe3885687758f985ed548184bf63b17b2a7a5ae695de422ad6432118"
+checksum = "a4cec0a57653bec7b933fb248d3ffa3fa3ab3bd33bd140dc917f714ac036f531"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "dashmap",
  "datafusion-common",
@@ -1718,11 +2015,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-expr"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c4fe6411218a9dab656437b1e69b00a470a7a2d7db087867a366c145eb164a7"
+checksum = "ef76910bdca909722586389156d0aa4da4020e1631994d50fadd8ad4b1aa05fe"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "chrono",
  "datafusion-common",
@@ -1731,7 +2028,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "datafusion-functions-aggregate-common",
  "datafusion-functions-window-common",
  "datafusion-physical-expr-common",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "paste",
  "recursive",
  "serde_json",
@@ -1740,25 +2037,25 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-expr-common"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a45bee7d2606bfb41ceb1d904ba7cecf69bd5a6f8f3e6c57c3f5a83d84bdd97"
+checksum = "6d155ccbda29591ca71a1344dd6bed26c65a4438072b400df9db59447f590bb6"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "paste",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-functions"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9c7e1c532ff9d14f291160bca23e55ffd4899800301dd2389786c2f02d76904a"
+checksum = "7de2782136bd6014670fd84fe3b0ca3b3e4106c96403c3ae05c0598577139977"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
- "arrow-buffer",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "blake2",
  "blake3",
@@ -1782,12 +2079,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-functions-aggregate"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b05d47426645aef1e73b1a034c75ab2401bc504175feb191accbe211ec24a342"
+checksum = "07331fc13603a9da97b74fd8a273f4238222943dffdbbed1c4c6f862a30105bf"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-doc",
  "datafusion-execution",
@@ -1803,12 +2100,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-functions-aggregate-common"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05c99f648b2b1743de0c1c19eef07e8cc5a085237f172b2e20bf6934e0a804e4"
+checksum = "b5951e572a8610b89968a09b5420515a121fbc305c0258651f318dc07c97ab17"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-expr-common",
  "datafusion-physical-expr-common",
@@ -1816,12 +2113,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-functions-nested"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4227782023f4fb68d3d5c5eb190665212f43c9a0b437553e4b938b379aff6cf6"
+checksum = "fdacca9302c3d8fc03f3e94f338767e786a88a33f5ebad6ffc0e7b50364b9ea3"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
- "arrow-ord",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-ord 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-doc",
  "datafusion-execution",
@@ -1838,11 +2135,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-functions-table"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d902b1769f69058236e89f04f3bff2cf62f24311adb7bf3c6c3e945c9451076"
+checksum = "8c37ff8a99434fbbad604a7e0669717c58c7c4f14c472d45067c4b016621d981"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "datafusion-catalog",
  "datafusion-common",
@@ -1854,11 +2151,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-functions-window"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b8ee43974c92eb9920fe8e97e0fab48675e93b062abcb48bef4c1d4305b6ee4"
+checksum = "48e2aea7c79c926cffabb13dc27309d4eaeb130f4a21c8ba91cdd241c813652b"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-doc",
  "datafusion-expr",
@@ -1872,9 +2169,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-functions-window-common"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1e149d36cdd44fb425dc815c5fac55025aa9a592dd65cb3c421881096292c02"
+checksum = "0fead257ab5fd2ffc3b40fda64da307e20de0040fe43d49197241d9de82a487f"
 dependencies = [
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-physical-expr-common",
@@ -1882,28 +2179,28 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-macros"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "07c9faa0cdefb6e6e756482b846397b5c2d84d369e30b009472b9ab9b1430fbd"
+checksum = "ec6f637bce95efac05cdfb9b6c19579ed4aa5f6b94d951cfa5bb054b7bb4f730"
 dependencies = [
  "datafusion-expr",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-optimizer"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f16a4f7059302ad1de6e97ab0eebb5c34405917b1f80806a30a66e38ad118251"
+checksum = "c6583ef666ae000a613a837e69e456681a9faa96347bf3877661e9e89e141d8a"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "chrono",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-expr",
  "datafusion-expr-common",
  "datafusion-physical-expr",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "recursive",
@@ -1913,12 +2210,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-physical-expr"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "10bb87a605d8ce9672d5347c0293c12211b0c03923fc12fbdc665fe76e6f9e01"
+checksum = "c8668103361a272cbbe3a61f72eca60c9b7c706e87cc3565bcf21e2b277b84f6"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-expr",
  "datafusion-expr-common",
@@ -1926,21 +2223,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "datafusion-physical-expr-common",
  "half",
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
- "petgraph 0.8.2",
+ "petgraph 0.8.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-physical-expr-adapter"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2da3a7429a555dd5ff0bec4d24bd5532ec43876764088da635cad55b2f178dc2"
+checksum = "815acced725d30601b397e39958e0e55630e0a10d66ef7769c14ae6597298bb0"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-expr",
  "datafusion-functions",
@@ -1951,12 +2248,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-physical-expr-common"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "845eb44ef1e04d2a15c6d955cb146b40a41814a7be4377f0a541857d3e257d6f"
+checksum = "6652fe7b5bf87e85ed175f571745305565da2c0b599d98e697bcbedc7baa47c3"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-expr-common",
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
@@ -1965,11 +2262,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-physical-optimizer"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32b9b648ee2785722c79eae366528e52e93ece6808aef9297cf8e5521de381da"
+checksum = "49b7d623eb6162a3332b564a0907ba00895c505d101b99af78345f1acf929b5c"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-execution",
  "datafusion-expr",
@@ -1985,14 +2282,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-physical-plan"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e6688d17b78104e169d7069749832c20ff50f112be853d2c058afe46c889064"
+checksum = "e2f7f778a1a838dec124efb96eae6144237d546945587557c9e6936b3414558c"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow",
- "arrow-ord",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-ord 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "chrono",
  "datafusion-common",
@@ -2006,7 +2303,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures",
  "half",
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "parking_lot",
@@ -2016,12 +2313,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-pruning"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a893a46c56f5f190085e13949eb8ec163672c7ec2ac33bdb82c84572e71ca73"
+checksum = "cd1e59e2ca14fe3c30f141600b10ad8815e2856caa59ebbd0e3e07cd3d127a65"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-datasource",
  "datafusion-expr-common",
@@ -2034,11 +2331,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-session"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f8b62684c7a1db6121a8c83100209cffa1e664a8d9ced87e1a32f8cdc2fff3c2"
+checksum = "21ef8e2745583619bd7a49474e8f45fbe98ebb31a133f27802217125a7b3d58d"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "dashmap",
  "datafusion-common",
@@ -2058,21 +2355,69 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "datafusion-sql"
-version = "50.0.0"
+version = "50.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f09cff94b8242843e1da5d069e9d2cfc53807f1f00b1c0da78c297f47c21456e"
+checksum = "89abd9868770386fede29e5a4b14f49c0bf48d652c3b9d7a8a0332329b87d50b"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
+ "arrow 56.2.0",
  "bigdecimal",
  "datafusion-common",
  "datafusion-expr",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "log",
  "recursive",
  "regex",
  "sqlparser",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "db4-graph"
+version = "0.16.3"
+dependencies = [
+ "boxcar",
+ "db4-storage",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "raphtory-api",
+ "raphtory-core",
+ "tempfile",
+ "uuid",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "db4-storage"
+version = "0.16.3"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-csv 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "bigdecimal",
+ "bincode 2.0.1",
+ "bitvec",
+ "boxcar",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "chrono",
+ "either",
+ "iter-enum",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "parquet 57.2.0",
+ "proptest",
+ "raphtory-api",
+ "raphtory-api-macros",
+ "raphtory-core",
+ "rayon",
+ "roaring",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_arrow",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sysinfo",
+ "tempfile",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "tinyvec",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "deadpool"
 version = "0.9.5"
@@ -2094,9 +2439,9 @@ checksum = "092966b41edc516079bdf31ec78a2e0588d1d0c08f78b91d8307215928642b2b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deflate64"
-version = "0.1.9"
+version = "0.1.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "da692b8d1080ea3045efaab14434d40468c3d8657e42abddfffca87b428f4c1b"
+checksum = "26bf8fc351c5ed29b5c2f0cbbac1b209b74f60ecd62e675a998df72c49af5204"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "delegate"
@@ -2120,9 +2465,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deranged"
-version = "0.5.4"
+version = "0.5.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a41953f86f8a05768a6cda24def994fd2f424b04ec5c719cf89989779f199071"
+checksum = "ececcb659e7ba858fb4f10388c250a7252eb0a27373f1a72b8748afdd248e587"
 dependencies = [
  "powerfmt",
  "serde_core",
@@ -2136,7 +2481,7 @@ checksum = "1e567bd82dcff979e4b03460c307b3cdc9e96fde3d73bed1496d2bc75d9dd62a"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2154,10 +2499,10 @@ version = "0.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2d5bcf7b024d6835cfb3d473887cd966994907effbe9227e8c8219824d06c4e8"
 dependencies = [
- "darling",
+ "darling 0.20.11",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2167,7 +2512,28 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ab63b0e2bf4d5928aff72e83a7dace85d7bba5fe12dcc3c5a572d78caffd3f3c"
 dependencies = [
  "derive_builder_core",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "derive_more"
+version = "2.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d751e9e49156b02b44f9c1815bcb94b984cdcc4396ecc32521c739452808b134"
+dependencies = [
+ "derive_more-impl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "derive_more-impl"
+version = "2.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "799a97264921d8623a957f6c3b9011f3b5492f557bbb7a5a19b7fa6d06ba8dcb"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "rustc_version",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2178,7 +2544,7 @@ checksum = "ccfae181bab5ab6c5478b2ccb69e4c68a02f8c3ec72f6616bfec9dbc599d2ee0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2222,7 +2588,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "option-ext",
  "redox_users",
- "windows-sys 0.61.1",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2239,7 +2605,7 @@ checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2290,11 +2656,11 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c6027c3698e530bf88b37a618a05fd7a5e761dc2777771d5757ff07103f66189"
 dependencies = [
  "Inflector",
- "darling",
+ "darling 0.20.11",
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
 ]
 
@@ -2330,7 +2696,7 @@ checksum = "685adfa4d6f3d765a26bc5dbc936577de9abf756c1feeb3089b01dd395034842"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2356,7 +2722,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.1",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2425,9 +2791,9 @@ checksum = "37909eebbb50d72f9059c3b6d82c0463f2ff062c9e95845c43a6c9c0355411be"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "find-msvc-tools"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1ced73b1dacfc750a6db6c0a0c3a3853c8b41997e2e2c563dc90804ae6867959"
+checksum = "f449e6c6c08c865631d4890cfacf252b3d396c9bcc83adb6623cdb02a8336c41"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fixedbitset"
@@ -2437,9 +2803,9 @@ checksum = "1d674e81391d1e1ab681a28d99df07927c6d4aa5b027d7da16ba32d1d21ecd99"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flatbuffers"
-version = "25.9.23"
+version = "25.12.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09b6620799e7340ebd9968d2e0708eb82cf1971e9a16821e2091b6d6e475eed5"
+checksum = "35f6839d7b3b98adde531effaf34f0c2badc6f4735d26fe74709d8e513a96ef3"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "rustc_version",
@@ -2447,13 +2813,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.1.2"
+version = "1.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a3d7db9596fecd151c5f638c0ee5d5bd487b6e0ea232e5dc96d5250f6f94b1d"
+checksum = "b375d6465b98090a5f25b1c7703f3859783755aa9a80433b36e0379a3ec2f369"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
- "libz-rs-sys",
  "miniz_oxide",
+ "zlib-rs",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2487,6 +2853,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "funty"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6d5a32815ae3f33302d95fdcb2ce17862f8c65363dcfd29360480ba1001fc9c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "futures"
 version = "0.3.31"
@@ -2543,7 +2915,7 @@ checksum = "162ee34ebcb7c64a8abebc059ce0fee27c2262618d7b60ed8faf72fef13c3650"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2594,37 +2966,31 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.16"
+version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "335ff9f135e4384c8150d6f27c6daed433577f86b4750418338c01a1a2528592"
+checksum = "ff2abc00be7fca6ebc474524697ae276ad847ad0a6b3faa4bcb027e9a4614ad0"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+ "wasi",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.3.3"
+version = "0.3.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26145e563e54f2cadc477553f1ec5ee650b00862f0a58bcd12cbdc5f0ea2d2f4"
+checksum = "899def5c37c4fd7b2664648c28120ecec138e4d395b459e5ca34f9cce2dd77fd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
  "libc",
  "r-efi",
- "wasi 0.14.7+wasi-0.2.4",
+ "wasip2",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "gimli"
-version = "0.32.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e629b9b98ef3dd8afe6ca2bd0f89306cec16d43d907889945bc5d6687f2f13c7"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "glam"
 version = "0.29.3"
@@ -2639,9 +3005,9 @@ checksum = "0cc23270f6e1808e30a928bdc84dea0b9b4136a8bc82338574f23baf47bbd280"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "h2"
-version = "0.4.12"
+version = "0.4.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3c0b69cfcb4e1b9f1bf2f53f95f766e4661169728ec61cd3fe5a0166f2d1386"
+checksum = "2f44da3a8150a6703ed5d34e164b875fd14c2cdab9af1252a9a1020bde2bdc54"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic-waker",
  "bytes",
@@ -2649,7 +3015,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
  "futures-sink",
  "http",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "slab",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-util",
@@ -2658,27 +3024,31 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "459196ed295495a68f7d7fe1d84f6c4b7ff0e21fe3017b2f283c6fac3ad803c9"
+checksum = "6ea2d84b969582b4b1864a92dc5d27cd2b77b622a8d79306834f1be5ba20d84b"
 dependencies = [
+ "bytemuck",
  "cfg-if",
  "crunchy",
  "num-traits",
+ "zerocopy",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "handlebars"
-version = "5.1.2"
+version = "6.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d08485b96a0e6393e9e4d1b8d48cf74ad6c063cd905eb33f42c1ce3f0377539b"
+checksum = "9b3f9296c208515b87bd915a2f5d1163d4b3f863ba83337d7713cf478055948e"
 dependencies = [
+ "derive_builder",
  "log",
+ "num-order",
  "pest",
  "pest_derive",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2710,9 +3080,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.16.0"
+version = "0.16.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5419bdc4f6a9207fbeba6d11b604d481addf78ecd10c11ad51e76c2f6482748d"
+checksum = "841d1cc9bed7f9236f321df977030373f4a4163ae1a7dbfe1a51a2c1a51d9100"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashlink"
@@ -2790,7 +3160,7 @@ version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "13c255bdf46e07fb840d120a36dcc81f385140d7191c76a7391672675c01a55d"
 dependencies = [
- "bincode",
+ "bincode 1.3.3",
  "byteorder",
  "heed-traits",
  "serde",
@@ -2826,12 +3196,11 @@ checksum = "e9025058dae765dee5070ec375f591e2ba14638c63feff74f13805a72e523163"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
-version = "1.3.1"
+version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f4a85d31aea989eead29a3aaf9e1115a180df8282431156e533de47660892565"
+checksum = "e3ba2a386d7f85a81f119ad7498ebe444d2e22c2af0b86b069416ace48b3311a"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
- "fnv",
  "itoa",
 ]
 
@@ -2878,9 +3247,9 @@ checksum = "135b12329e5e3ce057a9f972339ea52bc954fe1e9358ef27f95e89716fbc5424"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
-version = "1.7.0"
+version = "1.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eb3aa54a13a0dfe7fbe3a59e0c76093041720fdc77b110cc0fc260fafb4dc51e"
+checksum = "2ab2d4f250c3d7b1c9fcdff1cece94ea4e2dfbec68614f7b87cb205f24ca9d11"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic-waker",
  "bytes",
@@ -2909,12 +3278,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "hyper",
  "hyper-util",
  "rustls",
- "rustls-native-certs 0.8.1",
+ "rustls-native-certs 0.8.3",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-rustls",
  "tower-service",
- "webpki-roots 1.0.2",
+ "webpki-roots 1.0.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2932,9 +3301,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper-util"
-version = "0.1.17"
+version = "0.1.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3c6995591a8f1380fcb4ba966a252a4b29188d51d2b89e3a252f5305be65aea8"
+checksum = "727805d60e7938b76b826a6ef209eb70eaa1812794f9424d4a4e2d740662df5f"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "bytes",
@@ -2948,7 +3317,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "percent-encoding",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "socket2 0.6.0",
+ "socket2 0.6.1",
  "tokio",
  "tower-service",
  "tracing",
@@ -2966,7 +3335,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "log",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-core",
+ "windows-core 0.62.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2980,9 +3349,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_collections"
-version = "2.0.0"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "200072f5d0e3614556f94a9930d5dc3e0662a652823904c3a75dc3b0af7fee47"
+checksum = "4c6b649701667bbe825c3b7e6388cb521c23d88644678e83c0c4d0a621a34b43"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "potential_utf",
@@ -2993,9 +3362,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_locale_core"
-version = "2.0.0"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0cde2700ccaed3872079a65fb1a78f6c0a36c91570f28755dda67bc8f7d9f00a"
+checksum = "edba7861004dd3714265b4db54a3c390e880ab658fec5f7db895fae2046b5bb6"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "litemap",
@@ -3006,11 +3375,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_normalizer"
-version = "2.0.0"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "436880e8e18df4d7bbc06d58432329d6458cc84531f7ac5f024e93deadb37979"
+checksum = "5f6c8828b67bf8908d82127b2054ea1b4427ff0230ee9141c54251934ab1b599"
 dependencies = [
- "displaydoc",
  "icu_collections",
  "icu_normalizer_data",
  "icu_properties",
@@ -3021,42 +3389,38 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_normalizer_data"
-version = "2.0.0"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00210d6893afc98edb752b664b8890f0ef174c8adbb8d0be9710fa66fbbf72d3"
+checksum = "7aedcccd01fc5fe81e6b489c15b247b8b0690feb23304303a9e560f37efc560a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_properties"
-version = "2.0.1"
+version = "2.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "016c619c1eeb94efb86809b015c58f479963de65bdb6253345c1a1276f22e32b"
+checksum = "020bfc02fe870ec3a66d93e677ccca0562506e5872c650f893269e08615d74ec"
 dependencies = [
- "displaydoc",
  "icu_collections",
  "icu_locale_core",
  "icu_properties_data",
  "icu_provider",
- "potential_utf",
  "zerotrie",
  "zerovec",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_properties_data"
-version = "2.0.1"
+version = "2.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "298459143998310acd25ffe6810ed544932242d3f07083eee1084d83a71bd632"
+checksum = "616c294cf8d725c6afcd8f55abc17c56464ef6211f9ed59cccffe534129c77af"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_provider"
-version = "2.0.0"
+version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "03c80da27b5f4187909049ee2d72f276f0d9f99a42c306bd0131ecfe04d8e5af"
+checksum = "85962cf0ce02e1e0a629cc34e7ca3e373ce20dda4c4d7294bbd0bf1fdb59e614"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "icu_locale_core",
- "stable_deref_trait",
- "tinystr",
  "writeable",
  "yoke",
  "zerofrom",
@@ -3103,12 +3467,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.11.4"
+version = "2.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b0f83760fb341a774ed326568e19f5a863af4a952def8c39f9ab92fd95b88e5"
+checksum = "7714e70437a7dc3ac8eb7e6f8df75fd8eb422675fc7678aff7364301092b1017"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.16.0",
+ "hashbrown 0.16.1",
  "rayon",
  "serde",
  "serde_core",
@@ -3116,9 +3480,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indoc"
-version = "2.0.6"
+version = "2.0.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f4c7245a08504955605670dbf141fceab975f15ca21570696aebe9d2e71576bd"
+checksum = "79cf5c93f93228cf8efb3ba362535fb11199ac548a09ce117c9b1adc3030d706"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustversion",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "inout"
@@ -3156,17 +3523,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustversion",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "io-uring"
-version = "0.7.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "046fa2d4d00aea763528b4950358d0ead425372445dc8ff86312b3c69ff7727b"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ipnet"
 version = "2.11.0"
@@ -3175,9 +3531,9 @@ checksum = "469fb0b9cefa57e3ef31275ee7cacb78f2fdca44e4765491884a2b119d4eb130"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iri-string"
-version = "0.7.8"
+version = "0.7.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dbc5ebe9c3a1a7a5127f920a418f7585e9e758e911d0466ed004f393b0e380b2"
+checksum = "c91338f0783edbd6195decb37bae672fd3b165faffb89bf7b9e6942f8b1a731a"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "serde",
@@ -3185,20 +3541,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "is-terminal"
-version = "0.4.16"
+version = "0.4.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e04d7f318608d35d4b61ddd75cbdaee86b023ebe2bd5a66ee0915f0bf93095a9"
+checksum = "3640c1c38b8e4e43584d8df18be5fc6b0aa314ce6ebf51b53313d4306cca8e46"
 dependencies = [
  "hermit-abi",
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
-version = "1.70.1"
+version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7943c866cc5cd64cbc25b2e01621d07fa8eb2a1a23160ee81ce38704e97b8ecf"
+checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iter-enum"
@@ -3256,9 +3612,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.15"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a5f13b858c8d314ee3e8f639011f7ccefe71f97f96e50151fb991f267928e2c"
+checksum = "92ecc6618181def0457392ccd0ee51198e065e016d1d527a7ac1b6dc7c1f09d2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jobserver"
@@ -3266,15 +3622,15 @@ version = "0.1.34"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9afb3de4395d6b3e67a780b6de64b51c978ecf11cb9a462c66be7d4ca9039d33"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.81"
+version = "0.3.85"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ec48937a97411dcb524a265206ccd4c90bb711fca92b2792c407f268825b9305"
+checksum = "8c942ebf8e95485ca0d52d97da7c5a2c387d0e7f0ba4c35e93bfcaee045955b3"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -3308,13 +3664,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "kdam"
-version = "0.6.3"
+version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5740f66a8d86a086ebcacfb937070e8be6eb2f8fb45e4ae7fa428ca2a98a7b1f"
+checksum = "d847be338ef16a13f97637c062d97fb52ebe0ff3b77fa18456d5ed366317e4f7"
 dependencies = [
  "pyo3",
  "terminal_size",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3394,9 +3750,9 @@ checksum = "2c4a545a15244c7d945065b5d392b2d2d7f21526fba56ce51467b06ed445e8f7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.176"
+version = "0.2.180"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58f929b4d672ea937a23a1ab494143d968337a5f47e56d0815df1e0890ddf174"
+checksum = "bcc35a38544a891a5f7c865aca548a982ccb3b8650a5b06d0fd33a10283c56fc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libm"
@@ -3406,23 +3762,14 @@ checksum = "f9fbbcab51052fe104eb5e5d351cf728d30a5be1fe14d9be8a3b097481fb97de"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libredox"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4488594b9328dee448adb906d8b126d9b7deb7cf5c22161ee591610bb1be83c0"
+checksum = "3d0b95e02c851351f877147b7deea7b1afb1df71b63aa5f8270716e0c5720616"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libz-rs-sys"
-version = "0.5.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "840db8cf39d9ec4dd794376f38acc40d0fc65eec2a8f484f7fd375b84602becd"
-dependencies = [
- "zlib-rs",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.4.15"
@@ -3437,9 +3784,9 @@ checksum = "df1d3c3b53da64cf5760482273a98e575c651a67eec7f77df96b5b642de8f039"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "litemap"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "241eaef5fd12c88705a01fc1066c48c4b36e0dd4377dcdc7ec3942cea7a69956"
+checksum = "6373607a59f0be73a39b6fe456b8192fcc3585f602af20751600e974dd455e77"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lmdb-master-sys"
@@ -3454,20 +3801,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.13"
+version = "0.4.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96936507f153605bddfcda068dd804796c84324ed2510809e5b2a624c81da765"
+checksum = "224399e74b87b5f3557511d98dff8b14089b3dadafcab6bb93eab67d3aace965"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
  "scopeguard",
  "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.28"
+version = "0.4.29"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34080505efa8e45a4b816c349525ebe327ceaa8559756f0356cba97ef3bf7432"
+checksum = "5e5032e24019045c762d3c0f28f5b6b8bbf38563a65908389bf7978758920897"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lru"
@@ -3493,6 +3839,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "twox-hash",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lz4_flex"
+version = "0.12.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ab6473172471198271ff72e9379150e9dfd70d8e533e0752a27e515b48dd375e"
+dependencies = [
+ "twox-hash",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lzma-rs"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -3514,6 +3869,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "pkg-config",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "marrow"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ea734fcb7619dfcc47a396f7bf0c72571ccc8c18ae7236ae028d485b27424b74"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "half",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "matchers"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -3567,9 +3937,9 @@ checksum = "f52b00d39961fc5b2736ea853c9cc86238e165017a493d1d5c8eac6bdc4cc273"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memmap2"
-version = "0.9.8"
+version = "0.9.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "843a98750cd611cc2965a8213b53b43e715f13c37a9e096c6408e69990961db7"
+checksum = "744133e4a0e0a658e1374cf3bf8e415c4052a15a111acd372764c55b4177d490"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -3601,18 +3971,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "minijinja"
-version = "2.12.0"
+version = "2.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a9f264d75233323f4b7d2f03aefe8a990690cdebfbfe26ea86bcbaec5e9ac990"
+checksum = "12ea9ac0a51fb5112607099560fdf0f90366ab088a2a9e6e8ae176794e9806aa"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "minijinja-contrib"
-version = "2.12.0"
+version = "2.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "182ba1438db4679ddfa03792c183bdc2b9ce26b58e7d41a749e59b06497cf136"
+checksum = "be6ad8bbc21c256d5f2f5494699d5d69d519b8510d672a0e43b7bfa3a56c388a"
 dependencies = [
  "minijinja",
  "serde",
@@ -3632,24 +4002,25 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fa76a2c86f704bdb222d66965fb3d63269ce38518b83cb0575fca855ebb6316"
 dependencies = [
  "adler2",
+ "simd-adler32",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "78bed444cc8a2160f01cbcf811ef18cac863ad68ae8ca62092e8db51d51c761c"
+checksum = "a69bcab0ad47271a0234d9422b131806bf3968021e5dc9328caf2d4cd58557fc"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "wasi",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "moka"
-version = "0.12.11"
+version = "0.12.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8261cd88c312e0004c1d51baad2980c66528dfdb2bee62003e643a4d8f86b077"
+checksum = "a3dec6bd31b08944e08b58fd99373893a6c17054d6f3ea5006cc894f4f4eee2a"
 dependencies = [
  "async-lock",
  "crossbeam-channel",
@@ -3660,7 +4031,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-util",
  "parking_lot",
  "portable-atomic",
- "rustc_version",
  "smallvec",
  "tagptr",
  "uuid",
@@ -3697,9 +4067,9 @@ checksum = "2195bf6aa996a481483b29d62a7663eed3fe39600c460e323f8ff41e90bdd89b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ndarray"
-version = "0.16.1"
+version = "0.17.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "882ed72dce9365842bf196bdeedf5055305f11fc8c03dee7bb0194a6cad34841"
+checksum = "520080814a7a6b4a6e9070823bb24b4531daac8c4627e08ba5de8c5ef2f2752d"
 dependencies = [
  "matrixmultiply",
  "num-complex",
@@ -3745,7 +4115,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53a0d57c55d2d1dc62a2b1d16a0a1079eb78d67c36bdf468d582ab4482ec7002"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3776,13 +4146,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "minimal-lexical",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ntapi"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c70f219e21142367c70c0b30c6a9e3a14d55b4d12a204d897fbec83a0363f081"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-ansi-term"
-version = "0.50.1"
+version = "0.50.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d4a28e057d01f97e61255210fcff094d74ed0466038633e95017f5beb68e4399"
+checksum = "7957b9740744892f114936ab4a57b3f487491bbeafaf8083688b16841a4240e5"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3844,6 +4223,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-modular"
+version = "0.6.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "17bb261bf36fa7d83f4c294f834e91256769097b3cb505d44831e0a179ac647f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-order"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "537b596b97c40fcf8056d153049eb22f481c17ebce72a513ec9286e4986d1bb6"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-modular",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-rational"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -3877,9 +4271,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "numpy"
-version = "0.25.0"
+version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29f1dee9aa8d3f6f8e8b9af3803006101bb3653866ef056d530d53ae68587191"
+checksum = "7aac2e6a6e4468ffa092ad43c39b81c79196c2bb773b8db4085f695efe3bba17"
 dependencies = [
  "half",
  "libc",
@@ -3892,11 +4286,30 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "objc2-core-foundation"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2a180dd8642fa45cdb7dd721cd4c11b1cadd4929ce112ebd8b9f5803cc79d536"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "objc2-io-kit"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "33fafba39597d6dc1fb709123dfa8289d39406734be322956a69f0931c73bb15"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "objc2-core-foundation",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "object"
-version = "0.37.3"
+version = "0.32.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff76201f031d8863c38aa7f905eca4f53abbfa15f609db4277d44cd8938f33fe"
+checksum = "a6a622008b6e321afc04970976f62ee297fdbaa6f95318ca343e3eebb9648441"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -3933,9 +4346,9 @@ checksum = "42f5e15c9953c5e4ccceeb2e7382a716482c34515315f7b03532b8b4e8393d2d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell_polyfill"
-version = "1.70.1"
+version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a4895175b425cb1f87721b59f0f286c2092bd4af812243672510e1ac53e2e0ad"
+checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oneshot"
@@ -3955,6 +4368,12 @@ version = "0.1.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d05e27ee213611ffe7d6348b942e8f942b37114c00cc03cec254295a4a17852e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-probe"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9f50d9b3dabb09ecd771ad0aa242ca6894994c130308ca3d7684634df8037391"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry"
 version = "0.27.1"
@@ -4076,7 +4495,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "proc-macro2-diagnostics",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4106,9 +4525,9 @@ checksum = "f38d5652c16fde515bb1ecef450ab0f6a219d619a7274976324d5e377f7dceba"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
-version = "0.12.4"
+version = "0.12.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "70d58bf43669b5795d1576d0641cfb6fbb2057bf629506267a92807158584a13"
+checksum = "93857453250e3077bd71ff98b6a65ea6621a19bb0f559a85248955ac12c45a1a"
 dependencies = [
  "lock_api",
  "parking_lot_core",
@@ -4116,15 +4535,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot_core"
-version = "0.9.11"
+version = "0.9.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bc838d2a56b5b1a6c25f55575dfc605fabb63bb2365f6c2353ef9159aa69e4a5"
+checksum = "2621685985a2ebf1c516881c026032ac7deafcda1a2c9b7850dc81e3dfcb64c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4134,13 +4553,13 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f0dbd48ad52d7dccf8ea1b90a3ddbfaea4f69878dd7683e51c507d4bc52b5b27"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-cast",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-ipc",
- "arrow-schema",
- "arrow-select",
+ "arrow-array 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-ipc 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 56.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 56.2.0",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "brotli 8.0.2",
  "bytes",
@@ -4148,8 +4567,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "futures",
  "half",
- "hashbrown 0.16.0",
- "lz4_flex",
+ "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "lz4_flex 0.11.5",
  "num",
  "num-bigint",
  "object_store",
@@ -4164,6 +4583,40 @@ dependencies = [
  "zstd",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "parquet"
+version = "57.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5f6a2926a30477c0b95fea6c28c3072712b139337a242c2cc64817bdc20a8854"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-ipc 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 57.2.0",
+ "base64 0.22.1",
+ "brotli 8.0.2",
+ "bytes",
+ "chrono",
+ "flate2",
+ "half",
+ "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "lz4_flex 0.12.0",
+ "num-bigint",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "paste",
+ "seq-macro",
+ "simdutf8",
+ "snap",
+ "thrift",
+ "twox-hash",
+ "zstd",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "parse-zoneinfo"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -4197,12 +4650,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pem"
-version = "3.0.5"
+version = "3.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38af38e8470ac9dee3ce1bae1af9c1671fffc44ddfd8bd1d0a3445bf349a8ef3"
+checksum = "1d30c53c26bc5b31a98cd02d20f25a7c8567146caf63ed593a9d87b2775291be"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.22.1",
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4213,20 +4666,19 @@ checksum = "9b4f627cb1b25917193a259e49bdad08f671f8d9708acfd5fe0a8c1455d87220"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest"
-version = "2.8.2"
+version = "2.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "21e0a3a33733faeaf8651dfee72dd0f388f0c8e5ad496a3478fa5a922f49cfa8"
+checksum = "2c9eb05c21a464ea704b53158d358a31e6425db2f63a1a7312268b05fe2b75f7"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
  "ucd-trie",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest_derive"
-version = "2.8.2"
+version = "2.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bc58706f770acb1dbd0973e6530a3cff4746fb721207feb3a8a6064cd0b6c663"
+checksum = "68f9dbced329c441fa79d80472764b1a2c7e57123553b8519b36663a2fb234ed"
 dependencies = [
  "pest",
  "pest_generator",
@@ -4234,22 +4686,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest_generator"
-version = "2.8.2"
+version = "2.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d4f36811dfe07f7b8573462465d5cb8965fffc2e71ae377a33aecf14c2c9a2f"
+checksum = "3bb96d5051a78f44f43c8f712d8e810adb0ebf923fc9ed2655a7f66f63ba8ee5"
 dependencies = [
  "pest",
  "pest_meta",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest_meta"
-version = "2.8.2"
+version = "2.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42919b05089acbd0a5dcd5405fb304d17d1053847b81163d09c4ad18ce8e8420"
+checksum = "602113b5b5e8621770cfd490cfd90b9f84ab29bd2b0e49ad83eb6d186cef2365"
 dependencies = [
  "pest",
  "sha2",
@@ -4262,18 +4714,18 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3672b37090dbd86368a4145bc067582552b29c27377cad4e0a306c97f9bd7772"
 dependencies = [
  "fixedbitset",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "petgraph"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "54acf3a685220b533e437e264e4d932cfbdc4cc7ec0cd232ed73c08d03b8a7ca"
+checksum = "8701b58ea97060d5e5b155d383a69952a60943f0e6dfe30b04c287beb0b27455"
 dependencies = [
  "fixedbitset",
  "hashbrown 0.15.5",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "serde",
 ]
 
@@ -4326,7 +4778,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "phf_shared 0.11.3",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4364,7 +4816,7 @@ checksum = "6e918e4ff8c4549eb882f14b3a4bc8c8bc93de829416eacf579f1207a8fbf861"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4462,18 +4914,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pometry-storage"
-version = "0.16.3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic"
-version = "1.11.1"
+version = "1.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f84267b20a16ea918e43c6a88433c2d54fa145c92a811b5b047ccbe153674483"
+checksum = "f89776e4d69bb58bc6993e99ffa1d11f228b839984854c7daeb5d37f87cbe950"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic-util"
@@ -4486,9 +4934,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "potential_utf"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "84df19adbe5b5a0782edcab45899906947ab039ccf4573713735ee7de1e6b08a"
+checksum = "b73949432f5e2a09657003c25bca5e19a0e9c84f8058ca374f49e0ebe605af77"
 dependencies = [
  "zerovec",
 ]
@@ -4525,7 +4973,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "479ca8adacdd7ce8f1fb39ce9ecccbfe93a3f1344b3d0d97f20bc0196208f62b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4534,14 +4982,14 @@ version = "3.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "219cb19e96be00ab2e37d6e299658a0cfa83e52429179969b0f0121b4ac46983"
 dependencies = [
- "toml_edit 0.23.6",
+ "toml_edit 0.23.10+spec-1.0.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.101"
+version = "1.0.105"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "89ae43fd86e4158d6db51ad8e2b80f313af9cc74f5c0e03ccb87de09998732de"
+checksum = "535d180e0ecab6268a3e718bb9fd44db66bbbc256257165fc699dadf70d16fe7"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -4554,21 +5002,20 @@ checksum = "af066a9c399a26e020ada66a034357a868728e72cd426f3adcd35f80d88d88c8"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "version_check",
  "yansi",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proptest"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2bb0be07becd10686a0bb407298fb425360a5c44a663774406340c59a22de4ce"
+checksum = "bee689443a2bd0a16ab0348b52ee43e3b2d1b1f931c8aa5c9f8de4c86fbe8c40"
 dependencies = [
  "bit-set",
  "bit-vec",
  "bitflags",
- "lazy_static",
  "num-traits",
  "rand 0.9.2",
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
@@ -4581,13 +5028,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proptest-derive"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ee1c9ac207483d5e7db4940700de86a9aae46ef90c48b57f99fe7edb8345e49"
+checksum = "095a99f75c69734802359b682be8daaf8980296731f6470434ea2c652af1dd30"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4616,7 +5063,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "prost",
  "prost-types",
  "regex",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "tempfile",
 ]
 
@@ -4630,7 +5077,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4644,22 +5091,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "psm"
-version = "0.1.26"
+version = "0.1.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6e944464ec8536cd1beb0bbfd96987eb5e3b72f2ecdafdc5c769a37f1fa2ae1f"
+checksum = "d11f2fedc3b7dafdc2851bc52f277377c5473d378859be234bc7ebb593144d01"
 dependencies = [
+ "ar_archive_writer",
  "cc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.25.1"
+version = "0.27.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8970a78afe0628a3e3430376fc5fd76b6b45c4d43360ffd6cdd40bdde72b682a"
+checksum = "ab53c047fcd1a1d2a8820fe84f05d6be69e9526be40cb03b73f86b6b03e6d87d"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "chrono-tz 0.10.4",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "indoc",
  "inventory",
  "libc",
@@ -4674,18 +5122,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-arrow"
-version = "0.11.0"
+version = "0.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8454903e6b8406a98c9210e828f85af167aef1816208a1c04e837185a49eee5b"
+checksum = "36b9f03cb749b0326951ebb30e39eda2f32b0b9205dce67e947e65779b8faffc"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-cast",
- "arrow-data",
- "arrow-schema",
- "arrow-select",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-cast 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-data 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-select 57.2.0",
+ "chrono",
+ "chrono-tz 0.10.4",
  "half",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "numpy",
  "pyo3",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
@@ -4693,19 +5143,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.25.1"
+version = "0.27.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "458eb0c55e7ece017adeba38f2248ff3ac615e53660d7c71a238d7d2a01c7598"
+checksum = "b455933107de8642b4487ed26d912c2d899dec6114884214a0b3bb3be9261ea6"
 dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.25.1"
+version = "0.27.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7114fe5457c61b276ab77c5055f206295b812608083644a5c5b2640c3102565c"
+checksum = "1c85c9cbfaddf651b1221594209aed57e9e5cff63c4d11d1feead529b872a089"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -4713,27 +5162,27 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.25.1"
+version = "0.27.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8725c0a622b374d6cb051d11a0983786448f7785336139c3c94f5aa6bef7e50"
+checksum = "0a5b10c9bf9888125d917fb4d2ca2d25c8df94c7ab5a52e13313a07e050a3b02"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.25.1"
+version = "0.27.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4109984c22491085343c05b0dbc54ddc405c3cf7b4374fc533f5c3313a572ccc"
+checksum = "03b51720d314836e53327f5871d4c0cfb4fb37cc2c4a11cc71907a86342c40f9"
 dependencies = [
  "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4772,7 +5221,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "quinn-udp",
  "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
  "rustls",
- "socket2 0.6.0",
+ "socket2 0.6.1",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
@@ -4786,7 +5235,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f1906b49b0c3bc04b5fe5d86a77925ae6524a19b816ae38ce1e426255f1d8a31"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "lru-slab",
  "rand 0.9.2",
  "ring",
@@ -4809,16 +5258,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
  "once_cell",
- "socket2 0.6.0",
+ "socket2 0.6.1",
  "tracing",
  "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.41"
+version = "1.0.43"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce25767e7b499d1b604768e7cde645d14cc8584231ea6b295e9c9eb22c02e1d1"
+checksum = "dc74d9a594b72ae6656596548f56f667211f8a97b3d4c3d467150794690dc40a"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -4829,6 +5278,12 @@ version = "5.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69cdb34c158ceb288df11e18b4bd39de994f6657d83847bdffdbd7f346754b0f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "radium"
+version = "0.7.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc33ff2d4973d518d823d61aa239014831e521c75da58e3df4840d3f47749d09"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
 version = "0.8.5"
@@ -4847,7 +5302,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6db2770f06117d490610c7488547d543617b21bfa07796d7a12f6f1bd53850d1"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
- "rand_core 0.9.3",
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4867,7 +5322,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.9.3",
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4876,16 +5331,16 @@ version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.9.3"
+version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "99d9a13982dcf210057a8a78572b2217b667c3beacbf3a0d8b454f6f82837d38"
+checksum = "76afc826de14238e6e8c374ddcc1fa19e374fd8dd986b0d2af0d02377261d83c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4898,13 +5353,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand 0.8.5",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_distr"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6a8615d50dcf34fa31f7ab52692afec947c4dd0ab803cc87cb3b0b4570ff7463"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand 0.9.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_xorshift"
 version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "513962919efc330f829edb2535844d1b912b0fbe2ca165d613e4e8788bb05a5a"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.9.3",
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4912,27 +5377,29 @@ name = "raphtory"
 version = "0.16.3"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow",
- "arrow-json",
+ "arrow 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-json 57.2.0",
  "arroy",
  "async-openai",
  "async-trait",
  "bigdecimal",
- "bincode",
+ "bincode 2.0.1",
  "bytemuck",
  "bzip2 0.4.4",
  "chrono",
  "csv",
  "dashmap",
+ "db4-graph",
+ "db4-storage",
  "display-error-chain",
  "dotenv",
  "either",
  "flate2",
  "futures-util",
  "glam",
- "hashbrown 0.15.5",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "heed",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "indoc",
  "iter-enum",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
@@ -4950,8 +5417,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ordered-float 4.6.0",
  "ouroboros",
  "parking_lot",
- "parquet",
- "pometry-storage",
+ "parquet 57.2.0",
  "pretty_assertions",
  "proptest",
  "proptest-derive",
@@ -4961,8 +5427,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "pyo3",
  "pyo3-arrow",
  "quad-rand",
- "rand 0.8.5",
- "rand_distr",
+ "rand 0.9.2",
+ "rand_distr 0.5.1",
  "raphtory",
  "raphtory-api",
  "raphtory-core",
@@ -4979,6 +5445,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tantivy",
  "tempfile",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "tikv-jemallocator",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
  "uuid",
@@ -4990,13 +5457,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "raphtory-api"
 version = "0.16.3"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-ipc",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-ipc 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
  "bigdecimal",
  "bytemuck",
  "chrono",
  "dashmap",
+ "derive_more",
  "display-error-chain",
  "iter-enum",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
@@ -5007,10 +5475,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "proptest",
  "pyo3",
  "pyo3-arrow",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand 0.9.2",
  "rayon",
  "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
  "serde",
+ "serde_arrow",
  "serde_json",
  "sorted_vector_map",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
@@ -5019,6 +5488,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "twox-hash",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "raphtory-api-macros"
+version = "0.16.3"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "raphtory-benchmark"
 version = "0.16.3"
@@ -5029,7 +5507,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fake",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
  "once_cell",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand 0.9.2",
  "raphtory",
  "raphtory-api",
  "rayon",
@@ -5044,10 +5522,12 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "raphtory-core"
 version = "0.16.3"
 dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
  "bigdecimal",
  "chrono",
  "dashmap",
  "either",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "iter-enum",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
  "lock_api",
@@ -5068,10 +5548,10 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "raphtory-cypher"
 version = "0.16.3"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow",
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-buffer",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-buffer 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
  "async-trait",
  "clap",
  "datafusion",
@@ -5080,7 +5560,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "pest",
  "pest_derive",
- "pometry-storage",
  "pretty_assertions",
  "proptest",
  "raphtory",
@@ -5099,7 +5578,7 @@ name = "raphtory-graphql"
 version = "0.16.3"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "arrow-array",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
  "async-graphql",
  "async-graphql-poem",
  "base64 0.22.1",
@@ -5157,16 +5636,18 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "raphtory-storage"
 version = "0.16.3"
 dependencies = [
- "arrow-array",
- "arrow-schema",
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
  "bigdecimal",
+ "db4-graph",
+ "db4-storage",
  "iter-enum",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
  "num-traits",
  "parking_lot",
- "pometry-storage",
  "proptest",
  "raphtory-api",
+ "raphtory-api-macros",
  "raphtory-core",
  "rayon",
  "serde",
@@ -5239,34 +5720,34 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76009fbe0614077fc1a2ce255e3a1881a2e3a3527097d5dc6d8212c585e7e38b"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.17"
+version = "0.5.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5407465600fb0548f1442edf71dd20683c6ed326200ace4b1ef0763521bb3b77"
+checksum = "ed2bf2547551a7053d6fdfafda3f938979645c44812fbfcda098faae3f1a362d"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_users"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd6f9d3d47bdd2ad6945c5015a226ec6155d0bcdfd8f7cd29f86b71f8de99d2b"
+checksum = "a4e608c6638b9c18977b00b475ac1f28d14e84b27d8d42f70e0bf1e3dec127ac"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
  "libredox",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.11.3"
+version = "1.12.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b5288124840bee7b386bc413c487869b360b2b4ec421ea56425128692f2a82c"
+checksum = "843bc0191f75f3e22651ae5f1e72939ab2f72a4bc30fa80a066bd66edefc24d4"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -5276,9 +5757,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.11"
+version = "0.4.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "833eb9ce86d40ef33cb1306d8accf7bc8ec2bfea4355cbdebb3df68b40925cad"
+checksum = "5276caf25ac86c8d810222b3dbb938e512c55c6831a10f3e6ed1c93b84041f1c"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -5287,15 +5768,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.8.6"
+version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "caf4aa5b0f434c91fe5c7f1ecb6a5ece2130b02ad2a590589dda5146df959001"
+checksum = "7a2d987857b319362043e95f5353c0535c1f58eec5336fdfcf626430af7def58"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "reqwest"
-version = "0.12.23"
+version = "0.12.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d429f34c8092b2d42c7c93cec323bb4adeb7c67698f70839adec842ec10c7ceb"
+checksum = "eddd3ca559203180a307f12d114c268abf583f59b03cb906fd0b3ff8646c1147"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "bytes",
@@ -5315,7 +5796,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pin-project-lite",
  "quinn",
  "rustls",
- "rustls-native-certs 0.8.1",
+ "rustls-native-certs 0.8.3",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -5324,7 +5805,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
  "tokio-rustls",
  "tokio-util",
- "tower 0.5.2",
+ "tower 0.5.3",
  "tower-http",
  "tower-service",
  "url",
@@ -5332,7 +5813,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen-futures",
  "wasm-streams",
  "web-sys",
- "webpki-roots 1.0.2",
+ "webpki-roots 1.0.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5374,7 +5855,7 @@ checksum = "a4689e6c2294d81e88dc6261c768b63bc4fcdb852be6d1352498b114f61383b7"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "cfg-if",
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
+ "getrandom 0.2.17",
  "libc",
  "untrusted",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
@@ -5404,9 +5885,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rust-embed"
-version = "8.7.2"
+version = "8.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "025908b8682a26ba8d12f6f2d66b987584a4a87bc024abc5bbc12553a8cd178a"
+checksum = "04113cb9355a377d83f06ef1f0a45b8ab8cd7d8b1288160717d66df5c7988d27"
 dependencies = [
  "rust-embed-impl",
  "rust-embed-utils",
@@ -5415,23 +5896,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rust-embed-impl"
-version = "8.7.2"
+version = "8.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6065f1a4392b71819ec1ea1df1120673418bf386f50de1d6f54204d836d4349c"
+checksum = "da0902e4c7c8e997159ab384e6d0fc91c221375f6894346ae107f47dd0f3ccaa"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rust-embed-utils",
  "shellexpand",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "walkdir",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rust-embed-utils"
-version = "8.7.2"
+version = "8.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f6cc0c81648b20b70c491ff8cce00c1c3b223bb8ed2b5d41f0e54c6c4c0a3594"
+checksum = "5bcdef0be6fe7f6fa333b1073c949729274b05f123a0ad7efcb8efd878e5c3b1"
 dependencies = [
  "sha2",
  "walkdir",
@@ -5469,12 +5950,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-demangle"
-version = "0.1.26"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "56f7d92ca342cea22a06f2121d944b4fd82af56988c270852495420f961d4ace"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -5511,22 +5986,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "1.1.2"
+version = "1.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cd15f8a2c5551a84d56efdc1cd049089e409ac19a3072d5037a17fd70719ff3e"
+checksum = "146c9e247ccc180c1f61615433868c99f3de3ae256a30a43b49f67c2d9171f34"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.11.0",
- "windows-sys 0.61.1",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls"
-version = "0.23.32"
+version = "0.23.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cd3c25631629d034ce7cd9940adc9d45762d46de2b0f57193c4443b92c6d4d40"
+checksum = "c665f33d38cea657d9614f766881e4d510e0eda4239891eea56b4cadcf01801b"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "ring",
@@ -5542,7 +6017,7 @@ version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e5bfb394eeed242e909609f56089eecfe5fda225042e8b171791b9c95f5931e5"
 dependencies = [
- "openssl-probe",
+ "openssl-probe 0.1.6",
  "rustls-pemfile",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "schannel",
@@ -5551,11 +6026,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-native-certs"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fcff2dd52b58a8d98a70243663a0d234c4e2b79235637849d15913394a247d3"
+checksum = "612460d5f7bea540c490b2b6395d8e34a953e52b491accd6c86c8164c5932a63"
 dependencies = [
- "openssl-probe",
+ "openssl-probe 0.2.0",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "schannel",
  "security-framework 3.5.1",
@@ -5572,9 +6047,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-pki-types"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "229a4a4c221013e7e1f1a043678c5cc39fe5171437c88fb47151a21e6f5b5c79"
+checksum = "4910321ebe4151be888e35fe062169554e74aad01beafed60410131420ceffbc"
 dependencies = [
  "web-time",
  "zeroize",
@@ -5582,9 +6057,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-webpki"
-version = "0.103.6"
+version = "0.103.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8572f3c2cb9934231157b45499fc41e1f58c589fdfb81a844ba873265e80f8eb"
+checksum = "2ffdfa2f5286e2247234e03f680868ac2815974dc39e00ea15adc445d0aafe52"
 dependencies = [
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
@@ -5599,9 +6074,9 @@ checksum = "b39cdef0fa800fc44525c84ccb54a029961a8215f9619753635a9c0d2538d46d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rusty-fork"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb3dcc6e454c328bb824492db107ab7c0ae8fcffe4ad210136ef014458c1bc4f"
+checksum = "cc6bf79ff24e648f6da1f8d1f011e9cac26491b619e6b9280f2b47f1774e6ee2"
 dependencies = [
  "fnv",
  "quick-error",
@@ -5611,9 +6086,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.20"
+version = "1.0.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28d3b2b1366ec20994f1fd18c3c594f05c5dd4bc44d8bb0c1c632c8d6829481f"
+checksum = "a50f4cf475b65d88e057964e0e9bb1f0aa9bbb2036dc65c64596b42932536984"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
@@ -5630,7 +6105,7 @@ version = "0.1.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "891d81b926048e76efe18581bf793546b4c0eaf8448d72be8de2bbee5fd166e1"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.1",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5707,6 +6182,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_arrow"
+version = "0.13.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "038967a6dda16f5c6ca5b6e1afec9cd2361d39f0db681ca338ac5f0ccece6469"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrow-array 57.2.0",
+ "arrow-schema 57.2.0",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "chrono",
+ "half",
+ "marrow",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_core"
 version = "1.0.228"
@@ -5724,20 +6214,20 @@ checksum = "d540f220d3187173da220f885ab66608367b6574e925011a9353e4badda91d79"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.145"
+version = "1.0.149"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "402a6f66d8c709116cf22f558eab210f5a50187f702eb4d7e5ef38d9a7f1c79c"
+checksum = "83fc039473c5595ace860d8c4fafa220ff474b3fc6bfdb4293327f1a37e94d86"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
- "ryu",
  "serde",
  "serde_core",
+ "zmij",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5809,18 +6299,19 @@ checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "signal-hook-registry"
-version = "1.4.6"
+version = "1.4.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b2a4719bff48cee6b39d12c020eeb490953ad2443b7055bd0b21fca26bd8c28b"
+checksum = "c4db69cba1110affc0e9f7bcd48bbf87b3f4fc7c61fc9155afd4c469eb3d6c1b"
 dependencies = [
+ "errno",
  "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "simd-adler32"
-version = "0.3.7"
+version = "0.3.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d66dc143e6b11c1eddc06d5c423cfc97062865baf299914ab64caa38182078fe"
+checksum = "e320a6c5ad31d271ad523dcf3ad13e2767ad8b1cb8f047f75a8aeaf8da139da2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "simdutf8"
@@ -5885,12 +6376,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "233504af464074f9d066d7b5416c5f9b894a5862a6506e306f7b816cdd6f1807"
+checksum = "17129e116933cf371d018bb80ae557e889637989d8638274fb25622827b03881"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5937,20 +6428,20 @@ checksum = "da5fc6819faabb412da764b99d3b713bb55083c11e7e0c00144d386cd6a1939c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "stable_deref_trait"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8f112729512f8e442d81f95a8a7ddf2b7c6b8a1a6f509a95864142b30cab2d3"
+checksum = "6ce2be8dc25455e1f91df71bfa12ad37d7af1092ae736f3a6cd0e37bc7810596"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "stacker"
-version = "0.1.21"
+version = "0.1.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cddb07e32ddb770749da91081d8d0ac3a16f1a569a18b20348cd371f5dead06b"
+checksum = "e1f8b29fb42aafcea4edeeb6b2f2d7ecd0d969c48b4cf0d2e64aafc471dd6e59"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -5991,8 +6482,14 @@ name = "strum"
 version = "0.26.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8fec0f0aef304996cf250b31b5a10dee7980c85da9d759361292b8bca5a18f06"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "strum"
+version = "0.27.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "af23d6f6c1a224baef9d3f61e287d2761385a5b88fdab4eb4c6f11aeb54c4bcf"
 dependencies = [
- "strum_macros",
+ "strum_macros 0.27.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6005,7 +6502,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "strum_macros"
+version = "0.27.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7695ce3845ea4b33927c055a39dc438a45b059f7c1b3d91d38d10355fb8cbca7"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck 0.5.0",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6027,9 +6536,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.106"
+version = "2.0.114"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ede7c438028d4436d71104916910f5bb611972c5cfd7f89b8300a8186e6fada6"
+checksum = "d4d107df263a3013ef9b1879b0df87d706ff80f65a86ea879bd9c31f9b307c2a"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -6062,7 +6571,21 @@ checksum = "728a70f3dbaf5bab7f0c4b1ac8d7ae5ea60a4b5549c8a5914361c99147a709d2"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sysinfo"
+version = "0.37.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "16607d5caffd1c07ce073528f9ed972d88db15dd44023fa57142963be3feb11f"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "memchr",
+ "ntapi",
+ "objc2-core-foundation",
+ "objc2-io-kit",
+ "windows",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6094,7 +6617,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "levenshtein_automata",
  "log",
  "lru",
- "lz4_flex",
+ "lz4_flex 0.11.5",
  "measure_time",
  "memmap2",
  "num_cpus",
@@ -6199,7 +6722,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c56d6ff5591fc332739b3ce7035b57995a3ce29a93ffd6012660e0949c956ea8"
 dependencies = [
  "murmurhash32",
- "rand_distr",
+ "rand_distr 0.4.3",
  "tantivy-common",
 ]
 
@@ -6212,23 +6735,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tap"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "55937e1799185b12863d447f42597ed69d9928686b8d88a1df17376a097d8369"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "target-lexicon"
-version = "0.13.3"
+version = "0.13.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df7f62577c25e07834649fc3b39fafdc597c0a3527dc1c60129201ccfcbaa50c"
+checksum = "b1dd07eb858a2067e2f3c7155d54e929265c264e6f37efe3ee7a8d1b5a1dd0ba"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.23.0"
+version = "3.24.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2d31c77bdf42a745371d260a26ca7163f1e0924b64afa0b688e61b5a9fa02f16"
+checksum = "655da9c7eb6305c55742045d5a8d2037996d61d8de95806335c7c86ce0f82e9c"
 dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "once_cell",
- "rustix 1.1.2",
- "windows-sys 0.61.1",
+ "rustix 1.1.3",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6237,7 +6766,7 @@ version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "60b8cb979cb11c32ce1603f8137b22262a9d131aaa5c37b5678025f22b8becd0"
 dependencies = [
- "rustix 1.1.2",
+ "rustix 1.1.3",
  "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
 
@@ -6267,7 +6796,7 @@ checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6278,7 +6807,7 @@ checksum = "3ff15c8ecd7de3849db632e14d18d2571fa09dfc5ed93479bc4485c7a517c913"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6301,32 +6830,52 @@ dependencies = [
  "ordered-float 2.10.1",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tikv-jemalloc-sys"
+version = "0.6.1+5.3.0-1-ge13ca993e8ccb9ba9847cc330696e02839f328f7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cd8aa5b2ab86a2cefa406d889139c162cbb230092f7d1d7cbc1716405d852a3b"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tikv-jemallocator"
+version = "0.6.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0359b4327f954e0567e69fb191cf1436617748813819c94b8cd4a431422d053a"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "tikv-jemalloc-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "time"
-version = "0.3.44"
+version = "0.3.45"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91e7d9e3bb61134e77bde20dd4825b97c010155709965fedf0f49bb138e52a9d"
+checksum = "f9e442fc33d7fdb45aa9bfeb312c095964abdf596f7567261062b2a7107aaabd"
 dependencies = [
  "deranged",
  "itoa",
  "num-conv",
  "powerfmt",
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
  "time-core",
  "time-macros",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time-core"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40868e7c1d2f0b8d73e4a8c7f0ff63af4f6d19be117e90bd73eb1d62cf831c6b"
+checksum = "8b36ee98fd31ec7426d599183e8fe26932a8dc1fb76ddb6214d05493377d34ca"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time-macros"
-version = "0.2.24"
+version = "0.2.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30cfb0125f12d9c277f35663a0a33f8c30190f4e4574868a330595412d34ebf3"
+checksum = "71e552d1249bf61ac2a52db88179fd0673def1e1ad8243a00d9ec9ed71fee3dd"
 dependencies = [
  "num-conv",
  "time-core",
@@ -6343,9 +6892,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinystr"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d4f6d1145dcb577acf783d4e601bc1d76a13337bb54e6233add580b07344c8b"
+checksum = "42d3e9c45c09de15d06dd8acf5f4e0e399e85927b7f00711024eb7ae10fa4869"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "zerovec",
@@ -6367,6 +6916,7 @@ version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bfa5fdc3bce6191a1dbc8c02d5c8bffcf557bafa17c124c5264a458f1b0613fa"
 dependencies = [
+ "serde",
  "tinyvec_macros",
 ]
 
@@ -6378,33 +6928,30 @@ checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
-version = "1.47.1"
+version = "1.49.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "89e49afdadebb872d3145a5638b59eb0691ea23e46ca484037cfab3b76b95038"
+checksum = "72a2903cd7736441aac9df9d7688bd0ce48edccaadf181c3b90be801e81d3d86"
 dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
  "bytes",
- "io-uring",
  "libc",
  "mio",
  "parking_lot",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "signal-hook-registry",
- "slab",
- "socket2 0.6.0",
+ "socket2 0.6.1",
  "tokio-macros",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-macros"
-version = "2.5.0"
+version = "2.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6e06d43f1345a3bcd39f6a56dbb7dcab2ba47e68e8ac134855e7e2bdbaf8cab8"
+checksum = "af407857209536a95c8e56f8231ef2c2e2aff839b22e07a1ffcbc617e9db9fa5"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6419,9 +6966,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-stream"
-version = "0.1.17"
+version = "0.1.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eca58d7bba4a75707817a2c44174253f9236b2d5fbd055602e9d5c07c139a047"
+checksum = "32da49809aab5c3bc678af03902d4ccddea2a87d028d86392a4b1560c6906c70"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
  "pin-project-lite",
@@ -6442,9 +6989,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-util"
-version = "0.7.16"
+version = "0.7.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "14307c986784f72ef81c89db7d9e28d6ac26d16213b109ea501696195e6e3ce5"
+checksum = "9ae9cec805b01e8fc3fd2fe289f89149a9b66dd16786abd8b19cfa7b48cb0098"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "futures-core",
@@ -6477,9 +7024,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.5+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32f1085dec27c2b6632b04c80b3bb1b4300d6495d1e129693bdda7d91e72eec1"
+checksum = "92e1cfed4a3038bc5a127e35a2d360f145e1f4b971b551a2ba5fd7aedf7e1347"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -6490,7 +7037,7 @@ version = "0.22.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "41fe8c660ae4257887cf66394862d21dbca4a6ddd26f04a3560410406a2f819a"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "serde",
  "serde_spanned",
  "toml_datetime 0.6.11",
@@ -6500,21 +7047,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.23.6"
+version = "0.23.10+spec-1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3effe7c0e86fdff4f69cdd2ccc1b96f933e24811c5441d44904e8683e27184b"
+checksum = "84c8b9f757e028cee9fa244aea147aab2a9ec09d5325a9b01e0a49730c2b5269"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
- "toml_datetime 0.7.2",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
+ "toml_datetime 0.7.5+spec-1.1.0",
  "toml_parser",
  "winnow",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_parser"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.6+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4cf893c33be71572e0e9aa6dd15e6677937abd686b066eac3f8cd3531688a627"
+checksum = "a3198b4b0a8e11f09dd03e133c0280504d0801269e9afa46362ffde1cbeebf44"
 dependencies = [
  "winnow",
 ]
@@ -6577,9 +7124,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tower"
-version = "0.5.2"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d039ad9159c98b70ecfd540b2573b97f7f52c3e8d9f8ad57a24b916a536975f9"
+checksum = "ebe5ef63511595f1344e2d5cfa636d973292adc0eec1f0ad45fae9f0851ab1d4"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
  "futures-util",
@@ -6592,9 +7139,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tower-http"
-version = "0.6.6"
+version = "0.6.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "adc82fd73de2a9722ac5da747f12383d2bfdb93591ee6c58486e0097890f05f2"
+checksum = "d4e6559d53cc268e5031cd8429d05415bc4cb4aefc4aa5d6cc35fbf5b924a1f8"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "bytes",
@@ -6603,7 +7150,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "http-body",
  "iri-string",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "tower 0.5.2",
+ "tower 0.5.3",
  "tower-layer",
  "tower-service",
 ]
@@ -6622,9 +7169,9 @@ checksum = "8df9b6e13f2d32c91b9bd719c00d1958837bc7dec474d94952798cc8e69eeec3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing"
-version = "0.1.41"
+version = "0.1.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "784e0ac535deb450455cbfa28a6f0df145ea1bb7ae51b821cf5e7927fdcfbdd0"
+checksum = "63e71662fa4b2a2c3a26f570f037eb95bb1f85397f3cd8076caed2f026a6d100"
 dependencies = [
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tracing-attributes",
@@ -6633,20 +7180,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing-attributes"
-version = "0.1.30"
+version = "0.1.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "81383ab64e72a7a8b8e13130c49e3dab29def6d0c7d76a03087b3cf71c5c6903"
+checksum = "7490cfa5ec963746568740651ac6781f701c9c5ea257c58e057f3ba8cf69e8da"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing-core"
-version = "0.1.34"
+version = "0.1.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b9d12581f227e93f094d3af2ae690a574abb8a2b9b7a96e7cfe9647b2b617678"
+checksum = "db97caf9d906fbde555dd62fa95ddba9eecfd14cb388e4f491a66d74cd5fb79a"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "valuable",
@@ -6683,9 +7230,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing-subscriber"
-version = "0.3.20"
+version = "0.3.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2054a14f5307d601f88daf0553e1cbf472acc4f2c51afab632431cdcd72124d5"
+checksum = "2f30143827ddab0d256fd843b7a66d164e9f271cfa0dde49142c5ca0ca291f1e"
 dependencies = [
  "matchers",
  "nu-ansi-term",
@@ -6733,9 +7280,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.18.0"
+version = "1.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1dccffe3ce07af9386bfd29e80c0ab1a8205a2fc34e4bcd40364df902cfa8f3f"
+checksum = "562d481066bde0658276a35467c4af00bdc6ee726305698a55b86e61d7ad82bb"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ucd-trie"
@@ -6760,15 +7307,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicase"
-version = "2.8.1"
+version = "2.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75b844d17643ee918803943289730bec8aac480150456169e647ed0b576ba539"
+checksum = "dbc4bc3a9f746d862c45cb89d705aa10f187bb96c76001afab07a0d35ce60142"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.19"
+version = "1.0.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f63a545481291138910575129486daeaf8ac54aee4387fe7906919f7830c7d9d"
+checksum = "9312f7c4f6ff9069b165498234ce8be658059c6728633667c526e27dc2cf1df5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-segmentation"
@@ -6778,9 +7325,9 @@ checksum = "f6ccf251212114b54433ec949fd6a7841275f9ada20dddd2f29e9ceea4501493"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a1a07cc7db3810833284e8d372ccdc6da29741639ecc70c9ec107df0fa6154c"
+checksum = "b4ac048d71ede7ee76d585517add45da530660ef4390e49b098733c6e897f254"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unindent"
@@ -6794,11 +7341,17 @@ version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8ecb6da28b8a351d773b68d5825ac39017e680750f980f3a1a85cd8dd28a47c1"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unty"
+version = "0.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6d49784317cd0d1ee7ec5c716dd598ec5b4483ea832a2dced265471cc0f690ae"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "url"
-version = "2.5.7"
+version = "2.5.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08bc136a29a3d1758e07a9cca267be308aeebf5cfd5a10f3f67ab2097683ef5b"
+checksum = "ff67a8a4397373c3ef660812acab3268222035010ab8680ec4215f38ba3d0eed"
 dependencies = [
  "form_urlencoded",
  "idna",
@@ -6832,13 +7385,13 @@ checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.18.1"
+version = "1.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f87b8aa10b915a06587d0dec516c282ff295b475d94abf425d62b57710070a2"
+checksum = "e2e054861b4bd027cd373e18e8d8d8e6548085000e41290d95ce0c373a654b4a"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "js-sys",
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
@@ -6854,6 +7407,12 @@ version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "virtue"
+version = "0.0.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "051eb1abcf10076295e815102942cc58f9d5e3b4560e46e53c21e8ff6f3af7b1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wait-timeout"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -6888,29 +7447,20 @@ version = "0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ccf3ec651a847eb01de73ccad15eb7d99f80485de043efb2f370cd654f4ea44b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasi"
-version = "0.14.7+wasi-0.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "883478de20367e224c0090af9cf5f9fa85bed63a95c1abf3afc5c083ebc06e8c"
-dependencies = [
- "wasip2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasip2"
-version = "1.0.1+wasi-0.2.4"
+version = "1.0.2+wasi-0.2.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0562428422c63773dad2c345a1882263bbf4d65cf3f42e90921f787ef5ad58e7"
+checksum = "9517f9239f02c069db75e65f174b3da828fe5f5b945c4dd26bd25d89c03ebcf5"
 dependencies = [
  "wit-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.104"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1da10c01ae9f1ae40cbfac0bac3b1e724b320abfcf52229f80b547c0d250e2d"
+checksum = "64024a30ec1e37399cf85a7ffefebdb72205ca1c972291c51512360d90bd8566"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -6919,27 +7469,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.104"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "671c9a5a66f49d8a47345ab942e2cb93c7d1d0339065d4f8139c486121b43b19"
-dependencies = [
- "bumpalo",
- "log",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
- "wasm-bindgen-shared",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.54"
+version = "0.4.58"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e038d41e478cc73bae0ff9b36c60cff1c98b8f38f8d7e8061e79ee63608ac5c"
+checksum = "70a6e77fd0ae8029c9ea0063f87c46fde723e7d887703d74ad2616d792e51e6f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
+ "futures-util",
  "js-sys",
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -6948,9 +7485,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.104"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7ca60477e4c59f5f2986c50191cd972e3a50d8a95603bc9434501cf156a9a119"
+checksum = "008b239d9c740232e71bd39e8ef6429d27097518b6b30bdf9086833bd5b6d608"
 dependencies = [
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  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -6958,22 +7495,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.104"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9f07d2f20d4da7b26400c9f4a0511e6e0345b040694e8a75bd41d578fa4421d7"
+checksum = "5256bae2d58f54820e6490f9839c49780dff84c65aeab9e772f15d5f0e913a55"
 dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
- "wasm-bindgen-backend",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.104"
+version = "0.2.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bad67dc8b2a1a6e5448428adec4c3e84c43e561d8c9ee8a9e5aabeb193ec41d1"
+checksum = "1f01b580c9ac74c8d8f0c0e4afb04eeef2acf145458e52c03845ee9cd23e3d12"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -6993,9 +7530,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.81"
+version = "0.3.85"
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-checksum = "9367c417a924a74cae129e6a2ae3b47fabb1f8995595ab474029da749a8be120"
+checksum = "312e32e551d92129218ea9a2452120f4aabc03529ef03e4d0d82fb2780608598"
 dependencies = [
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  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -7017,23 +7554,23 @@ version = "0.26.11"
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 checksum = "521bc38abb08001b01866da9f51eb7c5d647a19260e00054a8c7fd5f9e57f7a9"
 dependencies = [
- "webpki-roots 1.0.2",
+ "webpki-roots 1.0.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "webpki-roots"
-version = "1.0.2"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e8983c3ab33d6fb807cfcdad2491c4ea8cbc8ed839181c7dfd9c67c83e261b2"
+checksum = "12bed680863276c63889429bfd6cab3b99943659923822de1c8a39c49e4d722c"
 dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wildmatch"
-version = "2.5.0"
+version = "2.6.1"
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-checksum = "39b7d07a236abaef6607536ccfaf19b396dbe3f5110ddb73d39f4562902ed382"
+checksum = "29333c3ea1ba8b17211763463ff24ee84e41c78224c16b001cd907e663a38c68"
 
 [[package]]
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@@ -7057,7 +7594,7 @@ version = "0.1.11"
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 checksum = "c2a7b1c03c876122aa43f3020e6c3c3ee5c05081c9a00739faf7503aeba10d22"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.1",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7066,63 +7603,143 @@ version = "0.4.0"
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 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows"
+version = "0.61.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9babd3a767a4c1aef6900409f85f5d53ce2544ccdfaa86dad48c91782c6d6893"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-collections",
+ "windows-core 0.61.2",
+ "windows-future",
+ "windows-link 0.1.3",
+ "windows-numerics",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-collections"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3beeceb5e5cfd9eb1d76b381630e82c4241ccd0d27f1a39ed41b2760b255c5e8"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-core 0.61.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-core"
+version = "0.61.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c0fdd3ddb90610c7638aa2b3a3ab2904fb9e5cdbecc643ddb3647212781c4ae3"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-implement",
+ "windows-interface",
+ "windows-link 0.1.3",
+ "windows-result 0.3.4",
+ "windows-strings 0.4.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-core"
-version = "0.62.1"
+version = "0.62.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6844ee5416b285084d3d3fffd743b925a6c9385455f64f6d4fa3031c4c2749a9"
+checksum = "b8e83a14d34d0623b51dce9581199302a221863196a1dde71a7663a4c2be9deb"
 dependencies = [
  "windows-implement",
  "windows-interface",
- "windows-link",
- "windows-result",
- "windows-strings",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
+ "windows-result 0.4.1",
+ "windows-strings 0.5.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-future"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fc6a41e98427b19fe4b73c550f060b59fa592d7d686537eebf9385621bfbad8e"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-core 0.61.2",
+ "windows-link 0.1.3",
+ "windows-threading",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-implement"
-version = "0.60.1"
+version = "0.60.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "edb307e42a74fb6de9bf3a02d9712678b22399c87e6fa869d6dfcd8c1b7754e0"
+checksum = "053e2e040ab57b9dc951b72c264860db7eb3b0200ba345b4e4c3b14f67855ddf"
 dependencies = [
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  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-interface"
-version = "0.59.2"
+version = "0.59.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c0abd1ddbc6964ac14db11c7213d6532ef34bd9aa042c2e5935f59d7908b46a5"
+checksum = "3f316c4a2570ba26bbec722032c4099d8c8bc095efccdc15688708623367e358"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-link"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e6ad25900d524eaabdbbb96d20b4311e1e7ae1699af4fb28c17ae66c80d798a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-link"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f0805222e57f7521d6a62e36fa9163bc891acd422f971defe97d64e70d0a4fe5"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-numerics"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "45e46c0661abb7180e7b9c281db115305d49ca1709ab8242adf09666d2173c65"
+checksum = "9150af68066c4c5c07ddc0ce30421554771e528bde427614c61038bc2c92c2b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-core 0.61.2",
+ "windows-link 0.1.3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-result"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56f42bd332cc6c8eac5af113fc0c1fd6a8fd2aa08a0119358686e5160d0586c6"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link 0.1.3",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-result"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7084dcc306f89883455a206237404d3eaf961e5bd7e0f312f7c91f57eb44167f"
+checksum = "7781fa89eaf60850ac3d2da7af8e5242a5ea78d1a11c49bf2910bb5a73853eb5"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-strings"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56e6c93f3a0c3b36176cb1327a4958a0353d5d166c2a35cb268ace15e91d3b57"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link 0.1.3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-strings"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7218c655a553b0bed4426cf54b20d7ba363ef543b52d515b3e48d7fd55318dda"
+checksum = "7837d08f69c77cf6b07689544538e017c1bfcf57e34b4c0ff58e6c2cd3b37091"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7149,16 +7766,16 @@ version = "0.60.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f2f500e4d28234f72040990ec9d39e3a6b950f9f22d3dba18416c35882612bcb"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.53.4",
+ "windows-targets 0.53.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.61.1"
+version = "0.61.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6f109e41dd4a3c848907eb83d5a42ea98b3769495597450cf6d153507b166f0f"
+checksum = "ae137229bcbd6cdf0f7b80a31df61766145077ddf49416a728b02cb3921ff3fc"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7179,19 +7796,28 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.53.4"
+version = "0.53.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4945f9f551b88e0d65f3db0bc25c33b8acea4d9e41163edf90dcd0b19f9069f3"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.1",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.1",
+ "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.1",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.53.1",
+ "windows_i686_msvc 0.53.1",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.53.1",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.53.1",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-threading"
+version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2d42b7b7f66d2a06854650af09cfdf8713e427a439c97ad65a6375318033ac4b"
+checksum = "b66463ad2e0ea3bbf808b7f1d371311c80e115c0b71d60efc142cafbcfb057a6"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link",
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.0",
+ "windows-link 0.1.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7202,9 +7828,9 @@ checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86b8d5f90ddd19cb4a147a5fa63ca848db3df085e25fee3cc10b39b6eebae764"
+checksum = "a9d8416fa8b42f5c947f8482c43e7d89e73a173cead56d044f6a56104a6d1b53"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
@@ -7214,9 +7840,9 @@ checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7651a1f62a11b8cbd5e0d42526e55f2c99886c77e007179efff86c2b137e66c"
+checksum = "b9d782e804c2f632e395708e99a94275910eb9100b2114651e04744e9b125006"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
@@ -7226,9 +7852,9 @@ checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1dc67659d35f387f5f6c479dc4e28f1d4bb90ddd1a5d3da2e5d97b42d6272c3"
+checksum = "960e6da069d81e09becb0ca57a65220ddff016ff2d6af6a223cf372a506593a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
@@ -7238,9 +7864,9 @@ checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ce6ccbdedbf6d6354471319e781c0dfef054c81fbc7cf83f338a4296c0cae11"
+checksum = "fa7359d10048f68ab8b09fa71c3daccfb0e9b559aed648a8f95469c27057180c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
@@ -7250,9 +7876,9 @@ checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "581fee95406bb13382d2f65cd4a908ca7b1e4c2f1917f143ba16efe98a589b5d"
+checksum = "1e7ac75179f18232fe9c285163565a57ef8d3c89254a30685b57d83a38d326c2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
@@ -7262,9 +7888,9 @@ checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e55b5ac9ea33f2fc1716d1742db15574fd6fc8dadc51caab1c16a3d3b4190ba"
+checksum = "9c3842cdd74a865a8066ab39c8a7a473c0778a3f29370b5fd6b4b9aa7df4a499"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
@@ -7274,9 +7900,9 @@ checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a6e035dd0599267ce1ee132e51c27dd29437f63325753051e71dd9e42406c57"
+checksum = "0ffa179e2d07eee8ad8f57493436566c7cc30ac536a3379fdf008f47f6bb7ae1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
@@ -7286,30 +7912,39 @@ checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "271414315aff87387382ec3d271b52d7ae78726f5d44ac98b4f4030c91880486"
+checksum = "d6bbff5f0aada427a1e5a6da5f1f98158182f26556f345ac9e04d36d0ebed650"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winnow"
-version = "0.7.13"
+version = "0.7.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "21a0236b59786fed61e2a80582dd500fe61f18b5dca67a4a067d0bc9039339cf"
+checksum = "5a5364e9d77fcdeeaa6062ced926ee3381faa2ee02d3eb83a5c27a8825540829"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen"
-version = "0.46.0"
+version = "0.51.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f17a85883d4e6d00e8a97c586de764dabcc06133f7f1d55dce5cdc070ad7fe59"
+checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "writeable"
-version = "0.6.1"
+version = "0.6.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9edde0db4769d2dc68579893f2306b26c6ecfbe0ef499b013d731b7b9247e0b9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wyz"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea2f10b9bb0928dfb1b42b65e1f9e36f7f54dbdf08457afefb38afcdec4fa2bb"
+checksum = "05f360fc0b24296329c78fda852a1e9ae82de9cf7b27dae4b7f62f118f77b9ed"
+dependencies = [
+ "tap",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "xz2"
@@ -7339,11 +7974,10 @@ checksum = "cfe53a6657fd280eaa890a3bc59152892ffa3e30101319d168b781ed6529b049"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "yoke"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f41bb01b8226ef4bfd589436a297c53d118f65921786300e427be8d487695cc"
+checksum = "72d6e5c6afb84d73944e5cedb052c4680d5657337201555f9f2a16b7406d4954"
 dependencies = [
- "serde",
  "stable_deref_trait",
  "yoke-derive",
  "zerofrom",
@@ -7351,34 +7985,34 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "yoke-derive"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38da3c9736e16c5d3c8c597a9aaa5d1fa565d0532ae05e27c24aa62fb32c0ab6"
+checksum = "b659052874eb698efe5b9e8cf382204678a0086ebf46982b79d6ca3182927e5d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "0.8.27"
+version = "0.8.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0894878a5fa3edfd6da3f88c4805f4c8558e2b996227a3d864f47fe11e38282c"
+checksum = "668f5168d10b9ee831de31933dc111a459c97ec93225beb307aed970d1372dfd"
 dependencies = [
  "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.27"
+version = "0.8.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "88d2b8d9c68ad2b9e4340d7832716a4d21a22a1154777ad56ea55c51a9cf3831"
+checksum = "2c7962b26b0a8685668b671ee4b54d007a67d4eaf05fda79ac0ecf41e32270f1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7398,7 +8032,7 @@ checksum = "d71e5d6e06ab090c67b5e44993ec16b72dcbaabc526db883a360057678b48502"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -7413,20 +8047,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zeroize_derive"
-version = "1.4.2"
+version = "1.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce36e65b0d2999d2aafac989fb249189a141aee1f53c612c1f37d72631959f69"
+checksum = "85a5b4158499876c763cb03bc4e49185d3cccbabb15b33c627f7884f43db852e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerotrie"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "36f0bbd478583f79edad978b407914f61b2972f5af6fa089686016be8f9af595"
+checksum = "2a59c17a5562d507e4b54960e8569ebee33bee890c70aa3fe7b97e85a9fd7851"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "yoke",
@@ -7435,9 +8069,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerovec"
-version = "0.11.4"
+version = "0.11.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e7aa2bd55086f1ab526693ecbe444205da57e25f4489879da80635a46d90e73b"
+checksum = "6c28719294829477f525be0186d13efa9a3c602f7ec202ca9e353d310fb9a002"
 dependencies = [
  "yoke",
  "zerofrom",
@@ -7446,13 +8080,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerovec-derive"
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b96237efa0c878c64bd89c436f661be4e46b2f3eff1ebb976f7ef2321d2f58f"
+checksum = "eadce39539ca5cb3985590102671f2567e659fca9666581ad3411d59207951f3"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.106",
+ "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7464,15 +8098,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "aes",
  "arbitrary",
  "bzip2 0.5.2",
- "constant_time_eq",
+ "constant_time_eq 0.3.1",
  "crc32fast",
  "crossbeam-utils",
  "deflate64",
  "displaydoc",
  "flate2",
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "hmac",
- "indexmap 2.11.4",
+ "indexmap 2.13.0",
  "lzma-rs",
  "memchr",
  "pbkdf2",
@@ -7487,15 +8121,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zlib-rs"
-version = "0.5.2"
+version = "0.5.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40990edd51aae2c2b6907af74ffb635029d5788228222c4bb811e9351c0caad3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zmij"
+version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f06ae92f42f5e5c42443fd094f245eb656abf56dd7cce9b8b263236565e00f2"
+checksum = "bd8f3f50b848df28f887acb68e41201b5aea6bc8a8dacc00fb40635ff9a72fea"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zopfli"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "edfc5ee405f504cd4984ecc6f14d02d55cfda60fa4b689434ef4102aae150cd7"
+checksum = "f05cd8797d63865425ff89b5c4a48804f35ba0ce8d125800027ad6017d2b5249"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "crc32fast",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e0e8454df1..16e2c698ec 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ members = [
     "raphtory-graphql",
     "raphtory-api",
     "raphtory-core",
-    "raphtory-storage",
+    "raphtory-storage", "raphtory-api-macros",
 ]
 default-members = ["raphtory"]
 resolver = "2"
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 homepage = "https://github.com/Raphtory/raphtory/"
 keywords = ["graph", "temporal-graph", "temporal"]
 authors = ["Pometry"]
-rust-version = "1.86.0"
+rust-version = "1.89.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
 # debug symbols are using a lot of resources
@@ -49,33 +49,33 @@ incremental = false
 
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-#[public-storage]
-pometry-storage = { version = ">=0.8.1", path = "pometry-storage" }
-#[private-storage]
-# pometry-storage = { path = "pometry-storage-private", package = "pometry-storage-private" }
-raphtory = { path = "raphtory", version = "0.16.3" }
-raphtory-api = { path = "raphtory-api", version = "0.16.3" }
-raphtory-core = { path = "raphtory-core", version = "0.16.3" }
-raphtory-storage = { path = "raphtory-storage", version = "0.16.3" }
-raphtory-graphql = { path = "raphtory-graphql", version = "0.16.3" }
+db4-graph = { version = "0.16.2", path = "db4-graph", default-features = false }
+raphtory = { version = "0.16.2", path = "raphtory", default-features = false }
+raphtory-api = { version = "0.16.2", path = "raphtory-api", default-features = false }
+raphtory-api-macros = { version = "0.16.2", path = "raphtory-api-macros", default-features = false }
+raphtory-core = { version = "0.16.2", path = "raphtory-core", default-features = false }
+raphtory-graphql = { version = "0.16.2", path = "raphtory-graphql", default-features = false }
+raphtory-storage = { version = "0.16.2", path = "raphtory-storage", default-features = false }
 async-graphql = { version = "7.0.16", features = ["dynamic-schema"] }
-bincode = "1.3.3"
+bincode = {version = "2", features = ["serde"]}
 async-graphql-poem = "7.0.16"
 dynamic-graphql = "0.10.1"
+derive_more = "2.0.1"
 reqwest = { version = "0.12.8", default-features = false, features = [
     "rustls-tls",
     "multipart",
     "json",
 ] }
+boxcar = "0.2.14"
 iter-enum = { version = "1.2.0", features = ["rayon"] }
 serde = { version = "1.0.197", features = ["derive", "rc"] }
 serde_json = "1.0.114"
-pyo3 = { version = "0.25.1", features = ["multiple-pymethods", "chrono"] }
-pyo3-build-config = "0.25.1"
-pyo3-arrow = "0.11.0"
-numpy = "0.25.0"
+pyo3 = { version = "0.27.2", features = ["multiple-pymethods", "chrono"] }
+pyo3-build-config = "0.27.2"
+pyo3-arrow = "0.15.0"
+numpy = "0.27.1"
 itertools = "0.13.0"
-rand = "0.8.5"
+rand = "0.9.2"
 rayon = "1.8.1"
 roaring = "0.10.6"
 sorted_vector_map = "0.2.0"
@@ -97,9 +97,10 @@ flate2 = "1.0.28"
 regex = "1.10.3"
 num-traits = "0.2.18"
 num-integer = "0.1"
-rand_distr = "0.4.3"
+rand_distr = "0.5.1"
 rustc-hash = "2.0.0"
 twox-hash = "2.1.0"
+tinyvec = { version = "1.10", features = ["serde", "alloc"] }
 lock_api = { version = "0.4.11", features = ["arc_lock", "serde"] }
 dashmap = { version = "6.0.1", features = ["serde", "rayon"] }
 glam = "0.29.0"
@@ -114,12 +115,11 @@ num = "0.4.1"
 display-error-chain = "0.2.0"
 bigdecimal = { version = "0.4.7", features = ["serde"] }
 kdam = "0.6.3"
-hashbrown = "0.15.1"
+hashbrown = { version = "0.14.5", features = ["raw"] }
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
-quickcheck_macros = "1.0.0"
 streaming-stats = "0.2.3"
-proptest = "1.4.0"
-proptest-derive = "0.5.1"
+proptest = "1.8.0"
+proptest-derive = "0.6.0"
 criterion = "0.5.1"
 crossbeam-channel = "0.5.15"
 base64 = "0.22.1"
@@ -157,18 +157,23 @@ arroy = "0.6.1"
 heed = "0.22.0"
 sqlparser = "0.58.0"
 futures = "0.3"
-arrow = { version = "56.2.0" }
-parquet = { version = "56.2.0" }
-arrow-json = { version = "56.2.0" }
-arrow-buffer = { version = "56.2.0" }
-arrow-schema = { version = "56.2.0" }
-arrow-array = { version = "56.2.0", features = ["chrono-tz"] }
-arrow-cast = { version = "56.2.0" }
-arrow-ipc = { version = "56.2.0" }
+arrow = { version = "57.2.0" }
+parquet = { version = "57.2.0" }
+arrow-json = { version = "57.2.0" }
+arrow-buffer = { version = "57.2.0" }
+arrow-schema = { version = "57.2.0" }
+serde_arrow = {version = "0.13.6", features = ["arrow-57"]}
+arrow-array = { version = "57.2.0", features = ["chrono-tz"] }
+arrow-ipc = { version = "57.2.0" }
+arrow-csv = { version = "57.2.0" }
 moka = { version = "0.12.7", features = ["future"] }
 indexmap = { version = "2.7.0", features = ["rayon"] }
 fake = { version = "3.1.0", features = ["chrono"] }
 strsim = { version = "0.11.1" }
 uuid = { version = "1.16.0", features = ["v4"] }
+bitvec = "1.0.1"
+sysinfo = "0.37.0"
 
-
+[workspace.dependencies.storage]
+package = "db4-storage"
+path = "db4-storage"
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 45e301b1fd..89ea10950f 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ARG RUST_VERSION=1.86.0
+ARG RUST_VERSION=1.89.0
 ARG RAPHTORY_PROFILE="release"
 
 FROM rust:${RUST_VERSION} AS chef
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 3b1385639f..176749b5f8 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -12,17 +12,13 @@ build-all: rust-build
 
 test-all: rust-test-all python-test
 
-test-all-public: rust-test-all-public python-test-public
-
 # Tidying
 
 tidy: rust-fmt build-python stubs python-fmt
 
-tidy-public: rust-fmt build-python-public stubs python-fmt
-
 python-tidy: stubs python-fmt test-graphql-schema
 
-check-pr: tidy-public test-all
+check-pr: tidy test-all
 
 gen-graphql-schema:
 	raphtory schema > raphtory-graphql/schema.graphql
@@ -31,7 +27,6 @@ test-graphql-schema: install-node-tools
 	npx graphql-schema-linter --rules fields-have-descriptions,types-have-descriptions raphtory-graphql/schema.graphql
 
 # Utilities
-
 activate-storage:
 	./scripts/activate_private_storage.py
 
@@ -71,13 +66,12 @@ run-graphql:
 rust-test:
 	cargo test -q
 
-rust-test-all: activate-storage
-	cargo nextest run --all --features=storage
+rust-check:
 	cargo hack check --workspace --all-targets --each-feature  --skip extension-module,default
 
-rust-test-all-public:
+rust-test-all: rust-check
 	cargo nextest run --all
-	cargo hack check --workspace --all-targets --each-feature  --skip extension-module,default,storage
+
 
 ##########
 # Python #
@@ -86,32 +80,23 @@ rust-test-all-public:
 install-python:
 	cd python && maturin build && pip install ../target/wheels/*.whl
 
-build-python-public: deactivate-storage
+build-python:
 	cd python && maturin develop -r --extras=dev
 
-build-python: activate-storage
-	cd python && maturin develop -r --features=storage --extras=dev
+debug-python:
+	cd python && maturin develop --profile=debug --extras=dev
 
 # Testing
-
-python-test: activate-storage
-	cd python && tox run && tox run -e storage
-
-python-test-public:
+python-test:
 	cd python && tox run
 
 python-fmt:
 	cd python && black .
 
-debug-python-public: deactivate-storage
-	cd python && maturin develop --profile=debug
 
 build-python-rtd:
 	cd python && maturin build --profile=build-fast && pip install ../target/wheels/*.whl
 
-debug-python: activate-storage
-	cd python && maturin develop --features=storage,extension-module --extras=dev
-
 ########
 # Docs #
 ########
diff --git a/db4-graph/Cargo.toml b/db4-graph/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a7c044dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-graph/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[package]
+name = "db4-graph"
+version.workspace = true
+documentation.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+readme.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+boxcar.workspace = true
+storage.workspace = true
+raphtory-api.workspace = true
+raphtory-core.workspace = true
+parking_lot.workspace = true
+uuid.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/db4-graph/src/lib.rs b/db4-graph/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4275bdcbaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-graph/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+use std::{
+    io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{self, AtomicU64, AtomicUsize},
+        Arc,
+    },
+};
+
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::{self, properties::meta::Meta, GidType},
+    input::input_node::InputNode,
+};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{graph::tgraph::InvalidLayer, nodes::node_ref::NodeRef, GidRef, LayerIds, EID, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
+};
+use storage::{
+    api::{edges::EdgeSegmentOps, graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps, nodes::NodeSegmentOps},
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{
+        layer_counter::GraphStats,
+        locked::{
+            edges::WriteLockedEdgePages, graph_props::WriteLockedGraphPropPages,
+            nodes::WriteLockedNodePages,
+        },
+    },
+    persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy,
+    resolver::GIDResolverOps,
+    wal::{GraphWal, TransactionID, Wal},
+    Extension, GIDResolver, Layer, ReadLockedLayer, WalImpl, ES, GS, NS,
+};
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TemporalGraph<EXT = Extension>
+where
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS<EXT>, ES = ES<EXT>, GS = GS<EXT>>,
+    NS<EXT>: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES<EXT>: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS<EXT>: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+{
+    // mapping between logical and physical ids
+    pub logical_to_physical: Arc<GIDResolver>,
+    pub event_counter: AtomicUsize,
+    storage: Arc<Layer<EXT>>,
+    graph_dir: Option<GraphDir>,
+    pub transaction_manager: Arc<TransactionManager>,
+    pub wal: Arc<WalImpl>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum GraphDir {
+    Temp(TempDir),
+    Path(PathBuf),
+}
+
+impl GraphDir {
+    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        match self {
+            GraphDir::Temp(dir) => dir.path(),
+            GraphDir::Path(path) => path,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn gid_resolver_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.path().join("gid_resolver")
+    }
+
+    pub fn wal_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.path().join("wal")
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_dir(&self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        if let GraphDir::Path(path) = self {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Path> for GraphDir {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path {
+        self.path()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a Path> for GraphDir {
+    fn from(path: &'a Path) -> Self {
+        GraphDir::Path(path.to_path_buf())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TransactionManager {
+    last_transaction_id: AtomicU64,
+    wal: Arc<WalImpl>,
+}
+
+impl TransactionManager {
+    const STARTING_TRANSACTION_ID: TransactionID = 1;
+
+    pub fn new(wal: Arc<WalImpl>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            last_transaction_id: AtomicU64::new(Self::STARTING_TRANSACTION_ID),
+            wal,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(self, last_transaction_id: TransactionID) {
+        self.last_transaction_id
+            .store(last_transaction_id, atomic::Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+
+    pub fn begin_transaction(&self) -> TransactionID {
+        let transaction_id = self
+            .last_transaction_id
+            .fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
+        self.wal.log_begin_transaction(transaction_id).unwrap();
+        transaction_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn end_transaction(&self, transaction_id: TransactionID) {
+        self.wal.log_end_transaction(transaction_id).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for TemporalGraph<Extension> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(Extension::default()).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<EXT> TemporalGraph<EXT>
+where
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS<EXT>, ES = ES<EXT>, GS = GS<EXT>>,
+    NS<EXT>: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES<EXT>: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS<EXT>: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+{
+    pub fn new(ext: EXT) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let node_meta = Meta::new_for_nodes();
+        let edge_meta = Meta::new_for_edges();
+        let graph_props_meta = Meta::new_for_graph_props();
+
+        Self::new_with_meta(None, node_meta, edge_meta, graph_props_meta, ext)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_with_path(path: impl AsRef<Path>, ext: EXT) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let node_meta = Meta::new_for_nodes();
+        let edge_meta = Meta::new_for_edges();
+        let graph_props_meta = Meta::new_for_graph_props();
+
+        Self::new_with_meta(
+            Some(path.as_ref().into()),
+            node_meta,
+            edge_meta,
+            graph_props_meta,
+            ext,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_from_path(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let path = path.as_ref();
+        let storage = Layer::load(path)?;
+        let id_type = storage.nodes().id_type();
+
+        let gid_resolver_dir = path.join("gid_resolver");
+        let resolver = GIDResolver::new_with_path(&gid_resolver_dir, id_type)?;
+        let wal_dir = path.join("wal");
+        let wal = Arc::new(WalImpl::new(Some(wal_dir))?);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            graph_dir: Some(path.into()),
+            event_counter: AtomicUsize::new(resolver.len()),
+            logical_to_physical: resolver.into(),
+            storage: Arc::new(storage),
+            transaction_manager: Arc::new(TransactionManager::new(wal.clone())),
+            wal,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_with_meta(
+        graph_dir: Option<GraphDir>,
+        node_meta: Meta,
+        edge_meta: Meta,
+        graph_meta: Meta,
+        ext: EXT,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let mut graph_dir = graph_dir;
+
+        // Short-circuit graph_dir to None if disk storage is not enabled
+        if !Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            graph_dir = None;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(dir) = graph_dir.as_ref() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?
+        }
+
+        let id_type = node_meta
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .d_types()
+            .first()
+            .and_then(|dtype| GidType::from_prop_type(dtype));
+
+        let gid_resolver_dir = graph_dir.as_ref().map(|dir| dir.gid_resolver_dir());
+        let logical_to_physical = match gid_resolver_dir {
+            Some(gid_resolver_dir) => GIDResolver::new_with_path(gid_resolver_dir, id_type)?,
+            None => GIDResolver::new()?,
+        }
+        .into();
+
+        let storage: Layer<EXT> = Layer::new_with_meta(
+            graph_dir.as_ref().map(|p| p.path()),
+            node_meta,
+            edge_meta,
+            graph_meta,
+            ext,
+        );
+
+        let wal_dir = graph_dir.as_ref().map(|dir| dir.wal_dir());
+        let wal = Arc::new(WalImpl::new(wal_dir)?);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            graph_dir,
+            logical_to_physical,
+            storage: Arc::new(storage),
+            transaction_manager: Arc::new(TransactionManager::new(wal.clone())),
+            event_counter: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            wal,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.storage.flush()
+    }
+
+    pub fn disk_storage_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.graph_dir()
+            .filter(|_| Extension::disk_storage_enabled())
+    }
+
+    pub fn extension(&self) -> &EXT {
+        self.storage().extension()
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_event_counter(&self) -> usize {
+        self.storage().read_event_id()
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &Arc<Layer<EXT>> {
+        &self.storage
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.storage.nodes().num_layers() - 1
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn resolve_node_ref(&self, node: NodeRef) -> Option<VID> {
+        let vid = match node {
+            NodeRef::Internal(vid) => Some(vid),
+            NodeRef::External(GidRef::U64(gid)) => self.logical_to_physical.get_u64(gid),
+            NodeRef::External(GidRef::Str(string)) => self
+                .logical_to_physical
+                .get_str(string)
+                .or_else(|| self.logical_to_physical.get_u64(string.id())),
+        }?;
+        // VIDs in the resolver may not be initialised yet, need to double-check the node actually exists!
+        let nodes = self.storage().nodes();
+        let (page_id, pos) = nodes.resolve_pos(vid);
+        let node_page = nodes.segments().get(page_id)?;
+        if pos.0 < node_page.num_nodes() {
+            Some(vid)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn internal_num_nodes(&self) -> usize {
+        self.logical_to_physical.len()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn internal_num_edges(&self) -> usize {
+        self.storage.edges().num_edges_layer(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> ReadLockedLayer<EXT> {
+        self.storage.read_locked()
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        self.storage().edge_meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        self.storage().node_meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_props_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        self.storage.graph_props_meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_dir(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.graph_dir.as_ref().map(|p| p.path())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn graph_earliest_time(&self) -> Option<i64> {
+        Some(self.storage().earliest()).filter(|t| *t != i64::MAX)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn graph_latest_time(&self) -> Option<i64> {
+        Some(self.storage().latest()).filter(|t| *t != i64::MIN)
+    }
+
+    pub fn layer_ids(&self, key: entities::Layer) -> Result<LayerIds, InvalidLayer> {
+        match key {
+            entities::Layer::None => Ok(LayerIds::None),
+            entities::Layer::All => Ok(LayerIds::All),
+            entities::Layer::Default => Ok(LayerIds::One(1)),
+            entities::Layer::One(id) => match self.edge_meta().get_layer_id(&id) {
+                Some(id) => Ok(LayerIds::One(id)),
+                None => Err(InvalidLayer::new(
+                    id,
+                    Self::get_valid_layers(self.edge_meta()),
+                )),
+            },
+            entities::Layer::Multiple(ids) => {
+                let mut new_layers = ids
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|id| {
+                        self.edge_meta().get_layer_id(id).ok_or_else(|| {
+                            InvalidLayer::new(id.clone(), Self::get_valid_layers(self.edge_meta()))
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, InvalidLayer>>()?;
+                let num_layers = self.num_layers();
+                let num_new_layers = new_layers.len();
+                if num_new_layers == 0 {
+                    Ok(LayerIds::None)
+                } else if num_new_layers == 1 {
+                    Ok(LayerIds::One(new_layers[0]))
+                } else if num_new_layers == num_layers {
+                    Ok(LayerIds::All)
+                } else {
+                    new_layers.sort_unstable();
+                    new_layers.dedup();
+                    Ok(LayerIds::Multiple(new_layers.into()))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_valid_layers(edge_meta: &Meta) -> Vec<String> {
+        edge_meta
+            .layer_meta()
+            .keys()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|x| x.to_string())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    }
+
+    pub fn valid_layer_ids(&self, key: entities::Layer) -> LayerIds {
+        match key {
+            entities::Layer::None => LayerIds::None,
+            entities::Layer::All => LayerIds::All,
+            entities::Layer::Default => LayerIds::One(0),
+            entities::Layer::One(id) => match self.edge_meta().get_layer_id(&id) {
+                Some(id) => LayerIds::One(id),
+                None => LayerIds::None,
+            },
+            entities::Layer::Multiple(ids) => {
+                let mut new_layers = ids
+                    .iter()
+                    .flat_map(|id| self.edge_meta().get_layer_id(id))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                let num_layers = self.num_layers();
+                let num_new_layers = new_layers.len();
+                if num_new_layers == 0 {
+                    LayerIds::None
+                } else if num_new_layers == 1 {
+                    LayerIds::One(new_layers[0])
+                } else if num_new_layers == num_layers {
+                    LayerIds::All
+                } else {
+                    new_layers.sort_unstable();
+                    new_layers.dedup();
+                    LayerIds::Multiple(new_layers.into())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_locked_graph<'a>(&'a self) -> WriteLockedGraph<'a, EXT> {
+        WriteLockedGraph::new(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_time(&self, earliest: TimeIndexEntry) {
+        // self.storage.update_time(earliest);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct WriteLockedGraph<'a, EXT>
+where
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS<EXT>, ES = ES<EXT>, GS = GS<EXT>>,
+    NS<EXT>: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES<EXT>: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS<EXT>: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+{
+    pub nodes: WriteLockedNodePages<'a, storage::NS<EXT>>,
+    pub edges: WriteLockedEdgePages<'a, storage::ES<EXT>>,
+    pub graph_props: WriteLockedGraphPropPages<'a, storage::GS<EXT>>,
+    pub graph: &'a TemporalGraph<EXT>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, EXT> WriteLockedGraph<'a, EXT>
+where
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS<EXT>, ES = ES<EXT>, GS = GS<EXT>>,
+    NS<EXT>: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES<EXT>: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS<EXT>: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+{
+    pub fn new(graph: &'a TemporalGraph<EXT>) -> Self {
+        WriteLockedGraph {
+            nodes: graph.storage.nodes().write_locked(),
+            edges: graph.storage.edges().write_locked(),
+            graph_props: graph.storage.graph_props().write_locked(),
+            graph,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph(&self) -> &TemporalGraph<EXT> {
+        self.graph
+    }
+
+    pub fn resize_chunks_to_num_nodes(&mut self, max_vid: Option<VID>) {
+        if let Some(max_vid) = max_vid {
+            let (chunks_needed, _) = self.graph.storage.nodes().resolve_pos(max_vid);
+            self.graph.storage().nodes().grow(chunks_needed + 1);
+            std::mem::take(&mut self.nodes);
+            self.nodes = self.graph.storage.nodes().write_locked();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn resize_chunks_to_num_edges(&mut self, max_eid: EID) {
+        let (chunks_needed, _) = self.graph.storage.edges().resolve_pos(max_eid);
+        self.graph.storage().edges().grow(chunks_needed + 1);
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.edges);
+        self.edges = self.graph.storage.edges().write_locked();
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_stats(&self) -> &Arc<GraphStats> {
+        self.graph.storage().edges().stats()
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_stats(&self) -> &Arc<GraphStats> {
+        self.graph.storage().nodes().stats()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/Cargo.toml b/db4-storage/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8649d81c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+[package]
+name = "db4-storage"
+version.workspace = true
+documentation.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+readme.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+raphtory-api.workspace = true
+raphtory-api-macros.workspace = true
+raphtory-core = { workspace = true }
+# db4-common = {path = "../db4-common"}
+
+bitvec = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
+bigdecimal.workspace = true
+rustc-hash.workspace = true
+either.workspace = true
+parking_lot.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+boxcar.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+arrow.workspace = true
+arrow-array.workspace = true
+arrow-csv.workspace = true
+arrow-schema.workspace = true
+serde_arrow.workspace = true
+parquet.workspace = true
+bytemuck.workspace = true
+rayon.workspace = true
+itertools.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
+roaring.workspace = true
+sysinfo.workspace = true
+tinyvec.workspace = true
+proptest = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+tempfile = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+iter-enum = { workspace = true, features = ["rayon"] }
+chrono = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+proptest.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+chrono.workspace = true
+rayon.workspace = true
+bincode.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+test-utils = ["proptest", "tempfile", "chrono"]
+default = ["test-utils"]
diff --git a/db4-storage/build.rs b/db4-storage/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7acbc3f99d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use std::io::Result;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(has_debug_symbols)");
+    if let Ok("true" | "1" | "2") = std::env::var("DEBUG").as_deref() {
+        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=has_debug_symbols");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/api/edges.rs b/db4-storage/src/api/edges.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f63458ea6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/api/edges.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+use parking_lot::{RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard, lock_api::ArcRwLockReadGuard};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{EID, LayerIds, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
+};
+use rayon::iter::ParallelIterator;
+use std::{
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{Arc, atomic::AtomicU32},
+};
+
+use crate::{LocalPOS, error::StorageError, segments::edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment};
+
+pub trait EdgeSegmentOps: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug + 'static {
+    type Extension;
+
+    type Entry<'a>: EdgeEntryOps<'a>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    type ArcLockedSegment: LockedESegment;
+
+    fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry>;
+    fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry>;
+
+    fn t_len(&self) -> usize;
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize;
+    // Persistent layer count, not used for up to date counts
+    fn layer_count(&self, layer_id: usize) -> u32;
+
+    fn load(
+        page_id: usize,
+        max_page_len: u32,
+        meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+
+    fn new(page_id: usize, meta: Arc<Meta>, path: Option<PathBuf>, ext: Self::Extension) -> Self;
+
+    fn segment_id(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn edges_counter(&self) -> &AtomicU32;
+
+    fn num_edges(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.edges_counter()
+            .load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn head(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment>;
+
+    fn head_arc(&self) -> ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, MemEdgeSegment>;
+
+    fn head_mut(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment>;
+
+    fn try_head_mut(&self) -> Option<RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment>>;
+
+    /// mark segment as dirty without triggering a write
+    fn mark_dirty(&self);
+
+    /// notify that an edge was added (might need to write to disk)
+    fn notify_write(
+        &self,
+        head_lock: impl DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn increment_num_edges(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.edges_counter()
+            .fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn contains_edge(
+        &self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn get_edge(
+        &self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> Option<(VID, VID)>;
+
+    fn entry<'a>(&'a self, edge_pos: LocalPOS) -> Self::Entry<'a>;
+
+    fn layer_entry<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: Option<parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::Entry<'a>>;
+
+    fn locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Self::ArcLockedSegment;
+
+    fn vacuum(
+        &self,
+        locked_head: impl DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+}
+
+pub trait LockedESegment: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug {
+    type EntryRef<'a>: EdgeRefOps<'a>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    fn entry_ref<'a>(&'a self, edge_pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>) -> Self::EntryRef<'a>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    fn edge_iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::EntryRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn edge_par_iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = Self::EntryRef<'a>> + Sync + 'a;
+}
+
+pub trait EdgeEntryOps<'a>: Send + Sync {
+    type Ref<'b>: EdgeRefOps<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        Self: 'b;
+
+    fn as_ref<'b>(&'b self) -> Self::Ref<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b;
+}
+
+pub trait EdgeRefOps<'a>: Copy + Clone + Send + Sync {
+    type Additions: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>;
+    type Deletions: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>;
+    type TProps: TPropOps<'a>;
+
+    fn edge(self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<(VID, VID)>;
+
+    fn has_layer_inner(self, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+        self.edge(layer_id).is_some()
+    }
+
+    fn internal_num_layers(self) -> usize;
+
+    fn layer_additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> Self::Additions;
+    fn layer_deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> Self::Deletions;
+
+    fn c_prop(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
+
+    fn layer_t_prop(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Self::TProps;
+
+    fn src(&self) -> Option<VID>;
+
+    fn dst(&self) -> Option<VID>;
+
+    fn edge_id(&self) -> EID;
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/api/graph_props.rs b/db4-storage/src/api/graph_props.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4cca958f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/api/graph_props.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+use crate::{error::StorageError, segments::graph_prop::segment::MemGraphPropSegment};
+use parking_lot::{RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps};
+use std::{fmt::Debug, path::Path, sync::Arc};
+
+pub trait GraphPropSegmentOps: Send + Sync + Debug + 'static
+where
+    Self: Sized,
+{
+    type Extension;
+
+    type Entry<'a>: GraphPropEntryOps<'a>;
+
+    fn new(meta: Arc<Meta>, path: Option<&Path>, ext: Self::Extension) -> Self;
+
+    fn load(
+        meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError>;
+
+    fn head(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, MemGraphPropSegment>;
+
+    fn head_mut(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemGraphPropSegment>;
+
+    fn entry(&self) -> Self::Entry<'_>;
+
+    fn increment_est_size(&self, size: usize);
+
+    fn est_size(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn mark_dirty(&self);
+
+    fn notify_write(
+        &self,
+        mem_segment: &mut RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemGraphPropSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+}
+
+/// Trait for returning a guard-free, copyable reference to graph properties
+/// and metadata.
+pub trait GraphPropEntryOps<'a>: Send + Sync + 'a {
+    type Ref<'b>: GraphPropRefOps<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        Self: 'b;
+
+    fn as_ref<'b>(&'b self) -> Self::Ref<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b;
+}
+
+/// Methods for reading graph properties and metadata from a reference on storage.
+pub trait GraphPropRefOps<'a>: Copy + Clone + Send + Sync + 'a {
+    type TProps: TPropOps<'a>;
+
+    fn get_temporal_prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Self::TProps;
+
+    fn get_metadata(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/api/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/api/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de88345004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/api/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod edges;
+pub mod graph_props;
+pub mod nodes;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/api/nodes.rs b/db4-storage/src/api/nodes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f6357f9aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/api/nodes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use parking_lot::{RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard, lock_api::ArcRwLockReadGuard};
+use raphtory_api::{
+    core::{
+        Direction,
+        entities::properties::{
+            meta::{Meta, NODE_ID_IDX, NODE_TYPE_IDX},
+            prop::{Prop, PropUnwrap},
+            tprop::TPropOps,
+        },
+    },
+    iter::IntoDynBoxed,
+};
+use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{EID, GidRef, LayerIds, VID, edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef},
+    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
+    utils::iter::GenLockedIter,
+};
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut, Range},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{Arc, atomic::AtomicU32},
+};
+
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    error::StorageError,
+    gen_ts::LayerIter,
+    pages::node_store::increment_and_clamp,
+    segments::node::segment::MemNodeSegment,
+    utils::{Iter2, Iter3, Iter4},
+};
+
+pub trait NodeSegmentOps: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug + 'static {
+    type Extension;
+
+    type Entry<'a>: NodeEntryOps<'a>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    type ArcLockedSegment: LockedNSSegment;
+
+    fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry>;
+
+    fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry>;
+
+    fn t_len(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn load(
+        page_id: usize,
+        node_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        edge_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+
+    fn new(
+        page_id: usize,
+        node_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        edge_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        path: Option<PathBuf>,
+        ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Self;
+
+    fn segment_id(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn head_arc(&self) -> ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, MemNodeSegment>;
+
+    fn head(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, MemNodeSegment>;
+
+    fn head_mut(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemNodeSegment>;
+
+    fn try_head_mut(&self) -> Option<RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemNodeSegment>>;
+
+    fn notify_write(
+        &self,
+        head_lock: impl DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn mark_dirty(&self);
+
+    fn check_node(&self, pos: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> bool;
+
+    fn get_out_edge(
+        &self,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Option<EID>;
+
+    fn get_inb_edge(
+        &self,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Option<EID>;
+
+    fn entry(&self, pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>) -> Self::Entry<'_>;
+
+    fn locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Self::ArcLockedSegment;
+
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn est_size(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn increment_est_size(&self, size: usize) -> usize;
+
+    fn vacuum(
+        &self,
+        locked_head: impl DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn nodes_counter(&self) -> &AtomicU32;
+
+    fn increment_num_nodes(&self, max_page_len: u32) {
+        increment_and_clamp(self.nodes_counter(), max_page_len);
+    }
+
+    fn num_nodes(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.nodes_counter()
+            .load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn layer_count(&self, layer_id: usize) -> u32;
+}
+
+pub trait LockedNSSegment: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
+    type EntryRef<'a>: NodeRefOps<'a>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    fn num_nodes(&self) -> u32;
+
+    fn entry_ref<'a>(&'a self, pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>) -> Self::EntryRef<'a>;
+
+    fn iter_entries<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::EntryRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        let num_nodes = self.num_nodes();
+        (0..num_nodes).map(move |vid| self.entry_ref(LocalPOS(vid)))
+    }
+
+    fn par_iter_entries<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = Self::EntryRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        let num_nodes = self.num_nodes();
+        (0..num_nodes)
+            .into_par_iter()
+            .map(move |vid| self.entry_ref(LocalPOS(vid)))
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait NodeEntryOps<'a>: Send + Sync + 'a {
+    type Ref<'b>: NodeRefOps<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        Self: 'b;
+
+    fn as_ref<'b>(&'b self) -> Self::Ref<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b;
+
+    fn into_edges<'b: 'a>(
+        self,
+        layers: &'b LayerIds,
+        dir: Direction,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        GenLockedIter::from((self, layers), |(e, layers)| {
+            e.as_ref().edges_iter(layers, dir).into_dyn_boxed()
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait NodeRefOps<'a>: Copy + Clone + Send + Sync + 'a {
+    type Additions: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>;
+    type EdgeAdditions: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>;
+    type TProps: TPropOps<'a>;
+
+    fn out_edges(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn inb_edges(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn out_edges_sorted(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn inb_edges_sorted(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn vid(&self) -> VID;
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn edges_dir(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        dir: Direction,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let src_pid = self.vid();
+        match dir {
+            Direction::OUT => Iter3::I(
+                self.out_edges(layer_id)
+                    .map(move |(v, e)| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(e, src_pid, v)),
+            ),
+            Direction::IN => Iter3::J(
+                self.inb_edges(layer_id)
+                    .map(move |(v, e)| EdgeRef::new_incoming(e, v, src_pid)),
+            ),
+            Direction::BOTH => Iter3::K(
+                self.out_edges_sorted(layer_id)
+                    .map(move |(v, e)| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(e, src_pid, v))
+                    .merge_by(
+                        self.inb_edges_sorted(layer_id)
+                            .map(move |(v, e)| EdgeRef::new_incoming(e, v, src_pid)),
+                        |e1, e2| e1.remote() < e2.remote(),
+                    )
+                    .dedup_by(|l, r| l.pid() == r.pid()),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn edges_iter<'b>(
+        self,
+        layers_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+        dir: Direction,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        match layers_ids {
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => Iter4::I(self.edges_dir(*layer_id, dir)),
+            LayerIds::All => Iter4::J(self.edges_dir(0, dir)),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(layers) => Iter4::K(
+                layers
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|layer_id| self.edges_dir(layer_id, dir))
+                    .kmerge_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() < e2.remote())
+                    .dedup_by(|l, r| l.pid() == r.pid()),
+            ),
+            LayerIds::None => Iter4::L(std::iter::empty()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn node_meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta>;
+
+    fn temp_prop_rows(
+        self,
+        w: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> + 'a {
+        (0..self.internal_num_layers()).flat_map(move |layer_id| {
+            let w = w.clone();
+            let additions = self.node_additions(layer_id);
+            let additions = w
+                .clone()
+                .map(|w| Iter2::I1(additions.range(w).iter()))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Iter2::I2(additions.iter()));
+
+            let mut time_ordered_iter = self
+                .node_meta()
+                .temporal_prop_mapper()
+                .ids()
+                .map(move |prop_id| {
+                    self.temporal_prop_layer(layer_id, prop_id)
+                        .iter_inner(w.clone())
+                        .map(move |(t, prop)| (t, (prop_id, prop)))
+                })
+                .kmerge_by(|(t1, (p_id1, _)), (t2, (p_id2, _))| (t1, p_id1) < (t2, p_id2))
+                .merge_join_by(additions, |(t1, _), t2| t1 <= t2)
+                .map(move |result| match result {
+                    either::Either::Left((l, (prop_id, prop))) => (l, Some((prop_id, prop))),
+                    either::Either::Right(r) => (r, None),
+                });
+
+            let mut done = false;
+            if let Some((mut current_time, maybe_prop)) = time_ordered_iter.next() {
+                let mut current_row = Vec::from_iter(maybe_prop);
+                Iter2::I2(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+                    if done {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    for (t, maybe_prop) in time_ordered_iter.by_ref() {
+                        if t == current_time {
+                            current_row.extend(maybe_prop);
+                        } else {
+                            let mut row = std::mem::take(&mut current_row);
+                            row.sort_unstable_by(|(a, _), (b, _)| a.cmp(b));
+                            let out = Some((current_time, layer_id, row));
+                            current_row.extend(maybe_prop);
+                            current_time = t;
+                            return out;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    done = true;
+                    let row = std::mem::take(&mut current_row);
+                    Some((current_time, layer_id, row))
+                }))
+            } else {
+                Iter2::I1(std::iter::empty())
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn out_nbrs(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.out_edges(layer_id).map(|(v, _)| v)
+    }
+
+    fn inb_nbrs(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.inb_edges(layer_id).map(|(v, _)| v)
+    }
+
+    fn out_nbrs_sorted(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.out_edges_sorted(layer_id).map(|(v, _)| v)
+    }
+
+    fn inb_nbrs_sorted(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.inb_edges_sorted(layer_id).map(|(v, _)| v)
+    }
+
+    fn edge_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(self, layer_id: L) -> Self::EdgeAdditions;
+
+    fn node_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(self, layer_id: L) -> Self::Additions;
+
+    fn c_prop(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
+
+    fn c_prop_str(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&'a str>;
+
+    fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Self::TProps;
+
+    fn degree(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> usize;
+
+    fn find_edge(&self, dst: VID, layers: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef>;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> Cow<'a, str> {
+        self.gid().to_str()
+    }
+
+    fn gid(&self) -> GidRef<'a> {
+        self.c_prop_str(0, NODE_ID_IDX)
+            .map(GidRef::Str)
+            .or_else(|| {
+                self.c_prop(0, NODE_ID_IDX)
+                    .and_then(|prop| prop.into_u64().map(GidRef::U64))
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("GID should be present, for node {:?}", self.vid()))
+    }
+
+    fn node_type_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.c_prop(0, NODE_TYPE_IDX)
+            .and_then(|prop| prop.into_u64())
+            .map_or(0, |id| id as usize)
+    }
+
+    fn internal_num_layers(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn has_layer_inner(self, layer_id: usize) -> bool;
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/gen_ts.rs b/db4-storage/src/gen_ts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70c20ce95f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/gen_ts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{ELID, LayerIds},
+    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
+};
+
+use crate::{NodeEntryRef, segments::additions::MemAdditions, utils::Iter2};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum LayerIter<'a> {
+    One(usize),
+    LRef(&'a LayerIds),
+}
+
+pub static ALL_LAYERS: LayerIter<'static> = LayerIter::LRef(&LayerIds::All);
+
+impl<'a> LayerIter<'a> {
+    pub fn into_iter(self, num_layers: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match self {
+            LayerIter::One(id) => Iter2::I1(std::iter::once(id)),
+            LayerIter::LRef(layers) => Iter2::I2(layers.iter(num_layers)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<usize> for LayerIter<'_> {
+    fn from(id: usize) -> Self {
+        LayerIter::One(id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a LayerIds> for LayerIter<'a> {
+    fn from(layers: &'a LayerIds) -> Self {
+        LayerIter::LRef(layers)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct GenericTimeOps<'a, Ref> {
+    range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    layer_id: LayerIter<'a>,
+    item_ref: Ref,
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref> GenericTimeOps<'a, Ref> {
+    pub fn new_with_layer(node: Ref, layer_id: impl Into<LayerIter<'a>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range: None,
+            layer_id: layer_id.into(),
+            item_ref: node,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_additions_with_layer(node: Ref, layer_id: impl Into<LayerIter<'a>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range: None,
+            layer_id: layer_id.into(),
+            item_ref: node,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait WithTimeCells<'a>: Copy + Clone + Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug
+where
+    Self: 'a,
+{
+    type TimeCell: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>;
+
+    fn t_props_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn additions_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn deletions_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize;
+}
+
+pub trait WithEdgeEvents<'a>: WithTimeCells<'a> {
+    type TimeCell: EdgeEventOps<'a>;
+}
+
+impl<'a> WithEdgeEvents<'a> for NodeEntryRef<'a> {
+    type TimeCell = MemAdditions<'a>;
+}
+
+pub trait EdgeEventOps<'a>: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry> {
+    fn edge_events(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+    fn edge_events_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct AdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> {
+    node: Ref,
+    _mark: std::marker::PhantomData<&'a ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> AdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    pub fn new(node: Ref) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            node,
+            _mark: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> WithTimeCells<'a> for AdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    type TimeCell = Ref::TimeCell;
+
+    fn t_props_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.node.t_props_tc(layer_id, range) // Assuming t_props_tc is not used for additions
+    }
+
+    fn additions_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn deletions_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.node.num_layers()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct DeletionCellsRef<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> {
+    node: Ref,
+    _mark: std::marker::PhantomData<&'a ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> DeletionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    pub fn new(node: Ref) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            node,
+            _mark: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> WithTimeCells<'a> for DeletionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    type TimeCell = Ref::TimeCell;
+
+    fn t_props_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn additions_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn deletions_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.node.deletions_tc(layer_id, range)
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.node.num_layers()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct EdgeAdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> {
+    node: Ref,
+    _mark: std::marker::PhantomData<&'a ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> EdgeAdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    pub fn new(node: Ref) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            node,
+            _mark: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> WithTimeCells<'a> for EdgeAdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    type TimeCell = Ref::TimeCell;
+
+    fn t_props_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn additions_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.node.additions_tc(layer_id, range)
+    }
+
+    fn deletions_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.node.num_layers()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct PropAdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> {
+    node: Ref,
+    _mark: std::marker::PhantomData<&'a ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> PropAdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    pub fn new(node: Ref) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            node,
+            _mark: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> WithTimeCells<'a> for PropAdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref> {
+    type TimeCell = Ref::TimeCell;
+
+    fn t_props_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.node.t_props_tc(layer_id, range)
+    }
+
+    fn additions_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn deletions_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.node.num_layers()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithEdgeEvents<'a> + 'a> GenericTimeOps<'a, EdgeAdditionCellsRef<'a, Ref>>
+where
+    <Ref as WithTimeCells<'a>>::TimeCell: EdgeEventOps<'a>,
+{
+    pub fn edge_events(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.layer_id
+            .into_iter(self.item_ref.num_layers())
+            .flat_map(move |layer_id| {
+                self.item_ref
+                    .additions_tc(layer_id, self.range)
+                    .map(|t_cell| t_cell.edge_events())
+            })
+            .kmerge_by(|a, b| a < b)
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_events_rev(
+        self,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.layer_id
+            .into_iter(self.item_ref.num_layers())
+            .flat_map(|layer_id| {
+                self.item_ref
+                    .additions_tc(layer_id, self.range)
+                    .map(|t_cell| t_cell.edge_events_rev())
+            })
+            .kmerge_by(|a, b| a > b)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> GenericTimeOps<'a, Ref> {
+    pub fn time_cells(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Ref::TimeCell> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        let range = self.range;
+        self.layer_id
+            .into_iter(self.item_ref.num_layers())
+            .flat_map(move |layer_id| {
+                self.item_ref.t_props_tc(layer_id, range).chain(
+                    self.item_ref
+                        .additions_tc(layer_id, range)
+                        .chain(self.item_ref.deletions_tc(layer_id, range)),
+                )
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TimeIndexEntry> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        let iters = self.time_cells();
+        iters.map(|cell| cell.iter()).kmerge()
+    }
+
+    fn into_iter_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TimeIndexEntry> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        let iters = self.time_cells();
+        iters.map(|cell| cell.iter_rev()).kmerge_by(|a, b| a > b)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTimeCells<'a> + 'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for GenericTimeOps<'a, Ref> {
+    type IndexType = TimeIndexEntry;
+
+    type RangeType = Self;
+
+    fn active(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> bool {
+        self.time_cells().any(|t_cell| t_cell.active(w.clone()))
+    }
+
+    fn range(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> Self::RangeType {
+        GenericTimeOps {
+            range: Some((w.start, w.end)),
+            item_ref: self.item_ref,
+            layer_id: self.layer_id,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn first(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
+        Iterator::min(self.time_cells().filter_map(|t_cell| t_cell.first()))
+    }
+
+    fn last(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
+        Iterator::max(self.time_cells().filter_map(|t_cell| t_cell.last()))
+    }
+
+    fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    fn iter_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.into_iter_rev()
+    }
+
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.time_cells().map(|t_cell| t_cell.len()).sum()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/generic_t_props.rs b/db4-storage/src/generic_t_props.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49a63a2247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/generic_t_props.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+use std::{borrow::Borrow, ops::Range};
+
+use either::Either;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps};
+use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+use raphtory_core::{entities::LayerIds, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry};
+
+use crate::utils::Iter4;
+
+/// `WithTProps` defines behavior for types that store multiple temporal
+/// properties either in memory or on disk.
+///
+/// Used by `GenericTProps` to implement `TPropOps` for such types.
+pub trait WithTProps<'a>: Clone + Copy + Send + Sync
+where
+    Self: 'a,
+{
+    type TProp: TPropOps<'a>;
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn into_t_props(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TProp> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn into_t_props_layers(
+        self,
+        layers: impl Borrow<LayerIds>,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TProp> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match layers.borrow() {
+            LayerIds::None => Iter4::I(std::iter::empty()),
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => Iter4::J(self.into_t_props(*layer_id, prop_id)),
+            LayerIds::All => Iter4::K(
+                (0..self.num_layers())
+                    .flat_map(move |layer_id| self.into_t_props(layer_id, prop_id)),
+            ),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(layers) => Iter4::L(
+                layers
+                    .clone()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .flat_map(move |layer_id| self.into_t_props(layer_id, prop_id)),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A generic implementation of `TPropOps` that aggregates temporal properties
+/// across storage.
+///
+/// Wraps types implementing `WithTProps` (eg, `MemNodeRef`, `DiskNodeRef`)
+/// to provide unified access to temporal properties. Also handles k-merging
+/// temporal properties when queried.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct GenericTProps<'a, Ref: WithTProps<'a>> {
+    reference: Ref,
+    layer_id: Either<&'a LayerIds, usize>,
+    prop_id: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTProps<'a>> GenericTProps<'a, Ref> {
+    pub fn new(reference: Ref, layer_id: &'a LayerIds, prop_id: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            reference,
+            layer_id: Either::Left(layer_id),
+            prop_id,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_with_layer(reference: Ref, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            reference,
+            layer_id: Either::Right(layer_id),
+            prop_id,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTProps<'a>> GenericTProps<'a, Ref> {
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn tprops(self, prop_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = Ref::TProp> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match self.layer_id {
+            Either::Left(layer_ids) => {
+                Either::Left(self.reference.into_t_props_layers(layer_ids, prop_id))
+            }
+            Either::Right(layer_id) => {
+                Either::Right(self.reference.into_t_props(layer_id, prop_id))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ref: WithTProps<'a>> TPropOps<'a> for GenericTProps<'a, Ref> {
+    fn last_before(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        self.tprops(self.prop_id)
+            .filter_map(|t_props| t_props.last_before(t))
+            .max_by_key(|(t, _)| *t)
+    }
+
+    fn iter_inner(
+        self,
+        w: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        let tprops = self.tprops(self.prop_id);
+        tprops
+            .map(|t_prop| t_prop.iter_inner(w.clone()))
+            .kmerge_by(|(a, _), (b, _)| a < b)
+    }
+
+    fn iter_inner_rev(
+        self,
+        w: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        let tprops = self
+            .tprops(self.prop_id)
+            .map(move |t_cell| t_cell.iter_inner_rev(w.clone()));
+        tprops.kmerge_by(|(a, _), (b, _)| a > b)
+    }
+
+    fn at(&self, ti: &TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<Prop> {
+        self.tprops(self.prop_id)
+            .flat_map(|t_props| t_props.at(ti))
+            .next() // TODO: need to figure out how to handle this
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/lib.rs b/db4-storage/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b1291e02a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+use std::{
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    thread,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    gen_ts::{
+        AdditionCellsRef, DeletionCellsRef, EdgeAdditionCellsRef, GenericTimeOps,
+        PropAdditionCellsRef,
+    },
+    generic_t_props::GenericTProps,
+    pages::{
+        GraphStore, ReadLockedGraphStore, edge_store::ReadLockedEdgeStorage,
+        node_store::ReadLockedNodeStorage,
+    },
+    persist::strategy::NoOpStrategy,
+    resolver::mapping_resolver::MappingResolver,
+    segments::{
+        edge::{
+            entry::{MemEdgeEntry, MemEdgeRef},
+            segment::EdgeSegmentView,
+        },
+        graph_prop::entry::{MemGraphPropEntry, MemGraphPropRef},
+        node::{
+            entry::{MemNodeEntry, MemNodeRef},
+            segment::NodeSegmentView,
+        },
+    },
+    wal::no_wal::NoWal,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::{EID, VID};
+use segments::{
+    edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment, graph_prop::GraphPropSegmentView, node::segment::MemNodeSegment,
+};
+
+pub mod api;
+pub mod gen_ts;
+pub mod generic_t_props;
+pub mod pages;
+pub mod persist;
+pub mod properties;
+pub mod resolver;
+pub mod segments;
+pub mod state;
+pub mod utils;
+pub mod wal;
+
+pub type Extension = NoOpStrategy;
+pub type NS<P> = NodeSegmentView<P>;
+pub type ES<P> = EdgeSegmentView<P>;
+pub type GS<P> = GraphPropSegmentView<P>;
+pub type Layer<P> = GraphStore<NS<P>, ES<P>, GS<P>, P>;
+
+pub type WalImpl = NoWal;
+pub type GIDResolver = MappingResolver;
+
+pub type ReadLockedLayer<P> = ReadLockedGraphStore<NS<P>, ES<P>, GS<P>, P>;
+pub type ReadLockedNodes<P> = ReadLockedNodeStorage<NS<P>, P>;
+pub type ReadLockedEdges<P> = ReadLockedEdgeStorage<ES<P>, P>;
+
+pub type NodeEntry<'a> = MemNodeEntry<'a, parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>>;
+pub type EdgeEntry<'a> = MemEdgeEntry<'a, parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>>;
+pub type GraphPropEntry<'a> = MemGraphPropEntry<'a>;
+pub type NodeEntryRef<'a> = MemNodeRef<'a>;
+pub type EdgeEntryRef<'a> = MemEdgeRef<'a>;
+pub type GraphPropEntryRef<'a> = MemGraphPropRef<'a>;
+
+pub type NodePropAdditions<'a> = GenericTimeOps<'a, PropAdditionCellsRef<'a, MemNodeRef<'a>>>;
+pub type NodeEdgeAdditions<'a> = GenericTimeOps<'a, EdgeAdditionCellsRef<'a, MemNodeRef<'a>>>;
+
+pub type EdgeAdditions<'a> = GenericTimeOps<'a, AdditionCellsRef<'a, MemEdgeRef<'a>>>;
+pub type EdgeDeletions<'a> = GenericTimeOps<'a, DeletionCellsRef<'a, MemEdgeRef<'a>>>;
+
+pub type NodeTProps<'a> = GenericTProps<'a, MemNodeRef<'a>>;
+pub type EdgeTProps<'a> = GenericTProps<'a, MemEdgeRef<'a>>;
+pub type GraphTProps<'a> = GenericTProps<'a, MemGraphPropRef<'a>>;
+
+pub mod error {
+    use std::{path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
+
+    use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropError;
+    use raphtory_core::{
+        entities::{graph::logical_to_physical::InvalidNodeId, properties::props::MetadataError},
+        utils::time::ParseTimeError,
+    };
+
+    #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+    pub enum StorageError {
+        #[error("External Storage Error {0}")]
+        External(#[from] Arc<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>),
+        #[error("IO error: {0}")]
+        IO(#[from] std::io::Error),
+        #[error("Serde error: {0}")]
+        Serde(#[from] serde_json::Error),
+        #[error("Arrow-rs error: {0}")]
+        ArrowRS(#[from] arrow_schema::ArrowError),
+        #[error("Parquet error: {0}")]
+        Parquet(#[from] parquet::errors::ParquetError),
+        #[error(transparent)]
+        PropError(#[from] PropError),
+        #[error(transparent)]
+        MetadataError(#[from] MetadataError),
+        #[error("Empty Graph: {0}")]
+        EmptyGraphDir(PathBuf),
+        #[error("Failed to parse time string")]
+        ParseTime {
+            #[from]
+            source: ParseTimeError,
+        },
+        // #[error("Failed to mutate: {0}")]
+        // MutationError(#[from] MutationError),
+        #[error("Unnamed Failure: {0}")]
+        GenericFailure(String),
+        #[error(transparent)]
+        InvalidNodeId(#[from] InvalidNodeId),
+
+        #[error("Failed to vacuum storage")]
+        VacuumError,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, serde::Serialize)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct LocalPOS(pub u32);
+
+impl From<usize> for LocalPOS {
+    fn from(value: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(value <= u32::MAX as usize);
+        LocalPOS(value as u32)
+    }
+}
+
+impl LocalPOS {
+    pub fn as_vid(self, page_id: usize, max_page_len: u32) -> VID {
+        VID(page_id * (max_page_len as usize) + (self.0 as usize))
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_eid(self, page_id: usize, max_page_len: u32) -> EID {
+        EID(page_id * (max_page_len as usize) + (self.0 as usize))
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_index(self) -> usize {
+        self.0 as usize
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn calculate_size_recursive(path: &Path) -> Result<usize, std::io::Error> {
+    let mut size = 0;
+    if path.is_dir() {
+        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(path)? {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            let path = entry.path();
+            if path.is_dir() {
+                size += calculate_size_recursive(&path)?;
+            } else {
+                size += path.metadata()?.len() as usize;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        size += path.metadata()?.len() as usize;
+    }
+    Ok(size)
+}
+
+pub fn collect_tree_paths(path: &Path) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    let mut paths = Vec::new();
+    if path.is_dir() {
+        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(path).unwrap() {
+            let entry = entry.unwrap();
+            let entry_path = entry.path();
+            if entry_path.is_dir() {
+                paths.extend(collect_tree_paths(&entry_path));
+            } else {
+                paths.push(entry_path);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        paths.push(path.to_path_buf());
+    }
+    paths
+}
+
+pub fn loop_lock_write<A>(l: &RwLock<A>) -> parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, A> {
+    const MAX_BACKOFF_US: u64 = 1000; // 1ms max
+    let mut backoff_us = 1;
+    loop {
+        if let Some(guard) = l.try_write_for(Duration::from_micros(50)) {
+            return guard;
+        }
+        thread::park_timeout(Duration::from_micros(backoff_us));
+        backoff_us = (backoff_us * 2).min(MAX_BACKOFF_US);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/loaders/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/loaders/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a2c1f2f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/loaders/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+use crate::{EdgeSegmentOps, NodeSegmentOps, error::StorageError, pages::GraphStore};
+use arrow::buffer::ScalarBuffer;
+use arrow_array::{
+    Array, PrimitiveArray, RecordBatch, TimestampMicrosecondArray, TimestampMillisecondArray,
+    TimestampNanosecondArray, types::Int64Type,
+};
+use arrow_csv::reader::Format;
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, Schema, TimeUnit};
+use bytemuck::checked::cast_slice_mut;
+use either::Either;
+use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder;
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::properties::prop::PropType,
+    storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
+};
+use raphtory_core::entities::{EID, VID, graph::logical_to_physical::Mapping};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    fs::File,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        atomic::{self, AtomicBool, AtomicUsize},
+    },
+};
+
+pub struct Loader<'a> {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    src_col: Either<&'a str, usize>,
+    dst_col: Either<&'a str, usize>,
+    time_col: Either<&'a str, usize>,
+    format: FileFormat,
+}
+
+pub enum FileFormat {
+    CSV {
+        delimiter: u8,
+        has_header: bool,
+        sample_records: usize,
+    },
+    Parquet,
+}
+
+pub struct Rows {
+    rb: RecordBatch,
+    src: usize,
+    dst: usize,
+    t_properties: Vec<String>,
+    t_indices: Vec<usize>,
+    time_col: ScalarBuffer<i64>,
+}
+
+impl Rows {
+    pub fn srcs(&self) -> Result<NodeCol, StorageError> {
+        let arr = self.rb.column(self.src);
+        let arr = arr.as_ref();
+        let srcs = NodeCol::try_from(arr)?;
+        Ok(srcs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn dsts(&self) -> Result<NodeCol, StorageError> {
+        let arr = self.rb.column(self.dst);
+        let arr = arr.as_ref();
+        let dsts = NodeCol::try_from(arr)?;
+        Ok(dsts)
+    }
+
+    pub fn time(&self) -> &[i64] {
+        &self.time_col
+    }
+
+    pub fn properties(
+        &self,
+        prop_id_resolver: impl Fn(&str, PropType) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, StorageError>,
+    ) -> Result<PropCols, StorageError> {
+        combine_properties_arrow(
+            &self.t_properties,
+            &self.t_indices,
+            self.rb.columns(),
+            prop_id_resolver,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn new(rb: RecordBatch, src: usize, dst: usize, time: usize) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let (t_indices, t_properties): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = rb
+            .schema()
+            .fields()
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(id, f)| {
+                if id == src || id == dst || id == time {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some((id, f.name().to_owned()))
+                }
+            })
+            .unzip();
+
+        let time_arr = rb.column(time);
+        let values = if let Some(arr) = time_arr
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<PrimitiveArray<Int64Type>>()
+        {
+            arr.values().clone()
+        } else if let Some(arr) = time_arr.as_any().downcast_ref::<TimestampNanosecondArray>() {
+            let arr_to_millis =
+                arrow::compute::cast(&arr, &DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None))?;
+            let arr = arr_to_millis
+                .as_any()
+                .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondArray>()
+                .unwrap();
+            arr.values().clone()
+        } else if let Some(arr) = time_arr
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<TimestampMicrosecondArray>()
+        {
+            let arr_to_millis =
+                arrow::compute::cast(&arr, &DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None))?;
+            let arr = arr_to_millis
+                .as_any()
+                .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondArray>()
+                .unwrap();
+            arr.values().clone()
+        } else if let Some(arr) = time_arr
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondArray>()
+        {
+            arr.values().clone()
+        } else {
+            return Err(StorageError::ArrowRS(ArrowError::CastError(format!(
+                "failed to cast time column {} to i64",
+                time_arr.data_type()
+            ))));
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            rb,
+            src,
+            dst,
+            t_indices,
+            t_properties,
+            time_col: values,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn num_rows(&self) -> usize {
+        self.rb.num_rows()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Loader<'a> {
+    pub fn new(
+        path: &Path,
+        src_col: Either<&'a str, usize>,
+        dst_col: Either<&'a str, usize>,
+        time_col: Either<&'a str, usize>,
+        format: FileFormat,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            path: path.to_owned(),
+            src_col,
+            dst_col,
+            time_col,
+            format,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_file(
+        &self,
+        path: &Path,
+        rows_per_batch: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Result<Rows, StorageError>> + Send>, StorageError> {
+        match &self.format {
+            FileFormat::CSV {
+                delimiter,
+                has_header,
+                sample_records,
+            } => {
+                let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
+                let (schema, _) = Format::default()
+                    .with_header(*has_header)
+                    .with_delimiter(*delimiter)
+                    .infer_schema(file, Some(*sample_records))?;
+                let schema = Arc::new(schema);
+
+                let (src, dst, time) = self.src_dst_time_cols(&schema)?;
+
+                let file = File::open(path)?;
+
+                let reader = arrow_csv::reader::ReaderBuilder::new(schema.clone())
+                    .with_header(*has_header)
+                    .with_delimiter(*delimiter)
+                    .with_batch_size(rows_per_batch)
+                    .build(file)?;
+                Ok(Box::new(reader.map(move |rb| {
+                    rb.map_err(StorageError::from)
+                        .and_then(|rb| Rows::new(rb, src, dst, time))
+                })))
+            }
+            FileFormat::Parquet => {
+                let file = File::open(path)?;
+                let builder =
+                    ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file)?.with_batch_size(rows_per_batch);
+
+                let (src, dst, time) = self.src_dst_time_cols(&builder.schema())?;
+                let reader = builder.build()?;
+                Ok(Box::new(reader.map(move |rb| {
+                    rb.map_err(StorageError::from)
+                        .and_then(|rb| Rows::new(rb, src, dst, time))
+                })))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(
+        &self,
+        rows_per_batch: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Result<Rows, StorageError>> + Send>, StorageError> {
+        if self.path.is_dir() {
+            let mut files = vec![];
+            for entry in std::fs::read_dir(&self.path)? {
+                let entry = entry?;
+                if entry.file_type()?.is_file() {
+                    files.push(entry.path());
+                }
+            }
+            let iterators: Vec<_> = files
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|path| self.iter_file(&path, rows_per_batch))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+            Ok(Box::new(iterators.into_iter().flatten()))
+        } else {
+            Ok(self.iter_file(&self.path, rows_per_batch)?)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn src_dst_time_cols(&self, schema: &Schema) -> Result<(usize, usize, usize), StorageError> {
+        let src_field = match self.src_col {
+            Either::Left(name) => schema.index_of(name)?,
+            Either::Right(idx) => idx,
+        };
+        let dst_field = match self.dst_col {
+            Either::Left(name) => schema.index_of(name)?,
+            Either::Right(idx) => idx,
+        };
+
+        let time_field = match self.time_col {
+            Either::Left(name) => schema.index_of(name)?,
+            Either::Right(idx) => idx,
+        };
+
+        Ok((src_field, dst_field, time_field))
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_into<
+        NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+        ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+        EXT: Clone + Default + Send + Sync,
+    >(
+        &self,
+        graph: &GraphStore<NS, ES, EXT>,
+        rows_per_batch: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Mapping, StorageError> {
+        let mut src_col_resolved: Vec<VID> = vec![];
+        let mut dst_col_resolved: Vec<VID> = vec![];
+        let mut eid_col_resolved: Vec<EID> = vec![];
+        let mut eids_exist: Vec<AtomicBool> = vec![]; // exists or needs to be created
+
+        let max_edge_id = AtomicUsize::new(graph.edges().num_edges().saturating_sub(1));
+
+        let resolver = Mapping::new();
+
+        let next_id = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+        let mut offset = 0;
+
+        let now = std::time::Instant::now();
+        for chunk in self.iter(rows_per_batch)? {
+            let now_chunk = std::time::Instant::now();
+            let rb = chunk?;
+
+            let props = rb.properties(|name, p_type| {
+                graph
+                    .edge_meta()
+                    .resolve_prop_id(name, p_type, false)
+                    .map_err(StorageError::from)
+            })?;
+
+            let srcs = rb.srcs()?;
+            let dsts = rb.dsts()?;
+
+            src_col_resolved.resize_with(rb.num_rows(), Default::default);
+            srcs.par_iter()
+                .zip(src_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
+                .try_for_each(|(gid, resolved)| {
+                    let gid = gid.ok_or_else(|| LoadError::MissingSrcError)?;
+                    let id = resolver
+                        .get_or_init(gid, || VID(next_id.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)))
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .inner();
+                    *resolved = id;
+                    Ok::<(), StorageError>(())
+                })?;
+
+            dst_col_resolved.resize_with(rb.num_rows(), Default::default);
+            dsts.par_iter()
+                .zip(dst_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
+                .try_for_each(|(gid, resolved)| {
+                    let gid = gid.ok_or_else(|| LoadError::MissingDstError)?;
+                    let id = resolver
+                        .get_or_init(gid, || VID(next_id.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)))
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .inner();
+                    *resolved = id;
+                    Ok::<(), StorageError>(())
+                })?;
+
+            eid_col_resolved.resize_with(rb.num_rows(), Default::default);
+            eids_exist.resize_with(rb.num_rows(), Default::default);
+            let eid_col_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(cast_slice_mut(&mut eid_col_resolved));
+
+            let num_pages =
+                next_id.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) / graph.nodes().max_page_len() + 1;
+            graph.nodes().grow(num_pages);
+
+            let mut node_writers = graph.nodes().locked();
+
+            node_writers.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|locked_page| {
+                for (row, (&src, &dst)) in src_col_resolved
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(dst_col_resolved.iter())
+                    .enumerate()
+                {
+                    if let Some(src_pos) = locked_page.resolve_pos(src) {
+                        let mut writer = locked_page.writer();
+                        if let Some(edge_id) = writer.get_out_edge(src_pos, dst) {
+                            eid_col_shared[row].store(edge_id.0, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+                            eids_exist[row].store(true, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+                        } else {
+                            let edge_id = EID(max_edge_id.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
+                            writer.add_outbound_edge(0, src_pos, dst, edge_id.with_layer(0), 0); // FIXME: when we update this to work with layers use the correct layer
+                            eid_col_shared[row].store(edge_id.0, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+                            eids_exist[row].store(false, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok::<_, StorageError>(())
+            })?;
+
+            node_writers.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|locked_page| {
+                for (&edge_id, (&src, &dst)) in eid_col_resolved
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(src_col_resolved.iter().zip(&dst_col_resolved))
+                {
+                    if let Some(dst_pos) = locked_page.resolve_pos(dst) {
+                        let mut writer = locked_page.writer();
+                        if !writer.get_inb_edge(dst_pos, src).is_some() {
+                            let edge_id = EID(edge_id.0);
+                            writer.add_inbound_edge(0, dst_pos, src, edge_id.with_layer(0), 0); // FIXME: when we update this to work with layers use the correct layer
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok::<_, StorageError>(())
+            })?;
+
+            // now edges
+
+            let num_pages =
+                max_edge_id.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) / graph.edges().max_page_len() + 1;
+
+            graph.edges().grow(num_pages);
+
+            let mut edge_writers = graph.edges().locked();
+
+            let time_col = rb.time();
+
+            edge_writers.iter_mut().for_each(|edge_writer| {
+                for (row_idx, ((((&src, &dst), &eid), edge_exists), time)) in src_col_resolved
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(&dst_col_resolved)
+                    .zip(&eid_col_resolved)
+                    .zip(
+                        eids_exist
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|exists| exists.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)),
+                    )
+                    .zip(time_col)
+                    .enumerate()
+                {
+                    if let Some(local_pos) = edge_writer.resolve_pos(eid) {
+                        let mut writer = edge_writer.writer();
+                        let time = TimeIndexEntry::new(*time, offset + row_idx);
+                        writer.add_edge(
+                            time,
+                            Some(local_pos),
+                            src,
+                            dst,
+                            props.iter_row(row_idx),
+                            0,
+                            Some(edge_exists),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            src_col_resolved.clear();
+            dst_col_resolved.clear();
+            eid_col_resolved.clear();
+            eids_exist.clear();
+            offset += rb.num_rows();
+        }
+
+        Ok(resolver)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::{Layer, pages::test_utils::check_load_support};
+    use proptest::{collection::vec, prelude::*};
+
+    fn check_load(edges: &[(i64, u64, u64)], max_page_len: usize) {
+        check_load_support(edges, false, |path| {
+            Layer::<()>::new(path, max_page_len, max_page_len)
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_one_edge() {
+        check_load(&[(0, 0, 1)], 32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_graph_from_csv() {
+        let edge_strat = (1u64..100).prop_flat_map(|num_nodes| {
+            (1usize..100).prop_flat_map(move |num_edges| {
+                vec(((0i64..100), (0..num_nodes), (0..num_nodes)), num_edges)
+            })
+        });
+
+        proptest!(|(edges in edge_strat, max_page_len in 1usize .. 100)| {
+            check_load(&edges, max_page_len);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn teas_load_graph_from_csv_5() {
+        let edges = [
+            (42, 16, 24),
+            (96, 41, 8),
+            (37, 9, 9),
+            (62, 37, 57),
+            (12, 49, 23),
+            (8, 60, 44),
+            (56, 35, 0),
+            (9, 48, 58),
+            (59, 20, 37),
+            (36, 17, 46),
+        ];
+        let max_page_len = 7;
+        check_load(&edges, max_page_len);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_graph_from_csv_4() {
+        let edges = [
+            (27, 20, 85),
+            (2, 29, 77),
+            (55, 59, 22),
+            (72, 47, 73),
+            (26, 66, 36),
+            (22, 39, 37),
+            (5, 49, 88),
+            (2, 48, 13),
+            (97, 23, 57),
+        ];
+        let max_page_len = 8;
+        check_load(&edges, max_page_len);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_graph_from_csv_1() {
+        let edges = [(0, 33, 31), (1, 12, 20), (2, 22, 32)];
+
+        check_load(&edges, 32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_graph_from_csv_2() {
+        let edges = [
+            (0, 23, 61),
+            (1, 52, 14),
+            (2, 62, 62),
+            (3, 13, 9),
+            (4, 29, 6),
+            (5, 13, 7),
+        ];
+
+        check_load(&edges, 5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_graph_from_csv_3() {
+        let edges = [(0, 0, 32)];
+
+        check_load(&edges, 51);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_edges_1() {
+        let edges = [(0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0)];
+
+        check_load(&edges, 32);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_page/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_page/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3baa81782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_page/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod writer;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_page/writer.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_page/writer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc8977fef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_page/writer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS, api::edges::EdgeSegmentOps, error::StorageError, pages::layer_counter::GraphStats,
+    segments::edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment,
+};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::{VID, properties::prop::Prop};
+use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry};
+use std::ops::DerefMut;
+
+pub struct EdgeWriter<
+    'a,
+    MP: DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment> + std::fmt::Debug,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps,
+> {
+    pub page: &'a ES,
+    pub writer: MP,
+    pub graph_stats: &'a GraphStats,
+}
+
+impl<'a, MP: DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment> + std::fmt::Debug, ES: EdgeSegmentOps>
+    EdgeWriter<'a, MP, ES>
+{
+    pub fn new(global_num_edges: &'a GraphStats, page: &'a ES, writer: MP) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            page,
+            writer,
+            graph_stats: global_num_edges,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn new_local_pos(&self, layer_id: usize) -> LocalPOS {
+        let new_pos = LocalPOS(self.page.increment_num_edges());
+        self.increment_layer_num_edges(layer_id);
+        new_pos
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_edge<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> LocalPOS {
+        let existing_edge = self
+            .page
+            .contains_edge(edge_pos, layer_id, self.writer.deref());
+        if !existing_edge {
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(layer_id);
+        }
+        self.graph_stats.update_time(t.t());
+        self.writer
+            .insert_edge_internal(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id, props, lsn);
+        edge_pos
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete_edge<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let existing_edge = self
+            .page
+            .contains_edge(edge_pos, layer_id, self.writer.deref());
+        if !existing_edge {
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(layer_id);
+        }
+        self.graph_stats.update_time(t.t());
+        self.writer
+            .delete_edge_internal(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id, lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_static_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        edge_pos: Option<LocalPOS>,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        exist: bool, // used when edge_pos is Some but the is not counted, this is used in the bulk loader
+    ) -> LocalPOS {
+        let layer_id = 0; // assuming layer_id 0 for static edges, adjust as needed
+
+        if edge_pos.is_some() && !exist {
+            self.page.increment_num_edges();
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(layer_id);
+        }
+
+        let edge_pos = edge_pos.unwrap_or_else(|| self.new_local_pos(layer_id));
+        self.writer
+            .insert_static_edge_internal(edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id, lsn);
+        edge_pos
+    }
+
+    pub fn bulk_add_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        exists: bool,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        c_props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        t_props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        if !exists {
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(0);
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(layer_id);
+        }
+
+        self.writer
+            .insert_static_edge_internal(edge_pos, src, dst, 0, lsn);
+
+        self.writer
+            .update_const_properties(edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id, c_props);
+
+        self.graph_stats.update_time(t.t());
+        self.writer
+            .insert_edge_internal(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id, t_props, lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn bulk_delete_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        exists: bool,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        if !exists {
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(0);
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(layer_id);
+        }
+
+        self.writer
+            .insert_static_edge_internal(edge_pos, src, dst, 0, lsn);
+
+        self.graph_stats.update_time(t.t());
+        self.writer
+            .delete_edge_internal(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id, lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn segment_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.page.segment_id()
+    }
+
+    fn increment_layer_num_edges(&self, layer_id: usize) {
+        self.graph_stats.increment(layer_id);
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains_edge(&self, pos: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+        self.page.contains_edge(pos, layer_id, self.writer.deref())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_edge(&self, layer_id: usize, edge_pos: LocalPOS) -> Option<(VID, VID)> {
+        self.page.get_edge(edge_pos, layer_id, self.writer.deref())
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(
+        &self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.writer.check_metadata(edge_pos, layer_id, props)
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_c_props(
+        &mut self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) {
+        let existing_edge = self
+            .page
+            .contains_edge(edge_pos, layer_id, self.writer.deref());
+
+        if !existing_edge {
+            self.increment_layer_num_edges(layer_id);
+        }
+        self.writer
+            .update_const_properties(edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id, props);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, MP: DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment> + std::fmt::Debug, ES: EdgeSegmentOps> Drop
+    for EdgeWriter<'a, MP, ES>
+{
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Err(err) = self.page.notify_write(self.writer.deref_mut()) {
+            eprintln!("Failed to persist {}, err: {}", self.segment_id(), err)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_store.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_store.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfafad9f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/edge_store.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+use super::{edge_page::writer::EdgeWriter, resolve_pos};
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::edges::{EdgeRefOps, EdgeSegmentOps, LockedESegment},
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{
+        SegmentCounts,
+        layer_counter::GraphStats,
+        locked::edges::{LockedEdgePage, WriteLockedEdgePages},
+        row_group_par_iter,
+    },
+    persist::strategy::Config,
+    segments::edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment,
+};
+use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::{EID, VID, properties::meta::Meta};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{ELID, LayerIds},
+    storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
+};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    ops::Deref,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+const N: usize = 32;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EdgeStorageInner<ES, EXT> {
+    segments: boxcar::Vec<Arc<ES>>,
+    layer_counter: Arc<GraphStats>,
+    free_pages: Box<[RwLock<usize>; N]>,
+    edges_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    prop_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+    ext: EXT,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReadLockedEdgeStorage<ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>, EXT> {
+    storage: Arc<EdgeStorageInner<ES, EXT>>,
+    locked_pages: Box<[ES::ArcLockedSegment]>,
+}
+
+impl<ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>, EXT: Config> ReadLockedEdgeStorage<ES, EXT> {
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &EdgeStorageInner<ES, EXT> {
+        &self.storage
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_ref(
+        &self,
+        e_id: impl Into<EID>,
+    ) -> <<ES as EdgeSegmentOps>::ArcLockedSegment as LockedESegment>::EntryRef<'_> {
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        let (page_id, pos) = self.storage.resolve_pos(e_id);
+        let locked_page = &self.locked_pages[page_id];
+        locked_page.entry_ref(pos)
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<
+        Item = <<ES as EdgeSegmentOps>::ArcLockedSegment as LockedESegment>::EntryRef<'a>,
+    > + 'a {
+        self.locked_pages
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(move |page| page.edge_iter(layer_ids))
+    }
+
+    pub fn par_iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<
+        Item = <<ES as EdgeSegmentOps>::ArcLockedSegment as LockedESegment>::EntryRef<'a>,
+    > + 'a {
+        self.locked_pages
+            .par_iter()
+            .flat_map(move |page| page.edge_par_iter(layer_ids))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the segments of the edge store, where each segment is
+    /// a tuple of the segment index and an iterator over the entries in that segment.
+    pub fn segmented_par_iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl Iterator<Item = EID>)> + '_ {
+        self.locked_pages
+            .par_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(move |(segment_id, page)| {
+                (
+                    segment_id,
+                    page.edge_iter(&LayerIds::All).map(|e| e.edge_id()),
+                )
+            })
+    }
+
+    pub fn row_groups_par_iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl Iterator<Item = EID> + '_)> {
+        let max_actual_seg_len = self
+            .storage
+            .segments
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, seg)| seg.num_edges())
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        let max_seg_len = self.storage.max_page_len();
+        row_group_par_iter(
+            max_seg_len as usize,
+            self.locked_pages.len(),
+            max_seg_len,
+            max_actual_seg_len,
+        )
+        .map(|(row_group_id, iter)| {
+            (
+                row_group_id,
+                iter.filter(|eid| self.edge_ref(*eid).edge(0).is_some()),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>, EXT: Config> EdgeStorageInner<ES, EXT> {
+    pub fn locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> ReadLockedEdgeStorage<ES, EXT> {
+        let locked_pages = self
+            .segments
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, segment)| segment.locked())
+            .collect::<Box<_>>();
+        ReadLockedEdgeStorage {
+            storage: self.clone(),
+            locked_pages,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        &self.prop_meta
+    }
+
+    pub fn stats(&self) -> &Arc<GraphStats> {
+        &self.layer_counter
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_with_meta(edges_path: Option<PathBuf>, edge_meta: Arc<Meta>, ext: EXT) -> Self {
+        let free_pages = (0..N).map(RwLock::new).collect::<Box<[_]>>();
+        let empty = Self {
+            segments: boxcar::Vec::new(),
+            layer_counter: GraphStats::new().into(),
+            free_pages: free_pages.try_into().unwrap(),
+            edges_path,
+            prop_meta: edge_meta,
+            ext,
+        };
+        let layer_mapper = empty.edge_meta().layer_meta();
+        let prop_mapper = empty.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
+        let metadata_mapper = empty.edge_meta().metadata_mapper();
+        if layer_mapper.num_fields() > 0
+            || prop_mapper.num_fields() > 0
+            || metadata_mapper.num_fields() > 0
+        {
+            let segment = empty.get_or_create_segment(0);
+            let mut head = segment.head_mut();
+            for layer in layer_mapper.ids() {
+                head.get_or_create_layer(layer);
+            }
+            if prop_mapper.num_fields() > 0 {
+                head.get_or_create_layer(0)
+                    .properties_mut()
+                    .set_has_properties()
+            }
+            segment.mark_dirty();
+        }
+        empty
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(edges_path: Option<PathBuf>, ext: EXT) -> Self {
+        Self::new_with_meta(edges_path, Meta::new_for_edges().into(), ext)
+    }
+
+    pub fn pages(&self) -> &boxcar::Vec<Arc<ES>> {
+        &self.segments
+    }
+
+    pub fn edges_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.edges_path.as_ref().map(|path| path.as_path())
+    }
+
+    pub fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        Iterator::min(self.segments.iter().filter_map(|(_, page)| page.earliest()))
+        // see : https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-analyzer/issues/10653
+    }
+
+    pub fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        Iterator::max(self.segments.iter().filter_map(|(_, page)| page.latest()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.segments.iter().map(|(_, page)| page.t_len()).sum()
+    }
+
+    pub fn prop_meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        &self.prop_meta
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn resolve_pos(&self, e_id: EID) -> (usize, LocalPOS) {
+        resolve_pos(e_id, self.max_page_len())
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(edges_path: impl AsRef<Path>, ext: EXT) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let edges_path = edges_path.as_ref();
+        let max_page_len = ext.max_edge_page_len();
+
+        let meta = Arc::new(Meta::new_for_edges());
+
+        if !edges_path.exists() {
+            return Ok(Self::new(Some(edges_path.to_path_buf()), ext.clone()));
+        }
+
+        let mut pages = std::fs::read_dir(edges_path)?
+            .filter(|entry| {
+                entry
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .ok()
+                    .and_then(|entry| entry.file_type().ok().map(|ft| ft.is_dir()))
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+            })
+            .filter_map(|entry| {
+                let entry = entry.ok()?;
+                let page_id = entry
+                    .path()
+                    .file_stem()
+                    .and_then(|name| name.to_str().and_then(|name| name.parse::<usize>().ok()))?;
+                let page = ES::load(page_id, max_page_len, meta.clone(), edges_path, ext.clone())
+                    .map(|page| (page_id, page));
+
+                Some(page)
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<HashMap<_, _>, _>>()?;
+
+        if pages.is_empty() {
+            return Err(StorageError::EmptyGraphDir(edges_path.to_path_buf()));
+        }
+
+        let max_page = Iterator::max(pages.keys().copied()).unwrap();
+
+        let pages: boxcar::Vec<Arc<ES>> = (0..=max_page)
+            .map(|page_id| {
+                let np = pages.remove(&page_id).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    ES::new(
+                        page_id,
+                        meta.clone(),
+                        Some(edges_path.to_path_buf()),
+                        ext.clone(),
+                    )
+                });
+                Arc::new(np)
+            })
+            .collect::<boxcar::Vec<_>>();
+
+        let first_page = pages.iter().next().unwrap().1;
+        let first_p_id = first_page.segment_id();
+
+        if first_p_id != 0 {
+            return Err(StorageError::GenericFailure(format!(
+                "First page id is not 0 in {edges_path:?}"
+            )));
+        }
+
+        let mut free_pages = pages
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, page)| {
+                let len = page.num_edges();
+                if len < max_page_len {
+                    Some(RwLock::new(page.segment_id()))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let mut next_free_page = free_pages
+            .last()
+            .map(|page| *(page.read()))
+            .map(|last| last + 1)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| pages.count());
+
+        free_pages.resize_with(N, || {
+            let lock = RwLock::new(next_free_page);
+            next_free_page += 1;
+            lock
+        });
+
+        let mut layer_counts = vec![];
+
+        for (_, page) in pages.iter() {
+            for layer_id in 0..page.num_layers() {
+                let count = page.layer_count(layer_id) as usize;
+                if layer_counts.len() <= layer_id {
+                    layer_counts.resize(layer_id + 1, 0);
+                }
+                layer_counts[layer_id] += count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let earliest = pages
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, page)| page.earliest().filter(|t| t.t() != i64::MAX))
+            .map(|t| t.t())
+            .min()
+            .unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
+
+        let latest = pages
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, page)| page.latest().filter(|t| t.t() != i64::MIN))
+            .map(|t| t.t())
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(i64::MIN);
+
+        let stats = GraphStats::load(layer_counts, earliest, latest);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            segments: pages,
+            edges_path: Some(edges_path.to_path_buf()),
+            layer_counter: stats.into(),
+            free_pages: free_pages.try_into().unwrap(),
+            prop_meta: meta,
+            ext,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn grow(&self, size: usize) {
+        self.get_or_create_segment(size - 1);
+    }
+
+    pub fn push_new_page(&self) -> usize {
+        let segment_id = self.segments.push_with(|segment_id| {
+            Arc::new(ES::new(
+                segment_id,
+                self.prop_meta.clone(),
+                self.edges_path.clone(),
+                self.ext.clone(),
+            ))
+        });
+
+        while self.segments.get(segment_id).is_none() {
+            // wait
+        }
+
+        segment_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn increment_edge_segment_count(&self, eid: EID) {
+        let (segment_id, _) = resolve_pos(eid, self.max_page_len());
+        let segment = self.get_or_create_segment(segment_id);
+        segment.increment_num_edges();
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_or_create_segment(&self, segment_id: usize) -> &Arc<ES> {
+        if let Some(segment) = self.segments.get(segment_id) {
+            return segment;
+        }
+        let count = self.segments.count();
+        if count > segment_id {
+            // something has allocated the segment, wait for it to be added
+            loop {
+                if let Some(segment) = self.segments.get(segment_id) {
+                    return segment;
+                } else {
+                    // wait for the segment to be created
+                    std::thread::yield_now();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // we need to create the segment
+            self.segments.reserve(segment_id + 1 - count);
+
+            loop {
+                let new_segment_id = self.segments.push_with(|segment_id| {
+                    Arc::new(ES::new(
+                        segment_id,
+                        self.prop_meta.clone(),
+                        self.edges_path.clone(),
+                        self.ext.clone(),
+                    ))
+                });
+
+                if new_segment_id >= segment_id {
+                    loop {
+                        if let Some(segment) = self.segments.get(segment_id) {
+                            return segment;
+                        } else {
+                            // wait for the segment to be created
+                            std::thread::yield_now();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn max_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.ext.max_edge_page_len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_locked<'a>(&'a self) -> WriteLockedEdgePages<'a, ES> {
+        WriteLockedEdgePages::new(
+            self.segments
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(page_id, page)| {
+                    LockedEdgePage::new(
+                        page_id,
+                        self.max_page_len(),
+                        page.as_ref(),
+                        &self.layer_counter,
+                        page.head_mut(),
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieve the segment for an edge given its EID
+    pub fn get_edge_segment(&self, eid: EID) -> Option<&Arc<ES>> {
+        let (segment_id, _) = resolve_pos(eid, self.max_page_len());
+        self.segments.get(segment_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_edge(&self, e_id: ELID) -> Option<(VID, VID)> {
+        let layer = e_id.layer();
+        let e_id = e_id.edge;
+        let (segment_id, local_edge) = resolve_pos(e_id, self.max_page_len());
+        let segment = self.segments.get(segment_id)?;
+        segment.get_edge(local_edge, layer, segment.head())
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge(&self, e_id: impl Into<EID>) -> ES::Entry<'_> {
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        let (segment_id, local_edge) = resolve_pos(e_id, self.max_page_len());
+        let segment = self.segments.get(segment_id).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!(
+                "{e_id:?} Not found in seg: {segment_id}, pos: {local_edge:?}, num_segments: {}",
+                self.segments.count()
+            )
+        });
+        segment.entry(local_edge)
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_edges(&self) -> usize {
+        self.layer_counter.get(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_edges_layer(&self, layer_id: usize) -> usize {
+        self.layer_counter.get(layer_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_writer<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        e_id: EID,
+    ) -> EdgeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>, ES> {
+        let (chunk, _) = resolve_pos(e_id, self.max_page_len());
+        let page = self.get_or_create_segment(chunk);
+        EdgeWriter::new(&self.layer_counter, page, page.head_mut())
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_get_writer<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        e_id: EID,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>, ES>, StorageError> {
+        let (segment_id, _) = resolve_pos(e_id, self.max_page_len());
+        let page = self.get_or_create_segment(segment_id);
+        let writer = page.head_mut();
+        Ok(EdgeWriter::new(&self.layer_counter, page, writer))
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_free_writer<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+    ) -> EdgeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>, ES> {
+        // optimistic first try to get a free page 3 times
+        let num_edges = self.num_edges();
+        let slot_idx = num_edges % N;
+        let maybe_free_page = self.free_pages[slot_idx..]
+            .iter()
+            .cycle()
+            .take(3)
+            .filter_map(|lock| lock.try_read())
+            .filter_map(|page_id| {
+                let page = self.segments.get(*page_id)?;
+                let guard = page.try_head_mut()?;
+                if page.num_edges() < self.max_page_len() {
+                    Some((page, guard))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .next();
+
+        if let Some((edge_page, writer)) = maybe_free_page {
+            EdgeWriter::new(&self.layer_counter, edge_page, writer)
+        } else {
+            // not lucky, go wait on your slot
+            loop {
+                let mut slot = self.free_pages[slot_idx].write();
+                match self.segments.get(*slot).map(|page| (page, page.head_mut())) {
+                    Some((edge_page, writer)) if edge_page.num_edges() < self.max_page_len() => {
+                        return EdgeWriter::new(&self.layer_counter, edge_page, writer);
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        *slot = self.push_new_page();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserve_new_eid(&self, row: usize) -> EID {
+        let (segment_id, local_pos) = self.reserve_free_pos(row);
+        local_pos.as_eid(segment_id, self.max_page_len())
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserve_free_pos(&self, row: usize) -> (usize, LocalPOS) {
+        let slot_idx = row % N;
+        let maybe_free_page = {
+            let lock_slot = self.free_pages[slot_idx].read_recursive();
+            let page_id = *lock_slot;
+            let page = self.segments.get(page_id);
+            page.and_then(|page| {
+                self.reserve_page_row(page)
+                    .map(|pos| (page.segment_id(), LocalPOS(pos)))
+            })
+        };
+
+        if let Some(reserved_pos) = maybe_free_page {
+            reserved_pos
+        } else {
+            // not lucky, go wait on your slot
+            let mut slot = self.free_pages[slot_idx].write();
+            loop {
+                if let Some(page) = self.segments.get(*slot)
+                    && let Some(pos) = self.reserve_page_row(page)
+                {
+                    return (page.segment_id(), LocalPOS(pos));
+                }
+                *slot = self.push_new_page();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reserve_page_row(&self, page: &Arc<ES>) -> Option<u32> {
+        // TODO: if this becomes a hotspot, we can switch to a fetch_add followed by a fetch_min
+        // this means when we read the counter we need to clamp it to max_page_len so the iterators don't break
+        page.edges_counter()
+            .fetch_update(
+                std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed,
+                std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed,
+                |current| {
+                    if current < self.max_page_len() {
+                        Some(current + 1)
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                },
+            )
+            .ok()
+    }
+
+    fn par_iter_segments(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = &ES> {
+        (0..self.segments.count())
+            .into_par_iter()
+            .filter_map(|idx| self.segments.get(idx).map(|seg| seg.deref()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn par_iter(&self, layer: usize) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = ES::Entry<'_>> + '_ {
+        self.par_iter_segments().flat_map(move |page| {
+            (0..page.num_edges())
+                .into_par_iter()
+                .map(LocalPOS)
+                .filter_map(move |local_edge| {
+                    page.layer_entry(local_edge, layer, Some(page.head()))
+                })
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self, layer: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = ES::Entry<'_>> + '_ {
+        (0..self.segments.count())
+            .filter_map(move |page_id| self.segments.get(page_id))
+            .flat_map(move |page| {
+                (0..page.num_edges()).filter_map(move |local_edge| {
+                    page.layer_entry(LocalPOS(local_edge), layer, Some(page.head()))
+                })
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the segments of the edge store, where each segment is
+    /// a tuple of the segment index and an iterator over the entries in that segment.
+    pub fn segmented_par_iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl Iterator<Item = EID>)> + '_ {
+        let max_page_len = self.max_page_len();
+        (0..self.segments.count())
+            .into_par_iter()
+            .filter_map(move |segment_id| {
+                self.segments.get(segment_id).map(move |page| {
+                    (
+                        segment_id,
+                        (0..page.num_edges()).map(move |edge_pos| {
+                            LocalPOS(edge_pos).as_eid(segment_id, max_page_len)
+                        }),
+                    )
+                })
+            })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn segment_counts(&self) -> SegmentCounts<EID> {
+        SegmentCounts::new(
+            self.max_page_len(),
+            self.pages().iter().map(|(_, seg)| seg.num_edges()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.par_iter_segments().try_for_each(|seg| seg.flush())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_page/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_page/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3baa81782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_page/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod writer;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_page/writer.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_page/writer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50485d47c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_page/writer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use crate::{
+    api::graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps, error::StorageError,
+    segments::graph_prop::segment::MemGraphPropSegment,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
+use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::AsTime;
+
+/// Provides mutable access to a graph segment. Holds an exclusive write lock
+/// on the in-memory segment for the duration of its lifetime.
+pub struct GraphPropWriter<'a, GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> {
+    pub mem_segment: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemGraphPropSegment>,
+    pub graph_props: &'a GS,
+}
+
+impl<'a, GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> GraphPropWriter<'a, GS> {
+    pub fn new(
+        graph_props: &'a GS,
+        mem_segment: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemGraphPropSegment>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            mem_segment,
+            graph_props,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_properties<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let add = self.mem_segment.add_properties(t, props);
+        self.mem_segment.layers_mut()[MemGraphPropSegment::DEFAULT_LAYER].set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        self.graph_props.increment_est_size(add);
+        self.graph_props.mark_dirty();
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.mem_segment.check_metadata(props)
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_metadata(&mut self, props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>, lsn: u64) {
+        let add = self.mem_segment.update_metadata(props);
+        self.mem_segment.layers_mut()[MemGraphPropSegment::DEFAULT_LAYER].set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        self.graph_props.increment_est_size(add);
+        self.graph_props.mark_dirty();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> Drop for GraphPropWriter<'_, GS> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.graph_props
+            .notify_write(&mut self.mem_segment)
+            .expect("Failed to persist node page");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_store.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_store.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c814fdf5ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/graph_prop_store.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::meta::Meta;
+
+use crate::{
+    api::graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps,
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{
+        graph_prop_page::writer::GraphPropWriter,
+        locked::graph_props::{LockedGraphPropPage, WriteLockedGraphPropPages},
+    },
+    persist::strategy::Config,
+};
+
+use std::{
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+/// Backing store for graph temporal properties and graph metadata.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GraphPropStorageInner<GS, EXT> {
+    /// The graph props segment that contains all graph properties and graph metadata.
+    /// Unlike node and edge segments, which are split into multiple segments,
+    /// there is always only one graph props segment.
+    page: Arc<GS>,
+
+    /// Stores graph prop metadata (prop name -> prop id mappings).
+    meta: Arc<Meta>,
+
+    path: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    ext: EXT,
+}
+
+impl<GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>, EXT: Config> GraphPropStorageInner<GS, EXT> {
+    pub fn new_with_meta(path: Option<&Path>, meta: Arc<Meta>, ext: EXT) -> Self {
+        let page = Arc::new(GS::new(meta.clone(), path, ext.clone()));
+
+        Self {
+            page,
+            path: path.map(|p| p.to_path_buf()),
+            meta,
+            ext,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(path: impl AsRef<Path>, ext: EXT) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let graph_props_meta = Arc::new(Meta::new_for_graph_props());
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            page: Arc::new(GS::load(
+                graph_props_meta.clone(),
+                path.as_ref(),
+                ext.clone(),
+            )?),
+            path: Some(path.as_ref().to_path_buf()),
+            meta: graph_props_meta,
+            ext,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        &self.meta
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_entry(&self) -> GS::Entry<'_> {
+        self.page.entry()
+    }
+
+    pub fn writer(&self) -> GraphPropWriter<'_, GS> {
+        let head = self.page.head_mut();
+        let graph_props = &self.page;
+        GraphPropWriter::new(graph_props, head)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_locked<'a>(&'a self) -> WriteLockedGraphPropPages<'a, GS> {
+        WriteLockedGraphPropPages::new(LockedGraphPropPage::new(
+            self.page.as_ref(),
+            self.page.head_mut(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.page.flush()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/layer_counter.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/layer_counter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4892b9254c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/layer_counter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+use raphtory_core::entities::graph::timer::{MaxCounter, MinCounter, TimeCounterTrait};
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GraphStats {
+    layers: boxcar::Vec<AtomicUsize>,
+    earliest: MinCounter,
+    latest: MaxCounter,
+}
+
+impl<I: IntoIterator<Item = usize>> From<I> for GraphStats {
+    fn from(iter: I) -> Self {
+        let layers = iter.into_iter().map(AtomicUsize::new).collect();
+        Self {
+            layers,
+            earliest: MinCounter::new(),
+            latest: MaxCounter::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for GraphStats {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl GraphStats {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let layers = boxcar::Vec::new();
+        layers.push_with(|_| Default::default());
+        Self {
+            layers,
+            earliest: MinCounter::new(),
+            latest: MaxCounter::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(counts: impl IntoIterator<Item = usize>, earliest: i64, latest: i64) -> Self {
+        let layers = counts.into_iter().map(AtomicUsize::new).collect();
+        let earliest = MinCounter::from(earliest);
+        let latest = MaxCounter::from(latest);
+        Self {
+            layers,
+            earliest,
+            latest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.layers.count()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_time(&self, t: i64) {
+        self.earliest.update(t);
+        self.latest.update(t);
+    }
+
+    pub fn earliest(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.earliest.get()
+    }
+
+    pub fn latest(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.latest.get()
+    }
+
+    pub fn increment(&self, layer_id: usize) -> usize {
+        let counter = self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+        counter.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Release)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, layer_id: usize) -> usize {
+        let counter = self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+        counter.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_counter(&self, layer_id: usize) -> &AtomicUsize {
+        self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn get_or_create_layer(&self, layer_id: usize) -> &AtomicUsize {
+        if let Some(counter) = self.layers.get(layer_id) {
+            return counter;
+        }
+
+        if self.layers.count() > layer_id {
+            // something has allocated the layer, wait for it to be added
+            loop {
+                if let Some(counter) = self.layers.get(layer_id) {
+                    return counter;
+                } else {
+                    // wait for the layer to be created
+                    std::thread::yield_now();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            loop {
+                let new_layer_id = self.layers.push_with(|_| Default::default());
+                if new_layer_id >= layer_id {
+                    loop {
+                        if let Some(counter) = self.layers.get(layer_id) {
+                            return counter;
+                        } else {
+                            // wait for the layer to be created
+                            std::thread::yield_now();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/edges.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/edges.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bfe0005d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/edges.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::edges::EdgeSegmentOps,
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{edge_page::writer::EdgeWriter, layer_counter::GraphStats, resolve_pos},
+    segments::edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
+use raphtory_core::entities::{EID, ELID};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LockedEdgePage<'a, ES> {
+    page_id: usize,
+    max_page_len: u32,
+    page: &'a ES,
+    num_edges: &'a GraphStats,
+    lock: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, ES: EdgeSegmentOps> LockedEdgePage<'a, ES> {
+    pub fn new(
+        page_id: usize,
+        max_page_len: u32,
+        page: &'a ES,
+        num_edges: &'a GraphStats,
+        lock: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            page_id,
+            max_page_len,
+            page,
+            num_edges,
+            lock,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn writer(&mut self) -> EdgeWriter<'_, &mut MemEdgeSegment, ES> {
+        EdgeWriter::new(self.num_edges, self.page, self.lock.deref_mut())
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn page_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.page_id
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn resolve_pos(&self, edge_id: EID) -> Option<LocalPOS> {
+        let (page, pos) = resolve_pos(edge_id, self.max_page_len);
+        if page == self.page_id {
+            Some(pos)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ensure_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) {
+        self.lock.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+    }
+}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct WriteLockedEdgePages<'a, ES> {
+    writers: Vec<LockedEdgePage<'a, ES>>,
+}
+
+impl<ES> Default for WriteLockedEdgePages<'_, ES> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            writers: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, ES: EdgeSegmentOps> WriteLockedEdgePages<'a, ES> {
+    pub fn new(writers: Vec<LockedEdgePage<'a, ES>>) -> Self {
+        Self { writers }
+    }
+
+    pub fn par_iter_mut(&mut self) -> rayon::slice::IterMut<'_, LockedEdgePage<'a, ES>> {
+        self.writers.par_iter_mut()
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> std::slice::IterMut<'_, LockedEdgePage<'a, ES>> {
+        self.writers.iter_mut()
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_par_iter(self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = LockedEdgePage<'a, ES>> + 'a {
+        self.writers.into_par_iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn ensure_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) {
+        for writer in &mut self.writers {
+            writer.ensure_layer(layer_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn exists(&self, elid: ELID) -> bool {
+        let max_page_len = if !self.writers.is_empty() {
+            self.writers[0].max_page_len
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let (page_id, pos) = resolve_pos(elid.edge, max_page_len);
+        self.writers
+            .get(page_id)
+            .and_then(|page| {
+                let locked_head = page.lock.deref();
+                page.page.get_edge(pos, elid.layer(), locked_head)
+            })
+            .is_some()
+    }
+
+    pub fn vacuum(&mut self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        for LockedEdgePage { page, lock, .. } in &mut self.writers {
+            page.vacuum(lock.deref_mut())?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.writers.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.writers.is_empty()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/graph_props.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/graph_props.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ef775dfdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/graph_props.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+use crate::{
+    api::graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps, segments::graph_prop::segment::MemGraphPropSegment,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
+use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::AsTime;
+
+pub struct LockedGraphPropPage<'a, GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> {
+    page: &'a GS,
+    lock: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemGraphPropSegment>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> LockedGraphPropPage<'a, GS> {
+    pub fn new(page: &'a GS, lock: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemGraphPropSegment>) -> Self {
+        Self { page, lock }
+    }
+
+    pub fn segment(&self) -> &GS {
+        self.page
+    }
+
+    /// Add temporal properties to the graph
+    pub fn add_properties<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let add = self.lock.add_properties(t, props);
+        self.lock.layers_mut()[MemGraphPropSegment::DEFAULT_LAYER].set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        self.page.increment_est_size(add);
+        self.page.mark_dirty();
+    }
+
+    /// Add metadata (constant properties) to the graph
+    pub fn add_metadata(&mut self, props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>, lsn: u64) {
+        self.update_metadata(props, lsn);
+    }
+
+    /// Update metadata (constant properties) on the graph
+    pub fn update_metadata(&mut self, props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>, lsn: u64) {
+        let add = self.lock.update_metadata(props);
+        self.lock.layers_mut()[MemGraphPropSegment::DEFAULT_LAYER].set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        self.page.increment_est_size(add);
+        self.page.mark_dirty();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> Drop for LockedGraphPropPage<'_, GS> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.page
+            .notify_write(&mut self.lock)
+            .expect("Failed to persist graph props page");
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct WriteLockedGraphPropPages<'a, GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> {
+    writer: Option<LockedGraphPropPage<'a, GS>>,
+}
+
+impl<GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> Default for WriteLockedGraphPropPages<'_, GS> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { writer: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, GS: GraphPropSegmentOps> WriteLockedGraphPropPages<'a, GS> {
+    pub fn new(writer: LockedGraphPropPage<'a, GS>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            writer: Some(writer),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn writer(&mut self) -> Option<&mut LockedGraphPropPage<'a, GS>> {
+        self.writer.as_mut()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de88345004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod edges;
+pub mod graph_props;
+pub mod nodes;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/nodes.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/nodes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04cca83328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/locked/nodes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::nodes::NodeSegmentOps,
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{layer_counter::GraphStats, node_page::writer::NodeWriter, resolve_pos},
+    segments::node::segment::MemNodeSegment,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
+use raphtory_core::entities::VID;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::ops::DerefMut;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LockedNodePage<'a, NS> {
+    page_id: usize,
+    max_page_len: u32,
+    layer_counter: &'a GraphStats,
+    page: &'a NS,
+    lock: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, NS: NodeSegmentOps> LockedNodePage<'a, NS> {
+    pub fn new(
+        page_id: usize,
+        layer_counter: &'a GraphStats,
+        max_page_len: u32,
+        page: &'a NS,
+        lock: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            page_id,
+            layer_counter,
+            max_page_len,
+            page,
+            lock,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn segment(&self) -> &NS {
+        self.page
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn writer(&mut self) -> NodeWriter<'_, &mut MemNodeSegment, NS> {
+        NodeWriter::new(self.page, self.layer_counter, self.lock.deref_mut())
+    }
+
+    pub fn vacuum(&mut self) {
+        let _ = self.page.vacuum(self.lock.deref_mut());
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn page_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.page_id
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn resolve_pos(&self, node_id: VID) -> Option<LocalPOS> {
+        let (page, pos) = resolve_pos(node_id, self.max_page_len);
+        if page == self.page_id {
+            Some(pos)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ensure_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) {
+        self.lock.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+        self.layer_counter.get(layer_id);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct WriteLockedNodePages<'a, NS> {
+    writers: Vec<LockedNodePage<'a, NS>>,
+}
+
+impl<NS> Default for WriteLockedNodePages<'_, NS> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            writers: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, EXT, NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>> WriteLockedNodePages<'a, NS> {
+    pub fn new(writers: Vec<LockedNodePage<'a, NS>>) -> Self {
+        Self { writers }
+    }
+
+    pub fn par_iter_mut(&mut self) -> rayon::slice::IterMut<'_, LockedNodePage<'a, NS>> {
+        self.writers.par_iter_mut()
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> std::slice::IterMut<'_, LockedNodePage<'a, NS>> {
+        self.writers.iter_mut()
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_par_iter(self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = LockedNodePage<'a, NS>> + 'a {
+        self.writers.into_par_iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn ensure_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) {
+        for writer in &mut self.writers {
+            writer.ensure_layer(layer_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.writers.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn vacuum(&mut self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        for LockedNodePage { page, lock, .. } in &mut self.writers {
+            page.vacuum(lock.deref_mut())?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..329c4ccb96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::{edges::EdgeSegmentOps, graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps, nodes::NodeSegmentOps},
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{edge_store::ReadLockedEdgeStorage, node_store::ReadLockedNodeStorage},
+    persist::strategy::{Config, PersistentStrategy},
+    properties::props_meta_writer::PropsMetaWriter,
+    segments::{edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment, node::segment::MemNodeSegment},
+};
+use edge_page::writer::EdgeWriter;
+use edge_store::EdgeStorageInner;
+use graph_prop_store::GraphPropStorageInner;
+use node_page::writer::{NodeWriter, WriterPair};
+use node_store::NodeStorageInner;
+use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop},
+    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
+};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{EID, ELID, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
+    utils::time::{InputTime, TryIntoInputTime},
+};
+use session::WriteSession;
+use std::{
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        atomic::{self, AtomicUsize},
+    },
+};
+use tinyvec::TinyVec;
+
+pub mod edge_page;
+pub mod edge_store;
+pub mod graph_prop_page;
+pub mod graph_prop_store;
+pub mod layer_counter;
+pub mod locked;
+pub mod node_page;
+pub mod node_store;
+pub mod session;
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
+pub mod test_utils;
+
+// graph // (node/edges) // segment // layer_ids (0, 1, 2, ...) // actual graphy bits
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GraphStore<
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+> {
+    nodes: Arc<NodeStorageInner<NS, EXT>>,
+    edges: Arc<EdgeStorageInner<ES, EXT>>,
+    graph_props: Arc<GraphPropStorageInner<GS, EXT>>,
+    graph_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+    event_id: AtomicUsize,
+    _ext: EXT,
+}
+
+impl<
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+> GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>
+{
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        let node_types = self.nodes.prop_meta().get_all_node_types();
+        let config = self._ext.with_node_types(node_types);
+        if let Some(graph_dir) = self.graph_dir.as_ref() {
+            write_graph_config(graph_dir, &config)?;
+        }
+        self.nodes.flush()?;
+        self.edges.flush()?;
+        self.graph_props.flush()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReadLockedGraphStore<
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+> {
+    pub nodes: Arc<ReadLockedNodeStorage<NS, EXT>>,
+    pub edges: Arc<ReadLockedEdgeStorage<ES, EXT>>,
+    pub graph: Arc<GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>>,
+}
+
+impl<
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+> GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>
+{
+    pub fn read_locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> ReadLockedGraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT> {
+        let nodes = self.nodes.locked().into();
+        let edges = self.edges.locked().into();
+
+        ReadLockedGraphStore {
+            nodes,
+            edges,
+            graph: self.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn extension(&self) -> &EXT {
+        &self._ext
+    }
+
+    pub fn nodes(&self) -> &Arc<NodeStorageInner<NS, EXT>> {
+        &self.nodes
+    }
+
+    pub fn edges(&self) -> &Arc<EdgeStorageInner<ES, EXT>> {
+        &self.edges
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_props(&self) -> &Arc<GraphPropStorageInner<GS, EXT>> {
+        &self.graph_props
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        self.edges.edge_meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        self.nodes.prop_meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_props_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        self.graph_props.meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn earliest(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.nodes
+            .stats()
+            .earliest()
+            .min(self.edges.stats().earliest())
+    }
+
+    pub fn latest(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.nodes.stats().latest().max(self.edges.stats().latest())
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_segment_counts(&self) -> SegmentCounts<VID> {
+        self.nodes.segment_counts()
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_segment_counts(&self) -> SegmentCounts<EID> {
+        self.edges.segment_counts()
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let nodes_path = graph_dir.as_ref().join("nodes");
+        let edges_path = graph_dir.as_ref().join("edges");
+        let graph_props_path = graph_dir.as_ref().join("graph_props");
+
+        let ext = read_graph_config::<EXT>(graph_dir.as_ref())?;
+
+        let edge_storage = Arc::new(EdgeStorageInner::load(edges_path, ext.clone())?);
+        let edge_meta = edge_storage.edge_meta().clone();
+        let node_storage = Arc::new(NodeStorageInner::load(nodes_path, edge_meta, ext.clone())?);
+        let node_meta = node_storage.prop_meta();
+
+        // Load graph temporal properties and metadata
+        let graph_props_storage =
+            Arc::new(GraphPropStorageInner::load(graph_props_path, ext.clone())?);
+
+        for node_type in ext.node_types().iter() {
+            node_meta.get_or_create_node_type_id(node_type);
+        }
+
+        let t_len = edge_storage.t_len();
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            nodes: node_storage,
+            edges: edge_storage,
+            graph_props: graph_props_storage,
+            event_id: AtomicUsize::new(t_len),
+            graph_dir: Some(graph_dir.as_ref().to_path_buf()),
+            _ext: ext,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_with_meta(
+        graph_dir: Option<&Path>,
+        node_meta: Meta,
+        edge_meta: Meta,
+        graph_props_meta: Meta,
+        ext: EXT,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let nodes_path = graph_dir.map(|graph_dir| graph_dir.join("nodes"));
+        let edges_path = graph_dir.map(|graph_dir| graph_dir.join("edges"));
+        let graph_props_path = graph_dir.map(|graph_dir| graph_dir.join("graph_props"));
+
+        let node_meta = Arc::new(node_meta);
+        let edge_meta = Arc::new(edge_meta);
+        let graph_props_meta = Arc::new(graph_props_meta);
+
+        let node_storage = Arc::new(NodeStorageInner::new_with_meta(
+            nodes_path,
+            node_meta,
+            edge_meta.clone(),
+            ext.clone(),
+        ));
+        let edge_storage = Arc::new(EdgeStorageInner::new_with_meta(
+            edges_path,
+            edge_meta,
+            ext.clone(),
+        ));
+        let graph_storage = Arc::new(GraphPropStorageInner::new_with_meta(
+            graph_props_path.as_deref(),
+            graph_props_meta,
+            ext.clone(),
+        ));
+
+        if let Some(graph_dir) = graph_dir {
+            write_graph_config(graph_dir, &ext)
+                .expect("Unrecoverable! Failed to write graph config");
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            nodes: node_storage,
+            edges: edge_storage,
+            graph_props: graph_storage,
+            event_id: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            graph_dir: graph_dir.map(|p| p.to_path_buf()),
+            _ext: ext,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(graph_dir: Option<&Path>, ext: EXT) -> Self {
+        let node_meta = Meta::new_for_nodes();
+        let edge_meta = Meta::new_for_edges();
+        let graph_props_meta = Meta::new_for_graph_props();
+
+        Self::new_with_meta(graph_dir, node_meta, edge_meta, graph_props_meta, ext)
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_edge<T: TryIntoInputTime>(
+        &self,
+        t: T,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<ELID>, StorageError> {
+        let t = self.as_time_index_entry(t)?;
+        self.internal_add_edge(t, src, dst, 0, [])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn add_edge_props<PN: AsRef<str>, T: TryIntoInputTime>(
+        &self,
+        t: T,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        props: Vec<(PN, Prop)>,
+        _lsn: u64,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<ELID>, StorageError> {
+        let t = self.as_time_index_entry(t)?;
+        let prop_writer = PropsMetaWriter::temporal(self.edge_meta(), props.into_iter())?;
+        self.internal_add_edge(t, src, dst, 0, prop_writer.into_props_temporal()?)
+    }
+
+    fn internal_add_edge(
+        &self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<ELID>, StorageError> {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+        let mut session = self.write_session(src, dst, None);
+        let elid = session
+            .add_static_edge(src, dst, lsn)
+            .map(|eid| eid.with_layer(0));
+        session.add_edge_into_layer(t, src, dst, elid, lsn, props);
+        Ok(elid)
+    }
+
+    fn as_time_index_entry<T: TryIntoInputTime>(
+        &self,
+        t: T,
+    ) -> Result<TimeIndexEntry, StorageError> {
+        let input_time = t.try_into_input_time()?;
+        let t = match input_time {
+            InputTime::Indexed(t, i) => TimeIndexEntry::new(t, i),
+            InputTime::Simple(t) => {
+                let i = self.event_id.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+                TimeIndexEntry::new(t, i)
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(t)
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_event_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.event_id.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_event_id(&self, event_id: usize) {
+        self.event_id.store(event_id, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_event_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.event_id.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> usize {
+        self.event_id.fetch_add(num_ids, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_max_event_id(&self, value: usize) -> usize {
+        self.event_id.fetch_max(value, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_edge_const_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        eid: impl Into<ELID>,
+        props: Vec<(PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        let eid = eid.into();
+        let layer = eid.layer();
+        let (_, edge_pos) = self.edges.resolve_pos(eid.edge);
+        let mut edge_writer = self.edges.try_get_writer(eid.edge)?;
+        let (src, dst) = edge_writer
+            .get_edge(layer, edge_pos)
+            .expect("Internal Error, EID should be checked at this point!");
+        let prop_writer = PropsMetaWriter::constant(self.edge_meta(), props.into_iter())?;
+
+        edge_writer.update_c_props(edge_pos, src, dst, layer, prop_writer.into_props_const()?);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_node_const_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        node: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: Vec<(PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        let node = node.into();
+        let (segment, node_pos) = self.nodes.resolve_pos(node);
+        let mut node_writer = self.nodes.writer(segment);
+        let prop_writer = PropsMetaWriter::constant(self.node_meta(), props.into_iter())?;
+        node_writer.update_c_props(node_pos, layer_id, prop_writer.into_props_const()?, 0); // TODO: LSN
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_node_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        t: impl TryIntoInputTime,
+        node: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: Vec<(PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        let node = node.into();
+        let (segment, node_pos) = self.nodes.resolve_pos(node);
+
+        let t = self.as_time_index_entry(t)?;
+
+        let mut node_writer = self.nodes.writer(segment);
+        let prop_writer = PropsMetaWriter::temporal(self.node_meta(), props.into_iter())?;
+        node_writer.add_props(t, node_pos, layer_id, prop_writer.into_props_temporal()?, 0); // TODO: LSN
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn blocking_write_session(
+        &self,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        e_id: Option<EID>,
+    ) -> WriteSession<'_, NS, ES, GS, EXT> {
+        let (src_chunk, _) = self.nodes.resolve_pos(src);
+        let (dst_chunk, _) = self.nodes.resolve_pos(dst);
+
+        let node_writers = if src_chunk < dst_chunk {
+            let src_writer = self.node_writer(src_chunk);
+            let dst_writer = self.node_writer(dst_chunk);
+            WriterPair::Different {
+                src_writer,
+                dst_writer,
+            }
+        } else if src_chunk > dst_chunk {
+            let dst_writer = self.node_writer(dst_chunk);
+            let src_writer = self.node_writer(src_chunk);
+            WriterPair::Different {
+                src_writer,
+                dst_writer,
+            }
+        } else {
+            let writer = self.node_writer(src_chunk);
+            WriterPair::Same { writer }
+        };
+
+        let edge_writer = e_id.map(|e_id| self.edge_writer(e_id));
+
+        WriteSession::new(node_writers, edge_writer, self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_session(
+        &self,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        e_id: Option<EID>,
+    ) -> WriteSession<'_, NS, ES, GS, EXT> {
+        let (src_chunk, _) = self.nodes.resolve_pos(src);
+        let (dst_chunk, _) = self.nodes.resolve_pos(dst);
+
+        let node_writers = if src_chunk != dst_chunk {
+            self.nodes().get_or_create_segment(src_chunk);
+            self.nodes().get_or_create_segment(dst_chunk);
+
+            loop {
+                if let Some(src_writer) = self.nodes().try_writer(src_chunk) {
+                    if let Some(dst_writer) = self.nodes().try_writer(dst_chunk) {
+                        break WriterPair::Different {
+                            src_writer,
+                            dst_writer,
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            let writer = self.node_writer(src_chunk);
+            WriterPair::Same { writer }
+        };
+
+        let edge_writer = e_id.map(|e_id| self.edge_writer(e_id));
+
+        WriteSession::new(node_writers, edge_writer, self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_writer(
+        &self,
+        node_segment: usize,
+    ) -> NodeWriter<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemNodeSegment>, NS> {
+        self.nodes().writer(node_segment)
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_writer(
+        &self,
+        eid: EID,
+    ) -> EdgeWriter<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment>, ES> {
+        self.edges().get_writer(eid)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_free_writer(&self) -> EdgeWriter<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment>, ES> {
+        self.edges().get_free_writer()
+    }
+
+    pub fn vacuum(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        let mut locked_nodes = self.nodes.write_locked();
+        let mut locked_edges = self.edges.write_locked();
+        locked_nodes.vacuum()?;
+        locked_edges.vacuum()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SegmentCounts<I> {
+    max_seg_len: u32,
+    counts: TinyVec<[u32; node_store::N]>, // this might come to be a problem
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<I>,
+}
+
+impl<I: From<usize>> SegmentCounts<I> {
+    pub fn new(max_seg_len: u32, counts: impl IntoIterator<Item = u32>) -> Self {
+        let counts: TinyVec<[u32; node_store::N]> = counts.into_iter().collect();
+
+        Self {
+            max_seg_len,
+            counts,
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = I> {
+        let max_seg_len = self.max_seg_len as usize;
+        self.counts.into_iter().enumerate().flat_map(move |(i, c)| {
+            let g_pos = i * max_seg_len as usize;
+            (0..c).map(move |offset| I::from(g_pos + offset as usize))
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn counts(&self) -> &[u32] {
+        &self.counts
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn max_seg_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_seg_len
+    }
+}
+impl<I: From<usize> + Send> SegmentCounts<I> {
+    pub fn into_par_iter(self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = I> {
+        let max_seg_len = self.max_seg_len as usize;
+        (0..self.counts.len()).into_par_iter().flat_map(move |i| {
+            let c = self.counts[i];
+            let g_pos = i * max_seg_len;
+            (0..c)
+                .into_par_iter()
+                .map(move |offset| I::from(g_pos + offset as usize))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+> Drop for GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>
+{
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        match self.flush() {
+            Ok(_) => {}
+            Err(err) => {
+                eprintln!("Failed to flush storage in drop: {err}")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn write_graph_config<EXT: Config>(
+    graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    config: &EXT,
+) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+    let config_file = graph_dir.as_ref().join("graph_config.json");
+    let config_file = std::fs::File::create(&config_file)?;
+
+    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(config_file, config)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn read_graph_config<EXT: PersistentStrategy>(
+    graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+) -> Result<EXT, StorageError> {
+    let config_file = graph_dir.as_ref().join("graph_config.json");
+    let config_file = std::fs::File::open(config_file)?;
+    let config = serde_json::from_reader(config_file)?;
+    Ok(config)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub fn resolve_pos<I: Copy + Into<usize>>(i: I, max_page_len: u32) -> (usize, LocalPOS) {
+    let i = i.into();
+    let seg = i / max_page_len as usize;
+    let pos = i % max_page_len as usize;
+    (seg, LocalPOS(pos as u32))
+}
+
+pub fn row_group_par_iter<I: From<usize>>(
+    chunk_size: usize,
+    num_segments: usize,
+    max_seg_len: u32,
+    max_actual_seg_len: u32,
+) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl Iterator<Item = I>)> {
+    let (num_chunks, chunk_size) = if num_segments != 0 {
+        let chunk_size = (chunk_size / num_segments).max(1);
+        let num_chunks = (max_seg_len as usize + chunk_size - 1) / chunk_size;
+        (num_chunks, chunk_size)
+    } else {
+        (0, 0)
+    };
+
+    (0..num_chunks).into_par_iter().map(move |chunk_id| {
+        let start = chunk_id * chunk_size;
+        let end = ((chunk_id + 1) * chunk_size).min(max_actual_seg_len as usize);
+
+        let iter = (start..end).flat_map(move |x| {
+            (0..num_segments).map(move |seg| I::from(seg * max_seg_len as usize + x))
+        });
+
+        (chunk_id, iter)
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::GraphStore;
+    use crate::{
+        Extension, Layer,
+        api::nodes::{NodeEntryOps, NodeRefOps},
+        pages::test_utils::{
+            AddEdge, Fixture, NodeFixture, check_edges_support, check_graph_with_nodes_support,
+            check_graph_with_props_support, edges_strat, edges_strat_with_layers, make_edges,
+            make_nodes,
+        },
+    };
+    use chrono::DateTime;
+    use proptest::prelude::*;
+    use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
+    use raphtory_core::{entities::VID, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps};
+    use rayon::iter::ParallelIterator;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_iterleave() {
+        let chunk_size = 3;
+        let num_segments = 3;
+        let max_seg_len = 4;
+
+        let actual = super::row_group_par_iter(chunk_size, num_segments, max_seg_len, max_seg_len)
+            .map(|(c, items)| (c, items.collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let expected = vec![
+            (0, vec![0, 4, 8]),
+            (1, vec![1, 5, 9]),
+            (2, vec![2, 6, 10]),
+            (3, vec![3, 7, 11]),
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    fn check_edges(edges: Vec<(impl Into<VID>, impl Into<VID>)>, chunk_size: u32, par_load: bool) {
+        // Set optional layer_id to None
+        let layer_id = None;
+        let edges = edges
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(src, dst)| (src, dst, layer_id))
+            .collect();
+
+        check_edges_support(edges, par_load, false, |graph_dir| {
+            Layer::new(Some(graph_dir), Extension::new(chunk_size, chunk_size))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn check_edges_with_layers(
+        edges: Vec<(impl Into<VID>, impl Into<VID>, Option<usize>)>, // src, dst, layer_id
+        chunk_size: u32,
+        par_load: bool,
+    ) {
+        check_edges_support(edges, par_load, false, |graph_dir| {
+            Layer::new(Some(graph_dir), Extension::new(chunk_size, chunk_size))
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage() {
+        let edges_strat = edges_strat(10);
+        proptest!(|(edges in edges_strat, chunk_size in 1u32 .. 100)|{
+            check_edges(edges, chunk_size, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage_par() {
+        let edges_strat = edges_strat(15);
+        proptest!(|(edges in edges_strat, chunk_size in 1u32..100)|{
+            check_edges(edges, chunk_size, true);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage_par_1024_x2() {
+        let edges_strat = edges_strat(50);
+        proptest!(|(edges in edges_strat, chunk_size in 1u32..100)|{
+            check_edges(edges, chunk_size, true);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage_par_1024() {
+        let edges_strat = edges_strat(50);
+        proptest!(|(edges in edges_strat, chunk_size in 2u32..100)|{
+            check_edges(edges, chunk_size, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage_issue1() {
+        let edges = vec![(0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)];
+        check_edges(edges, 2, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage_empty() {
+        let edges = Vec::<(VID, VID)>::new();
+        check_edges(edges, 32, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_one_edge() {
+        let edges = vec![(2, 2)];
+        check_edges(edges, 2, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage_with_layers() {
+        let edges_strat = edges_strat_with_layers(10);
+
+        proptest!(|(edges in edges_strat, chunk_size in 1u32 .. 100)|{
+            check_edges_with_layers(edges, chunk_size, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_storage_with_layers_1() {
+        let edges = vec![(VID(4), VID(0), Some(1)), (VID(0), VID(0), Some(6))];
+        check_edges_with_layers(edges, 4, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_add_one_edge_get_num_nodes() {
+        let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let g = Layer::new(Some(graph_dir.path()), Extension::new(32, 32));
+        g.add_edge(4, 7, 3).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().num_nodes(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_node_additions_1() {
+        let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let g = GraphStore::new(Some(graph_dir.path()), Extension::new(32, 32));
+        g.add_edge(4, 7, 3).unwrap();
+
+        let check = |g: &Layer<Extension>| {
+            assert_eq!(g.nodes().num_nodes(), 2);
+
+            let node = g.nodes().node(3);
+            let node_entry = node.as_ref();
+            let actual: Vec<_> = node_entry.edge_additions(0).iter_t().collect();
+            assert_eq!(actual, vec![4]);
+        };
+
+        check(&g);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_one_edge_par() {
+        let edges = vec![(2, 2)];
+        check_edges(edges, 2, true);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiple_edges_par() {
+        let edges = vec![(2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3)];
+        check_edges(edges, 2, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiple_edges_par_x2() {
+        let edges = vec![(2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3)];
+        check_edges(edges, 2, true);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn some_edges() {
+        let edges = vec![(1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)];
+        check_edges(edges, 89, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn node_temporal_props() {
+        let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let g = Layer::new(Some(graph_dir.path()), Extension::new(32, 32));
+        g.add_node_props::<String>(1, 0, 0, vec![])
+            .expect("Failed to add node props");
+        g.add_node_props::<String>(2, 0, 0, vec![])
+            .expect("Failed to add node props");
+        g.add_node_props::<String>(3, 0, 0, vec![])
+            .expect("Failed to add node props");
+        g.add_node_props::<String>(4, 0, 0, vec![])
+            .expect("Failed to add node props");
+        g.add_node_props::<String>(8, 0, 0, vec![])
+            .expect("Failed to add node props");
+
+        let node = g.nodes().node(0);
+
+        let edge_ts = node.as_ref().edge_additions(0);
+        assert!(edge_ts.iter_t().collect::<Vec<_>>().is_empty());
+        let node_ts = node.as_ref().node_additions(0);
+        assert_eq!(node_ts.iter_t().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 8]);
+
+        let edge_ts = edge_ts.range_t(1..8);
+        assert!(edge_ts.iter_t().collect::<Vec<_>>().is_empty());
+        let node_ts = node_ts.range_t(1..8);
+        assert_eq!(node_ts.iter_t().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_edge_with_props() {
+        let edges = make_edges(1, 1);
+        proptest!(|(edges in edges, node_page_len in 1u32..100, edge_page_len in 1u32 .. 100)|{
+            check_graph_with_props(node_page_len, edge_page_len, &edges);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_edge_with_decimal() {
+        let edges = vec![(
+            VID(0),
+            VID(0),
+            0,
+            vec![
+                (
+                    "957".to_owned(),
+                    Prop::DTime(DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(0).unwrap()),
+                ),
+                ("920".to_owned(), Prop::I32(0)),
+            ],
+            vec![
+                ("920".to_owned(), Prop::I32(0)),
+                (
+                    "957".to_owned(),
+                    Prop::DTime(DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(0).unwrap()),
+                ),
+            ],
+            Some("b"),
+        )];
+        check_graph_with_props(89, 1, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_edge_with_time_props_and_decimal() {
+        let edges: Vec<AddEdge> = vec![(
+            VID(0),
+            VID(0),
+            0,
+            vec![
+                (
+                    "767".to_owned(),
+                    Prop::DTime(DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(-2208988800000).unwrap()),
+                ),
+                ("123".to_owned(), Prop::Decimal(123425879.into())),
+            ],
+            vec![
+                (
+                    "140".to_owned(),
+                    Prop::NDTime(
+                        DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(-2208988800001)
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .naive_utc(),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("321".to_owned(), Prop::Decimal(7654321.into())),
+            ],
+            Some("b"),
+        )];
+
+        check_graph_with_props(31, 50, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_node_with_props() {
+        let nodes = make_nodes(1);
+        proptest!(|(nodes in nodes, node_page_len in 1u32..100, edge_page_len in 1u32 .. 100)|{
+            check_graph_with_nodes(node_page_len, edge_page_len, &nodes);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_node_with_props() {
+        let nodes = make_nodes(20);
+        proptest!(|(nodes in nodes, node_page_len in 1u32..100, edge_page_len in 1u32 .. 100)|{
+            check_graph_with_nodes(node_page_len, edge_page_len, &nodes);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_14() {
+        let node_fixture = NodeFixture {
+            temp_props: vec![
+                (VID(0), 0, vec![]),
+                (VID(1), 1, vec![]),
+                (VID(0), 2, vec![]),
+            ],
+            const_props: vec![(VID(0), vec![])],
+        };
+
+        check_graph_with_nodes(13, 13, &node_fixture);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_node_with_props_4() {
+        let node_fixture = NodeFixture {
+            temp_props: vec![(VID(0), 0, vec![])],
+            const_props: vec![(
+                VID(0),
+                vec![
+                    ("399".to_owned(), Prop::I64(498)),
+                    ("831".to_owned(), Prop::str("898")),
+                    ("857".to_owned(), Prop::F64(2.56)),
+                    (
+                        "296".to_owned(),
+                        Prop::NDTime(DateTime::from_timestamp(1334043671, 0).unwrap().naive_utc()),
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        "92".to_owned(),
+                        Prop::DTime(DateTime::from_timestamp(994032315, 0).unwrap()),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )],
+        };
+
+        check_graph_with_nodes(90, 60, &node_fixture);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_node_with_props_3() {
+        let node_fixture = NodeFixture {
+            temp_props: vec![
+                (VID(0), 0, vec![]),
+                (VID(0), 0, vec![]),
+                (VID(0), 0, vec![]),
+                (VID(0), 0, vec![]),
+                (VID(0), 0, vec![]),
+                (VID(0), 0, vec![]),
+            ],
+            const_props: vec![(VID(0), vec![]), (VID(0), vec![]), (VID(0), vec![])],
+        };
+        check_graph_with_nodes(1, 1, &node_fixture);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_node_with_props_1() {
+        let node_fixture = NodeFixture {
+            temp_props: vec![(VID(0), 0, vec![])],
+            const_props: vec![
+                (VID(0), vec![]),
+                (VID(8), vec![("422".to_owned(), Prop::U8(0))]),
+                (VID(8), vec![("423".to_owned(), Prop::U8(30))]),
+            ],
+        };
+        check_graph_with_nodes(43, 94, &node_fixture);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_node_with_props_2() {
+        let node_fixture = NodeFixture {
+            temp_props: vec![(VID(0), 0, vec![])],
+            const_props: vec![
+                (
+                    VID(0),
+                    vec![
+                        ("441".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-3856368215564042936)),
+                        ("225".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-202423261.6280773)),
+                        ("290".to_owned(), Prop::str("15")),
+                        ("54".to_owned(), Prop::U8(226)),
+                        ("953".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(false)),
+                        ("771".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-6507648222238880768)),
+                        ("955".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true)),
+                        ("346".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-1.608025857001021e-308)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                (VID(1), vec![("953".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(false))]),
+                (VID(1), vec![]),
+            ],
+        };
+        check_graph_with_nodes(8, 57, &node_fixture);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_node_with_props_0() {
+        let node_fixture = NodeFixture {
+            temp_props: vec![(VID(0), 0, vec![])],
+            const_props: vec![
+                (
+                    VID(1),
+                    vec![("574".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-28802842553584714))],
+                ),
+                (
+                    VID(1),
+                    vec![
+                        ("571".to_owned(), Prop::U8(30)),
+                        ("618".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true)),
+                        ("431".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-2.7522071060615837e-76)),
+                        ("68".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-2.32248037343811e44)),
+                        ("620".to_owned(), Prop::I64(1574788428164567343)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        };
+
+        check_graph_with_nodes(85, 34, &node_fixture);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_node_with_props_1() {
+        let node_fixture = NodeFixture {
+            temp_props: vec![(
+                VID(1),
+                2,
+                vec![
+                    ("611".to_owned(), Prop::U8(25)),
+                    ("590".to_owned(), Prop::str("294")),
+                    ("63".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true)),
+                    ("789".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-245071354050338754)),
+                ],
+            )],
+            const_props: vec![(VID(1), vec![("801".to_owned(), Prop::U8(32))])],
+        };
+
+        check_graph_with_nodes(85, 34, &node_fixture);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_edge_with_props_0() {
+        let edges = vec![(
+            VID(0),
+            VID(0),
+            0,
+            vec![("1".to_owned(), Prop::str("0"))],
+            vec![],
+            Some("a"),
+        )];
+        check_graph_with_props(82, 82, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_edge_with_props_1() {
+        let edges = vec![(
+            VID(0),
+            VID(0),
+            0,
+            vec![],
+            vec![("877".to_owned(), Prop::F64(0.0))],
+            None,
+        )];
+        check_graph_with_props(82, 82, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_edge_with_props_2() {
+        let edges = vec![(
+            VID(0),
+            VID(0),
+            0,
+            vec![("0".to_owned(), Prop::str("0"))],
+            vec![("1".to_owned(), Prop::str("0"))],
+            Some("a"),
+        )];
+        check_graph_with_props(82, 82, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_one_edge_with_props_3() {
+        let edges = vec![(
+            VID(0),
+            VID(0),
+            0,
+            vec![("962".to_owned(), Prop::I64(0))],
+            vec![("324".to_owned(), Prop::U8(0))],
+            Some("a"),
+        )];
+        check_graph_with_props(98, 16, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props() {
+        let edges = make_edges(20, 20);
+        proptest!(|(edges in edges, node_page_len in 1u32..100, edge_page_len in 1u32 .. 100)|{
+            check_graph_with_props(node_page_len, edge_page_len, &edges);
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_13() {
+        for _ in 0..10 {
+            let edges = vec![
+                (
+                    VID(12),
+                    VID(3),
+                    64,
+                    vec![("659".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true))],
+                    vec![
+                        ("429".to_owned(), Prop::U8(13)),
+                        ("991".to_owned(), Prop::F64(9.431610844495756)),
+                        ("792".to_owned(), Prop::str("44")),
+                    ],
+                    Some("a"),
+                ),
+                (
+                    VID(8),
+                    VID(0),
+                    45,
+                    vec![
+                        ("374".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-3.2891291943257276)),
+                        ("659".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true)),
+                        ("649".to_owned(), Prop::U8(72)),
+                        ("877".to_owned(), Prop::F64(5.505566002056544)),
+                        ("561".to_owned(), Prop::str("289")),
+                    ],
+                    vec![
+                        ("991".to_owned(), Prop::F64(4.4758924307224585)),
+                        ("792".to_owned(), Prop::str("594")),
+                    ],
+                    None,
+                ),
+                (
+                    VID(14),
+                    VID(16),
+                    30,
+                    vec![
+                        ("374".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-2.4044297575008132)),
+                        ("561".to_owned(), Prop::str("964")),
+                    ],
+                    vec![
+                        ("899".to_owned(), Prop::F64(4.491626971132711)),
+                        ("868".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true)),
+                        ("962".to_owned(), Prop::I64(3133919197295275594)),
+                        ("840".to_owned(), Prop::str("578")),
+                    ],
+                    None,
+                ),
+            ];
+            check_graph_with_props(33, 39, &edges.into());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_11() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (
+                VID(10),
+                VID(7),
+                63,
+                vec![
+                    ("649".to_owned(), Prop::U8(54)),
+                    ("868".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(false)),
+                    ("361".to_owned(), Prop::I64(6798507933589465750)),
+                    ("561".to_owned(), Prop::str("800")),
+                ],
+                vec![("877".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-4.4595346573113036e-48))],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(7),
+                VID(3),
+                56,
+                vec![],
+                vec![
+                    ("877".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-9.826757828363747e44)),
+                    ("899".to_owned(), Prop::F64(1.6798428870674542e-256)),
+                    ("991".to_owned(), Prop::F64(2.246204753092509e144)),
+                    ("374".to_owned(), Prop::F64(1.1547300396496702e131)),
+                ],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(9),
+                VID(9),
+                28,
+                vec![],
+                vec![
+                    ("792".to_owned(), Prop::str("426")),
+                    ("877".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-1.2304916849909104e-297)),
+                    ("899".to_owned(), Prop::F64(2.8623367224991785e75)),
+                    ("840".to_owned(), Prop::str("309")),
+                    ("991".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-2.1336000912955556e-308)),
+                    ("962".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-3475626455764953092)),
+                    ("374".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-0.0)),
+                ],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(4),
+                VID(14),
+                10,
+                vec![
+                    ("868".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(false)),
+                    ("361".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-6751088942916859396)),
+                ],
+                vec![],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        check_graph_with_props(33, 69, &edges.into());
+        // check_graph_with_props::<WriteAndMerge<4>>(33, 69, &edges.into()); different problem
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_12() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (VID(13), VID(11), 47, vec![], vec![], None),
+            (
+                VID(2),
+                VID(10),
+                61,
+                vec![
+                    ("991".to_owned(), Prop::F64(1.783602448650279e-300)),
+                    ("361".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-6635533919809359722)),
+                    ("659".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(false)),
+                ],
+                vec![
+                    ("868".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(false)),
+                    ("561".to_owned(), Prop::str("443")),
+                ],
+                None,
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(16),
+                VID(7),
+                63,
+                vec![("962".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-5795311055328182913))],
+                vec![
+                    ("429".to_owned(), Prop::U8(173)),
+                    ("561".to_owned(), Prop::str("821")),
+                    ("649".to_owned(), Prop::U8(177)),
+                ],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(16),
+                VID(6),
+                56,
+                vec![
+                    ("792".to_owned(), Prop::str("551")),
+                    ("962".to_owned(), Prop::I64(123378859162979696)),
+                    ("361".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-324898360063869285)),
+                    ("659".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true)),
+                ],
+                vec![],
+                None,
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(24, 31, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    // #[test]
+    // #[ignore = "Time index entry can be overwritten"]
+    // fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_9() {
+    //     let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    //     let gs = Layer::new(graph_dir.path(), 32, 32);
+
+    //     gs.internal_add_edge(TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), 0, 0, 0, vec![("a", Prop::str("b"))])
+    //         .unwrap();
+    //     gs.internal_add_edge(TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), 0, 0, 0, vec![("c", Prop::str("d"))])
+    //         .unwrap();
+
+    //     let edge = gs.edges().edge(0);
+    //     let props = edge.as_ref().t_prop(0).iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    //     assert_eq!(props, vec![(TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), Prop::str("b")),]);
+    //     let props = edge.as_ref().t_prop(1).iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    //     assert_eq!(props, vec![(TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), Prop::str("d")),]);
+    // }
+
+    // #[test]
+    // #[ignore = "Time index entry can be overwritten"]
+    // fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_10() {
+    //     let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    //     let gs = GraphStore::<WriteAndMerge<16>>::new(graph_dir.path(), 32, 32);
+
+    //     gs.add_edge_props(TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), 0, 0, vec![("a", Prop::str("b"))], 0)
+    //         .unwrap();
+    //     gs.add_edge_props(TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), 0, 0, vec![("a", Prop::str("d"))], 0)
+    //         .unwrap();
+
+    //     let edge = gs.edges().edge(0);
+    //     let props = edge.as_ref().t_prop(0).iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    //     assert_eq!(
+    //         props,
+    //         vec![
+    //             (TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), Prop::str("b")),
+    //             (TimeIndexEntry(1, 0), Prop::str("d"))
+    //         ]
+    //     );
+    // }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_8() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (VID(7), VID(8), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(0), VID(0), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(1), VID(0), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(7), VID(8), 66, vec![], vec![], Some("b")),
+            (
+                VID(7),
+                VID(3),
+                31,
+                vec![("52".to_string(), Prop::U8(202))],
+                vec![],
+                None,
+            ),
+            (VID(4), VID(8), 40, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (
+                VID(3),
+                VID(10),
+                9,
+                vec![("52".to_string(), Prop::U8(169))],
+                vec![],
+                None,
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(13),
+                VID(4),
+                3,
+                vec![("52".to_string(), Prop::U8(72))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(2),
+                VID(4),
+                9,
+                vec![("52".to_string(), Prop::U8(131))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(2),
+                VID(1),
+                47,
+                vec![("52".to_string(), Prop::U8(55))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(14),
+                VID(3),
+                13,
+                vec![("52".to_string(), Prop::U8(70))],
+                vec![],
+                None,
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(8),
+                VID(10),
+                11,
+                vec![("52".to_string(), Prop::U8(47))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        check_graph_with_props(88, 83, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_7() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (VID(0), VID(0), 1, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(0), VID(1), 2, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(3), VID(3), 3, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (
+                VID(3),
+                VID(3),
+                4,
+                vec![("9".to_string(), Prop::I64(0))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(90, 2, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_6() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (VID(5), VID(6), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(0), VID(0), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(0), VID(1), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(1), VID(0), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(4), VID(7), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (VID(4), VID(7), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (
+                VID(5),
+                VID(6),
+                1,
+                vec![("100".to_string(), Prop::Bool(false))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(10, 19, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_5() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (VID(2), VID(0), 0, vec![], vec![], Some("a")),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(0),
+                0,
+                vec![("382".to_string(), Prop::U8(90))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(3),
+                VID(1),
+                3,
+                vec![("382".to_string(), Prop::U8(227))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (VID(2), VID(2), 18, vec![], vec![], None),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(2),
+                15,
+                vec![("195".to_string(), Prop::Bool(false))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(2),
+                12,
+                vec![
+                    ("287".to_string(), Prop::I64(-5621124784932591697)),
+                    ("382".to_string(), Prop::U8(95)),
+                ],
+                vec![],
+                None,
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(10, 10, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_3() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(0),
+                0,
+                vec![("419".to_string(), Prop::F64(6.839180078867341e80))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(0),
+                3,
+                vec![],
+                vec![("419".to_string(), Prop::F64(-0.0))],
+                None,
+            ),
+            (VID(0), VID(0), 4, Vec::new(), Vec::new(), None),
+            (VID(0), VID(0), 0, Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Some("b")),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(0),
+                4,
+                Vec::new(),
+                vec![("419".to_string(), Prop::F64(1.0562500054688134e-99))],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(43, 86, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_4() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(0),
+                2,
+                vec![("419".to_string(), Prop::F64(0.0))],
+                vec![("533".to_string(), Prop::F64(7.22))],
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(0),
+                2,
+                vec![("419".to_string(), Prop::F64(-4.522))],
+                vec![],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(5, 5, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_2() {
+        let edges: Vec<AddEdge> = vec![
+            (
+                VID(1),
+                VID(0),
+                5,
+                vec![("195".to_string(), Prop::Bool(false))],
+                Vec::new(),
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(1),
+                VID(0),
+                16,
+                vec![
+                    ("921".to_string(), Prop::U8(41)),
+                    ("195".to_string(), Prop::Bool(true)),
+                    ("287".to_string(), Prop::I64(6720004553605012498)),
+                ],
+                Vec::new(),
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(3),
+                VID(1),
+                3,
+                vec![("287".to_string(), Prop::I64(846481219119638755))],
+                Vec::new(),
+                Some("a"),
+            ),
+            (VID(2), VID(2), 18, Vec::new(), Vec::new(), None),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(2),
+                15,
+                vec![("921".to_string(), Prop::U8(109))],
+                Vec::new(),
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(2),
+                12,
+                vec![
+                    ("195".to_string(), Prop::Bool(false)),
+                    ("287".to_string(), Prop::I64(92928934764462282)),
+                ],
+                Vec::new(),
+                None,
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(10, 10, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_multiple_edges_with_props_1() {
+        let edges = vec![
+            (
+                VID(0),
+                VID(0),
+                0i64,
+                vec![("607".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(true))],
+                vec![
+                    ("688".to_owned(), Prop::str("791")),
+                    ("59".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-570315263996158600)),
+                    ("340".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-3.651023008388272e-78)),
+                ],
+                None,
+            ),
+            (
+                VID(4),
+                VID(4),
+                15,
+                vec![
+                    ("811".to_owned(), Prop::str("24")),
+                    ("607".to_owned(), Prop::Bool(false)),
+                ],
+                vec![
+                    ("59".to_owned(), Prop::I64(4022071530038561966)),
+                    ("340".to_owned(), Prop::F64(-4.79337077061449e-296)),
+                ],
+                Some("b"),
+            ),
+        ];
+        check_graph_with_props(10, 10, &edges.into());
+    }
+
+    fn check_graph_with_nodes(node_page_len: u32, edge_page_len: u32, fixture: &NodeFixture) {
+        check_graph_with_nodes_support(fixture, false, |path| {
+            Layer::new(Some(path), Extension::new(node_page_len, edge_page_len))
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn check_graph_with_props(node_page_len: u32, edge_page_len: u32, fixture: &Fixture) {
+        check_graph_with_props_support(fixture, false, |path| {
+            Layer::new(Some(path), Extension::new(node_page_len, edge_page_len))
+        });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/node_page/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/node_page/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3baa81782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/node_page/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod writer;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/node_page/writer.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/node_page/writer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fec7b2ced8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/node_page/writer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS, api::nodes::NodeSegmentOps, error::StorageError, pages::layer_counter::GraphStats,
+    segments::node::segment::MemNodeSegment,
+};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
+    EID, GID, VID,
+    properties::{
+        meta::{NODE_ID_IDX, NODE_TYPE_IDX},
+        prop::Prop,
+    },
+};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{ELID, GidRef},
+    storage::timeindex::AsTime,
+};
+use std::ops::DerefMut;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NodeWriter<'a, MP: DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment> + 'a, NS: NodeSegmentOps> {
+    pub page: &'a NS,
+    pub mut_segment: MP,
+    pub l_counter: &'a GraphStats,
+}
+
+impl<'a, MP: DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment> + 'a, NS: NodeSegmentOps> NodeWriter<'a, MP, NS> {
+    pub fn new(page: &'a NS, global_num_nodes: &'a GraphStats, writer: MP) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            page,
+            mut_segment: writer,
+            l_counter: global_num_nodes,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_outbound_edge<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: Option<T>,
+        src_pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        self.add_outbound_edge_inner(t, src_pos, dst, e_id, lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_static_outbound_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        src_pos: LocalPOS,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<EID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        self.add_outbound_edge_inner::<i64>(None, src_pos, dst, e_id.with_layer(0), lsn);
+    }
+
+    fn add_outbound_edge_inner<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: Option<T>,
+        src_pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let src_pos = src_pos.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+        if let Some(t) = t {
+            self.l_counter.update_time(t.t());
+        }
+
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        let layer_id = e_id.layer();
+        let (is_new_node, add) = self
+            .mut_segment
+            .add_outbound_edge(t, src_pos, dst, e_id, lsn);
+        self.page.increment_est_size(add);
+
+        if is_new_node && !self.page.check_node(src_pos, layer_id) {
+            self.l_counter.increment(layer_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_inbound_edge<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: Option<T>,
+        dst_pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        self.add_inbound_edge_inner(t, dst_pos, src, e_id, lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_static_inbound_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        dst_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<EID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        self.add_inbound_edge_inner::<i64>(None, dst_pos, src, e_id.with_layer(0), lsn);
+    }
+
+    fn add_inbound_edge_inner<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: Option<T>,
+        dst_pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        let src = src.into();
+        if let Some(t) = t {
+            self.l_counter.update_time(t.t());
+        }
+        let layer = e_id.layer();
+        let dst_pos = dst_pos.into();
+        let (is_new_node, add) = self
+            .mut_segment
+            .add_inbound_edge(t, dst_pos, src, e_id, lsn);
+
+        self.page.increment_est_size(add);
+
+        if is_new_node && !self.page.check_node(dst_pos, layer) {
+            self.l_counter.increment(layer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_props<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        self.l_counter.update_time(t.t());
+        let (is_new_node, add) = self.mut_segment.add_props(t, pos, layer_id, props);
+        self.mut_segment.as_mut()[layer_id].set_lsn(lsn);
+        self.page.increment_est_size(add);
+        if is_new_node && !self.page.check_node(pos, layer_id) {
+            self.l_counter.increment(layer_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(
+        &self,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.mut_segment.check_metadata(pos, layer_id, props)
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_c_props(
+        &mut self,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let (is_new_node, add) = self.mut_segment.update_metadata(pos, layer_id, props);
+        self.mut_segment.as_mut()[layer_id].set_lsn(lsn);
+        self.page.increment_est_size(add);
+        if is_new_node && !self.page.check_node(pos, layer_id) {
+            self.l_counter.increment(layer_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_metadata(&self, pos: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        self.mut_segment.get_metadata(pos, layer_id, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_timestamp<T: AsTime>(&mut self, t: T, pos: LocalPOS, e_id: ELID, lsn: u64) {
+        self.l_counter.update_time(t.t());
+        let add = self.mut_segment.update_timestamp(t, pos, e_id, lsn);
+        self.page.increment_est_size(add);
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn get_out_edge(&self, pos: LocalPOS, dst: VID, layer_id: usize) -> Option<EID> {
+        self.page
+            .get_out_edge(pos, dst, layer_id, self.mut_segment.deref())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_inb_edge(&self, pos: LocalPOS, src: VID, layer_id: usize) -> Option<EID> {
+        self.page
+            .get_inb_edge(pos, src, layer_id, self.mut_segment.deref())
+    }
+
+    pub fn store_node_id_and_node_type(
+        &mut self,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        gid: GidRef<'_>,
+        node_type: usize,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let node_type = (node_type != 0).then_some(node_type);
+        self.update_c_props(pos, layer_id, node_info_as_props(Some(gid), node_type), lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn store_node_id(&mut self, pos: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize, gid: GID, lsn: u64) {
+        let gid = match gid {
+            GID::U64(id) => Prop::U64(id),
+            GID::Str(s) => Prop::str(s),
+        };
+        self.update_c_props(pos, layer_id, [(NODE_ID_IDX, gid)], lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_deletion_time<T: AsTime>(&mut self, t: T, node: LocalPOS, e_id: ELID, lsn: u64) {
+        self.update_timestamp(t, node, e_id, lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn increment_seg_num_nodes(&mut self) {
+        self.page
+            .increment_num_nodes(self.mut_segment.max_page_len());
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn node_info_as_props(
+    gid: Option<GidRef>,
+    node_type: Option<usize>,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, Prop)> {
+    gid.into_iter().map(|g| (NODE_ID_IDX, g.into())).chain(
+        node_type
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|nt| (NODE_TYPE_IDX, Prop::U64(nt as u64))),
+    )
+}
+
+impl<'a, MP: DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment> + 'a, NS: NodeSegmentOps> Drop
+    for NodeWriter<'a, MP, NS>
+{
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.page
+            .notify_write(self.mut_segment.deref_mut())
+            .expect("Failed to persist node page");
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum WriterPair<'a, MP: DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>, NS: NodeSegmentOps> {
+    Same {
+        writer: NodeWriter<'a, MP, NS>,
+    },
+    Different {
+        src_writer: NodeWriter<'a, MP, NS>,
+        dst_writer: NodeWriter<'a, MP, NS>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<'a, MP: DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>, NS: NodeSegmentOps> WriterPair<'a, MP, NS> {
+    pub fn get_mut_src(&mut self) -> &mut NodeWriter<'a, MP, NS> {
+        match self {
+            WriterPair::Same { writer, .. } => writer,
+            WriterPair::Different {
+                src_writer: writer_i,
+                ..
+            } => writer_i,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut_dst(&mut self) -> &mut NodeWriter<'a, MP, NS> {
+        match self {
+            WriterPair::Same { writer, .. } => writer,
+            WriterPair::Different {
+                dst_writer: writer_j,
+                ..
+            } => writer_j,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/node_store.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/node_store.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99e0e7c28f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/node_store.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+use super::{node_page::writer::NodeWriter, resolve_pos};
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::nodes::{LockedNSSegment, NodeSegmentOps},
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{
+        SegmentCounts,
+        layer_counter::GraphStats,
+        locked::nodes::{LockedNodePage, WriteLockedNodePages},
+        row_group_par_iter,
+    },
+    persist::strategy::Config,
+    segments::node::segment::MemNodeSegment,
+};
+use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::{GidType, properties::meta::Meta};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{EID, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::AsTime,
+};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    ops::Deref,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{Arc, atomic::AtomicU32},
+};
+
+// graph // (nodes|edges) // graph segments // layers // chunks
+pub const N: usize = 32;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NodeStorageInner<NS, EXT> {
+    segments: boxcar::Vec<Arc<NS>>,
+    stats: Arc<GraphStats>,
+    free_segments: Box<[RwLock<usize>; N]>,
+    nodes_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    node_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+    edge_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+    ext: EXT,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReadLockedNodeStorage<NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>, EXT> {
+    storage: Arc<NodeStorageInner<NS, EXT>>,
+    locked_segments: Box<[NS::ArcLockedSegment]>,
+}
+
+impl<NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>, EXT: Config> ReadLockedNodeStorage<NS, EXT> {
+    pub fn node_ref(
+        &self,
+        node: impl Into<VID>,
+    ) -> <<NS as NodeSegmentOps>::ArcLockedSegment as LockedNSSegment>::EntryRef<'_> {
+        let (segment_id, pos) = self.storage.resolve_pos(node);
+        let locked_segment = &self.locked_segments[segment_id];
+        locked_segment.entry_ref(pos)
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_node_ref(
+        &self,
+        node: VID,
+    ) -> Option<<<NS as NodeSegmentOps>::ArcLockedSegment as LockedNSSegment>::EntryRef<'_>> {
+        let (segment_id, pos) = self.storage.resolve_pos(node);
+        let locked_segment = &self.locked_segments.get(segment_id)?;
+        Some(locked_segment.entry_ref(pos))
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.storage.num_nodes()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<
+        Item = <<NS as NodeSegmentOps>::ArcLockedSegment as LockedNSSegment>::EntryRef<'_>,
+    > + '_ {
+        self.locked_segments
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(move |segment| segment.iter_entries())
+    }
+
+    pub fn par_iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl rayon::iter::ParallelIterator<
+        Item = <<NS as NodeSegmentOps>::ArcLockedSegment as LockedNSSegment>::EntryRef<'_>,
+    > + '_ {
+        self.locked_segments
+            .par_iter()
+            .flat_map(move |segment| segment.par_iter_entries())
+    }
+
+    pub fn row_groups_par_iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl Iterator<Item = VID> + '_)> {
+        let max_actual_seg_len = self
+            .locked_segments
+            .iter()
+            .map(|seg| seg.num_nodes())
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        row_group_par_iter(
+            self.storage.max_segment_len() as usize,
+            self.locked_segments.len(),
+            self.storage.max_segment_len(),
+            max_actual_seg_len,
+        )
+        .map(|(s_id, iter)| (s_id, iter.filter(|vid| self.has_vid(*vid))))
+    }
+
+    fn has_vid(&self, vid: VID) -> bool {
+        let (segment_id, pos) = self.storage.resolve_pos(vid);
+        segment_id < self.locked_segments.len()
+            && pos.0 < self.locked_segments[segment_id].num_nodes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<NS: Send + Sync, EXT: Config> NodeStorageInner<NS, EXT> {
+    pub fn prop_meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        &self.node_meta
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.stats.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_nodes(&self) -> usize {
+        self.stats.get(0)
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: this should be called by the high level APIs on layer filter
+    pub fn layer_num_nodes(&self, layer_id: usize) -> usize {
+        self.stats.get(layer_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn stats(&self) -> &Arc<GraphStats> {
+        &self.stats
+    }
+
+    pub fn segments(&self) -> &boxcar::Vec<Arc<NS>> {
+        &self.segments
+    }
+
+    fn segments_par_iter(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = &NS> {
+        let len = self.segments.count();
+        (0..len)
+            .into_par_iter()
+            .filter_map(|idx| self.segments.get(idx).map(|seg| seg.deref()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn nodes_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.nodes_path.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the position of the chunk and the position within the chunk
+    pub fn resolve_pos(&self, i: impl Into<VID>) -> (usize, LocalPOS) {
+        resolve_pos(i.into(), self.max_segment_len())
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_segment_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.ext.max_node_page_len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>, EXT: Config> NodeStorageInner<NS, EXT> {
+    pub fn new_with_meta(
+        nodes_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+        node_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        edge_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        ext: EXT,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let free_segments = (0..N).map(RwLock::new).collect::<Box<[_]>>();
+        let empty = Self {
+            segments: boxcar::Vec::new(),
+            stats: GraphStats::new().into(),
+            free_segments: free_segments.try_into().unwrap(),
+            nodes_path,
+            node_meta,
+            edge_meta,
+            ext,
+        };
+        let layer_mapper = empty.node_meta.layer_meta();
+        let prop_mapper = empty.node_meta.temporal_prop_mapper();
+        let metadata_mapper = empty.node_meta.metadata_mapper();
+        if layer_mapper.num_fields() > 0
+            || prop_mapper.num_fields() > 0
+            || metadata_mapper.num_fields() > 0
+        {
+            let segment = empty.get_or_create_segment(0);
+            let mut head = segment.head_mut();
+            if prop_mapper.num_fields() > 0 {
+                head.get_or_create_layer(0)
+                    .properties_mut()
+                    .set_has_properties()
+            }
+            segment.mark_dirty();
+        }
+        empty
+    }
+
+    pub fn locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> ReadLockedNodeStorage<NS, EXT> {
+        let locked_segments = self
+            .segments
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, segment)| segment.locked())
+            .collect::<Box<_>>();
+        ReadLockedNodeStorage {
+            storage: self.clone(),
+            locked_segments,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_locked<'a>(&'a self) -> WriteLockedNodePages<'a, NS> {
+        WriteLockedNodePages::new(
+            self.segments
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(page_id, page)| {
+                    LockedNodePage::new(
+                        page_id,
+                        &self.stats,
+                        self.max_segment_len(),
+                        page.as_ref(),
+                        page.head_mut(),
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserve_vid(&self, row: usize) -> VID {
+        let (seg, pos) = self.reserve_free_pos(row);
+        pos.as_vid(seg, self.max_segment_len())
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserve_free_pos(&self, row: usize) -> (usize, LocalPOS) {
+        let slot_idx = row % N;
+        let maybe_free_page = {
+            let lock_slot = self.free_segments[slot_idx].read_recursive();
+            let page_id = *lock_slot;
+            let page = self.segments.get(page_id);
+            page.and_then(|page| {
+                self.reserve_segment_row(page)
+                    .map(|pos| (page.segment_id(), LocalPOS(pos)))
+            })
+        };
+
+        if let Some(reserved_pos) = maybe_free_page {
+            reserved_pos
+        } else {
+            // not lucky, go wait on your slot
+            let mut slot = self.free_segments[slot_idx].write();
+            loop {
+                if let Some(page) = self.segments.get(*slot)
+                    && let Some(pos) = self.reserve_segment_row(page)
+                {
+                    return (page.segment_id(), LocalPOS(pos));
+                }
+                *slot = self.push_new_segment();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reserve_segment_row(&self, segment: &Arc<NS>) -> Option<u32> {
+        // TODO: if this becomes a hotspot, we can switch to a fetch_add followed by a fetch_min
+        // this means when we read the counter we need to clamp it to max_page_len so the iterators don't break
+        increment_and_clamp(segment.nodes_counter(), self.max_segment_len())
+    }
+
+    fn push_new_segment(&self) -> usize {
+        let segment_id = self.segments.push_with(|segment_id| {
+            Arc::new(NS::new(
+                segment_id,
+                self.node_meta.clone(),
+                self.edge_meta.clone(),
+                self.nodes_path.clone(),
+                self.ext.clone(),
+            ))
+        });
+
+        while self.segments.get(segment_id).is_none() {
+            std::thread::yield_now();
+        }
+
+        segment_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn node<'a>(&'a self, node: impl Into<VID>) -> NS::Entry<'a> {
+        let (page_id, pos) = self.resolve_pos(node);
+        let node_page = self
+            .segments
+            .get(page_id)
+            .expect("Internal error: page not found");
+        node_page.entry(pos)
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_node(&self, node: VID) -> Option<NS::Entry<'_>> {
+        let (page_id, pos) = self.resolve_pos(node);
+        let node_page = self.segments.get(page_id)?;
+        Some(node_page.entry(pos))
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn writer<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        segment_id: usize,
+    ) -> NodeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>, NS> {
+        let segment = self.get_or_create_segment(segment_id);
+        let head = segment.head_mut();
+        NodeWriter::new(segment, &self.stats, head)
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_writer<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        segment_id: usize,
+    ) -> Option<NodeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>, NS>> {
+        let segment = &self.segments[segment_id];
+        let head = segment.try_head_mut()?;
+        Some(NodeWriter::new(segment, &self.stats, head))
+    }
+
+    pub fn id_type(&self) -> Option<GidType> {
+        self.node_meta
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .d_types()
+            .first()
+            .and_then(|dtype| GidType::from_prop_type(dtype))
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(
+        nodes_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        edge_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        ext: EXT,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let nodes_path = nodes_path.as_ref();
+        let max_page_len = ext.max_node_page_len();
+        let node_meta = Arc::new(Meta::new_for_nodes());
+
+        if !nodes_path.exists() {
+            return Ok(Self::new_with_meta(
+                Some(nodes_path.to_path_buf()),
+                node_meta,
+                edge_meta,
+                ext.clone(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let mut pages = std::fs::read_dir(nodes_path)?
+            .filter(|entry| {
+                entry
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .ok()
+                    .and_then(|entry| entry.file_type().ok().map(|ft| ft.is_dir()))
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+            })
+            .filter_map(|entry| {
+                let entry = entry.ok()?;
+                let page_id = entry
+                    .path()
+                    .file_stem()
+                    .and_then(|name| name.to_str().and_then(|name| name.parse::<usize>().ok()))?;
+                let page = NS::load(
+                    page_id,
+                    node_meta.clone(),
+                    edge_meta.clone(),
+                    nodes_path,
+                    ext.clone(),
+                )
+                .map(|page| (page_id, page));
+                Some(page)
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<HashMap<_, _>, _>>()?;
+
+        if pages.is_empty() {
+            return Err(StorageError::EmptyGraphDir(nodes_path.to_path_buf()));
+        }
+
+        let max_page = Iterator::max(pages.keys().copied()).unwrap();
+
+        let pages = (0..=max_page)
+            .map(|page_id| {
+                let np = pages.remove(&page_id).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    NS::new(
+                        page_id,
+                        node_meta.clone(),
+                        edge_meta.clone(),
+                        Some(nodes_path.to_path_buf()),
+                        ext.clone(),
+                    )
+                });
+                Arc::new(np)
+            })
+            .collect::<boxcar::Vec<_>>();
+
+        let first_page = pages.iter().next().unwrap().1;
+        let first_p_id = first_page.segment_id();
+
+        if first_p_id != 0 {
+            return Err(StorageError::GenericFailure(format!(
+                "First page id is not 0 in {nodes_path:?}"
+            )));
+        }
+
+        let mut layer_counts = vec![];
+
+        for (_, page) in pages.iter() {
+            for layer_id in 0..page.num_layers() {
+                let count = page.layer_count(layer_id) as usize;
+                if layer_counts.len() <= layer_id {
+                    layer_counts.resize(layer_id + 1, 0);
+                }
+                layer_counts[layer_id] += count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let earliest = pages
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, page)| page.earliest().filter(|t| t.t() != i64::MAX))
+            .map(|t| t.t())
+            .min()
+            .unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
+
+        let latest = pages
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, page)| page.latest().filter(|t| t.t() != i64::MIN))
+            .map(|t| t.t())
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(i64::MIN);
+
+        let mut free_pages = pages
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, page)| {
+                let len = page.num_nodes();
+                if len < max_page_len {
+                    Some(RwLock::new(page.segment_id()))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let mut next_free_page = free_pages
+            .last()
+            .map(|page| *(page.read()))
+            .map(|last| last + 1)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| pages.count());
+
+        free_pages.resize_with(N, || {
+            let lock = RwLock::new(next_free_page);
+            next_free_page += 1;
+            lock
+        });
+
+        let stats = GraphStats::load(layer_counts, earliest, latest);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            segments: pages,
+            free_segments: free_pages.try_into().unwrap(),
+            nodes_path: Some(nodes_path.to_path_buf()),
+            stats: stats.into(),
+            node_meta,
+            edge_meta,
+            ext,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_edge(&self, src: VID, dst: VID, layer_id: usize) -> Option<EID> {
+        let (src_chunk, src_pos) = self.resolve_pos(src);
+        if src_chunk >= self.segments.count() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let src_page = &self.segments[src_chunk];
+        src_page.get_out_edge(src_pos, dst, layer_id, src_page.head())
+    }
+
+    pub fn grow(&self, new_len: usize) {
+        self.get_or_create_segment(new_len - 1);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_or_create_segment(&self, segment_id: usize) -> &Arc<NS> {
+        if let Some(segment) = self.segments.get(segment_id) {
+            return segment;
+        }
+        let count = self.segments.count();
+        if count > segment_id {
+            // something has allocated the segment, wait for it to be added
+            loop {
+                if let Some(segment) = self.segments.get(segment_id) {
+                    return segment;
+                } else {
+                    // wait for the segment to be created
+                    std::thread::yield_now();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // we need to create the segment
+            self.segments.reserve(segment_id + 1 - count);
+
+            loop {
+                let new_segment_id = self.segments.push_with(|segment_id| {
+                    Arc::new(NS::new(
+                        segment_id,
+                        self.node_meta.clone(),
+                        self.edge_meta.clone(),
+                        self.nodes_path.clone(),
+                        self.ext.clone(),
+                    ))
+                });
+
+                if new_segment_id >= segment_id {
+                    loop {
+                        if let Some(segment) = self.segments.get(segment_id) {
+                            return segment;
+                        } else {
+                            // wait for the segment to be created
+                            std::thread::yield_now();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn segment_counts(&self) -> SegmentCounts<VID> {
+        SegmentCounts::new(
+            self.max_segment_len(),
+            self.segments().iter().map(|(_, seg)| seg.num_nodes()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.segments_par_iter().try_for_each(|seg| seg.flush())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn increment_and_clamp(counter: &AtomicU32, max_segment_len: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+    counter
+        .fetch_update(
+            std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed,
+            std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed,
+            |current| {
+                if current < max_segment_len {
+                    Some(current + 1)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            },
+        )
+        .ok()
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/session.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/session.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a13aa130b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/session.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+use super::{
+    GraphStore, edge_page::writer::EdgeWriter, node_page::writer::WriterPair, resolve_pos,
+};
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::{edges::EdgeSegmentOps, graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps, nodes::NodeSegmentOps},
+    persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy,
+    segments::{edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment, node::segment::MemNodeSegment},
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
+use raphtory_api::core::{entities::properties::prop::Prop, storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{EID, ELID, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::AsTime,
+};
+
+pub struct WriteSession<
+    'a,
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+> {
+    node_writers: WriterPair<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>, NS>,
+    edge_writer: Option<EdgeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>, ES>>,
+    graph: &'a GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>,
+}
+
+impl<
+    'a,
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+> WriteSession<'a, NS, ES, GS, EXT>
+{
+    pub fn new(
+        node_writers: WriterPair<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>, NS>,
+        edge_writer: Option<EdgeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>, ES>>,
+        graph: &'a GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            node_writers,
+            edge_writer,
+            graph,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_node_pos(&self, vid: impl Into<VID>) -> LocalPOS {
+        self.graph.nodes().resolve_pos(vid.into()).1
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_edge_into_layer<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        edge: MaybeNew<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+        let e_id = edge.inner();
+        let layer = e_id.layer();
+
+        // assert!(layer > 0, "Edge must be in a layer greater than 0");
+
+        let (_, src_pos) = self.graph.nodes().resolve_pos(src);
+        let (_, dst_pos) = self.graph.nodes().resolve_pos(dst);
+
+        if let Some(writer) = self.edge_writer.as_mut() {
+            let edge_max_page_len = writer.writer.get_or_create_layer(layer).max_page_len();
+            let (_, edge_pos) = resolve_pos(e_id.edge, edge_max_page_len);
+
+            writer.add_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, props, layer, lsn);
+        } else {
+            let mut writer = self.graph.edge_writer(e_id.edge);
+            let edge_max_page_len = writer.writer.get_or_create_layer(layer).max_page_len();
+            let (_, edge_pos) = resolve_pos(e_id.edge, edge_max_page_len);
+
+            writer.add_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, props, layer, lsn);
+            self.edge_writer = Some(writer); // Attach edge_writer to hold onto locks
+        }
+
+        let edge_id = edge.inner();
+
+        if edge.is_new()
+            || self
+                .node_writers
+                .get_mut_src()
+                .get_out_edge(src_pos, dst, edge_id.layer())
+                .is_none()
+        {
+            self.node_writers
+                .get_mut_src()
+                .add_outbound_edge(Some(t), src_pos, dst, edge_id, lsn);
+            self.node_writers
+                .get_mut_dst()
+                .add_inbound_edge(Some(t), dst_pos, src, edge_id, lsn);
+        }
+
+        self.node_writers
+            .get_mut_src()
+            .update_timestamp(t, src_pos, e_id, lsn);
+        self.node_writers
+            .get_mut_dst()
+            .update_timestamp(t, dst_pos, e_id, lsn);
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete_edge_from_layer<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        edge: MaybeNew<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+        let e_id = edge.inner();
+        let layer = e_id.layer();
+
+        // assert!(layer > 0, "Edge must be in a layer greater than 0");
+
+        let (_, src_pos) = self.graph.nodes().resolve_pos(src);
+        let (_, dst_pos) = self.graph.nodes().resolve_pos(dst);
+
+        if let Some(writer) = self.edge_writer.as_mut() {
+            let edge_max_page_len = writer.writer.get_or_create_layer(layer).max_page_len();
+            let (_, edge_pos) = resolve_pos(e_id.edge, edge_max_page_len);
+
+            writer.delete_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer, lsn);
+        } else {
+            let mut writer = self.graph.edge_writer(e_id.edge);
+            let edge_max_page_len = writer.writer.get_or_create_layer(layer).max_page_len();
+            let (_, edge_pos) = resolve_pos(e_id.edge, edge_max_page_len);
+
+            writer.delete_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer, lsn);
+            self.edge_writer = Some(writer); // Attach edge_writer to hold onto locks
+        }
+
+        let edge_id = edge.inner();
+
+        if edge_id.layer() > 0 {
+            if edge.is_new()
+                || self
+                    .node_writers
+                    .get_mut_src()
+                    .get_out_edge(src_pos, dst, edge_id.layer())
+                    .is_none()
+            {
+                self.node_writers.get_mut_src().add_outbound_edge(
+                    Some(t),
+                    src_pos,
+                    dst,
+                    edge_id,
+                    lsn,
+                );
+                self.node_writers.get_mut_dst().add_inbound_edge(
+                    Some(t),
+                    dst_pos,
+                    src,
+                    edge_id,
+                    lsn,
+                );
+            }
+
+            self.node_writers
+                .get_mut_src()
+                .update_deletion_time(t, src_pos, e_id, lsn);
+            self.node_writers
+                .get_mut_dst()
+                .update_deletion_time(t, dst_pos, e_id, lsn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_static_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<EID> {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+        let layer_id = 0; // static graph goes to layer 0
+
+        let (_, src_pos) = self.graph.nodes().resolve_pos(src);
+        let (_, dst_pos) = self.graph.nodes().resolve_pos(dst);
+
+        if let Some(e_id) = self
+            .node_writers
+            .get_mut_src()
+            .get_out_edge(src_pos, dst, layer_id)
+        {
+            // If edge_writer is not set, we need to create a new one
+            if self.edge_writer.is_none() {
+                self.edge_writer = Some(self.graph.edge_writer(e_id));
+            }
+            let edge_writer = self.edge_writer.as_mut().unwrap();
+            let (_, edge_pos) = self.graph.edges().resolve_pos(e_id);
+
+            edge_writer.add_static_edge(Some(edge_pos), src, dst, lsn, true);
+
+            MaybeNew::Existing(e_id)
+        } else {
+            let mut edge_writer = self.graph.get_free_writer();
+            let edge_id = edge_writer.add_static_edge(None, src, dst, lsn, false);
+            let edge_id =
+                edge_id.as_eid(edge_writer.segment_id(), self.graph.edges().max_page_len());
+
+            self.edge_writer = Some(edge_writer); // Attach edge_writer to hold onto locks
+
+            self.node_writers
+                .get_mut_src()
+                .add_static_outbound_edge(src_pos, dst, edge_id, lsn);
+            self.node_writers
+                .get_mut_dst()
+                .add_static_inbound_edge(dst_pos, src, edge_id, lsn);
+
+            MaybeNew::New(edge_id)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_writers(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> &mut WriterPair<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>, NS> {
+        &mut self.node_writers
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/checkers.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/checkers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4527e492f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/checkers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{ELID, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps,
+};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    hint::black_box,
+    path::Path,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    api::{
+        edges::{EdgeEntryOps, EdgeRefOps, EdgeSegmentOps},
+        graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps,
+        nodes::{NodeEntryOps, NodeRefOps, NodeSegmentOps},
+    },
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::GraphStore,
+    persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy,
+};
+
+use super::fixtures::{AddEdge, Fixture, NodeFixture};
+
+pub fn make_graph_from_edges<
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+>(
+    edges: &[(VID, VID, Option<usize>)], // src, dst, optional layer_id
+    graph_dir: &Path,
+    par_load: bool,
+    make_graph: impl FnOnce(&Path) -> GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>,
+) -> GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT> {
+    let graph = make_graph(graph_dir);
+    for (_, _, layer) in edges {
+        if let Some(layer) = layer {
+            for layer in 0..=*layer {
+                let name = layer.to_string();
+                graph
+                    .edge_meta()
+                    .get_or_create_layer_id(Some(name.as_ref()));
+                graph
+                    .node_meta()
+                    .get_or_create_layer_id(Some(name.as_ref()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if par_load {
+        edges
+            .par_iter()
+            .try_for_each(|(src, dst, layer_id)| {
+                let lsn = 0;
+                let timestamp = 0;
+
+                let layer_id = layer_id.unwrap_or(0);
+                let mut session = graph.write_session(*src, *dst, None);
+                let eid = session.add_static_edge(*src, *dst, lsn);
+                let elid = eid.map(|eid| eid.with_layer(layer_id));
+                session.add_edge_into_layer(timestamp, *src, *dst, elid, lsn, []);
+
+                Ok::<_, StorageError>(())
+            })
+            .expect("Failed to add edge");
+    } else {
+        edges
+            .iter()
+            .try_for_each(|(src, dst, layer_id)| {
+                let lsn = 0;
+                let timestamp = 0;
+
+                let layer_id = layer_id.unwrap_or(0);
+
+                let mut session = graph.write_session(*src, *dst, None);
+                let eid = session.add_static_edge(*src, *dst, lsn);
+                let elid = eid.map(|e| e.with_layer(layer_id));
+                session.add_edge_into_layer(timestamp, *src, *dst, elid, lsn, []);
+
+                Ok::<_, StorageError>(())
+            })
+            .expect("Failed to add edge");
+    }
+    graph
+}
+
+pub fn check_edges_support<
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+>(
+    edges: Vec<(impl Into<VID>, impl Into<VID>, Option<usize>)>, // src, dst, optional layer_id
+    par_load: bool,
+    check_load: bool,
+    make_graph: impl FnOnce(&Path) -> GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>,
+) {
+    let mut edges = edges
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(src, dst, layer_id)| (src.into(), dst.into(), layer_id))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let graph = make_graph_from_edges(&edges, graph_dir.path(), par_load, make_graph);
+
+    let mut nodes = HashSet::new();
+
+    for (src, dst, _) in &edges {
+        nodes.insert(*src);
+        nodes.insert(*dst);
+    }
+
+    let actual_num_nodes = graph.nodes().num_nodes() as usize;
+    assert_eq!(actual_num_nodes, nodes.len());
+
+    edges.sort_unstable();
+
+    fn check<
+        NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+        ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+        GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+        EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+    >(
+        stage: &str,
+        expected_edges: &[(VID, VID, Option<usize>)], // (src, dst, layer_id)
+        graph: &GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>,
+    ) {
+        let nodes = graph.nodes();
+        let edges = graph.edges();
+
+        if !expected_edges.is_empty() {
+            assert!(nodes.segments().count() > 0, "{stage}");
+        }
+
+        // Group edges by layer_id first
+        let mut edges_by_layer: HashMap<usize, Vec<(VID, VID)>> = HashMap::new();
+        for (src, dst, layer_id) in expected_edges {
+            edges_by_layer
+                .entry(layer_id.unwrap_or(0)) // Default layer_id to 0
+                .or_default()
+                .push((*src, *dst));
+        }
+
+        // For each layer, build the expected graph structure
+        for (layer_id, layer_edges) in edges_by_layer {
+            let mut expected_graph: HashMap<VID, (Vec<VID>, Vec<VID>)> = layer_edges
+                .iter()
+                .chunk_by(|(src, _)| *src)
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(src, edges)| {
+                    let mut out: Vec<_> = edges.map(|(_, dst)| *dst).collect();
+                    out.sort_unstable();
+                    out.dedup();
+                    (src, (out, vec![]))
+                })
+                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+
+            let mut edges_sorted_by_dest = layer_edges.clone();
+            edges_sorted_by_dest.sort_unstable_by_key(|(_, dst)| *dst);
+
+            // now inbounds
+            edges_sorted_by_dest
+                .iter()
+                .chunk_by(|(_, dst)| *dst)
+                .into_iter()
+                .for_each(|(dst, edges)| {
+                    let mut edges: Vec<_> = edges.map(|(src, _)| *src).collect();
+                    edges.sort_unstable();
+                    edges.dedup();
+                    let (_, inb) = expected_graph.entry(dst).or_default();
+                    *inb = edges;
+                });
+
+            for (n, (exp_out, exp_inb)) in expected_graph {
+                let entry = nodes.node(n);
+
+                let adj = entry.as_ref();
+                let out_nbrs: Vec<_> = adj.out_nbrs_sorted(layer_id).collect();
+                assert_eq!(out_nbrs, exp_out, "{stage} node: {n:?} layer: {layer_id}");
+
+                let in_nbrs: Vec<_> = adj.inb_nbrs_sorted(layer_id).collect();
+                assert_eq!(in_nbrs, exp_inb, "{stage} node: {n:?} layer: {layer_id}");
+
+                for (exp_dst, eid) in adj.out_edges(layer_id) {
+                    let elid = ELID::new(eid, layer_id);
+                    let (src, dst) = edges.get_edge(elid).unwrap();
+
+                    assert_eq!(src, n, "{stage} layer: {layer_id}");
+                    assert_eq!(dst, exp_dst, "{stage} layer: {layer_id}");
+                }
+
+                for (exp_src, eid) in adj.inb_edges(layer_id) {
+                    let elid = ELID::new(eid, layer_id);
+                    let (src, dst) = edges.get_edge(elid).unwrap();
+
+                    assert_eq!(src, exp_src, "{stage} layer: {layer_id}");
+                    assert_eq!(dst, n, "{stage} layer: {layer_id}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    check("pre-drop", &edges, &graph);
+
+    if check_load {
+        drop(graph);
+
+        let maybe_ns = GraphStore::<NS, ES, GS, EXT>::load(graph_dir.path());
+
+        match maybe_ns {
+            Ok(graph) => {
+                check("post-drop", &edges, &graph);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                panic!("Failed to load graph: {e:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn check_graph_with_nodes_support<
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+>(
+    fixture: &NodeFixture,
+    check_load: bool,
+    make_graph: impl FnOnce(&Path) -> GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>,
+) {
+    let NodeFixture {
+        temp_props,
+        const_props,
+    } = fixture;
+
+    let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let graph = make_graph(graph_dir.path());
+    let layer_id = 0;
+
+    for (node, t, t_props) in temp_props {
+        let err = graph.add_node_props(*t, *node, layer_id, t_props.clone());
+
+        assert!(err.is_ok(), "Failed to add node: {err:?}");
+    }
+
+    for (node, const_props) in const_props {
+        let err = graph.update_node_const_props(*node, layer_id, const_props.clone());
+
+        assert!(err.is_ok(), "Failed to add node: {err:?}");
+    }
+
+    let check_fn = |temp_props: &[(VID, i64, Vec<(String, Prop)>)],
+                    const_props: &[(VID, Vec<(String, Prop)>)],
+                    graph: &GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>| {
+        let mut ts_for_nodes = HashMap::new();
+        for (node, t, _) in temp_props {
+            ts_for_nodes.entry(*node).or_insert_with(Vec::new).push(*t);
+        }
+        ts_for_nodes.iter_mut().for_each(|(_, ts)| {
+            ts.sort_unstable();
+        });
+
+        for (node, ts_expected) in ts_for_nodes {
+            let ne = graph.nodes().node(node);
+            let node_entry = ne.as_ref();
+            let actual: Vec<_> = node_entry
+                .edge_additions(layer_id)
+                .iter_t()
+                .merge(node_entry.node_additions(layer_id).iter_t())
+                .collect();
+            assert_eq!(
+                actual, ts_expected,
+                "Expected node additions for node ({node:?})",
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut const_props_values = HashMap::new();
+        for (node, const_props) in const_props {
+            let node = *node;
+            for (name, prop) in const_props {
+                const_props_values
+                    .entry((node, name))
+                    .or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
+                    .insert(prop.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for ((node, name), const_props) in const_props_values {
+            let ne = graph.nodes().node(node);
+            let node_entry = ne.as_ref();
+
+            let prop_id = graph
+                .node_meta()
+                .metadata_mapper()
+                .get_id(name)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to get prop id for {name}"));
+            let actual_props = node_entry.c_prop(layer_id, prop_id);
+
+            if !const_props.is_empty() {
+                let actual_prop = actual_props
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to get prop {name} for {node:?}"));
+                assert!(
+                    const_props.iter().any(|c_prop| c_prop == &actual_prop),
+                    "failed to get const prop {name} for {node:?}, expected {const_props:?}, got {actual_prop:?}"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut nod_t_prop_groups = HashMap::new();
+        for (node, t, t_props) in temp_props {
+            let node = *node;
+            let t = *t;
+
+            for (prop_name, prop) in t_props {
+                let prop_values = nod_t_prop_groups
+                    .entry((node, prop_name))
+                    .or_insert_with(Vec::new);
+                prop_values.push((t, prop.clone()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        nod_t_prop_groups.iter_mut().for_each(|(_, props)| {
+            props.sort_unstable_by_key(|(t, _)| *t);
+        });
+
+        for ((node, prop_name), props) in nod_t_prop_groups {
+            let prop_id = graph
+                .node_meta()
+                .temporal_prop_mapper()
+                .get_id(prop_name)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to get prop id for {prop_name}"));
+
+            let ne = graph.nodes().node(node);
+            let node_entry = ne.as_ref();
+            let actual_props = node_entry
+                .temporal_prop_layer(layer_id, prop_id)
+                .iter_t()
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                actual_props, props,
+                "Expected temporal properties for node ({node:?}) to be {props:?}, but got {actual_props:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+    check_fn(temp_props, const_props, &graph);
+
+    if check_load {
+        drop(graph);
+        let graph = GraphStore::<NS, ES, GS, EXT>::load(graph_dir.path()).unwrap();
+        check_fn(temp_props, const_props, &graph);
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn check_graph_with_props_support<
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS, ES = ES, GS = GS>,
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+>(
+    fixture: &Fixture,
+    check_load: bool,
+    make_graph: impl FnOnce(&Path) -> GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>,
+) {
+    let Fixture { edges, const_props } = fixture;
+    let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let graph = make_graph(graph_dir.path());
+
+    // Add edges
+    for (src, dst, t, t_props, _, _) in edges {
+        let err = graph.add_edge_props(*t, *src, *dst, t_props.clone(), 0);
+
+        black_box(assert!(err.is_ok(), "Failed to add edge: {err:?}"));
+    }
+
+    // Add const props
+    for ((src, dst), const_props) in const_props {
+        let layer_id = 0;
+        let eid = graph
+            .nodes()
+            .get_edge(*src, *dst, layer_id)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to get edge ({src:?}, {dst:?}) from graph"));
+        let elid = ELID::new(eid, layer_id);
+        let res = graph.update_edge_const_props(elid, const_props.clone());
+
+        black_box(assert!(
+            res.is_ok(),
+            "Failed to update edge const props: {res:?} {src:?} -> {dst:?}"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    black_box(assert!(graph.edges().num_edges() > 0));
+
+    let check_fn = |edges: &[AddEdge], graph: &GraphStore<NS, ES, GS, EXT>| {
+        let mut edge_groups = HashMap::new();
+        let mut node_groups: HashMap<VID, Vec<i64>> = HashMap::new();
+
+        // Group temporal edge props and their timestamps
+        for (src, dst, t, t_props, _, _) in edges {
+            let src = *src;
+            let dst = *dst;
+            let t = *t;
+
+            for (prop_name, prop) in t_props {
+                let prop_values = edge_groups
+                    .entry((src, dst, prop_name))
+                    .or_insert_with(Vec::new);
+                prop_values.push((t, prop.clone()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        edge_groups.iter_mut().for_each(|(_, props)| {
+            props.sort_by_key(|(t, _)| *t);
+        });
+
+        // Group node additions and their timestamps
+        for (src, dst, t, _, _, _) in edges {
+            let src = *src;
+            let dst = *dst;
+            let t = *t;
+
+            // Include src additions
+            node_groups.entry(src).or_default().push(t);
+
+            // Self-edges don't have dst additions, so skip
+            if src == dst {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Include dst additions
+            node_groups.entry(dst).or_default().push(t);
+        }
+
+        node_groups.iter_mut().for_each(|(_, ts)| {
+            ts.sort();
+        });
+
+        for ((src, dst, prop_name), props) in edge_groups {
+            // Check temporal props
+            let prop_id = graph
+                .edge_meta()
+                .temporal_prop_mapper()
+                .get_id(prop_name)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to get prop id for {prop_name}"));
+
+            let edge = graph
+                .nodes()
+                .get_edge(src, dst, 0)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to get edge ({src:?}, {dst:?}) from graph"));
+            let edge = graph.edges().edge(edge);
+            let e = edge.as_ref();
+            let layer_id = 0;
+            let actual_props = e
+                .layer_t_prop(layer_id, prop_id)
+                .iter_t()
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                actual_props, props,
+                "Expected properties for edge ({src:?}, {dst:?}) to be {props:?}, but got {actual_props:?}"
+            );
+
+            // Check const props
+            if let Some(exp_const_props) = const_props.get(&(src, dst)) {
+                for (name, prop) in exp_const_props {
+                    let prop_id = graph
+                        .edge_meta()
+                        .metadata_mapper()
+                        .get_id(name)
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to get prop id for {name}"));
+                    let actual_props = e.c_prop(layer_id, prop_id);
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        actual_props.as_ref(),
+                        Some(prop),
+                        "Expected const properties for edge ({src:?}, {dst:?}) to be {prop:?}, but got {actual_props:?}"
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check node additions and their timestamps
+        for (node_id, ts) in node_groups {
+            let node = graph.nodes().node(node_id);
+            let node_entry = node.as_ref();
+
+            let actual_additions_ts = node_entry
+                .edge_additions(0)
+                .iter_t()
+                .merge(node_entry.node_additions(0).iter_t())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                actual_additions_ts, ts,
+                "Expected node additions for node ({node_id:?}) to be {ts:?}, but got {actual_additions_ts:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+    black_box(check_fn(edges, &graph));
+
+    if check_load {
+        // Load the graph from disk and check again
+        drop(graph);
+
+        let graph = GraphStore::<NS, ES, GS, EXT>::load(graph_dir.path()).unwrap();
+        black_box(check_fn(edges, &graph));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/fixtures.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/fixtures.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cefdcd19ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/fixtures.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+use proptest::{collection, prelude::*};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
+use raphtory_core::entities::VID;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, ops::Range};
+
+use super::props::{make_props, prop_type};
+
+pub type AddEdge = (
+    VID,
+    VID,
+    i64,
+    Vec<(String, Prop)>,
+    Vec<(String, Prop)>,
+    Option<&'static str>,
+);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NodeFixture {
+    pub temp_props: Vec<(VID, i64, Vec<(String, Prop)>)>,
+    pub const_props: Vec<(VID, Vec<(String, Prop)>)>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Fixture {
+    pub edges: Vec<AddEdge>,
+    pub const_props: HashMap<(VID, VID), Vec<(String, Prop)>>,
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<AddEdge>> for Fixture {
+    fn from(edges: Vec<AddEdge>) -> Self {
+        let mut const_props = HashMap::new();
+        for (src, dst, _, _, c_props, _) in &edges {
+            for (k, v) in c_props {
+                const_props
+                    .entry((*src, *dst))
+                    .or_insert_with(|| vec![])
+                    .push((k.clone(), v.clone()));
+            }
+        }
+        const_props.iter_mut().for_each(|(_, v)| {
+            v.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
+            v.dedup_by(|a, b| a.0 == b.0);
+        });
+        Self { edges, const_props }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn make_edges(num_edges: usize, num_nodes: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = Fixture> {
+    assert!(num_edges > 0);
+    assert!(num_nodes > 0);
+    (1..=num_edges, 1..=num_nodes)
+        .prop_flat_map(|(len, num_nodes)| build_raw_edges(len, num_nodes))
+        .prop_map(|edges| edges.into())
+}
+
+pub type PropsFixture = (Vec<(i64, Vec<(String, Prop)>)>, Vec<(String, Prop)>);
+
+pub fn make_props_strat(num_props: Range<usize>) -> impl Strategy<Value = PropsFixture> {
+    let schema = proptest::collection::hash_map(
+        (0i32..10).prop_map(|i| i.to_string()),
+        prop_type(),
+        num_props.clone(),
+    );
+
+    schema.prop_flat_map(move |schema| {
+        let (t_props, c_props) = make_props(&schema);
+        let temp_props = proptest::collection::vec((0i64..1000, t_props), num_props.clone());
+
+        temp_props.prop_flat_map(move |temp_props| {
+            c_props
+                .clone()
+                .prop_map(move |const_props| (temp_props.clone(), const_props))
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn make_nodes(num_nodes: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = NodeFixture> {
+    assert!(num_nodes > 0);
+    let schema =
+        proptest::collection::hash_map((0i32..10).prop_map(|i| i.to_string()), prop_type(), 0..30);
+
+    schema.prop_flat_map(move |schema| {
+        let (t_props, c_props) = make_props(&schema);
+        let temp_props = proptest::collection::vec(
+            ((0..num_nodes).prop_map(VID), 0i64..1000, t_props),
+            1..=num_nodes,
+        );
+
+        let const_props =
+            proptest::collection::vec(((0..num_nodes).prop_map(VID), c_props), 1..=num_nodes);
+
+        let const_props = const_props.prop_map(|mut nodes_with_const| {
+            nodes_with_const.sort_by(|(vid, _), (vid2, _)| vid.cmp(vid2));
+            nodes_with_const
+                .chunk_by(|(vid, _), (vid2, _)| *vid == *vid2)
+                .map(|stuff| {
+                    let props = stuff
+                        .iter()
+                        .flat_map(|(_, values)| values.clone())
+                        .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+                    let vid = stuff[0].0;
+                    (vid, props.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+                })
+                .collect()
+        });
+
+        (temp_props, const_props).prop_map(|(temp_props, const_props)| NodeFixture {
+            temp_props,
+            const_props,
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn edges_strat(size: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<(VID, VID)>> {
+    (1..=size).prop_flat_map(|num_nodes| {
+        let num_edges = 0..(num_nodes * num_nodes);
+        let srcs = (0usize..num_nodes).prop_map(VID);
+        let dsts = (0usize..num_nodes).prop_map(VID);
+        num_edges.prop_flat_map(move |num_edges| {
+            collection::vec((srcs.clone(), dsts.clone()), num_edges)
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn edges_strat_with_layers(
+    size: usize,
+) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<(VID, VID, Option<usize>)>> {
+    const MAX_LAYERS: usize = 16;
+
+    (1..=size).prop_flat_map(|num_nodes| {
+        let num_edges = 0..(num_nodes * num_nodes);
+        let srcs = (0usize..num_nodes).prop_map(VID);
+        let dsts = (0usize..num_nodes).prop_map(VID);
+        let layer_ids = (1usize..MAX_LAYERS).prop_map(Some);
+
+        num_edges.prop_flat_map(move |num_edges| {
+            collection::vec((srcs.clone(), dsts.clone(), layer_ids.clone()), num_edges)
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+pub type EdgeValues = (
+    VID,
+    VID,
+    i64,
+    Vec<(String, Prop)>,
+    Vec<(String, Prop)>,
+    Option<&'static str>,
+);
+
+pub fn build_raw_edges(len: usize, num_nodes: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<EdgeValues>> {
+    proptest::collection::hash_map((0i32..1000).prop_map(|i| i.to_string()), prop_type(), 0..20)
+        .prop_flat_map(move |schema| {
+            let (t_props, c_props) = make_props(&schema);
+
+            proptest::collection::vec(
+                (
+                    (0..num_nodes).prop_map(VID),
+                    (0..num_nodes).prop_map(VID),
+                    0i64..(num_nodes as i64 * 5),
+                    t_props,
+                    c_props,
+                    proptest::sample::select(vec![Some("a"), Some("b"), None]),
+                ),
+                1..=len,
+            )
+        })
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7690f415af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod checkers;
+mod fixtures;
+mod props;
+
+pub use checkers::*;
+pub use fixtures::*;
+pub use props::*;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/props.rs b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/props.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51153167a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/pages/test_utils/props.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
+use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, Utc};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::{DECIMAL_MAX, Prop, PropArray, PropType};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+pub fn prop_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = PropType> {
+    let leaf = proptest::sample::select(&[
+        PropType::Str,
+        PropType::I64,
+        PropType::F64,
+        PropType::F32,
+        PropType::I32,
+        PropType::U8,
+        PropType::Bool,
+        PropType::DTime,
+        PropType::NDTime,
+        PropType::Decimal { scale: 7 }, // decimal breaks the tests because of polars-parquet
+    ]);
+
+    leaf.prop_recursive(3, 10, 10, |inner| {
+        let keys = (0..1_000_000).prop_map(|i| format!("k_{i}"));
+        let dict =
+            proptest::collection::hash_map(keys, inner.clone(), 1..10).prop_map(PropType::map);
+        let list = inner
+            .clone()
+            .prop_map(|p_type| PropType::List(Box::new(p_type)));
+        prop_oneof![inner, list, dict]
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn make_props(
+    schema: &HashMap<String, PropType>,
+) -> (
+    BoxedStrategy<Vec<(String, Prop)>>,
+    BoxedStrategy<Vec<(String, Prop)>>,
+) {
+    let mut iter = schema.iter();
+
+    // split in half, one temporal one constant
+    let t_prop_s = (&mut iter)
+        .take(schema.len() / 2)
+        .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone()))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let c_prop_s = iter
+        .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone()))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let num_tprops = t_prop_s.len();
+    let num_cprops = c_prop_s.len();
+
+    let t_props = proptest::sample::subsequence(t_prop_s, 0..=num_tprops).prop_flat_map(|schema| {
+        schema
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| prop(&v).prop_map(move |prop| (k.clone(), prop)))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    });
+    let c_props = proptest::sample::subsequence(c_prop_s, 0..=num_cprops).prop_flat_map(|schema| {
+        schema
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| prop(&v).prop_map(move |prop| (k.clone(), prop)))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    });
+    (t_props.boxed(), c_props.boxed())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn prop(p_type: &PropType) -> impl Strategy<Value = Prop> + use<> {
+    match p_type {
+        PropType::Str => (0i32..1000).prop_map(|s| Prop::str(s.to_string())).boxed(),
+        PropType::I64 => any::<i64>().prop_map(Prop::I64).boxed(),
+        PropType::I32 => any::<i32>().prop_map(Prop::I32).boxed(),
+        PropType::F64 => any::<f64>().prop_map(Prop::F64).boxed(),
+        PropType::F32 => any::<f32>().prop_map(Prop::F32).boxed(),
+        PropType::U8 => any::<u8>().prop_map(Prop::U8).boxed(),
+        PropType::Bool => any::<bool>().prop_map(Prop::Bool).boxed(),
+        PropType::DTime => (1900..2024, 1..=12, 1..28, 0..24, 0..60, 0..60)
+            .prop_map(|(year, month, day, h, m, s)| {
+                Prop::DTime(
+                    format!(
+                        "{:04}-{:02}-{:02}T{:02}:{:02}:{:02}Z",
+                        year, month, day, h, m, s
+                    )
+                    .parse::<DateTime<Utc>>()
+                    .unwrap(),
+                )
+            })
+            .boxed(),
+        PropType::NDTime => (1970..2024, 1..=12, 1..28, 0..24, 0..60, 0..60)
+            .prop_map(|(year, month, day, h, m, s)| {
+                // 2015-09-18T23:56:04
+                Prop::NDTime(
+                    format!(
+                        "{:04}-{:02}-{:02}T{:02}:{:02}:{:02}",
+                        year, month, day, h, m, s
+                    )
+                    .parse::<NaiveDateTime>()
+                    .unwrap(),
+                )
+            })
+            .boxed(),
+        // TODO: empty lists are a type nightmare
+        PropType::List(p_type) => proptest::collection::vec(prop(p_type), 1..10)
+            .prop_map(|props| Prop::List(PropArray::Vec(props.into())))
+            .boxed(),
+        PropType::Map(p_types) => {
+            let prop_types: Vec<BoxedStrategy<(String, Prop)>> = p_types
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(a, b)| (a.clone(), b.clone()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(name, p_type)| {
+                    prop(&p_type)
+                        .prop_map(move |prop| (name.clone(), prop.clone()))
+                        .boxed()
+                })
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            let props = proptest::sample::select(prop_types).prop_flat_map(|prop| prop);
+
+            proptest::collection::vec(props, 1..10)
+                .prop_map(Prop::map)
+                .boxed()
+        }
+        PropType::Decimal { scale } => {
+            let scale = *scale;
+            let dec_max = DECIMAL_MAX;
+            ((scale as i128)..dec_max)
+                .prop_map(move |int| Prop::Decimal(BigDecimal::new(int.into(), scale)))
+                .boxed()
+        }
+        pt => {
+            panic!("Unsupported prop type: {:?}", pt);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/persist/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/persist/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54eb972285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/persist/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod strategy;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/persist/strategy.rs b/db4-storage/src/persist/strategy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0bca7c9b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/persist/strategy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+use std::ops::DerefMut;
+
+use crate::{
+    api::{edges::EdgeSegmentOps, graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps, nodes::NodeSegmentOps},
+    segments::{
+        edge::segment::{EdgeSegmentView, MemEdgeSegment},
+        graph_prop::{GraphPropSegmentView, segment::MemGraphPropSegment},
+        node::segment::{MemNodeSegment, NodeSegmentView},
+    },
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+pub const DEFAULT_MAX_PAGE_LEN_NODES: u32 = 131_072; // 2^17
+pub const DEFAULT_MAX_PAGE_LEN_EDGES: u32 = 1_048_576; // 2^20
+pub const DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_BYTES: usize = 32 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+pub trait Config:
+    Default + std::fmt::Debug + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static + for<'a> Deserialize<'a> + Serialize
+{
+    fn max_node_page_len(&self) -> u32;
+    fn max_edge_page_len(&self) -> u32;
+
+    fn max_memory_bytes(&self) -> usize;
+    fn is_parallel(&self) -> bool;
+    fn node_types(&self) -> &[String];
+    fn with_node_types(&self, types: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>) -> Self;
+}
+
+pub trait PersistentStrategy: Config {
+    type NS: NodeSegmentOps;
+    type ES: EdgeSegmentOps;
+    type GS: GraphPropSegmentOps;
+
+    fn persist_node_segment<MP: DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>>(
+        &self,
+        node_page: &Self::NS,
+        writer: MP,
+    ) where
+        Self: Sized;
+
+    fn persist_edge_page<MP: DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment>>(
+        &self,
+        edge_page: &Self::ES,
+        writer: MP,
+    ) where
+        Self: Sized;
+
+    fn persist_graph_props<MP: DerefMut<Target = MemGraphPropSegment>>(
+        &self,
+        graph_segment: &Self::GS,
+        writer: MP,
+    ) where
+        Self: Sized;
+
+    /// Indicate whether the strategy persists to disk or not.
+    fn disk_storage_enabled() -> bool;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct NoOpStrategy {
+    max_node_page_len: u32,
+    max_edge_page_len: u32,
+}
+
+impl NoOpStrategy {
+    pub fn new(max_node_page_len: u32, max_edge_page_len: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            max_node_page_len,
+            max_edge_page_len,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for NoOpStrategy {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(DEFAULT_MAX_PAGE_LEN_NODES, DEFAULT_MAX_PAGE_LEN_EDGES)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Config for NoOpStrategy {
+    fn max_node_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_node_page_len
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn max_edge_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_edge_page_len
+    }
+
+    fn max_memory_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        usize::MAX
+    }
+
+    fn is_parallel(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn node_types(&self) -> &[String] {
+        &[]
+    }
+
+    fn with_node_types(&self, _types: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl PersistentStrategy for NoOpStrategy {
+    type ES = EdgeSegmentView<Self>;
+    type NS = NodeSegmentView<Self>;
+    type GS = GraphPropSegmentView<Self>;
+
+    fn persist_node_segment<MP: DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>>(
+        &self,
+        _node_page: &Self::NS,
+        _writer: MP,
+    ) {
+        // No operation
+    }
+
+    fn persist_edge_page<MP: DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment>>(
+        &self,
+        _edge_page: &Self::ES,
+        _writer: MP,
+    ) {
+        // No operation
+    }
+
+    fn persist_graph_props<MP: DerefMut<Target = MemGraphPropSegment>>(
+        &self,
+        _graph_segment: &Self::GS,
+        _writer: MP,
+    ) {
+        // No operation
+    }
+
+    fn disk_storage_enabled() -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/properties/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/properties/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1e2076411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/properties/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+use crate::error::StorageError;
+use arrow_array::{
+    ArrayRef, BooleanArray, Decimal128Array, Float32Array, Float64Array, Int32Array, Int64Array,
+    StringViewArray, TimestampMillisecondArray, UInt8Array, UInt16Array, UInt32Array, UInt64Array,
+};
+use arrow_schema::DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION;
+use bigdecimal::ToPrimitive;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{
+    meta::PropMapper,
+    prop::{
+        Prop, PropType, SerdeArrowList, SerdeArrowMap, arrow_dtype_from_prop_type,
+        list_array_from_props, struct_array_from_props,
+    },
+};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{
+        ELID,
+        properties::{props::MetadataError, tcell::TCell, tprop::TPropCell},
+    },
+    storage::{PropColumn, TColumns, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
+};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub mod props_meta_writer;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct Properties {
+    c_properties: Vec<PropColumn>,
+
+    additions: Vec<TCell<ELID>>,
+    deletions: Vec<TCell<ELID>>,
+    times_from_props: Vec<TCell<Option<usize>>>,
+
+    t_properties: TColumns,
+    earliest: Option<TimeIndexEntry>,
+    latest: Option<TimeIndexEntry>,
+    has_additions: bool,
+    has_properties: bool,
+    has_deletions: bool,
+    pub additions_count: usize,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct PropMutEntry<'a> {
+    row: usize,
+    properties: &'a mut Properties,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PropEntry<'a> {
+    row: usize,
+    properties: &'a Properties,
+}
+
+impl Properties {
+    pub fn est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.t_properties.len() + self.c_properties.len()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_mut_entry(&mut self, row: usize) -> PropMutEntry<'_> {
+        PropMutEntry {
+            row,
+            properties: self,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_entry(&self, row: usize) -> PropEntry<'_> {
+        PropEntry {
+            row,
+            properties: self,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.earliest
+    }
+
+    pub fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.latest
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_column(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&PropColumn> {
+        self.t_properties.get(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_column_mut(&mut self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&mut PropColumn> {
+        self.t_properties.get_mut(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn c_column(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&PropColumn> {
+        self.c_properties.get(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_t_columns(&self) -> usize {
+        self.t_properties.num_columns()
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_c_columns(&self) -> usize {
+        self.c_properties.len()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn additions(&self, row: usize) -> Option<&TCell<ELID>> {
+        self.additions.get(row)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn deletions(&self, row: usize) -> Option<&TCell<ELID>> {
+        self.deletions.get(row)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn times_from_props(&self, row: usize) -> Option<&TCell<Option<usize>>> {
+        self.times_from_props.get(row)
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_properties(&self) -> bool {
+        self.has_properties
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_has_properties(&mut self) {
+        self.has_properties = true
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_additions(&self) -> bool {
+        self.has_additions
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_deletions(&self) -> bool {
+        self.has_deletions
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn column_as_array(
+        &self,
+        column: &PropColumn,
+        col_id: usize,
+        meta: &PropMapper,
+        indices: impl Iterator<Item = usize>,
+    ) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
+        match column {
+            PropColumn::Empty(_) => None,
+            PropColumn::U32(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(UInt32Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::Bool(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(BooleanArray::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::U8(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(UInt8Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::U16(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(UInt16Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::U64(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(UInt64Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::I32(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(Int32Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::I64(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(Int64Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::F32(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(Float32Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::F64(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(Float64Array::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied()),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::Str(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(StringViewArray::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).map(|str| str.as_ref())),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::DTime(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(
+                TimestampMillisecondArray::from_iter(
+                    indices.map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i).copied().map(|dt| dt.timestamp_millis())),
+                )
+                .with_timezone("UTC"),
+            )),
+            PropColumn::NDTime(lazy_vec) => Some(Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from_iter(
+                indices.map(|i| {
+                    lazy_vec
+                        .get_opt(i)
+                        .copied()
+                        .map(|dt| dt.and_utc().timestamp_millis())
+                }),
+            ))),
+            PropColumn::Decimal(lazy_vec) => {
+                let scale = meta
+                    .get_dtype(col_id)
+                    .and_then(|dtype| match dtype {
+                        PropType::Decimal { scale } => Some(scale as i8),
+                        _ => None,
+                    })
+                    .unwrap();
+                Some(Arc::new(
+                    Decimal128Array::from_iter(indices.map(|i| {
+                        lazy_vec.get_opt(i).and_then(|bd| {
+                            let (num, _) = bd.as_bigint_and_scale();
+                            num.to_i128()
+                        })
+                    }))
+                    .with_precision_and_scale(DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION, scale)
+                    .unwrap(),
+                ))
+            }
+            PropColumn::Map(lazy_vec) => {
+                let dt = meta
+                    .get_dtype(col_id)
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(arrow_dtype_from_prop_type)?;
+                let array_iter = indices
+                    .map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i))
+                    .map(|e| e.map(|m| SerdeArrowMap(m)));
+
+                let struct_array = struct_array_from_props(&dt, array_iter).ok()?;
+
+                Some(Arc::new(struct_array))
+            }
+            PropColumn::List(lazy_vec) => {
+                let dt = meta
+                    .get_dtype(col_id)
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(arrow_dtype_from_prop_type)
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                let array_iter = indices
+                    .map(|i| lazy_vec.get_opt(i))
+                    .map(|opt_list| opt_list.map(SerdeArrowList));
+
+                let list_array = list_array_from_props(&dt, array_iter).ok()?;
+
+                Some(Arc::new(list_array))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn take_t_column(
+        &self,
+        col_id: usize,
+        meta: &PropMapper,
+        indices: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = usize>,
+    ) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
+        let column = self.t_properties.get(col_id)?;
+        self.column_as_array(column, col_id, meta, indices)
+    }
+
+    pub fn take_c_column(
+        &self,
+        col: usize,
+        meta: &PropMapper,
+        indices: impl Iterator<Item = usize>,
+    ) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
+        let column = self.c_properties.get(col)?;
+        self.column_as_array(column, col, meta, indices)
+    }
+
+    fn update_earliest_latest(&mut self, t: TimeIndexEntry) {
+        self.additions_count += 1;
+        let earliest = self.earliest.get_or_insert(t);
+        if t < *earliest {
+            *earliest = t;
+        }
+        let latest = self.latest.get_or_insert(t);
+        if t > *latest {
+            *latest = t;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.t_properties.len()
+    }
+
+    // pub(crate) fn t_properties_mut(&mut self) -> &mut TColumns {
+    //     &mut self.t_properties
+    // }
+
+    // pub(crate) fn reset_t_len(&mut self) {
+    //     self.t_properties.reset_len();
+    // }
+}
+
+impl<'a> PropMutEntry<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn append_t_props(
+        &mut self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) {
+        let t_prop_row = if let Some(t_prop_row) = self
+            .properties
+            .t_properties
+            .push(props)
+            .expect("Internal error: properties should be validated at this point")
+        {
+            t_prop_row
+        } else {
+            self.properties.t_properties.push_null()
+        };
+
+        self.ensure_times_from_props();
+        self.set_time(t, t_prop_row);
+
+        self.properties.has_properties = true;
+        self.properties.update_earliest_latest(t);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_times_from_props(&mut self) {
+        if self.properties.times_from_props.len() <= self.row {
+            self.properties
+                .times_from_props
+                .resize_with(self.row + 1, Default::default);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_time(&mut self, t: TimeIndexEntry, t_prop_row: usize) {
+        let prop_timestamps = &mut self.properties.times_from_props[self.row];
+        prop_timestamps.set(t, Some(t_prop_row));
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn addition_timestamp(&mut self, t: TimeIndexEntry, edge_id: ELID) {
+        if self.properties.additions.len() <= self.row {
+            self.properties
+                .additions
+                .resize_with(self.row + 1, Default::default);
+        }
+
+        self.properties.has_additions = true;
+        let prop_timestamps = &mut self.properties.additions[self.row];
+        prop_timestamps.set(t, edge_id);
+
+        self.properties.update_earliest_latest(t);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn deletion_timestamp(&mut self, t: TimeIndexEntry, edge_id: Option<ELID>) {
+        if self.properties.deletions.len() <= self.row {
+            self.properties
+                .deletions
+                .resize_with(self.row + 1, Default::default);
+        }
+
+        self.properties.has_deletions = true;
+
+        let prop_timestamps = &mut self.properties.deletions[self.row];
+        prop_timestamps.set(t, edge_id.unwrap_or_default());
+        self.properties.update_earliest_latest(t);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn append_const_props(&mut self, props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>) {
+        for (prop_id, prop) in props {
+            if self.properties.c_properties.len() <= prop_id {
+                self.properties
+                    .c_properties
+                    .resize_with(prop_id + 1, Default::default);
+            }
+            let const_props = &mut self.properties.c_properties[prop_id];
+            // property types should have been validated before!
+            const_props.upsert(self.row, prop.clone()).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> PropEntry<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<TPropCell<'a>> {
+        let t_cell = self.t_cell();
+        Some(TPropCell::new(t_cell, self.properties.t_column(prop_id)))
+    }
+
+    pub fn metadata(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        self.properties.c_column(prop_id)?.get(self.row)
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(self, prop_id: usize, new_val: &Prop) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        if let Some(col) = self.properties.c_column(prop_id) {
+            col.check(self.row, new_val)
+                .map_err(Into::<MetadataError>::into)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_cell(self) -> &'a TCell<Option<usize>> {
+        self.properties
+            .times_from_props(self.row)
+            .unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty)
+    }
+
+    pub fn additions(self) -> &'a TCell<ELID> {
+        self.properties.additions(self.row).unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty)
+    }
+
+    pub fn deletions(self) -> &'a TCell<ELID> {
+        self.properties.deletions(self.row).unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/properties/props_meta_writer.rs b/db4-storage/src/properties/props_meta_writer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c20634287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/properties/props_meta_writer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+use either::Either;
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::properties::{
+        meta::{LockedPropMapper, Meta, PropMapper},
+        prop::{Prop, unify_types},
+    },
+    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
+};
+
+use crate::error::StorageError;
+
+// TODO: Rename constant props to metadata
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum PropType {
+    Temporal,
+    Constant,
+}
+
+pub enum PropsMetaWriter<'a, PN: AsRef<str>> {
+    Change {
+        props: Vec<PropEntry<'a, PN>>,
+        mapper: LockedPropMapper<'a>,
+        meta: &'a Meta,
+    },
+    NoChange {
+        props: Vec<(PN, usize, Prop)>,
+    },
+}
+
+pub enum PropEntry<'a, PN: AsRef<str> + 'a> {
+    Change {
+        name: PN,
+        prop_id: Option<usize>,
+        prop: Prop,
+        _phantom: &'a (),
+    },
+    NoChange(PN, usize, Prop),
+}
+
+impl<'a, PN: AsRef<str>> PropsMetaWriter<'a, PN> {
+    pub fn temporal(
+        meta: &'a Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        Self::new(meta, meta.temporal_prop_mapper(), props)
+    }
+
+    pub fn constant(
+        meta: &'a Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        Self::new(meta, meta.metadata_mapper(), props)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(
+        meta: &'a Meta,
+        prop_mapper: &'a PropMapper,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        let locked_meta = prop_mapper.locked();
+
+        let mut in_props = props
+            .size_hint()
+            .1
+            .map(Vec::with_capacity)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let mut no_type_changes = true;
+
+        // See if any type unification is required while merging props
+        for (prop_name, prop) in props {
+            let dtype = prop.dtype();
+            let outcome @ (_, _, type_check) = locked_meta
+                .fast_proptype_check(prop_name.as_ref(), dtype)
+                .map(|outcome| (prop_name, prop, outcome))?;
+            let nothing_to_do = type_check.map(|x| x.is_right()).unwrap_or_default();
+
+            no_type_changes &= nothing_to_do;
+            in_props.push(outcome);
+        }
+
+        // If no type changes are required, we can just return the existing prop ids
+        if no_type_changes {
+            let props = in_props
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(|(prop_name, prop, _)| {
+                    locked_meta
+                        .get_id(prop_name.as_ref())
+                        .map(|id| (prop_name, id, prop))
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            return Ok(Self::NoChange { props });
+        }
+
+        let mut props = vec![];
+
+        for (prop_name, prop, outcome) in in_props {
+            props.push(Self::as_prop_entry(prop_name, prop, outcome));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self::Change {
+            props,
+            mapper: locked_meta,
+            meta,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn as_prop_entry(
+        prop_name: PN,
+        prop: Prop,
+        outcome: Option<Either<usize, usize>>,
+    ) -> PropEntry<'a, PN> {
+        match outcome {
+            Some(Either::Right(prop_id)) => PropEntry::NoChange(prop_name, prop_id, prop),
+            Some(Either::Left(prop_id)) => PropEntry::Change {
+                name: prop_name,
+                prop_id: Some(prop_id),
+                prop,
+                _phantom: &(),
+            },
+            None => {
+                // prop id doesn't exist so we grab the entry
+                PropEntry::Change {
+                    name: prop_name,
+                    prop_id: None,
+                    prop,
+                    _phantom: &(),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_props_temporal(self) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, StorageError> {
+        self.into_props_inner(PropType::Temporal)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns temporal prop names, prop ids and prop values, along with their MaybeNew status.
+    pub fn into_props_temporal_with_status(
+        self,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, StorageError> {
+        self.into_props_inner_with_status(PropType::Temporal)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_props_const(self) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, StorageError> {
+        self.into_props_inner(PropType::Constant)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns constant prop names, prop ids and prop values, along with their MaybeNew status.
+    pub fn into_props_const_with_status(
+        self,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, StorageError> {
+        self.into_props_inner_with_status(PropType::Constant)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_props_inner(self, prop_type: PropType) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, StorageError> {
+        self.into_props_inner_with_status(prop_type).map(|props| {
+            props
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|maybe_new| {
+                    let (_, prop_id, prop) = maybe_new.inner();
+                    (prop_id, prop)
+                })
+                .collect()
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_props_inner_with_status(
+        self,
+        prop_type: PropType,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, StorageError> {
+        match self {
+            Self::NoChange { props } => Ok(props
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(prop_name, prop_id, prop)| MaybeNew::Existing((prop_name, prop_id, prop)))
+                .collect()),
+            Self::Change {
+                props,
+                mapper,
+                meta,
+            } => {
+                let mut prop_with_ids = vec![];
+
+                drop(mapper);
+
+                let mut mapper = match prop_type {
+                    PropType::Temporal => meta.temporal_prop_mapper().write_locked(),
+                    PropType::Constant => meta.metadata_mapper().write_locked(),
+                };
+
+                // Revalidate prop types
+                let props = props
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|entry| match entry {
+                        PropEntry::NoChange(name, _, prop) => {
+                            let new_entry = mapper
+                                .fast_proptype_check(name.as_ref(), prop.dtype())
+                                .map(|outcome| Self::as_prop_entry(name, prop, outcome))?;
+
+                            Ok(new_entry)
+                        }
+                        PropEntry::Change { name, prop, .. } => {
+                            let new_entry = mapper
+                                .fast_proptype_check(name.as_ref(), prop.dtype())
+                                .map(|outcome| Self::as_prop_entry(name, prop, outcome))?;
+
+                            Ok(new_entry)
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, StorageError>>()?;
+
+                for entry in props {
+                    match entry {
+                        PropEntry::NoChange(name, prop_id, prop) => {
+                            prop_with_ids.push(MaybeNew::Existing((name, prop_id, prop)));
+                        }
+                        PropEntry::Change {
+                            name,
+                            prop_id: Some(prop_id),
+                            prop,
+                            ..
+                        } => {
+                            // prop_id already exists, so we need to unify the types
+                            let new_prop_type = prop.dtype();
+                            let existing_type = mapper.get_dtype(prop_id).unwrap();
+                            let new_prop_type =
+                                unify_types(&new_prop_type, existing_type, &mut false)?;
+
+                            mapper.set_id_and_dtype(name.as_ref(), prop_id, new_prop_type);
+                            prop_with_ids.push(MaybeNew::Existing((name, prop_id, prop)));
+                        }
+                        PropEntry::Change { name, prop, .. } => {
+                            // prop_id doesn't exist, so we need to create a new one
+                            let new_prop_type = prop.dtype();
+                            let prop_id = mapper.new_id_and_dtype(name.as_ref(), new_prop_type);
+
+                            prop_with_ids.push(MaybeNew::New((name, prop_id, prop)));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok(prop_with_ids)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+
+    use raphtory_api::core::storage::arc_str::ArcStr;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_props_meta_writer() {
+        let meta = Meta::default();
+        let props = vec![
+            (ArcStr::from("prop1"), Prop::U32(0)),
+            (ArcStr::from("prop2"), Prop::U32(1)),
+        ];
+        let writer = PropsMetaWriter::temporal(&meta, props.into_iter()).unwrap();
+        let props = writer.into_props_temporal().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(props.len(), 2);
+
+        assert_eq!(props, vec![(0, Prop::U32(0)), (1, Prop::U32(1))]);
+
+        assert_eq!(meta.temporal_prop_mapper().keys().len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn complex_props_meta_writer() {
+        let meta = Meta::default();
+        let prop_list_map = Prop::list([Prop::map([("a", 1)]), Prop::map([("b", 2f64)])]);
+        let props = vec![("a", prop_list_map.clone())];
+
+        let writer = PropsMetaWriter::temporal(&meta, props.into_iter()).unwrap();
+        let props = writer.into_props_temporal().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(props.len(), 1);
+
+        assert_eq!(props, vec![(0, prop_list_map.clone())]);
+
+        let expected_d_type = prop_list_map.dtype();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            meta.temporal_prop_mapper().d_types().first().unwrap(),
+            &expected_d_type
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fail_typecheck() {
+        let meta = Meta::default();
+        let prop1 = Prop::U32(0);
+        let prop2 = Prop::U64(1);
+
+        let writer =
+            PropsMetaWriter::temporal(&meta, vec![(ArcStr::from("prop1"), prop1)].into_iter())
+                .unwrap();
+        let props = writer.into_props_temporal().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(props.len(), 1);
+
+        assert_eq!(meta.temporal_prop_mapper().keys().len(), 1);
+        assert!(meta.temporal_prop_mapper().get_id("prop1").is_some());
+
+        let writer =
+            PropsMetaWriter::temporal(&meta, vec![(ArcStr::from("prop1"), prop2)].into_iter());
+
+        assert!(writer.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(meta.temporal_prop_mapper().keys().len(), 1);
+        assert!(meta.temporal_prop_mapper().get_id("prop1").is_some());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/resolver/mapping_resolver.rs b/db4-storage/src/resolver/mapping_resolver.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d8f1c5ea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/resolver/mapping_resolver.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+use crate::resolver::{GIDResolverOps, StorageError};
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::{GidRef, GidType, VID},
+    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
+};
+use raphtory_core::entities::graph::logical_to_physical::Mapping;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MappingResolver {
+    mapping: Mapping,
+}
+
+impl MappingResolver {
+    pub fn mapping(&self) -> &Mapping {
+        &self.mapping
+    }
+}
+
+impl GIDResolverOps for MappingResolver {
+    fn new() -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Ok(Self {
+            mapping: Mapping::new(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn new_with_path(
+        _path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        dtype: Option<GidType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        match dtype {
+            None => Self::new(),
+            Some(dtype) => {
+                let mapping = match dtype {
+                    GidType::U64 => Mapping::new_u64(),
+                    GidType::Str => Mapping::new_str(),
+                };
+                Ok(Self { mapping })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.mapping.len()
+    }
+
+    fn dtype(&self) -> Option<GidType> {
+        self.mapping.dtype()
+    }
+
+    fn set(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.mapping.set(gid, vid)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get_or_init<NFN: FnMut() -> VID>(
+        &self,
+        gid: GidRef,
+        next_id: NFN,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, StorageError> {
+        let result = self.mapping.get_or_init(gid, next_id)?;
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_gids<'a>(
+        &self,
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(self.mapping.validate_gids(gids)?)
+    }
+
+    fn get_str(&self, gid: &str) -> Option<VID> {
+        self.mapping.get_str(gid)
+    }
+
+    fn get_u64(&self, gid: u64) -> Option<VID> {
+        self.mapping.get_u64(gid)
+    }
+
+    fn bulk_set_str<S: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = (S, VID)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        for (gid, vid) in gids {
+            self.set(gid.as_ref().into(), vid)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn bulk_set_u64(&self, gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = (u64, VID)>) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        for (gid, vid) in gids {
+            self.set(gid.into(), vid)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn iter_str(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (String, VID)> + '_ {
+        self.mapping().iter_str()
+    }
+
+    fn iter_u64(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u64, VID)> + '_ {
+        self.mapping().iter_u64()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/resolver/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/resolver/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c97460750e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/resolver/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use crate::error::StorageError;
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::{GidRef, GidType, VID},
+    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
+};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+pub mod mapping_resolver;
+
+pub trait GIDResolverOps {
+    fn new() -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+    fn new_with_path(path: impl AsRef<Path>, dtype: Option<GidType>) -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+    fn len(&self) -> usize;
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+    fn dtype(&self) -> Option<GidType>;
+    fn set(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+    fn get_or_init<NFN: FnMut() -> VID>(
+        &self,
+        gid: GidRef,
+        next_id: NFN,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, StorageError>;
+    fn validate_gids<'a>(
+        &self,
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+    fn get_str(&self, gid: &str) -> Option<VID>;
+    fn get_u64(&self, gid: u64) -> Option<VID>;
+
+    fn bulk_set_str<S: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = (S, VID)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn bulk_set_u64(&self, gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = (u64, VID)>) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn iter_str(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (String, VID)> + '_;
+
+    fn iter_u64(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u64, VID)> + '_;
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/additions.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/additions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdd178ca97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/additions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{ELID, properties::tcell::TCell},
+    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps, TimeIndexWindow},
+};
+
+use crate::{gen_ts::EdgeEventOps, utils::Iter4};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum MemAdditions<'a> {
+    Edges(&'a TCell<ELID>),
+    Props(&'a TCell<Option<usize>>),
+    WEdges(TimeIndexWindow<'a, TimeIndexEntry, TCell<ELID>>),
+    WProps(TimeIndexWindow<'a, TimeIndexEntry, TCell<Option<usize>>>),
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a TCell<ELID>> for MemAdditions<'a> {
+    fn from(edges: &'a TCell<ELID>) -> Self {
+        MemAdditions::Edges(edges)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a TCell<Option<usize>>> for MemAdditions<'a> {
+    fn from(props: &'a TCell<Option<usize>>) -> Self {
+        MemAdditions::Props(props)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> EdgeEventOps<'a> for MemAdditions<'a> {
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn edge_events(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match self {
+            MemAdditions::Edges(edges) => Iter4::I(edges.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v))),
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(TimeIndexWindow::All(ti)) => {
+                Iter4::J(ti.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v)))
+            }
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range }) => {
+                Iter4::K(timeindex.iter_window(range).map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v)))
+            }
+            _ => Iter4::L(std::iter::empty()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn edge_events_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match self {
+            MemAdditions::Edges(edges) => Iter4::I(edges.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v)).rev()),
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(TimeIndexWindow::All(ti)) => {
+                Iter4::J(ti.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v)).rev())
+            }
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range }) => {
+                Iter4::K(timeindex.iter_window(range).map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v)).rev())
+            }
+            _ => Iter4::L(std::iter::empty()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for MemAdditions<'a> {
+    type IndexType = TimeIndexEntry;
+
+    type RangeType = Self;
+
+    fn active(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            MemAdditions::Props(props) => props.active(w),
+            MemAdditions::Edges(edges) => edges.active(w),
+            MemAdditions::WProps(window) => window.active(w),
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(window) => window.active(w),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn range(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> Self::RangeType {
+        match self {
+            MemAdditions::Props(props) => MemAdditions::WProps(props.range(w)),
+            MemAdditions::Edges(edges) => MemAdditions::WEdges(edges.range(w)),
+            MemAdditions::WProps(window) => MemAdditions::WProps(window.range(w)),
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(window) => MemAdditions::WEdges(window.range(w)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match self {
+            MemAdditions::Props(props) => Iter4::I(props.iter().map(|(k, _)| *k)),
+            MemAdditions::Edges(edges) => Iter4::J(edges.iter().map(|(k, _)| *k)),
+            MemAdditions::WProps(window) => Iter4::K(window.iter()),
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(window) => Iter4::L(window.iter()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn iter_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match self {
+            MemAdditions::Props(props) => Iter4::I(props.iter_rev()),
+            MemAdditions::Edges(edges) => Iter4::J(edges.iter_rev()),
+            MemAdditions::WProps(window) => Iter4::K(window.iter_rev()),
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(window) => Iter4::L(window.iter_rev()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            MemAdditions::Props(props) => props.len(),
+            MemAdditions::Edges(edges) => edges.len(),
+            MemAdditions::WProps(window) => window.len(),
+            MemAdditions::WEdges(window) => window.len(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/entry.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/entry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7f4c1ac79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/entry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+use crate::{
+    EdgeAdditions, EdgeDeletions, EdgeTProps, LocalPOS,
+    api::edges::{EdgeEntryOps, EdgeRefOps},
+    gen_ts::{AdditionCellsRef, DeletionCellsRef, WithTimeCells},
+    generic_t_props::WithTProps,
+    segments::{additions::MemAdditions, edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment},
+};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{
+        EID, Multiple, VID,
+        properties::{tcell::TCell, tprop::TPropCell},
+    },
+    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MemEdgeEntry<'a, MES> {
+    pos: LocalPOS,
+    es: MES,
+    __marker: std::marker::PhantomData<&'a ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, MES: std::ops::Deref<Target = MemEdgeSegment>> MemEdgeEntry<'a, MES> {
+    pub fn new(pos: LocalPOS, es: MES) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pos,
+            es,
+            __marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, MES: std::ops::Deref<Target = MemEdgeSegment> + Send + Sync> EdgeEntryOps<'a>
+    for MemEdgeEntry<'a, MES>
+{
+    type Ref<'b>
+        = MemEdgeRef<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        MES: 'b;
+
+    fn as_ref<'b>(&'b self) -> Self::Ref<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+    {
+        MemEdgeRef {
+            pos: self.pos,
+            es: &self.es,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MemEdgeRef<'a> {
+    pos: LocalPOS,
+    es: &'a MemEdgeSegment,
+}
+
+impl<'a> MemEdgeRef<'a> {
+    pub fn new(pos: LocalPOS, es: &'a MemEdgeSegment) -> Self {
+        Self { pos, es }
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_layers(&self, layer_ids: &Multiple) -> bool {
+        layer_ids.iter().any(|layer_id| {
+            self.es
+                .as_ref()
+                .get(layer_id)
+                .is_some_and(|layer| layer.has_item(self.pos))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> WithTimeCells<'a> for MemEdgeRef<'a> {
+    type TimeCell = MemAdditions<'a>;
+
+    fn t_props_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.es
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .map(|layer| MemAdditions::Props(layer.times_from_props(self.pos)))
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(move |t_props| {
+                range
+                    .map(|(start, end)| t_props.range(start..end))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| t_props)
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn additions_tc(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+
+    fn deletions_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        let deletions = self
+            .es
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .map(|layer| layer.deletions(self.pos))
+            .unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty);
+        let t_cell = MemAdditions::Edges(deletions);
+        std::iter::once(
+            range
+                .map(|(start, end)| t_cell.range(start..end))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| t_cell),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.es.as_ref().len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> WithTProps<'a> for MemEdgeRef<'a> {
+    type TProp = TPropCell<'a>;
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.es.as_ref().len()
+    }
+
+    fn into_t_props(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TProp> + 'a {
+        let edge_pos = self.pos;
+        self.es
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(move |layer| layer.t_prop(edge_pos, prop_id).into_iter())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> EdgeRefOps<'a> for MemEdgeRef<'a> {
+    type Additions = EdgeAdditions<'a>;
+    type Deletions = EdgeDeletions<'a>;
+    type TProps = EdgeTProps<'a>;
+
+    fn edge(self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<(VID, VID)> {
+        self.es
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)?
+            .get(self.pos)
+            .map(|entry| (entry.src, entry.dst))
+    }
+
+    fn layer_additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> Self::Additions {
+        EdgeAdditions::new_with_layer(AdditionCellsRef::new(self), layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn layer_deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> Self::Deletions {
+        EdgeDeletions::new_with_layer(DeletionCellsRef::new(self), layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn c_prop(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        self.es.as_ref().get(layer_id)?.c_prop(self.pos, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn layer_t_prop(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Self::TProps {
+        EdgeTProps::new_with_layer(self, layer_id, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn src(&self) -> Option<VID> {
+        self.es.as_ref()[0].get(self.pos).map(|entry| entry.src)
+    }
+
+    fn dst(&self) -> Option<VID> {
+        self.es.as_ref()[0].get(self.pos).map(|entry| entry.dst)
+    }
+
+    fn edge_id(&self) -> EID {
+        let segment_id = self.es.as_ref()[0].segment_id();
+        let max_page_len = self.es.as_ref()[0].max_page_len();
+        self.pos.as_eid(segment_id, max_page_len)
+    }
+
+    fn internal_num_layers(self) -> usize {
+        self.es.as_ref().len()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0b743bd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod entry;
+pub mod segment;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/segment.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/segment.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce44b584d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/edge/segment.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::edges::{EdgeSegmentOps, LockedESegment},
+    error::StorageError,
+    persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy,
+    properties::PropMutEntry,
+    segments::{
+        HasRow, SegmentContainer,
+        edge::entry::{MemEdgeEntry, MemEdgeRef},
+    },
+    utils::Iter4,
+};
+use parking_lot::lock_api::ArcRwLockReadGuard;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
+    VID,
+    properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop},
+};
+use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::LayerIds,
+    storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
+};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    path::PathBuf,
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        atomic::{self, AtomicU32},
+    },
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct EdgeEntry {
+    pub src: VID,
+    pub dst: VID,
+    pub row: usize,
+}
+
+impl HasRow for EdgeEntry {
+    fn row(&self) -> usize {
+        self.row
+    }
+
+    fn row_mut(&mut self) -> &mut usize {
+        &mut self.row
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MemEdgeSegment {
+    layers: Vec<SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>>,
+    est_size: usize,
+}
+
+impl<I: IntoIterator<Item = SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>>> From<I> for MemEdgeSegment {
+    fn from(inner: I) -> Self {
+        let layers: Vec<_> = inner.into_iter().collect();
+        let est_size = layers.iter().map(|seg| seg.est_size()).sum();
+        assert!(
+            !layers.is_empty(),
+            "MemEdgeSegment must have at least one layer"
+        );
+        Self { layers, est_size }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<[SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>]> for MemEdgeSegment {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>] {
+        &self.layers
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsMut<[SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>]> for MemEdgeSegment {
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>] {
+        &mut self.layers
+    }
+}
+
+impl MemEdgeSegment {
+    pub fn new(segment_id: usize, max_page_len: u32, meta: Arc<Meta>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            layers: vec![SegmentContainer::new(segment_id, max_page_len, meta)],
+            est_size: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        self.layers[0].meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn swap_out_layers(&mut self) -> Vec<SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>> {
+        let layers = self
+            .as_mut()
+            .iter_mut()
+            .map(|head_guard| {
+                let mut old_head = SegmentContainer::new(
+                    head_guard.segment_id(),
+                    head_guard.max_page_len(),
+                    head_guard.meta().clone(),
+                );
+                std::mem::swap(&mut *head_guard, &mut old_head);
+                old_head
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        self.est_size = 0; // Reset estimated size after swapping out layers
+        layers
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_or_create_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) -> &mut SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry> {
+        if layer_id >= self.layers.len() {
+            let max_page_len = self.layers[0].max_page_len();
+            let segment_id = self.layers[0].segment_id();
+            let meta = self.layers[0].meta().clone();
+            self.layers.resize_with(layer_id + 1, || {
+                SegmentContainer::new(segment_id, max_page_len, meta.clone())
+            });
+        }
+        &mut self.layers[layer_id]
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_layer(&self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&SegmentContainer<EdgeEntry>> {
+        self.layers.get(layer_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.est_size
+    }
+
+    pub fn lsn(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.layers.iter().map(|seg| seg.lsn()).min().unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.layers[0].max_page_len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_edge(&self, edge_pos: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> Option<(VID, VID)> {
+        self.layers
+            .get(layer_id)?
+            .get(edge_pos)
+            .map(|entry| (entry.src, entry.dst))
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert_edge_internal<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        // Ensure we have enough layers
+        self.ensure_layer(layer_id);
+        let est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        self.layers[layer_id].set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        let local_row = self.reserve_local_row(edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id);
+
+        let mut prop_entry: PropMutEntry<'_> = self.layers[layer_id]
+            .properties_mut()
+            .get_mut_entry(local_row);
+        let ts = TimeIndexEntry::new(t.t(), t.i());
+        prop_entry.append_t_props(ts, props);
+        let layer_est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        self.est_size += layer_est_size.saturating_sub(est_size);
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete_edge_internal<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let t = TimeIndexEntry::new(t.t(), t.i());
+
+        // Ensure we have enough layers
+        self.ensure_layer(layer_id);
+        let est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        self.layers[layer_id].set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        let local_row = self.reserve_local_row(edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id);
+        let props = self.layers[layer_id].properties_mut();
+        props.get_mut_entry(local_row).deletion_timestamp(t, None);
+        let layer_est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        self.est_size += layer_est_size.saturating_sub(est_size);
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert_static_edge_internal(
+        &mut self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+
+        // Ensure we have enough layers
+        self.ensure_layer(layer_id);
+        self.layers[layer_id].set_lsn(lsn);
+        let est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+
+        self.reserve_local_row(edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id);
+        let layer_est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        self.est_size += layer_est_size.saturating_sub(est_size);
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) {
+        if layer_id >= self.layers.len() {
+            // Get details from first layer to create consistent new layers
+            if let Some(first_layer) = self.layers.first() {
+                let segment_id = first_layer.segment_id();
+                let max_page_len = first_layer.max_page_len();
+                let meta = first_layer.meta().clone();
+
+                // Extend with new layers
+                while self.layers.len() <= layer_id {
+                    self.layers.push(SegmentContainer::new(
+                        segment_id,
+                        max_page_len,
+                        meta.clone(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reserve_local_row(
+        &mut self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> usize {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+
+        let row = self.layers[layer_id].reserve_local_row(edge_pos).inner();
+        row.src = src;
+        row.dst = dst;
+        row.row
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(
+        &self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        if let Some(layer) = self.layers.get(layer_id) {
+            layer.check_metadata(edge_pos, props)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_const_properties(
+        &mut self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) {
+        // Ensure we have enough layers
+        self.ensure_layer(layer_id);
+        let est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        let local_row = self.reserve_local_row(edge_pos, src, dst, layer_id);
+        let mut prop_entry: PropMutEntry<'_> = self.layers[layer_id]
+            .properties_mut()
+            .get_mut_entry(local_row);
+        prop_entry.append_const_props(props);
+
+        let layer_est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size() + 8;
+        self.est_size += layer_est_size.saturating_sub(est_size);
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains_edge(&self, edge_pos: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+        self.layers
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .filter(|layer| layer.has_item(edge_pos))
+            .is_some()
+    }
+
+    pub fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        Iterator::max(self.layers.iter().filter_map(|seg| seg.latest()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        Iterator::min(self.layers.iter().filter_map(|seg| seg.earliest()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.layers.iter().map(|seg| seg.t_len()).sum()
+    }
+}
+
+// Update EdgeSegmentView implementation to use multiple layers
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EdgeSegmentView<EXT> {
+    segment: Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<MemEdgeSegment>>,
+    segment_id: usize,
+    num_edges: AtomicU32,
+    _ext: EXT,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ArcLockedSegmentView {
+    inner: ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, MemEdgeSegment>,
+}
+
+impl ArcLockedSegmentView {
+    fn edge_iter_layer<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = MemEdgeRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.inner
+            .layers
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|layer| layer.filled_positions())
+            .map(move |pos| MemEdgeRef::new(pos, &self.inner))
+    }
+
+    fn edge_par_iter_layer<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = MemEdgeRef<'a>> + 'a {
+        self.inner
+            .layers
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .into_par_iter()
+            .flat_map(|layer| layer.filled_positions_par())
+            .map(move |pos| MemEdgeRef::new(pos, &self.inner))
+    }
+}
+
+impl LockedESegment for ArcLockedSegmentView {
+    type EntryRef<'a> = MemEdgeRef<'a>;
+
+    fn entry_ref<'a>(&'a self, edge_pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>) -> Self::EntryRef<'a>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        let edge_pos = edge_pos.into();
+        MemEdgeRef::new(edge_pos, &self.inner)
+    }
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn edge_iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::EntryRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match layer_ids {
+            LayerIds::None => Iter4::I(std::iter::empty()),
+            LayerIds::All => Iter4::J(self.edge_iter_layer(0)),
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => Iter4::K(self.edge_iter_layer(*layer_id)),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(multiple) => Iter4::L(
+                self.edge_iter_layer(0)
+                    .filter(|pos| pos.has_layers(multiple)),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn edge_par_iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = Self::EntryRef<'a>> + 'a {
+        match layer_ids {
+            LayerIds::None => Iter4::I(rayon::iter::empty()),
+            LayerIds::All => Iter4::J(self.edge_par_iter_layer(0)),
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => Iter4::K(self.edge_par_iter_layer(*layer_id)),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(multiple) => Iter4::L(
+                self.edge_par_iter_layer(0)
+                    .filter(|pos| pos.has_layers(multiple)),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: PersistentStrategy<ES = EdgeSegmentView<P>>> EdgeSegmentOps for EdgeSegmentView<P> {
+    type Extension = P;
+
+    type Entry<'a> = MemEdgeEntry<'a, parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>>;
+
+    type ArcLockedSegment = ArcLockedSegmentView;
+
+    fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.head().latest()
+    }
+
+    fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.head().earliest()
+    }
+
+    fn t_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.head().t_len()
+    }
+
+    fn load(
+        _page_id: usize,
+        _max_page_len: u32,
+        _meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        _path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
+        _ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Err(StorageError::GenericFailure(
+            "load not supported".to_string(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn new(page_id: usize, meta: Arc<Meta>, _path: Option<PathBuf>, ext: Self::Extension) -> Self {
+        let max_page_len = ext.max_edge_page_len();
+        Self {
+            segment: parking_lot::RwLock::new(MemEdgeSegment::new(page_id, max_page_len, meta))
+                .into(),
+            segment_id: page_id,
+            num_edges: AtomicU32::new(0),
+            _ext: ext,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn segment_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.segment_id
+    }
+
+    fn edges_counter(&self) -> &AtomicU32 {
+        &self.num_edges
+    }
+
+    fn head(&self) -> parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment> {
+        self.segment.read_recursive()
+    }
+
+    fn head_arc(&self) -> ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, MemEdgeSegment> {
+        self.segment.read_arc_recursive()
+    }
+
+    fn head_mut(&self) -> parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment> {
+        self.segment.write()
+    }
+
+    fn try_head_mut(&self) -> Option<parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemEdgeSegment>> {
+        self.segment.try_write()
+    }
+
+    fn notify_write(
+        &self,
+        _head_lock: impl DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn increment_num_edges(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.num_edges.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn contains_edge(
+        &self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        locked_head.contains_edge(edge_pos, layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn get_edge(
+        &self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> Option<(VID, VID)> {
+        locked_head.get_edge(edge_pos, layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn entry<'a>(&'a self, edge_pos: LocalPOS) -> Self::Entry<'a> {
+        MemEdgeEntry::new(edge_pos, self.head())
+    }
+
+    fn layer_entry<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        edge_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: Option<parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::Entry<'a>> {
+        locked_head.and_then(|locked_head| {
+            let layer = locked_head.as_ref().get(layer_id)?;
+            layer
+                .has_item(edge_pos)
+                .then(|| MemEdgeEntry::new(edge_pos, locked_head))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Self::ArcLockedSegment {
+        ArcLockedSegmentView {
+            inner: self.head_arc(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn vacuum(
+        &self,
+        _locked_head: impl DerefMut<Target = MemEdgeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.head().layers.len()
+    }
+
+    fn layer_count(&self, layer_id: usize) -> u32 {
+        self.head()
+            .get_layer(layer_id)
+            .map_or(0, |layer| layer.len())
+    }
+
+    fn mark_dirty(&self) {}
+
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropType;
+    use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry;
+
+    fn create_test_segment() -> MemEdgeSegment {
+        let meta = Arc::new(Meta::default());
+        MemEdgeSegment::new(1, 100, meta)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_insert_edge_internal_baseline() {
+        let mut segment = create_test_segment();
+
+        // Insert a few edges using insert_edge_internal
+        segment.insert_edge_internal(
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(1, 0),
+            LocalPOS(0),
+            VID(1),
+            VID(2),
+            0,
+            vec![(0, Prop::from("test1"))],
+            1,
+        );
+
+        segment.insert_edge_internal(
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 1),
+            LocalPOS(1),
+            VID(3),
+            VID(4),
+            0,
+            vec![(0, Prop::from("test2"))],
+            2,
+        );
+
+        segment.insert_edge_internal(
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(3, 2),
+            LocalPOS(2),
+            VID(5),
+            VID(6),
+            0,
+            vec![(0, Prop::from("test3"))],
+            3,
+        );
+
+        // Verify edges exist
+        assert!(segment.contains_edge(LocalPOS(0), 0));
+        assert!(segment.contains_edge(LocalPOS(1), 0));
+        assert!(segment.contains_edge(LocalPOS(2), 0));
+
+        // Verify edge data
+        assert_eq!(segment.get_edge(LocalPOS(0), 0), Some((VID(1), VID(2))));
+        assert_eq!(segment.get_edge(LocalPOS(1), 0), Some((VID(3), VID(4))));
+        assert_eq!(segment.get_edge(LocalPOS(2), 0), Some((VID(5), VID(6))));
+
+        // Verify time length increased
+        assert_eq!(segment.t_len(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn est_size_changes() {
+        use super::*;
+        use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::meta::Meta;
+
+        let meta = Arc::new(Meta::default());
+        let mut segment = MemEdgeSegment::new(1, 100, meta.clone());
+
+        assert_eq!(segment.est_size(), 0);
+
+        segment.insert_edge_internal(
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(1, 0),
+            LocalPOS(0),
+            VID(1),
+            VID(2),
+            0,
+            vec![(0, Prop::from("test"))],
+            1,
+        );
+
+        let est_size1 = segment.est_size();
+
+        assert!(est_size1 > 0);
+
+        segment.delete_edge_internal(TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 3), LocalPOS(0), VID(5), VID(3), 0, 0);
+
+        let est_size2 = segment.est_size();
+
+        assert!(
+            est_size2 > est_size1,
+            "Expected size to increase after deletion, but it did not."
+        );
+
+        // same edge insertion again to check size increase
+        segment.insert_edge_internal(
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(3, 0),
+            LocalPOS(1),
+            VID(4),
+            VID(6),
+            0,
+            vec![(0, Prop::from("test2"))],
+            1,
+        );
+
+        let est_size3 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size3 > est_size2,
+            "Expected size to increase after re-insertion, but it did not."
+        );
+
+        // Insert a static edge
+
+        segment.insert_static_edge_internal(LocalPOS(1), 4, 6, 0, 1);
+
+        let est_size4 = segment.est_size();
+        assert_eq!(
+            est_size4, est_size3,
+            "Expected size to remain the same after static edge insertion, but it changed."
+        );
+
+        let prop_id = meta
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .get_or_create_and_validate("a", PropType::U8)
+            .unwrap()
+            .inner();
+
+        segment.update_const_properties(LocalPOS(1), VID(4), VID(6), 0, [(prop_id, Prop::U8(2))]);
+
+        let est_size5 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size5 > est_size4,
+            "Expected size to increase after updating properties, but it did not."
+        );
+
+        // update const properties for the other edge, hard to predict size change
+        // segment.update_const_properties(LocalPOS(0), 1, 2, 0, [(prop_id, Prop::U8(3))]);
+
+        // let est_size6 = segment.est_size();
+        // assert!(
+        //     est_size6 > est_size5,
+        //     "Expected size to increase after updating properties for the other edge, but it did not."
+        // );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/entry.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/entry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..415c8328a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/entry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+use crate::{
+    GraphTProps,
+    api::graph_props::{GraphPropEntryOps, GraphPropRefOps},
+    generic_t_props::WithTProps,
+    segments::graph_prop::segment::MemGraphPropSegment,
+};
+use parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
+use raphtory_core::entities::properties::tprop::TPropCell;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+/// A borrowed view enabling read operations on an in-memory graph segment.
+pub struct MemGraphPropEntry<'a> {
+    mem: RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemGraphPropSegment>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> MemGraphPropEntry<'a> {
+    pub fn new(mem: RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemGraphPropSegment>) -> Self {
+        Self { mem }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> GraphPropEntryOps<'a> for MemGraphPropEntry<'a> {
+    type Ref<'b>
+        = MemGraphPropRef<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b;
+
+    fn as_ref<'b>(&'b self) -> Self::Ref<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+    {
+        MemGraphPropRef {
+            mem: self.mem.deref(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A lightweight, copyable reference to graph properties.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MemGraphPropRef<'a> {
+    mem: &'a MemGraphPropSegment,
+}
+
+impl<'a> MemGraphPropRef<'a> {
+    pub fn new(mem: &'a MemGraphPropSegment) -> Self {
+        Self { mem }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> WithTProps<'a> for MemGraphPropRef<'a> {
+    type TProp = TPropCell<'a>;
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        // TODO: Support multiple layers for graph props.
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn into_t_props(
+        self,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TProp> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        // TODO: Support multiple layers for graph props.
+        self.mem.get_temporal_prop(prop_id).into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> GraphPropRefOps<'a> for MemGraphPropRef<'a> {
+    type TProps = GraphTProps<'a>;
+
+    fn get_temporal_prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Self::TProps {
+        GraphTProps::new_with_layer(self, MemGraphPropSegment::DEFAULT_LAYER, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn get_metadata(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        self.mem.get_metadata(prop_id)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1a1f8ad1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+pub mod entry;
+pub mod segment;
+
+use crate::{
+    api::graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps,
+    error::StorageError,
+    persist::strategy::Config,
+    segments::graph_prop::{entry::MemGraphPropEntry, segment::MemGraphPropSegment},
+};
+use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::meta::Meta;
+use std::{
+    path::Path,
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+    },
+};
+
+/// `GraphPropSegmentView` manages graph temporal properties and graph metadata
+/// (constant properties). Reads / writes are always served from the in-memory segment.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GraphPropSegmentView<P: Config> {
+    /// In-memory segment that contains the latest graph properties
+    /// and graph metadata writes.
+    head: Arc<RwLock<MemGraphPropSegment>>,
+
+    /// Estimated size of the segment in bytes.
+    est_size: AtomicUsize,
+
+    is_dirty: AtomicBool,
+
+    _persistent: P,
+}
+
+impl<P: Config> GraphPropSegmentOps for GraphPropSegmentView<P> {
+    type Extension = P;
+
+    type Entry<'a> = MemGraphPropEntry<'a>;
+
+    fn new(meta: Arc<Meta>, _path: Option<&Path>, ext: Self::Extension) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            head: Arc::new(RwLock::new(MemGraphPropSegment::new_with_meta(meta))),
+            est_size: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            is_dirty: AtomicBool::new(false),
+            _persistent: ext,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn load(
+        _meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        _path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        _ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        Err(StorageError::GenericFailure(
+            "load not supported".to_string(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn head(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, MemGraphPropSegment> {
+        self.head.read()
+    }
+
+    fn head_mut(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemGraphPropSegment> {
+        self.head.write()
+    }
+
+    fn entry(&self) -> Self::Entry<'_> {
+        let head = self.head.read();
+
+        MemGraphPropEntry::new(head)
+    }
+
+    fn increment_est_size(&self, size: usize) {
+        self.est_size.fetch_add(size, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    fn est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.est_size.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn mark_dirty(&self) {
+        self.is_dirty.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    fn notify_write(
+        &self,
+        _mem_segment: &mut RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemGraphPropSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/segment.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/segment.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a007804978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/graph_prop/segment.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+use crate::{
+    error::StorageError,
+    segments::{HasRow, SegmentContainer},
+};
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::properties::tprop::TPropCell,
+    storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
+};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// In-memory segment that contains graph temporal properties and graph metadata.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MemGraphPropSegment {
+    /// Layers containing graph properties and metadata.
+    layers: Vec<SegmentContainer<UnitEntry>>,
+}
+
+/// A unit-like struct for use with `SegmentContainer`.
+/// Graph properties and metadata are already stored in `SegmentContainer`,
+/// hence this struct is empty.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct UnitEntry(usize);
+
+// `UnitEntry` does not store data, but `HasRow has to be implemented
+// for SegmentContainer to work.
+impl HasRow for UnitEntry {
+    fn row(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn row_mut(&mut self) -> &mut usize {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl MemGraphPropSegment {
+    /// Graph segments only have a single row.
+    pub const DEFAULT_ROW: usize = 0;
+
+    /// Graph segments are currently only written to a single layer.
+    pub const DEFAULT_LAYER: usize = 0;
+
+    pub fn new_with_meta(meta: Arc<Meta>) -> Self {
+        // Technically, these aren't used since there is always only one graph segment.
+        let segment_id = 0;
+        let max_page_len = 1;
+
+        Self {
+            layers: vec![SegmentContainer::new(segment_id, max_page_len, meta)],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn lsn(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.layers.iter().map(|seg| seg.lsn()).min().unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_or_create_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) -> &mut SegmentContainer<UnitEntry> {
+        if layer_id >= self.layers.len() {
+            let max_page_len = self.layers[0].max_page_len();
+            let segment_id = self.layers[0].segment_id();
+            let meta = self.layers[0].meta().clone();
+            self.layers.resize_with(layer_id + 1, || {
+                SegmentContainer::new(segment_id, max_page_len, meta.clone())
+            });
+        }
+        &mut self.layers[layer_id]
+    }
+
+    pub fn layers(&self) -> &Vec<SegmentContainer<UnitEntry>> {
+        &self.layers
+    }
+
+    pub fn layers_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<SegmentContainer<UnitEntry>> {
+        &mut self.layers
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.layers.iter().all(|layer| layer.est_size() == 0)
+    }
+
+    /// Replaces this segment with an empty instance, returning the old segment
+    /// with its data.
+    ///
+    /// The new segment will have the same number of layers as the original.
+    pub fn take(&mut self) -> Self {
+        let layers = self.layers.iter_mut().map(|layer| layer.take()).collect();
+
+        Self { layers }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_properties<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> usize {
+        let layer = self.get_or_create_layer(Self::DEFAULT_LAYER);
+        let est_size = layer.est_size();
+        let ts = TimeIndexEntry::new(t.t(), t.i());
+
+        layer.reserve_local_row(Self::DEFAULT_ROW.into());
+        let mut prop_mut_entry = layer.properties_mut().get_mut_entry(Self::DEFAULT_ROW);
+        prop_mut_entry.append_t_props(ts, props);
+
+        let layer_est_size = layer.est_size();
+        layer_est_size - est_size
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        if let Some(layer) = self.layers.get(Self::DEFAULT_LAYER) {
+            layer.check_metadata(Self::DEFAULT_ROW.into(), props)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_metadata(&mut self, props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>) -> usize {
+        let segment_container = self.get_or_create_layer(Self::DEFAULT_LAYER);
+        let est_size = segment_container.est_size();
+
+        let row = segment_container
+            .reserve_local_row(Self::DEFAULT_ROW.into())
+            .map(|a| a.row());
+        let row = row.inner();
+        let mut prop_mut_entry = segment_container.properties_mut().get_mut_entry(row);
+        prop_mut_entry.append_const_props(props);
+
+        let layer_est_size = segment_container.est_size();
+        // random estimate for constant properties
+        (layer_est_size - est_size) + 8
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_temporal_prop(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<TPropCell<'_>> {
+        let layer = &self.layers[Self::DEFAULT_LAYER];
+
+        layer.t_prop(Self::DEFAULT_ROW, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_metadata(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        let layer = &self.layers[Self::DEFAULT_LAYER];
+
+        layer.c_prop(Self::DEFAULT_ROW, prop_id)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0b39c7fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+use super::properties::{PropEntry, Properties};
+use crate::{LocalPOS, error::StorageError};
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop},
+    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
+};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{
+        ELID,
+        properties::{tcell::TCell, tprop::TPropCell},
+    },
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
+};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
+    iter,
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+pub mod edge;
+pub mod graph_prop;
+pub mod node;
+
+pub mod additions;
+
+pub type PageIndexT = u32;
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+struct PageIndexEntry(PageIndexT);
+
+impl Default for PageIndexEntry {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        PageIndexEntry(PageIndexT::MAX)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PageIndexEntry {
+    fn index(self) -> Option<usize> {
+        (self.0 != PageIndexT::MAX).then_some(self.0 as usize)
+    }
+
+    fn is_filled(self) -> bool {
+        self.0 != PageIndexT::MAX
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct PageIndex(Vec<PageIndexEntry>);
+
+impl PageIndex {
+    fn get(&self, pos: LocalPOS) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.0.get(pos.as_index()).and_then(|index| index.index())
+    }
+
+    fn set(&mut self, pos: LocalPOS, index: PageIndexEntry) {
+        let pos_index = pos.as_index();
+        if pos_index >= self.0.len() {
+            self.0.resize(pos_index + 1, PageIndexEntry::default());
+        }
+        self.0[pos_index] = index;
+    }
+
+    fn iter(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Option<usize>> {
+        self.0.iter().map(|i| i.index())
+    }
+
+    fn filled_positions(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = LocalPOS> {
+        self.0
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(i, p)| p.is_filled().then_some(LocalPOS::from(i)))
+    }
+
+    fn par_iter(&self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Option<usize>> {
+        self.0.par_iter().map(|i| i.index())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct SparseVec<T> {
+    index: PageIndex,
+    data: Vec<(LocalPOS, T)>,
+    max_local_pos: Option<LocalPOS>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Debug> Debug for SparseVec<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_list().entries(self.iter_filled()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> SparseVec<T> {
+    fn get(&self, pos: LocalPOS) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.index
+            .get(pos)
+            .and_then(|i| self.data.get(i).map(|(_, x)| x))
+    }
+
+    fn is_filled(&self, pos: LocalPOS) -> bool {
+        self.index.get(pos).is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterator over filled positions.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this returns items in insertion order!
+    fn iter_filled(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (LocalPOS, &T)> {
+        self.data.iter().map(|(i, x)| (*i, x))
+    }
+
+    fn iter_all(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Option<&T>> {
+        self.index.iter().map(|i| i.map(|i| &self.data[i].1))
+    }
+
+    fn max_local_pos(&self) -> Option<LocalPOS> {
+        self.max_local_pos
+    }
+
+    fn num_filled(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Send + Sync> SparseVec<T> {
+    /// Parallel iterator over filled positions.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this returns items in insertion order!
+    fn par_iter_filled(&self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = (LocalPOS, &T)> {
+        self.data.par_iter().map(|(i, x)| (*i, x))
+    }
+    fn par_iter_all(&self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Option<&T>> {
+        self.index.par_iter().map(|i| i.map(|i| &self.data[i].1))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: HasRow> SparseVec<T> {
+    fn get_or_new(&mut self, pos: LocalPOS) -> MaybeNew<&mut T> {
+        match self.index.get(pos) {
+            None => {
+                let next_index = self.data.len();
+                self.data.push((pos, T::default()));
+                let new_entry = &mut self.data[next_index].1;
+                *new_entry.row_mut() = next_index;
+                self.index.set(pos, PageIndexEntry(next_index as u32));
+                self.max_local_pos = self.max_local_pos.max(Some(pos));
+                MaybeNew::New(new_entry)
+            }
+            Some(i) => MaybeNew::Existing(&mut self.data[i].1),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SegmentContainer<T> {
+    segment_id: usize,
+    data: SparseVec<T>,
+    max_page_len: u32,
+    properties: Properties,
+    meta: Arc<Meta>,
+    lsn: u64,
+}
+
+pub trait HasRow: Default + Send + Sync + Sized {
+    fn row(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn row_mut(&mut self) -> &mut usize;
+}
+
+impl<T: HasRow> SegmentContainer<T> {
+    pub fn new(segment_id: usize, max_page_len: u32, meta: Arc<Meta>) -> Self {
+        assert!(max_page_len > 0, "max_page_len must be greater than 0");
+
+        Self {
+            segment_id,
+            data: Default::default(),
+            max_page_len,
+            properties: Default::default(),
+            meta,
+            lsn: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Replaces this container with an empty instance, returning the
+    /// old container with its data.
+    pub fn take(&mut self) -> Self {
+        std::mem::replace(
+            self,
+            Self::new(self.segment_id, self.max_page_len, self.meta.clone()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        // TODO: this is a rough estimate and should be improved
+        let data_size =
+            (self.data.num_filled() as f64 * std::mem::size_of::<T>() as f64 * 1.5) as usize; // Estimate size of data
+        let timestamp_size = std::mem::size_of::<TimeIndexEntry>();
+        (self.properties.additions_count * timestamp_size)
+            + data_size
+            + self.t_prop_est_size()
+            + self.c_prop_est_size()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, item_pos: LocalPOS) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.data.get(item_pos)
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_item(&self, item_pos: LocalPOS) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_filled(item_pos)
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_page_len
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_rows(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.max_local_pos().map(|pos| pos.0 + 1).unwrap_or(0) as usize
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_full(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.num_filled() == self.max_page_len() as usize
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.properties.t_len()
+    }
+
+    /// Reserves a local row for the given item position.
+    /// If the item position already exists, it returns a mutable reference to the existing item.
+    /// Left variant indicates that the item was already present,
+    /// Right variant indicates that a new item was created.
+    pub(crate) fn reserve_local_row(&mut self, item_pos: LocalPOS) -> MaybeNew<&mut T> {
+        self.data.get_or_new(item_pos)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn t_prop_est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        let row_size = self.meta.temporal_est_row_size();
+        let row_count = self.properties.t_len();
+
+        row_size * row_count
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn c_prop_est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.meta.const_est_row_size() * self.len() as usize
+    }
+
+    pub fn properties(&self) -> &Properties {
+        &self.properties
+    }
+
+    pub fn properties_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Properties {
+        &mut self.properties
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(
+        &self,
+        local_pos: LocalPOS,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        if let Some(item) = self.get(local_pos) {
+            let local_row = item.row();
+            let prop_entry = self.properties().get_entry(local_row);
+
+            for (prop_id, prop_val) in props {
+                prop_entry.check_metadata(*prop_id, prop_val)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        &self.meta
+    }
+
+    pub fn filled_positions(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = LocalPOS> {
+        self.data.index.filled_positions()
+    }
+
+    pub fn filled_positions_par(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = LocalPOS> {
+        self.data.par_iter_filled().map(|(i, _)| i)
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn segment_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.segment_id
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn lsn(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.lsn
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn set_lsn(&mut self, lsn: u64) {
+        self.lsn = lsn;
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.data.data.len() as u32
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.data.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// returns items in insertion order!
+    pub fn row_entries(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (LocalPOS, &T, PropEntry<'_>)> {
+        self.data
+            .iter_filled()
+            .map(|(l_pos, entry)| (l_pos, entry, self.properties().get_entry(entry.row())))
+    }
+
+    /// return filled entries ordered by index
+    pub fn row_entries_ordered(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (LocalPOS, &T, PropEntry<'_>)> {
+        self.all_entries().filter_map(|(pos, entry)| {
+            let (v, row) = entry?;
+            Some((pos, v, row))
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn all_entries(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (LocalPOS, Option<(&T, PropEntry<'_>)>)> {
+        let max_local_pos = self.data.max_local_pos().map(|p| p.0 as usize).unwrap_or(0);
+        self.data
+            .iter_all()
+            .chain(iter::repeat(None))
+            .take(max_local_pos + 1)
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, v)| {
+                (
+                    LocalPOS::from(i),
+                    v.map(|v| (v, self.properties().get_entry(v.row()))),
+                )
+            })
+    }
+
+    pub fn all_entries_par(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (LocalPOS, Option<(&T, PropEntry<'_>)>)> + '_ {
+        self.data.par_iter_all().enumerate().map(|(i, v)| {
+            (
+                LocalPOS::from(i),
+                v.map(|entry| (entry, self.properties().get_entry(entry.row()))),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.properties.earliest()
+    }
+
+    pub fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.properties.latest()
+    }
+
+    pub fn temporal_index(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        self.row_entries_ordered()
+            .flat_map(|(_, mp, _)| {
+                let row = mp.row();
+                self.properties()
+                    .times_from_props(row)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .flat_map(|entry| entry.iter())
+                    .filter_map(|(_, &v)| v)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_prop(&self, item_id: impl Into<LocalPOS>, prop_id: usize) -> Option<TPropCell<'_>> {
+        let item_id = item_id.into();
+        self.data.get(item_id).and_then(|entry| {
+            let prop_entry = self.properties.get_entry(entry.row());
+            prop_entry.prop(prop_id)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_prop_rows(&self, item_id: impl Into<LocalPOS>) -> &TCell<Option<usize>> {
+        let item_id = item_id.into();
+        self.data
+            .get(item_id)
+            .map(|entry| {
+                let prop_entry = self.properties.get_entry(entry.row());
+                prop_entry.t_cell()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty)
+    }
+
+    pub fn c_prop(&self, item_id: impl Into<LocalPOS>, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        let item_id = item_id.into();
+        self.data.get(item_id).and_then(|entry| {
+            let prop_entry = self.properties.c_column(prop_id)?;
+            prop_entry.get(entry.row())
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn c_prop_str(&self, item_id: impl Into<LocalPOS>, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&str> {
+        let item_id = item_id.into();
+        self.data.get(item_id).and_then(|entry| {
+            let prop_entry = self.properties.c_column(prop_id)?;
+            prop_entry
+                .get_ref(entry.row())
+                .and_then(|prop| prop.as_str())
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn additions(&self, item_pos: LocalPOS) -> &TCell<ELID> {
+        self.data
+            .get(item_pos)
+            .and_then(|entry| self.properties.additions(entry.row()))
+            .unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty)
+    }
+
+    pub fn deletions(&self, item_pos: LocalPOS) -> &TCell<ELID> {
+        self.data
+            .get(item_pos)
+            .and_then(|entry| self.properties.deletions(entry.row()))
+            .unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty)
+    }
+
+    pub fn times_from_props(&self, item_pos: LocalPOS) -> &TCell<Option<usize>> {
+        self.data
+            .get(item_pos)
+            .and_then(|entry| self.properties.times_from_props(entry.row()))
+            .unwrap_or(&TCell::Empty)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/node/entry.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/node/entry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c9d2dfc8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/node/entry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS, NodeEdgeAdditions, NodePropAdditions, NodeTProps,
+    api::nodes::{NodeEntryOps, NodeRefOps},
+    gen_ts::{EdgeAdditionCellsRef, LayerIter, PropAdditionCellsRef, WithTimeCells},
+    generic_t_props::WithTProps,
+    segments::node::segment::MemNodeSegment,
+};
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    Direction,
+    entities::{
+        EID, VID,
+        properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop},
+    },
+};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{LayerIds, edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef, properties::tprop::TPropCell},
+    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
+};
+use std::{ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
+
+use crate::segments::additions::MemAdditions;
+
+pub struct MemNodeEntry<'a, MNS> {
+    pos: LocalPOS,
+    ns: MNS,
+    __marker: std::marker::PhantomData<&'a ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, MNS: Deref<Target = MemNodeSegment>> MemNodeEntry<'a, MNS> {
+    pub fn new(pos: LocalPOS, ns: MNS) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pos,
+            ns,
+            __marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, MNS: Deref<Target = MemNodeSegment> + Send + Sync + 'a> NodeEntryOps<'a>
+    for MemNodeEntry<'a, MNS>
+{
+    type Ref<'b>
+        = MemNodeRef<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+        MNS: 'b;
+
+    fn as_ref<'b>(&'b self) -> Self::Ref<'b>
+    where
+        'a: 'b,
+    {
+        MemNodeRef {
+            pos: self.pos,
+            ns: self.ns.deref(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MemNodeRef<'a> {
+    pos: LocalPOS,
+    ns: &'a MemNodeSegment,
+}
+
+impl<'a> MemNodeRef<'a> {
+    pub fn new(pos: LocalPOS, ns: &'a MemNodeSegment) -> Self {
+        Self { pos, ns }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> WithTimeCells<'a> for MemNodeRef<'a> {
+    type TimeCell = MemAdditions<'a>;
+
+    fn t_props_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.ns
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .map(|seg| MemAdditions::Props(seg.times_from_props(self.pos)))
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(move |t_cell| {
+                range
+                    .map(|(start, end)| t_cell.range(start..end))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| t_cell)
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn additions_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.ns
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .map(|seg| MemAdditions::Edges(seg.additions(self.pos)))
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(move |t_cell| {
+                range
+                    .map(|(start, end)| t_cell.range(start..end))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| t_cell)
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn deletions_tc(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        range: Option<(TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexEntry)>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TimeCell> + 'a {
+        self.ns
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .map(|seg| MemAdditions::Edges(seg.deletions(self.pos)))
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(move |t_cell| {
+                range
+                    .map(|(start, end)| t_cell.range(start..end))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| t_cell)
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ns.as_ref().len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> WithTProps<'a> for MemNodeRef<'a> {
+    type TProp = TPropCell<'a>;
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ns.as_ref().len()
+    }
+
+    fn into_t_props(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::TProp> + 'a {
+        let node_pos = self.pos;
+        self.ns
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .and_then(|layer| layer.t_prop(node_pos, prop_id))
+            .into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> NodeRefOps<'a> for MemNodeRef<'a> {
+    type Additions = NodePropAdditions<'a>;
+    type EdgeAdditions = NodeEdgeAdditions<'a>;
+    type TProps = NodeTProps<'a>;
+
+    fn node_meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        self.ns.node_meta()
+    }
+
+    fn vid(&self) -> VID {
+        self.ns.to_vid(self.pos)
+    }
+
+    fn out_edges(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + 'a {
+        self.ns.out_edges(self.pos, layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn inb_edges(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + 'a {
+        self.ns.inb_edges(self.pos, layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn out_edges_sorted(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + 'a {
+        self.ns.out_edges(self.pos, layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn inb_edges_sorted(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + 'a {
+        self.ns.inb_edges(self.pos, layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn c_prop(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        self.ns
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .and_then(|layer| layer.c_prop(self.pos, prop_id))
+    }
+
+    fn c_prop_str(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        self.ns
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .and_then(|layer| layer.c_prop_str(self.pos, prop_id))
+    }
+
+    fn node_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(self, layer_id: L) -> Self::Additions {
+        NodePropAdditions::new_with_layer(PropAdditionCellsRef::new(self), layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn edge_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(self, layer_id: L) -> Self::EdgeAdditions {
+        NodeEdgeAdditions::new_additions_with_layer(EdgeAdditionCellsRef::new(self), layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn degree(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> usize {
+        match layers {
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => self.ns.degree(self.pos, *layer_id, dir),
+            LayerIds::All => self.ns.degree(self.pos, 0, dir),
+            LayerIds::None => 0,
+            layers => self.edges_iter(layers, dir).count(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn find_edge(&self, dst: VID, layers: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef> {
+        let eid = match layers {
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => self.ns.get_out_edge(self.pos, dst, *layer_id),
+            LayerIds::All => self.ns.get_out_edge(self.pos, dst, 0),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(layers) => layers
+                .iter()
+                .find_map(|layer_id| self.ns.get_out_edge(self.pos, dst, layer_id)),
+            LayerIds::None => None,
+        };
+
+        let src_id = self.ns.to_vid(self.pos);
+        eid.map(|eid| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, src_id, dst))
+    }
+
+    fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Self::TProps {
+        NodeTProps::new_with_layer(self, layer_id, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn internal_num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ns.as_ref().len()
+    }
+
+    fn has_layer_inner(self, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+        self.ns
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .is_some_and(|layer| layer.has_item(self.pos))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/node/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/node/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0b743bd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/node/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod entry;
+pub mod segment;
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/segments/node/segment.rs b/db4-storage/src/segments/node/segment.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41a03c60c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/segments/node/segment.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,669 @@
+use crate::{
+    LocalPOS,
+    api::nodes::{LockedNSSegment, NodeSegmentOps},
+    error::StorageError,
+    loop_lock_write,
+    pages::node_store::increment_and_clamp,
+    persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy,
+    segments::{
+        HasRow, SegmentContainer,
+        node::entry::{MemNodeEntry, MemNodeRef},
+    },
+};
+use either::Either;
+use parking_lot::lock_api::ArcRwLockReadGuard;
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    Direction,
+    entities::{
+        EID, VID,
+        properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop},
+    },
+};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{ELID, nodes::structure::adj::Adj},
+    storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
+};
+use std::{
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    path::PathBuf,
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        atomic::{AtomicU32, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+    },
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MemNodeSegment {
+    segment_id: usize,
+    max_page_len: u32,
+    layers: Vec<SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>>,
+}
+
+impl<I: IntoIterator<Item = SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>>> From<I> for MemNodeSegment {
+    fn from(inner: I) -> Self {
+        let layers = inner.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert!(
+            !layers.is_empty(),
+            "MemNodeSegment must have at least one layer"
+        );
+        let segment_id = layers[0].segment_id();
+        let max_page_len = layers[0].max_page_len();
+        Self {
+            segment_id,
+            max_page_len,
+            layers,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct AdjEntry {
+    row: usize,
+    adj: Adj,
+}
+
+impl AdjEntry {
+    pub fn degree(&self, d: Direction) -> usize {
+        self.adj.degree(d)
+    }
+
+    pub fn edges(&self, d: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + '_ {
+        match d {
+            Direction::IN => Either::Left(self.adj.inb_iter()),
+            Direction::OUT => Either::Right(self.adj.out_iter()),
+            Direction::BOTH => panic!("AdjEntry::edges: BOTH direction is not supported"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasRow for AdjEntry {
+    fn row(&self) -> usize {
+        self.row
+    }
+
+    fn row_mut(&mut self) -> &mut usize {
+        &mut self.row
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<[SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>]> for MemNodeSegment {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>] {
+        &self.layers
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsMut<[SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>]> for MemNodeSegment {
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>] {
+        &mut self.layers
+    }
+}
+
+impl MemNodeSegment {
+    pub fn segment_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.segment_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn swap_out_layers(&mut self) -> Vec<SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>> {
+        self.layers
+            .iter_mut()
+            .map(|head_guard| {
+                let mut old_head = SegmentContainer::new(
+                    head_guard.segment_id(),
+                    head_guard.max_page_len(),
+                    head_guard.meta().clone(),
+                );
+                std::mem::swap(&mut *head_guard, &mut old_head);
+                old_head
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_or_create_layer(&mut self, layer_id: usize) -> &mut SegmentContainer<AdjEntry> {
+        if layer_id >= self.layers.len() {
+            let max_page_len = self.layers[0].max_page_len();
+            let segment_id = self.layers[0].segment_id();
+            let meta = self.layers[0].meta().clone();
+            self.layers.resize_with(layer_id + 1, || {
+                SegmentContainer::new(segment_id, max_page_len, meta.clone())
+            });
+        }
+        &mut self.layers[layer_id]
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_meta(&self) -> &Arc<Meta> {
+        self.layers[0].meta()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_layer(&self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&SegmentContainer<AdjEntry>> {
+        self.layers.get(layer_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn degree(&self, n: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize, dir: Direction) -> usize {
+        self.get_adj(n, layer_id).map_or(0, |adj| adj.degree(dir))
+    }
+
+    pub fn lsn(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.layers.iter().map(|seg| seg.lsn()).min().unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_vid(&self, pos: LocalPOS) -> VID {
+        pos.as_vid(self.segment_id, self.max_page_len)
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn get_adj(&self, n: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&Adj> {
+        self.layers
+            .get(layer_id)?
+            .get(n)
+            .map(|AdjEntry { adj, .. }| adj)
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_node(&self, n: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+        self.layers
+            .get(layer_id)
+            .is_some_and(|layer| layer.has_item(n))
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_out_edge(&self, n: LocalPOS, dst: VID, layer_id: usize) -> Option<EID> {
+        self.get_adj(n, layer_id)
+            .and_then(|adj| adj.get_edge(dst, Direction::OUT))
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_inb_edge(&self, n: LocalPOS, src: VID, layer_id: usize) -> Option<EID> {
+        self.get_adj(n, layer_id)
+            .and_then(|adj| adj.get_edge(src, Direction::IN))
+    }
+
+    pub fn out_edges(&self, n: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + '_ {
+        self.get_adj(n, layer_id)
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|adj| adj.out_iter())
+    }
+
+    pub fn inb_edges(&self, n: LocalPOS, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + '_ {
+        self.get_adj(n, layer_id)
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|adj| adj.inb_iter())
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(segment_id: usize, max_page_len: u32, meta: Arc<Meta>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            segment_id,
+            max_page_len,
+            layers: vec![SegmentContainer::new(segment_id, max_page_len, meta)],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_outbound_edge<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: Option<T>,
+        src_pos: LocalPOS,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> (bool, usize) {
+        let dst = dst.into();
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        let layer_id = e_id.layer();
+        let layer = self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+        let est_size = layer.est_size();
+        layer.set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        let add_out = layer.reserve_local_row(src_pos);
+        let new_entry = add_out.is_new();
+        let add_out = add_out.inner();
+        let is_new_edge = add_out.adj.add_edge_out(dst, e_id.edge);
+        let row = add_out.row;
+        if let Some(t) = t {
+            self.update_timestamp_inner(t, row, e_id);
+        }
+        let layer_est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        let added_size = (layer_est_size - est_size)
+            + (is_new_edge as usize * std::mem::size_of::<(VID, VID)>());
+        (new_entry, added_size)
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_inbound_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        t: Option<impl AsTime>,
+        dst_pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: impl Into<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> (bool, usize) {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let e_id = e_id.into();
+        let layer_id = e_id.layer();
+        let dst_pos = dst_pos.into();
+
+        let layer = self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+        let est_size = layer.est_size();
+        layer.set_lsn(lsn);
+
+        let add_in = layer.reserve_local_row(dst_pos);
+        let new_entry = add_in.is_new();
+        let add_in = add_in.inner();
+        let is_new_edge = add_in.adj.add_edge_into(src, e_id.edge);
+        let row = add_in.row;
+
+        if let Some(t) = t {
+            self.update_timestamp_inner(t, row, e_id);
+        }
+        let layer_est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        let added_size = (layer_est_size - est_size)
+            + (is_new_edge as usize * std::mem::size_of::<(VID, VID)>());
+        (new_entry, added_size)
+    }
+
+    fn update_timestamp_inner<T: AsTime>(&mut self, t: T, row: usize, e_id: ELID) {
+        let mut prop_mut_entry = self.layers[e_id.layer()]
+            .properties_mut()
+            .get_mut_entry(row);
+        let ts = TimeIndexEntry::new(t.t(), t.i());
+
+        prop_mut_entry.addition_timestamp(ts, e_id);
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_timestamp<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        node_pos: LocalPOS,
+        e_id: ELID,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> usize {
+        let layer_id = e_id.layer();
+        let (est_size, row) = {
+            let segment_container = self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id); //&mut self.layers[e_id.layer()];
+            segment_container.set_lsn(lsn);
+            let est_size = segment_container.est_size();
+            let row = segment_container.reserve_local_row(node_pos).inner().row();
+            (est_size, row)
+        };
+        self.update_timestamp_inner(t, row, e_id);
+        let layer_est_size = self.layers[layer_id].est_size();
+        layer_est_size - est_size
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_props<T: AsTime>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: T,
+        node_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> (bool, usize) {
+        let layer = self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+        let est_size = layer.est_size();
+        let row = layer.reserve_local_row(node_pos);
+        let is_new = row.is_new();
+        let row = row.inner().row;
+        let mut prop_mut_entry = layer.properties_mut().get_mut_entry(row);
+        let ts = TimeIndexEntry::new(t.t(), t.i());
+        prop_mut_entry.append_t_props(ts, props);
+        let layer_est_size = layer.est_size();
+        (is_new, layer_est_size - est_size)
+    }
+
+    pub fn check_metadata(
+        &self,
+        node_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        if let Some(layer) = self.layers.get(layer_id) {
+            layer.check_metadata(node_pos, props)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_metadata(
+        &mut self,
+        node_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> (bool, usize) {
+        let segment_container = self.get_or_create_layer(layer_id);
+        let est_size = segment_container.est_size();
+
+        let row = segment_container.reserve_local_row(node_pos).map(|a| a.row);
+        let is_new = row.is_new();
+        let row = row.inner();
+        let mut prop_mut_entry = segment_container.properties_mut().get_mut_entry(row);
+        prop_mut_entry.append_const_props(props);
+
+        let layer_est_size = segment_container.est_size();
+        let added_size = (layer_est_size - est_size) + 8; // random estimate for constant properties
+        (is_new, added_size)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_metadata(
+        &self,
+        node_pos: LocalPOS,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> Option<Prop> {
+        let segment_container = &self.layers[layer_id];
+        segment_container.c_prop(node_pos, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        Iterator::max(self.layers.iter().filter_map(|seg| seg.latest()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        Iterator::min(self.layers.iter().filter_map(|seg| seg.earliest()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn t_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.layers.iter().map(|seg| seg.t_len()).sum()
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_ref(&self, pos: LocalPOS) -> MemNodeRef<'_> {
+        MemNodeRef::new(pos, self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_page_len
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NodeSegmentView<EXT> {
+    inner: Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<MemNodeSegment>>,
+    segment_id: usize,
+    est_size: AtomicUsize,
+    max_num_node: AtomicU32,
+    _ext: EXT,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ArcLockedSegmentView {
+    inner: ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, MemNodeSegment>,
+    num_nodes: u32,
+}
+
+impl ArcLockedSegmentView {
+    pub fn new(
+        inner: ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, MemNodeSegment>,
+        num_nodes: u32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { inner, num_nodes }
+    }
+}
+
+impl LockedNSSegment for ArcLockedSegmentView {
+    type EntryRef<'a> = MemNodeRef<'a>;
+
+    fn entry_ref<'a>(&'a self, pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>) -> Self::EntryRef<'a> {
+        let pos = pos.into();
+        MemNodeRef::new(pos, &self.inner)
+    }
+
+    fn num_nodes(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.num_nodes
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: PersistentStrategy<NS = NodeSegmentView<P>>> NodeSegmentOps for NodeSegmentView<P> {
+    type Extension = P;
+
+    type Entry<'a> = MemNodeEntry<'a, parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>>;
+
+    type ArcLockedSegment = ArcLockedSegmentView;
+
+    fn latest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.head().latest()
+    }
+
+    fn earliest(&self) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
+        self.head().latest()
+    }
+
+    fn t_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.head().t_len()
+    }
+
+    fn load(
+        _page_id: usize,
+        _node_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        _edge_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        _path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
+        _ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Err(StorageError::GenericFailure(
+            "load not supported".to_string(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn new(
+        page_id: usize,
+        meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        _edge_meta: Arc<Meta>,
+        _path: Option<PathBuf>,
+        ext: Self::Extension,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let max_page_len = ext.max_node_page_len();
+        Self {
+            inner: parking_lot::RwLock::new(MemNodeSegment::new(page_id, max_page_len, meta))
+                .into(),
+            segment_id: page_id,
+            _ext: ext,
+            max_num_node: AtomicU32::new(0),
+            est_size: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn segment_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.segment_id
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn head(&self) -> parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard<'_, MemNodeSegment> {
+        self.inner.read_recursive()
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn head_arc(&self) -> ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, MemNodeSegment> {
+        self.inner.read_arc_recursive()
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn head_mut(&self) -> parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemNodeSegment> {
+        loop_lock_write(&self.inner)
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn try_head_mut(&self) -> Option<parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, MemNodeSegment>> {
+        self.inner.try_write()
+    }
+
+    fn notify_write(
+        &self,
+        _head_lock: impl DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn mark_dirty(&self) {}
+
+    fn check_node(&self, _pos: LocalPOS, _layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn get_out_edge(
+        &self,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Option<EID> {
+        locked_head.get_out_edge(pos, dst.into(), layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn get_inb_edge(
+        &self,
+        pos: LocalPOS,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        locked_head: impl Deref<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Option<EID> {
+        locked_head.get_inb_edge(pos, src.into(), layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn entry<'a>(&'a self, pos: impl Into<LocalPOS>) -> Self::Entry<'a> {
+        let pos = pos.into();
+        MemNodeEntry::new(pos, self.head())
+    }
+
+    fn locked(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Self::ArcLockedSegment {
+        ArcLockedSegmentView::new(self.inner.read_arc(), self.num_nodes())
+    }
+
+    fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
+        self.head().layers.len()
+    }
+
+    fn layer_count(&self, layer_id: usize) -> u32 {
+        self.head()
+            .get_layer(layer_id)
+            .map_or(0, |layer| layer.len())
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.est_size.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn increment_est_size(&self, size: usize) -> usize {
+        self.est_size.fetch_add(size, Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn vacuum(
+        &self,
+        _locked_head: impl DerefMut<Target = MemNodeSegment>,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn nodes_counter(&self) -> &AtomicU32 {
+        &self.max_num_node
+    }
+
+    fn increment_num_nodes(&self, max_page_len: u32) {
+        increment_and_clamp(self.nodes_counter(), max_page_len);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::{
+        LocalPOS, NodeSegmentView,
+        api::nodes::NodeSegmentOps,
+        pages::{layer_counter::GraphStats, node_page::writer::NodeWriter},
+        persist::strategy::NoOpStrategy,
+    };
+    use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{
+        meta::Meta,
+        prop::{Prop, PropType},
+    };
+    use raphtory_core::entities::{EID, ELID, VID};
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn est_size_changes() {
+        let node_meta = Arc::new(Meta::default());
+        let edge_meta = Arc::new(Meta::default());
+        let path = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let ext = NoOpStrategy::new(10, 10);
+        let segment = NodeSegmentView::new(
+            0,
+            node_meta.clone(),
+            edge_meta,
+            Some(path.path().to_path_buf()),
+            ext,
+        );
+        let stats = GraphStats::default();
+
+        let mut writer = NodeWriter::new(&segment, &stats, segment.head_mut());
+
+        let est_size1 = segment.est_size();
+        assert_eq!(est_size1, 0);
+
+        writer.add_outbound_edge(Some(1), LocalPOS(1), VID(3), EID(7).with_layer(0), 0);
+
+        let est_size2 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size2 > est_size1,
+            "Estimated size should be greater than 0 after adding an edge"
+        );
+
+        writer.add_inbound_edge(Some(1), LocalPOS(2), VID(4), EID(8).with_layer(0), 0);
+
+        let est_size3 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size3 > est_size2,
+            "Estimated size should increase after adding an inbound edge"
+        );
+
+        // no change when adding the same edge again
+
+        writer.add_outbound_edge::<i64>(None, LocalPOS(1), VID(3), EID(7).with_layer(0), 0);
+        let est_size4 = segment.est_size();
+        assert_eq!(
+            est_size4, est_size3,
+            "Estimated size should not change when adding the same edge again"
+        );
+
+        // add constant properties
+
+        let prop_id = node_meta
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .get_or_create_and_validate("a", PropType::U64)
+            .unwrap()
+            .inner();
+
+        writer.update_c_props(LocalPOS(1), 0, [(prop_id, Prop::U64(73))], 0);
+
+        let est_size5 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size5 > est_size4,
+            "Estimated size should increase after adding constant properties"
+        );
+
+        writer.update_timestamp(17, LocalPOS(1), ELID::new(EID(0), 0), 0);
+
+        let est_size6 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size6 > est_size5,
+            "Estimated size should increase after updating timestamp"
+        );
+
+        // add temporal properties
+        let prop_id = node_meta
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .get_or_create_and_validate("b", PropType::F64)
+            .unwrap()
+            .inner();
+
+        writer.add_props(42, LocalPOS(1), 0, [(prop_id, Prop::F64(4.13))], 0);
+
+        let est_size7 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size7 > est_size6,
+            "Estimated size should increase after adding temporal properties"
+        );
+
+        writer.add_props(72, LocalPOS(1), 0, [(prop_id, Prop::F64(5.41))], 0);
+        let est_size8 = segment.est_size();
+        assert!(
+            est_size8 > est_size7,
+            "Estimated size should increase after adding another temporal property"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/state.rs b/db4-storage/src/state.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f22baace12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    ops::{Index, IndexMut},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+use crate::pages::SegmentCounts;
+
+/// Index resolver for sharded storage with fixed-size chunks
+///
+/// Given a sharding scheme where items are distributed across chunks:
+/// - chunk_id = index / max_page_len
+/// - local_pos = index % max_page_len
+///
+/// This struct provides O(1) lookup to map any global index to a flat array position,
+/// accounting for partially filled chunks.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// With max_page_len = 1000:
+/// - Chunk 0: 1000 items (offsets[0] = 0, offsets[1] = 1000)
+/// - Chunk 1: 500 items  (offsets[1] = 1000, offsets[2] = 1500)
+/// - Chunk 2: 1000 items (offsets[2] = 1500, offsets[3] = 2500)
+///
+/// To resolve index 1200:
+/// - chunk = 1200 / 1000 = 1
+/// - local_pos = 1200 % 1000 = 200
+/// - flat_index = offsets[1] + 200 = 1000 + 200 = 1200
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct StateIndex<I = usize> {
+    /// Cumulative offsets: offsets[chunk_id] = starting position in flat array for that chunk
+    /// Length is equal to number of chunks + 1 (includes final cumulative value)
+    offsets: Box<[usize]>,
+    /// Maximum items per chunk
+    max_page_len: u32,
+    /// Phantom data for index type
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<I>,
+}
+
+impl<I> From<SegmentCounts<I>> for StateIndex<I>
+where
+    I: From<usize> + Into<usize>,
+{
+    fn from(counts: SegmentCounts<I>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            counts.counts().iter().map(|c| *c as usize),
+            counts.max_seg_len(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: From<usize> + Into<usize>> StateIndex<I> {
+    /// Create a new StateIndex with the given chunk configuration
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `chunk_sizes` - The actual size of each chunk (can be <= max_page_len)
+    /// * `max_page_len` - Maximum capacity of each chunk
+    pub fn new(chunk_sizes: impl IntoIterator<Item = usize>, max_page_len: u32) -> Self {
+        // Build cumulative offsets (includes final cumulative value)
+        let mut offsets = Vec::new();
+        let mut cumulative = 0;
+        for size in chunk_sizes {
+            offsets.push(cumulative);
+            cumulative += size;
+        }
+        offsets.push(cumulative); // Add final cumulative value
+
+        Self {
+            offsets: offsets.into_boxed_slice(),
+            max_page_len,
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve a global index to a flat array index
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `index` - Global index across all chunks
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Some(flat_index) if the index is valid, None otherwise
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn resolve(&self, index: I) -> Option<usize> {
+        let index: usize = index.into();
+        let chunk = index / self.max_page_len as usize;
+        let local_pos = index % self.max_page_len as usize;
+
+        let offset = *self.offsets.get(chunk)?;
+        let flat_index = offset + local_pos;
+
+        // Verify the flat_index is within bounds of this chunk
+        let next_offset = *self.offsets.get(chunk + 1)?;
+        if flat_index < next_offset {
+            Some(flat_index)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve a global index to a flat array index without bounds checking
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `index` - Global index across all chunks
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// The flat array index
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// Panics if the index is out of bounds
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn resolve_unchecked(&self, index: I) -> usize {
+        let index: usize = index.into();
+        let chunk = index / self.max_page_len as usize;
+        let local_pos = index % self.max_page_len as usize;
+
+        let offset = self.offsets[chunk];
+        offset + local_pos
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of chunks
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn num_chunks(&self) -> usize {
+        self.offsets.len().saturating_sub(1)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total number of items across all chunks
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.offsets[self.num_chunks()]
+    }
+
+    /// Check if there are no items
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Get the maximum page length
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn max_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_page_len
+    }
+
+    /// Create an iterator over all valid global indices
+    ///
+    /// This iterates through all chunks and yields the global indices for each item.
+    /// For example, with chunk_sizes [10, 1, 5] and max_page_len 10:
+    /// - Chunk 0: yields 0..10
+    /// - Chunk 1: yields 10..11
+    /// - Chunk 2: yields 20..25
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> StateIndexIter<'_, I> {
+        StateIndexIter {
+            index: self,
+            current_chunk: 0,
+            current_local: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a parallel iterator over all valid global indices with their flat indices
+    ///
+    /// This iterates through all chunks in parallel and yields tuples of (flat_index, global_index).
+    /// The flat_index starts at 0 and increments for each item in iteration order.
+    ///
+    /// For example, with chunk_sizes [10, 1, 5] and max_page_len 10:
+    /// - Chunk 0: yields (0, 0)..(9, 9)
+    /// - Chunk 1: yields (10, 10)
+    /// - Chunk 2: yields (11, 20)..(15, 24)
+    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, I)> + '_
+    where
+        I: Send + Sync,
+    {
+        let max_page_len = self.max_page_len as usize;
+        let num_chunks = self.num_chunks();
+        (0..num_chunks).into_par_iter().flat_map(move |chunk_idx| {
+            let chunk_start = self.offsets[chunk_idx];
+            let chunk_end = self.offsets[chunk_idx + 1];
+            let chunk_size = chunk_end - chunk_start;
+            let global_base = chunk_idx * max_page_len;
+            (0..chunk_size).into_par_iter().map(move |local_offset| {
+                let flat_idx = chunk_start + local_offset;
+                let global_idx = I::from(global_base + local_offset);
+                (flat_idx, global_idx)
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn arc_into_iter(self: Arc<Self>) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, I)> {
+        let max_page_len = self.max_page_len as usize;
+        let num_chunks = self.num_chunks();
+        (0..num_chunks).flat_map(move |chunk_idx| {
+            let chunk_start = self.offsets[chunk_idx];
+            let chunk_end = self.offsets[chunk_idx + 1];
+            let chunk_size = chunk_end - chunk_start;
+            let global_base = chunk_idx * max_page_len;
+            (0..chunk_size).map(move |local_offset| {
+                let flat_idx = chunk_start + local_offset;
+                let global_idx = I::from(global_base + local_offset);
+                (flat_idx, global_idx)
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: From<usize> + Into<usize>> StateIndex<I> {
+    /// Create a parallel iterator over all valid global indices with their flat indices
+    ///
+    /// This iterates through all chunks in parallel and yields tuples of (flat_index, global_index).
+    /// The flat_index starts at 0 and increments for each item in iteration order.
+    ///
+    /// For example, with chunk_sizes [10, 1, 5] and max_page_len 10:
+    /// - Chunk 0: yields (0, 0)..(9, 9)
+    /// - Chunk 1: yields (10, 10)
+    /// - Chunk 2: yields (11, 20)..(15, 24)
+    pub fn into_par_iter(self: Arc<Self>) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, I)>
+    where
+        I: Send + Sync,
+    {
+        let max_page_len = self.max_page_len as usize;
+        let num_chunks = self.num_chunks();
+        (0..num_chunks).into_par_iter().flat_map(move |chunk_idx| {
+            let chunk_start = self.offsets[chunk_idx];
+            let chunk_end = self.offsets[chunk_idx + 1];
+            let chunk_size = chunk_end - chunk_start;
+            let global_base = chunk_idx * max_page_len;
+            (0..chunk_size).into_par_iter().map(move |local_offset| {
+                let flat_idx = chunk_start + local_offset;
+                let global_idx = I::from(global_base + local_offset);
+                (flat_idx, global_idx)
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Iterator over global indices in a StateIndex
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct StateIndexIter<'a, I> {
+    index: &'a StateIndex<I>,
+    current_chunk: usize,
+    current_local: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I: From<usize> + Into<usize>> Iterator for StateIndexIter<'a, I> {
+    type Item = I;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            if self.current_chunk >= self.index.num_chunks() {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let chunk_start = self.index.offsets[self.current_chunk];
+            let chunk_end = self.index.offsets[self.current_chunk + 1];
+            let chunk_size = chunk_end - chunk_start;
+
+            if self.current_local < chunk_size {
+                let global_idx =
+                    self.current_chunk * self.index.max_page_len as usize + self.current_local;
+                self.current_local += 1;
+                return Some(I::from(global_idx));
+            }
+
+            // Move to next chunk
+            self.current_chunk += 1;
+            self.current_local = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let total = self.index.len();
+        let consumed = if self.current_chunk < self.index.num_chunks() {
+            self.index.offsets[self.current_chunk] + self.current_local
+        } else {
+            total
+        };
+        let remaining = total.saturating_sub(consumed);
+        (remaining, Some(remaining))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I: From<usize> + Into<usize>> ExactSizeIterator for StateIndexIter<'a, I> {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        let total = self.index.len();
+        let consumed = if self.current_chunk < self.index.num_chunks() {
+            self.index.offsets[self.current_chunk] + self.current_local
+        } else {
+            total
+        };
+        total.saturating_sub(consumed)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Address resolver for sharded storage with fixed-size chunks
+///
+/// This struct combines a StateIndex with a flat array to provide O(1) access
+/// to elements in a sharded storage scheme with partially filled chunks.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct State<A, I = usize> {
+    /// Index resolver
+    index: StateIndex<I>,
+    /// Flat array of state cells
+    state: Box<[A]>,
+}
+
+impl<A: Default, I: From<usize> + Into<usize>> State<A, I> {
+    /// Create a new State with the given chunk configuration
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `chunk_sizes` - The actual size of each chunk (can be <= max_page_len)
+    /// * `max_page_len` - Maximum capacity of each chunk
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```
+    /// use db4_storage::state::State;
+    /// use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+    ///
+    /// // 3 chunks with sizes 1000, 500, 1000 and max capacity 1000
+    /// let state: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![1000, 500, 1000], 1000);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(chunk_sizes: Vec<usize>, max_page_len: u32) -> Self {
+        let index = StateIndex::<I>::new(chunk_sizes, max_page_len);
+        let total_size = index.len();
+
+        // Initialize state array with default values
+        let state: Box<[A]> = (0..total_size)
+            .map(|_| A::default())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .into_boxed_slice();
+
+        Self { index, state }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a reference to the StateIndex
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn index(&self) -> &StateIndex<I> {
+        &self.index
+    }
+
+    /// Get a reference to the cell for the given global index
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `index` - Global index across all chunks
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Some(&A) if the index is valid, None otherwise
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn get(&self, index: I) -> Option<&A> {
+        let flat_index = self.index.resolve(index)?;
+        self.state.get(flat_index)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a mutable reference to the cell for the given global index
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `index` - Global index across all chunks
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Some(&mut A) if the index is valid, None otherwise
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, index: I) -> Option<&mut A> {
+        let flat_index = self.index.resolve(index)?;
+        self.state.get_mut(flat_index)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a reference to the cell for the given global index without bounds checking
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `index` - Global index across all chunks
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Reference to the corresponding cell
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// Panics if the index is out of bounds
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn get_unchecked(&self, index: I) -> &A {
+        let flat_index = self.index.resolve_unchecked(index);
+        &self.state[flat_index]
+    }
+
+    /// Get a mutable reference to the cell for the given global index without bounds checking
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `index` - Global index across all chunks
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Mutable reference to the corresponding cell
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// Panics if the index is out of bounds
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn get_mut_unchecked(&mut self, index: I) -> &mut A {
+        let flat_index = self.index.resolve_unchecked(index);
+        &mut self.state[flat_index]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of chunks
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn num_chunks(&self) -> usize {
+        self.index.num_chunks()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total number of state cells
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.state.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the state is empty
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.state.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the maximum page length
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn max_page_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.index.max_page_len()
+    }
+
+    /// Create an iterator over all elements in the state
+    ///
+    /// Yields references to each element in order of their global indices.
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> StateIter<'_, A, I> {
+        StateIter {
+            state: self,
+            inner: self.index.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Iterator over elements in a State
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct StateIter<'a, A, I> {
+    state: &'a State<A, I>,
+    inner: StateIndexIter<'a, I>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, A: Default, I: From<usize> + Into<usize>> Iterator for StateIter<'a, A, I> {
+    type Item = &'a A;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let global_idx = self.inner.next()?;
+        Some(self.state.get_unchecked(global_idx))
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.inner.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, A: Default, I: From<usize> + Into<usize>> ExactSizeIterator for StateIter<'a, A, I> {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A: Default, I: From<usize> + Into<usize> + std::fmt::Debug + Copy> Index<I> for State<A, I> {
+    type Output = A;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn index(&self, index: I) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.get(index)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("index out of bounds: {:?}", index))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A: Default, I: From<usize> + Into<usize> + std::fmt::Debug + Copy> IndexMut<I>
+    for State<A, I>
+{
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: I) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        self.get_mut(index)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("index out of bounds: {:?}", index))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_index_resolve() {
+        let index: StateIndex<usize> = StateIndex::new(vec![1000, 500, 1000], 1000);
+
+        assert_eq!(index.num_chunks(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(index.len(), 2500);
+        assert_eq!(index.max_page_len(), 1000);
+
+        // Test chunk 0
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(0), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(999), Some(999));
+
+        // Test chunk 1
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(1000), Some(1000));
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(1499), Some(1499));
+
+        // Test chunk 2
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(2000), Some(1500));
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(2999), Some(2499));
+
+        // Test out of bounds
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(3000), None);
+        assert_eq!(index.resolve(1500), None); // In chunk 1 but beyond its actual size
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_basic_get() {
+        let state: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![1000, 500, 1000], 1000);
+
+        // Test chunk 0
+        state.get_unchecked(0).store(42, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(0).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 42);
+
+        state.get_unchecked(999).store(123, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(999).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 123);
+
+        // Test chunk 1 (offset should be 1000)
+        state.get_unchecked(1000).store(77, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(1000).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 77);
+
+        state.get_unchecked(1499).store(88, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(1499).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 88);
+
+        // Test chunk 2 (offset should be 1500)
+        state.get_unchecked(2000).store(99, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(2000).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 99);
+
+        state.get_unchecked(2999).store(111, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(2999).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 111);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_option() {
+        let state: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![100, 50], 100);
+
+        assert!(state.get(0).is_some());
+        assert!(state.get(99).is_some());
+        assert!(state.get(100).is_some());
+        assert!(state.get(149).is_some());
+
+        // Out of bounds chunk
+        assert!(state.get(200).is_none());
+        assert!(state.get(1000).is_none());
+
+        // In bounds chunk but beyond chunk's actual size
+        assert!(state.get(150).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_out_of_bounds_chunk() {
+        let state: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![100], 100);
+        state.get_unchecked(200); // Should panic
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_partially_filled_chunks() {
+        // Simulate real scenario: chunks with varying fill levels
+        let state: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![1000, 300, 1000, 50], 1000);
+
+        // First chunk - fully filled
+        state.get_unchecked(0).store(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        state.get_unchecked(999).store(2, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(0).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(999).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2);
+
+        // Second chunk - partially filled (300 items)
+        // Global indices: 1000-1299
+        state.get_unchecked(1000).store(3, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        state.get_unchecked(1299).store(4, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(1000).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 3);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(1299).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 4);
+
+        // Third chunk - fully filled
+        // Global indices: 2000-2999
+        state.get_unchecked(2000).store(5, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        state.get_unchecked(2999).store(6, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(2000).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 5);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(2999).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 6);
+
+        // Fourth chunk - minimally filled (50 items)
+        // Global indices: 3000-3049
+        state.get_unchecked(3000).store(7, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        state.get_unchecked(3049).store(8, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(3000).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 7);
+        assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(3049).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 8);
+
+        assert_eq!(state.len(), 2350); // 1000 + 300 + 1000 + 50
+        assert_eq!(state.num_chunks(), 4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pos_consistency() {
+        // Test that our addressing matches the resolve_pos function
+        let max_page_len = 1000u32;
+        let state: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![1000, 500, 1000], max_page_len);
+
+        // Helper to simulate resolve_pos
+        let resolve_pos = |i: usize| -> (usize, u32) {
+            let chunk = i / max_page_len as usize;
+            let pos = (i % max_page_len as usize) as u32;
+            (chunk, pos)
+        };
+
+        for index in [0, 500, 999, 1000, 1250, 1499, 2000, 2500, 2999] {
+            let (chunk, local_pos) = resolve_pos(index);
+
+            // Verify our addressing scheme matches
+            let computed_chunk = index / max_page_len as usize;
+            let computed_local = index % max_page_len as usize;
+
+            assert_eq!(chunk, computed_chunk);
+            assert_eq!(local_pos, computed_local as u32);
+
+            // Verify we can access the cell
+            state.get_unchecked(index).store(index, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            assert_eq!(state.get_unchecked(index).load(Ordering::Relaxed), index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_generic_over_different_types() {
+        // Test with usize
+        let state_usize: State<usize> = State::new(vec![10, 5], 10);
+        assert_eq!(*state_usize.get_unchecked(0), 0);
+        assert_eq!(*state_usize.get_unchecked(10), 0);
+
+        // Test with Option
+        let state_option: State<Option<i32>> = State::new(vec![10, 5], 10);
+        assert_eq!(*state_option.get_unchecked(0), None);
+        assert_eq!(*state_option.get_unchecked(10), None);
+
+        // Test with AtomicUsize
+        let state_atomic: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![10, 5], 10);
+        state_atomic.get_unchecked(0).store(42, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        assert_eq!(state_atomic.get_unchecked(0).load(Ordering::Relaxed), 42);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mutable_access() {
+        let mut state: State<usize> = State::new(vec![100, 50], 100);
+
+        // Test get_mut
+        *state.get_mut(0).unwrap() = 42;
+        assert_eq!(*state.get(0).unwrap(), 42);
+
+        *state.get_mut(50).unwrap() = 99;
+        assert_eq!(*state.get(50).unwrap(), 99);
+
+        // Test get_mut in second chunk
+        *state.get_mut(100).unwrap() = 123;
+        assert_eq!(*state.get(100).unwrap(), 123);
+
+        // Test get_mut_unchecked
+        *state.get_mut_unchecked(10) = 77;
+        assert_eq!(*state.get_unchecked(10), 77);
+
+        // Test out of bounds returns None
+        assert!(state.get_mut(200).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_index_trait() {
+        let mut state: State<usize> = State::new(vec![100, 50], 100);
+
+        // Test Index trait
+        state[0] = 42;
+        assert_eq!(state[0], 42);
+
+        state[99] = 100;
+        assert_eq!(state[99], 100);
+
+        // Test in second chunk
+        state[100] = 200;
+        assert_eq!(state[100], 200);
+
+        state[149] = 300;
+        assert_eq!(state[149], 300);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "index out of bounds")]
+    fn test_index_out_of_bounds() {
+        let state: State<usize> = State::new(vec![100], 100);
+        let _ = state[200];
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_offsets_include_final_cumulative() {
+        let state: State<usize> = State::new(vec![1000, 500, 1000], 1000);
+
+        // offsets should be [0, 1000, 1500, 2500]
+        assert_eq!(state.num_chunks(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(state.len(), 2500);
+
+        // Verify via StateIndex API
+        assert_eq!(state.index().len(), state.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_index_can_be_used_independently() {
+        // StateIndex can be used independently of State
+        let index: StateIndex<usize> = StateIndex::new(vec![1000, 500, 1000], 1000);
+
+        // Create your own array
+        let mut data = vec![0usize; index.len()];
+
+        // Use the index to access elements
+        if let Some(flat_idx) = index.resolve(1200) {
+            data[flat_idx] = 42;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(flat_idx) = index.resolve(1200) {
+            assert_eq!(data[flat_idx], 42);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_index_iter() {
+        let index: StateIndex<usize> = StateIndex::new(vec![10, 1, 5], 10);
+
+        let global_indices: Vec<usize> = index.iter().collect();
+
+        // Chunk 0: global indices 0-9 (10 items)
+        // Chunk 1: global index 10 (1 item)
+        // Chunk 2: global indices 20-24 (5 items)
+        let expected = vec![
+            0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,  // Chunk 0
+            10, // Chunk 1
+            20, 21, 22, 23, 24, // Chunk 2
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(global_indices, expected);
+        assert_eq!(index.iter().len(), 16);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_index_par_iter() {
+        let index: StateIndex<usize> = StateIndex::new(vec![10, 1, 5], 10);
+
+        let mut results: Vec<(usize, usize)> = index.par_iter().collect();
+        results.sort_by_key(|(flat_idx, _)| *flat_idx); // Sort by flat index
+
+        // Expected: (flat_idx, global_idx) tuples
+        // Chunk 0: flat indices 0-9, global indices 0-9
+        // Chunk 1: flat index 10, global index 10
+        // Chunk 2: flat indices 11-15, global indices 20-24
+        let expected = vec![
+            (0, 0),
+            (1, 1),
+            (2, 2),
+            (3, 3),
+            (4, 4),
+            (5, 5),
+            (6, 6),
+            (7, 7),
+            (8, 8),
+            (9, 9),   // Chunk 0
+            (10, 10), // Chunk 1
+            (11, 20),
+            (12, 21),
+            (13, 22),
+            (14, 23),
+            (15, 24), // Chunk 2
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(results, expected);
+
+        // Verify count matches
+        assert_eq!(index.par_iter().count(), 16);
+
+        // Verify flat indices are sequential
+        let flat_indices: Vec<usize> = results.iter().map(|(flat_idx, _)| *flat_idx).collect();
+        assert_eq!(flat_indices, (0..16).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_iter() {
+        let mut state: State<usize> = State::new(vec![10, 1, 5], 10);
+
+        // Collect global indices first to avoid borrow checker issues
+        let global_indices: Vec<usize> = state.index().iter().collect();
+
+        // Initialize state with global indices
+        for global_idx in global_indices {
+            state[global_idx] = global_idx * 10;
+        }
+
+        // Collect values via iter
+        let values: Vec<usize> = state.iter().copied().collect();
+
+        let expected = vec![
+            0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,  // Chunk 0
+            100, // Chunk 1
+            200, 210, 220, 230, 240, // Chunk 2
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(values, expected);
+        assert_eq!(state.iter().len(), 16);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_iter_with_atomics() {
+        let state: State<AtomicUsize> = State::new(vec![10, 5], 10);
+
+        // Collect global indices first to avoid borrow checker issues
+        let global_indices: Vec<usize> = state.index().iter().collect();
+
+        // Set values via global indices
+        for global_idx in global_indices {
+            state
+                .get_unchecked(global_idx)
+                .store(global_idx, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+
+        // Read via iterator
+        let values: Vec<usize> = state.iter().map(|a| a.load(Ordering::Relaxed)).collect();
+
+        let expected = vec![
+            0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, // Chunk 0
+            10, 11, 12, 13, 14, // Chunk 1
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(values, expected);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/utils.rs b/db4-storage/src/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a28e2d86e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use iter_enum::{
+    DoubleEndedIterator, ExactSizeIterator, FusedIterator, IndexedParallelIterator, Iterator,
+    ParallelIterator,
+};
+
+#[derive(
+    Clone,
+    Debug,
+    Iterator,
+    DoubleEndedIterator,
+    ExactSizeIterator,
+    ParallelIterator,
+    IndexedParallelIterator,
+    FusedIterator,
+)]
+pub enum Iter2<I1, I2> {
+    I1(I1),
+    I2(I2),
+}
+
+#[derive(
+    Copy,
+    Clone,
+    Iterator,
+    ExactSizeIterator,
+    DoubleEndedIterator,
+    ParallelIterator,
+    IndexedParallelIterator,
+    FusedIterator,
+)]
+pub enum Iter3<I, J, K> {
+    I(I),
+    J(J),
+    K(K),
+}
+
+#[derive(
+    Copy,
+    Clone,
+    Iterator,
+    ExactSizeIterator,
+    DoubleEndedIterator,
+    ParallelIterator,
+    IndexedParallelIterator,
+    FusedIterator,
+)]
+pub enum Iter4<I, J, K, L> {
+    I(I),
+    J(J),
+    K(K),
+    L(L),
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/wal/entry.rs b/db4-storage/src/wal/entry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71ba54ce4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/wal/entry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use raphtory_api::core::{entities::properties::prop::Prop, storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{EID, GID, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    error::StorageError,
+    wal::{GraphReplayer, GraphWal, LSN, TransactionID, no_wal::NoWal},
+};
+
+impl GraphWal for NoWal {
+    type ReplayEntry = ();
+
+    fn log_begin_transaction(&self, _transaction_id: TransactionID) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_end_transaction(&self, _transaction_id: TransactionID) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_add_static_edge(
+        &self,
+        _transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        _t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        _src: VID,
+        _dst: VID,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_add_edge(
+        &self,
+        _transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        _t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        _src: VID,
+        _dst: VID,
+        _eid: EID,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+        _props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_node_id(
+        &self,
+        _transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        _gid: GID,
+        _vid: VID,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_edge_id(
+        &self,
+        _transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        _src: VID,
+        _dst: VID,
+        _eid: EID,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_const_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        _transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        _props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_temporal_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        _transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        _props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_layer_id(
+        &self,
+        _transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        _name: &str,
+        _id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn log_checkpoint(&self, _lsn: LSN) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn replay_iter(
+        _dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<(LSN, ()), StorageError>> {
+        std::iter::once(Ok((0, ())))
+    }
+
+    fn replay_to_graph<G: GraphReplayer>(
+        _dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        _graph: &mut G,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/wal/mod.rs b/db4-storage/src/wal/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7538781b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/wal/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+use crate::error::StorageError;
+use raphtory_api::core::{entities::properties::prop::Prop, storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{EID, GID, VID},
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
+};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+pub mod entry;
+pub mod no_wal;
+
+pub type LSN = u64;
+pub type TransactionID = u64;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct WalRecord {
+    pub lsn: LSN,
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Core Wal methods.
+pub trait Wal {
+    fn new(dir: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<Self, StorageError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+
+    /// Appends data to the WAL and returns the assigned LSN.
+    fn append(&self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    /// Immediately flushes in-memory WAL entries to disk.
+    fn sync(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    /// Blocks until the WAL has fsynced the given LSN to disk.
+    fn wait_for_sync(&self, lsn: LSN);
+
+    /// Rotates the underlying WAL file.
+    /// `cutoff_lsn` acts as a hint for which records can be safely discarded during rotation.
+    fn rotate(&self, cutoff_lsn: LSN) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the wal entries in the given directory.
+    fn replay(dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<WalRecord, StorageError>>;
+}
+
+// Raphtory-specific logging & replay methods.
+pub trait GraphWal {
+    /// ReplayEntry represents the type of the wal entry returned during replay.
+    type ReplayEntry;
+
+    fn log_begin_transaction(&self, transaction_id: TransactionID) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    fn log_end_transaction(&self, transaction_id: TransactionID) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    /// Log a static edge addition.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `transaction_id` - The transaction ID
+    /// * `t` - The timestamp of the edge addition
+    /// * `src` - The source vertex ID
+    /// * `dst` - The destination vertex ID
+    fn log_add_static_edge(
+        &self,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    /// Log an edge addition to a layer with temporal props.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `transaction_id` - The transaction ID
+    /// * `t` - The timestamp of the edge addition
+    /// * `src` - The source vertex ID
+    /// * `dst` - The destination vertex ID
+    /// * `eid` - The edge ID
+    /// * `layer_id` - The layer ID
+    /// * `props` - The temporal properties of the edge
+    fn log_add_edge(
+        &self,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        eid: EID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    fn log_node_id(
+        &self,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        gid: GID,
+        vid: VID,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    fn log_edge_id(
+        &self,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        eid: EID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    /// Log constant prop name -> prop id mappings.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `transaction_id` - The transaction ID
+    /// * `props` - A slice containing new or existing tuples of (prop name, id, value)
+    fn log_const_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    /// Log temporal prop name -> prop id mappings.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `transaction_id` - The transaction ID
+    /// * `props` - A slice containing new or existing tuples of (prop name, id, value).
+    fn log_temporal_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    fn log_layer_id(
+        &self,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        name: &str,
+        id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    /// Logs a checkpoint record, indicating that all Wal operations upto and including
+    /// `lsn` has been persisted to disk.
+    fn log_checkpoint(&self, lsn: LSN) -> Result<LSN, StorageError>;
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the wal entries in the given directory.
+    fn replay_iter(
+        dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<(LSN, Self::ReplayEntry), StorageError>>;
+
+    /// Replays and applies all the wal entries in the given directory to the given graph.
+    fn replay_to_graph<G: GraphReplayer>(
+        dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        graph: &mut G,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+}
+
+/// Trait for defining callbacks for replaying from wal
+pub trait GraphReplayer {
+    fn replay_begin_transaction(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn replay_end_transaction(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn replay_add_static_edge(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn replay_add_edge(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        eid: EID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn replay_node_id(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        gid: GID,
+        vid: VID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn replay_const_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn replay_temporal_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+
+    fn replay_layer_id(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        name: &str,
+        id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError>;
+}
diff --git a/db4-storage/src/wal/no_wal.rs b/db4-storage/src/wal/no_wal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72e666fefa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db4-storage/src/wal/no_wal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use crate::{
+    error::StorageError,
+    wal::{LSN, Wal, WalRecord},
+};
+
+/// `NoWAL` is a no-op WAL implementation that discards all writes.
+/// Used for in-memory only graphs.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NoWal;
+
+impl Wal for NoWal {
+    fn new(_dir: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<Self, StorageError> {
+        Ok(Self)
+    }
+
+    fn append(&self, _data: &[u8]) -> Result<LSN, StorageError> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn sync(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn wait_for_sync(&self, _lsn: LSN) {}
+
+    fn rotate(&self, _cutoff_lsn: LSN) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay(_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<WalRecord, StorageError>> {
+        let error = "Recovery is not supported for NoWAL";
+        std::iter::once(Err(StorageError::GenericFailure(error.to_string())))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/docs/reference/graphql/graphql_API.md b/docs/reference/graphql/graphql_API.md
index 0aef135570..c2d353ecfc 100644
--- a/docs/reference/graphql/graphql_API.md
+++ b/docs/reference/graphql/graphql_API.md
@@ -203,10 +203,7 @@ Creates a new graph.
 <td valign="top"><a href="#boolean">Boolean</a>!</td>
 <td>
 
-Move graph from a path path on the server to a new_path on the server.
-
-If namespace is not provided, it will be set to the current working directory.
-This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
+Move graph from a path on the server to a new_path on the server.
 
 </td>
 </tr>
@@ -221,14 +218,16 @@ This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
+<td colspan="2" align="right" valign="top">overwrite</td>
+<td valign="top"><a href="#boolean">Boolean</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
 <td colspan="2" valign="top"><strong id="mutroot.copygraph">copyGraph</strong></td>
 <td valign="top"><a href="#boolean">Boolean</a>!</td>
 <td>
 
-Copy graph from a path path on the server to a new_path on the server.
-
-If namespace is not provided, it will be set to the current working directory.
-This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
+Copy graph from a path on the server to a new_path on the server.
 
 </td>
 </tr>
@@ -243,6 +242,11 @@ This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
+<td colspan="2" align="right" valign="top">overwrite</td>
+<td valign="top"><a href="#boolean">Boolean</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
 <td colspan="2" valign="top"><strong id="mutroot.uploadgraph">uploadGraph</strong></td>
 <td valign="top"><a href="#string">String</a>!</td>
 <td>
@@ -7643,6 +7647,8 @@ The `String` scalar type represents textual data, represented as UTF-8 character
 
 ### Upload
 
+A multipart file upload
+
 
 ## Unions
 
diff --git a/examples/custom-gql-apis/Cargo.toml b/examples/custom-gql-apis/Cargo.toml
index 4074e14ab0..fa19368e0d 100644
--- a/examples/custom-gql-apis/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/custom-gql-apis/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description = "Python package for raphtory, a temporal graph library"
 version = "0.9.3"
 keywords = ["graph", "temporal-graph", "temporal", "jira"]
 authors = ["Pometry"]
-rust-version = "1.75.0"
+rust-version = "1.89.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html[lib]
diff --git a/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/mutation.rs b/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/mutation.rs
index e48e421a7f..a836f400b9 100644
--- a/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/mutation.rs
+++ b/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/mutation.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ impl<'a> Operation<'a, MutationPlugin> for HelloMutation {
 
     fn apply<'b>(
         _entry_point: &MutationPlugin,
-        ctx: ResolverContext,
+        ctx: ResolverContext<'b>,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'b, FieldResult<Option<FieldValue<'b>>>> {
         let name = ctx
             .args
diff --git a/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/query.rs b/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/query.rs
index 453d127f61..7c5e226346 100644
--- a/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/query.rs
+++ b/examples/custom-gql-apis/src/query.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ impl<'a> Operation<'a, QueryPlugin> for HelloQuery {
 
     fn apply<'b>(
         _entry_point: &QueryPlugin,
-        ctx: ResolverContext,
+        ctx: ResolverContext<'b>,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'b, FieldResult<Option<FieldValue<'b>>>> {
         let name = ctx
             .args
diff --git a/examples/netflow/src/netflow_one_path_node.rs b/examples/netflow/src/netflow_one_path_node.rs
index 57171e98e1..1dedc57556 100644
--- a/examples/netflow/src/netflow_one_path_node.rs
+++ b/examples/netflow/src/netflow_one_path_node.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn netflow_one_path_node<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(
         vec![],
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         None,
-        |egs, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&total_value),
+        |egs, _, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&total_value),
         threads,
         1,
         None,
diff --git a/examples/python/enron/nx.html b/examples/python/enron/nx.html
index d4d35188ac..8ef2dbb6cb 100644
--- a/examples/python/enron/nx.html
+++ b/examples/python/enron/nx.html
@@ -1,155 +1,272 @@
 <html>
     <head>
-        <meta charset="utf-8">
-        
-            <script src="lib/bindings/utils.js"></script>
-            <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vis-network/9.1.2/dist/dist/vis-network.min.css" integrity="sha512-WgxfT5LWjfszlPHXRmBWHkV2eceiWTOBvrKCNbdgDYTHrT2AeLCGbF4sZlZw3UMN3WtL0tGUoIAKsu8mllg/XA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
-            <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vis-network/9.1.2/dist/vis-network.min.js" integrity="sha512-LnvoEWDFrqGHlHmDD2101OrLcbsfkrzoSpvtSQtxK3RMnRV0eOkhhBN2dXHKRrUU8p2DGRTk35n4O8nWSVe1mQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-            
-        
-<center>
-<h1></h1>
-</center>
+        <meta charset="utf-8" />
 
-<!-- <link rel="stylesheet" href="../node_modules/vis/dist/vis.min.css" type="text/css" />
-<script type="text/javascript" src="../node_modules/vis/dist/vis.js"> </script>-->
+        <script src="lib/bindings/utils.js"></script>
         <link
-          href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.0-beta3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
-          rel="stylesheet"
-          integrity="sha384-eOJMYsd53ii+scO/bJGFsiCZc+5NDVN2yr8+0RDqr0Ql0h+rP48ckxlpbzKgwra6"
-          crossorigin="anonymous"
+            rel="stylesheet"
+            href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vis-network/9.1.2/dist/dist/vis-network.min.css"
+            integrity="sha512-WgxfT5LWjfszlPHXRmBWHkV2eceiWTOBvrKCNbdgDYTHrT2AeLCGbF4sZlZw3UMN3WtL0tGUoIAKsu8mllg/XA=="
+            crossorigin="anonymous"
+            referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
         />
         <script
-          src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.0-beta3/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"
-          integrity="sha384-JEW9xMcG8R+pH31jmWH6WWP0WintQrMb4s7ZOdauHnUtxwoG2vI5DkLtS3qm9Ekf"
-          crossorigin="anonymous"
+            src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vis-network/9.1.2/dist/vis-network.min.js"
+            integrity="sha512-LnvoEWDFrqGHlHmDD2101OrLcbsfkrzoSpvtSQtxK3RMnRV0eOkhhBN2dXHKRrUU8p2DGRTk35n4O8nWSVe1mQ=="
+            crossorigin="anonymous"
+            referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
         ></script>
 
-
         <center>
-          <h1></h1>
+            <h1></h1>
         </center>
-        <style type="text/css">
-
-             #mynetwork {
-                 width: 100%;
-                 height: 600px;
-                 background-color: #ffffff;
-                 border: 1px solid lightgray;
-                 position: relative;
-                 float: left;
-             }
 
-             
-
-             
+        <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" href="../node_modules/vis/dist/vis.min.css" type="text/css" />
+<script type="text/javascript" src="../node_modules/vis/dist/vis.js"> </script>-->
+        <link
+            href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.0-beta3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
+            rel="stylesheet"
+            integrity="sha384-eOJMYsd53ii+scO/bJGFsiCZc+5NDVN2yr8+0RDqr0Ql0h+rP48ckxlpbzKgwra6"
+            crossorigin="anonymous"
+        />
+        <script
+            src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.0-beta3/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"
+            integrity="sha384-JEW9xMcG8R+pH31jmWH6WWP0WintQrMb4s7ZOdauHnUtxwoG2vI5DkLtS3qm9Ekf"
+            crossorigin="anonymous"
+        ></script>
 
-             
+        <center>
+            <h1></h1>
+        </center>
+        <style type="text/css">
+            #mynetwork {
+                width: 100%;
+                height: 600px;
+                background-color: #ffffff;
+                border: 1px solid lightgray;
+                position: relative;
+                float: left;
+            }
         </style>
     </head>
 
-
     <body>
         <div class="card" style="width: 100%">
-            
-            
             <div id="mynetwork" class="card-body"></div>
         </div>
 
-        
-        
-
         <script type="text/javascript">
+            // initialize global variables.
+            var edges;
+            var nodes;
+            var allNodes;
+            var allEdges;
+            var nodeColors;
+            var originalNodes;
+            var network;
+            var container;
+            var options, data;
+            var filter = {
+                item: "",
+                property: "",
+                value: [],
+            };
 
-              // initialize global variables.
-              var edges;
-              var nodes;
-              var allNodes;
-              var allEdges;
-              var nodeColors;
-              var originalNodes;
-              var network;
-              var container;
-              var options, data;
-              var filter = {
-                  item : '',
-                  property : '',
-                  value : []
-              };
-
-              
-
-              
-
-              // This method is responsible for drawing the graph, returns the drawn network
-              function drawGraph() {
-                  var container = document.getElementById('mynetwork');
+            // This method is responsible for drawing the graph, returns the drawn network
+            function drawGraph() {
+                var container = document.getElementById("mynetwork");
 
-                  
+                // parsing and collecting nodes and edges from the python
+                nodes = new vis.DataSet([
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 6076003423996713654,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "greg.whalley",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 3706582846319807979,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "michael.norris",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 5350559918789963524,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "w..pereira",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 4166911038501177767,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "kenneth.lay",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 15621484258632277716,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "a..howard",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 11195289028662148947,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "rod.hayslett",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 7142029215401505166,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "stanley.horton",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 1598159658826880704,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "khortongolf",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 3135071489733153058,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "betty.alexander",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 4916201938344921332,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "deane.pierce",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        color: "#97c2fc",
+                        id: 8336200709397585546,
+                        image: "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png",
+                        label: "a..hughes",
+                        shape: "dot",
+                    },
+                ]);
+                edges = new vis.DataSet([
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 6076003423996713654,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 3706582846319807979,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 5350559918789963524,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 4166911038501177767,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 15621484258632277716,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 11195289028662148947,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 3706582846319807979,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 4166911038501177767,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 7142029215401505166,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 1598159658826880704,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 3135071489733153058,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 4166911038501177767,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 4916201938344921332,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 4166911038501177767,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        arrowStrikethrough: false,
+                        color: "#FF0000",
+                        from: 8336200709397585546,
+                        title: "",
+                        to: 7142029215401505166,
+                        value: 1,
+                    },
+                ]);
 
-                  // parsing and collecting nodes and edges from the python
-                  nodes = new vis.DataSet([{"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 6076003423996713654, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "greg.whalley", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 3706582846319807979, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "michael.norris", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 5350559918789963524, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "w..pereira", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 4166911038501177767, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "kenneth.lay", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 15621484258632277716, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "a..howard", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 11195289028662148947, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "rod.hayslett", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 7142029215401505166, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "stanley.horton", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 1598159658826880704, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "khortongolf", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 3135071489733153058, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "betty.alexander", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 4916201938344921332, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "deane.pierce", "shape": "dot"}, {"color": "#97c2fc", "id": 8336200709397585546, "image": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/7584/7584620.png", "label": "a..hughes", "shape": "dot"}]);
-                  edges = new vis.DataSet([{"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 6076003423996713654, "title": "", "to": 3706582846319807979, "value": 1}, {"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 5350559918789963524, "title": "", "to": 4166911038501177767, "value": 1}, {"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 15621484258632277716, "title": "", "to": 11195289028662148947, "value": 1}, {"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 3706582846319807979, "title": "", "to": 4166911038501177767, "value": 1}, {"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 7142029215401505166, "title": "", "to": 1598159658826880704, "value": 1}, {"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 3135071489733153058, "title": "", "to": 4166911038501177767, "value": 1}, {"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 4916201938344921332, "title": "", "to": 4166911038501177767, "value": 1}, {"arrowStrikethrough": false, "color": "#FF0000", "from": 8336200709397585546, "title": "", "to": 7142029215401505166, "value": 1}]);
-
-                  nodeColors = {};
-                  allNodes = nodes.get({ returnType: "Object" });
-                  for (nodeId in allNodes) {
+                nodeColors = {};
+                allNodes = nodes.get({ returnType: "Object" });
+                for (nodeId in allNodes) {
                     nodeColors[nodeId] = allNodes[nodeId].color;
-                  }
-                  allEdges = edges.get({ returnType: "Object" });
-                  // adding nodes and edges to the graph
-                  data = {nodes: nodes, edges: edges};
-
-                  var options = {
-    "configure": {
-        "enabled": false
-    },
-    "edges": {
-        "color": {
-            "inherit": true
-        },
-        "smooth": {
-            "enabled": true,
-            "type": "dynamic"
-        }
-    },
-    "interaction": {
-        "dragNodes": true,
-        "hideEdgesOnDrag": false,
-        "hideNodesOnDrag": false
-    },
-    "physics": {
-        "enabled": true,
-        "stabilization": {
-            "enabled": true,
-            "fit": true,
-            "iterations": 1000,
-            "onlyDynamicEdges": false,
-            "updateInterval": 50
-        }
-    }
-};
-
-                  
-
-
-                  
-
-                  network = new vis.Network(container, data, options);
-
-                  
-
-                  
-
-                  
-
+                }
+                allEdges = edges.get({ returnType: "Object" });
+                // adding nodes and edges to the graph
+                data = { nodes: nodes, edges: edges };
 
-                  
+                var options = {
+                    configure: {
+                        enabled: false,
+                    },
+                    edges: {
+                        color: {
+                            inherit: true,
+                        },
+                        smooth: {
+                            enabled: true,
+                            type: "dynamic",
+                        },
+                    },
+                    interaction: {
+                        dragNodes: true,
+                        hideEdgesOnDrag: false,
+                        hideNodesOnDrag: false,
+                    },
+                    physics: {
+                        enabled: true,
+                        stabilization: {
+                            enabled: true,
+                            fit: true,
+                            iterations: 1000,
+                            onlyDynamicEdges: false,
+                            updateInterval: 50,
+                        },
+                    },
+                };
 
-                  return network;
+                network = new vis.Network(container, data, options);
 
-              }
-              drawGraph();
+                return network;
+            }
+            drawGraph();
         </script>
     </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/examples/rust/Cargo.toml b/examples/rust/Cargo.toml
index f4a7622bf7..09d8c27d8b 100644
--- a/examples/rust/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/rust/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ keywords = ["graph", "temporal-graph", "temporal", "examples"]
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-raphtory = { workspace = true, features = ["io", "proto"] }
+raphtory = { workspace = true, features = ["io"] }
 chrono = { workspace = true }
 regex = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/graphql-bench/.gitignore b/graphql-bench/.gitignore
index 074e8e7140..93b8db964b 100644
--- a/graphql-bench/.gitignore
+++ b/graphql-bench/.gitignore
@@ -11,11 +11,8 @@ reports
 terraform.tfstate
 terraform.tfstate.backup
 .virtual_documents
-data/apache
 node_modules
 dist
 output.csv.gz
-output.json
+data
 
-!data/apache/master/graph.tar.xz
-!data/apache/master/.raph
diff --git a/graphql-bench/Makefile b/graphql-bench/Makefile
index ba93a7abfc..86ae38e930 100644
--- a/graphql-bench/Makefile
+++ b/graphql-bench/Makefile
@@ -4,15 +4,12 @@ CURRENT_TIME := $(shell date +"%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S")
 K6_IP=$(shell terraform output k6_ip | jq -r '.')
 RAPHTORY_IP=$(shell terraform output raphtory_ip | jq -r '.')
 
-data/apache/master/graph:
-	@echo "Unzipping apache master graph"
-	@cd data/apache/master && tar -Jxf graph.tar.xz -C .
 
 build:
 	pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
 	pnpm build
 
-bench-local: data/apache/master/graph build
+bench-local: build
 	pnpm concurrently --raw --kill-others --names 'raphtory,bench' 'python server.py' 'sleep 10 && k6 run --out csv=output.csv.gz dist/bench.js' || :
 	python process-k6-output.py
 
diff --git a/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/.raph b/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/.raph
index 45297e31c6..e157c0d4f4 100644
--- a/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/.raph
+++ b/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/.raph
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"node_count":73369,"edge_count":54654,"metadata":[["hidden",{"Bool":true}]]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"path":"data0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/data0/.meta b/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/data0/.meta
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61cf45fc9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/data0/.meta
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"path":"graph0","meta":{"node_count":52151,"edge_count":44045,"graph_type":"EventGraph","is_diskgraph":false}}
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diff --git a/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/graph.tar.xz b/graphql-bench/data/apache/master/graph.tar.xz
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cd640967c..0000000000
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diff --git a/graphql-bench/src/bench.ts b/graphql-bench/src/bench.ts
index 6470f8e8c0..8fdf213633 100644
--- a/graphql-bench/src/bench.ts
+++ b/graphql-bench/src/bench.ts
@@ -1,248 +1,261 @@
-import { check, fail, sleep } from 'k6';
-import http from 'k6/http';
-import { Rate } from 'k6/metrics';
+import { check, fail, sleep } from "k6";
+import http from "k6/http";
+import { Rate } from "k6/metrics";
 
-import { fetchAndCheck, fetchAndParse, mutate } from './utils';
+import { fetchAndCheck, fetchAndParse, mutate } from "./utils";
 
 const TIME_RANGE = 2000 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
 const randomTime = () => Math.floor(Math.random() * TIME_RANGE);
 
-export const errorRate = new Rate('errors');
+export const errorRate = new Rate("errors");
 
 const duration = 1;
 const stagesInMinutes: { duration: number; target: number }[] = [
-    { duration, target: 100 },
-    { duration, target: 400 },
-    { duration, target: 1600 },
-    { duration, target: 6400 },
+  { duration, target: 100 },
+  { duration, target: 400 },
+  { duration, target: 1600 },
+  { duration, target: 6400 },
 ];
 
 // +1 to leave enough time for the server to recover from prev scenario
 const minutesPerScenario =
-    stagesInMinutes.map(({ duration }) => duration).reduce((a, b) => a + b) + 1;
+  stagesInMinutes.map(({ duration }) => duration).reduce((a, b) => a + b) + 1;
 
 const execs = [
-    addNode,
-    randomNodePage,
-    randomEdgePage,
-    nodePropsByName,
-    nodeNeighboursByName,
-    readAndWriteNodeProperties,
+  addNode,
+  randomNodePage,
+  randomEdgePage,
+  nodePropsByName,
+  nodeNeighboursByName,
+  readAndWriteNodeProperties,
 ];
 const scenarios = execs.map(
-    (exec, index) =>
-        [
-            exec.name,
-            {
-                executor: 'ramping-arrival-rate',
-                exec: exec.name,
-                startRate: 0,
-                startTime: `${index * minutesPerScenario}m`,
-                timeUnit: '1s',
-                preAllocatedVUs: 5,
-                maxVUs: 1000,
-                stages: stagesInMinutes.map(({ duration, target }) => ({
-                    duration: `${duration}m`,
-                    target,
-                })),
-            },
-        ] as const,
+  (exec, index) =>
+    [
+      exec.name,
+      {
+        executor: "ramping-arrival-rate",
+        exec: exec.name,
+        startRate: 0,
+        startTime: `${index * minutesPerScenario}m`,
+        timeUnit: "1s",
+        preAllocatedVUs: 5,
+        maxVUs: 1000,
+        stages: stagesInMinutes.map(({ duration, target }) => ({
+          duration: `${duration}m`,
+          target,
+        })),
+      },
+    ] as const,
 );
 
 export const options = {
-    scenarios: Object.fromEntries(scenarios),
+  scenarios: Object.fromEntries(scenarios),
 };
 
 type SetupData = {
-    graphPaths: string[];
-    countNodes: number;
-    countEdges: number;
+  graphPaths: string[];
+  countNodes: number;
+  countEdges: number;
 };
 
 export function setup(): SetupData {
-    const graphListResponse = fetchAndParse({
-        namespaces: { list: { graphs: { list: { path: true } } } },
-    });
-    const graphPaths = graphListResponse.data.namespaces.list.flatMap(
-        (ns: any) => ns.graphs.list.map((graph: any) => graph.path),
-    );
+  console.log("=== Setup Phase Starting ===");
 
-    mutate({
-        newGraph: {
-            __args: {
-                path: 'empty',
-                graphType: 'EVENT',
-            },
-        },
-    });
+  const graphListResponse = fetchAndParse({
+    namespaces: { list: { graphs: { list: { path: true } } } },
+  });
+  console.log(
+    "Graph list response:",
+    JSON.stringify(graphListResponse, null, 2),
+  );
 
-    // this is to trigger the load of the empty graph into memory
-    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-        graph: {
-            __args: {
-                path: 'empty',
-            },
-            countNodes: true,
-        },
-    });
+  const graphPaths = graphListResponse.data.namespaces.list.flatMap((ns: any) =>
+    ns.graphs.list.map((graph: any) => graph.path),
+  );
+  console.log("Found graph paths:", graphPaths);
 
-    const graphResponse = fetchAndParse({
-        graph: {
-            __args: {
-                path: 'master',
-            },
-            countNodes: true,
-            countEdges: true,
-        },
-    });
+  mutate({
+    newGraph: {
+      __args: {
+        path: "empty",
+        graphType: "EVENT",
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  console.log("Created empty graph");
 
-    return {
-        graphPaths,
-        countNodes: graphResponse.data.graph.countNodes,
-        countEdges: graphResponse.data.graph.countEdges,
-    };
-}
+  // this is to trigger the load of the empty graph into memory
+  fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+    graph: {
+      __args: {
+        path: "empty",
+      },
+      countNodes: true,
+    },
+  });
+  console.log("Loaded empty graph into memory");
 
+  const graphResponse = fetchAndParse({
+    graph: {
+      __args: {
+        path: "master",
+      },
+      countNodes: true,
+      countEdges: true,
+    },
+  });
+  console.log("Master graph response:", JSON.stringify(graphResponse, null, 2));
 
+  const setupData = {
+    graphPaths,
+    countNodes: graphResponse.data.graph.countNodes,
+    countEdges: graphResponse.data.graph.countEdges,
+  };
+  console.log("=== Setup Complete ===");
+  console.log("Setup data:", JSON.stringify(setupData, null, 2));
+
+  return setupData;
+}
 
 export function addNode() {
-    const name = Math.random().toString();
-    const time = randomTime();
-    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-        updateGraph: {
-            __args: {
-                path: 'empty',
-            },
-            addNode: {
-                __args: {
-                    name,
-                    time,
-                },
-                success: true,
-            },
+  const name = Math.random().toString();
+  const time = randomTime();
+  fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+    updateGraph: {
+      __args: {
+        path: "empty",
+      },
+      addNode: {
+        __args: {
+          name,
+          time,
         },
-    });
+        success: true,
+      },
+    },
+  });
 }
 
 export function randomNodePage(input: SetupData) {
-    const offset = Math.floor(Math.random() * (input.countNodes - 20));
-    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-        graph: {
-            __args: { path: 'master' },
-            nodes: {
-                page: {
-                    __args: { offset, limit: 20 },
-                    degree: true,
-                    name: true,
-                },
-            },
+  const offset = Math.floor(Math.random() * (input.countNodes - 20));
+  fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+    graph: {
+      __args: { path: "master" },
+      nodes: {
+        page: {
+          __args: { offset, limit: 20 },
+          degree: true,
+          name: true,
         },
-    });
+      },
+    },
+  });
 }
 
 export function randomEdgePage(input: SetupData) {
   const offset = Math.floor(Math.random() * (input.countEdges - 20));
-    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-        graph: {
-            __args: { path: 'master' },
-            edges: {
-                page: {
-                    __args: { offset, limit: 20 },
-                    explodeLayers: {
-                        count: true,
-                    },
-                    history: true,
-                    src: { name: true },
-                    dst: { name: true },
-                },
-            },
+  fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+    graph: {
+      __args: { path: "master" },
+      edges: {
+        page: {
+          __args: { offset, limit: 20 },
+          explodeLayers: {
+            count: true,
+          },
+          history: true,
+          src: { name: true },
+          dst: { name: true },
         },
-    });
+      },
+    },
+  });
 }
 
 export function nodePropsByName() {
-    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-        graph: {
-            __args: { path: 'master' },
-            node: {
-                __args: {
-                    name: 'SPARK-22386',
-                },
-                metadata: {
-                    values: {
-                        key: true,
-                        value: true,
-                    },
-                },
-            },
+  fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+    graph: {
+      __args: { path: "master" },
+      node: {
+        __args: {
+          name: "SPARK-22386",
         },
-    });
+        metadata: {
+          values: {
+            key: true,
+            value: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
 }
 
 export function nodeNeighboursByName() {
-    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-        graph: {
-            __args: { path: 'master' },
-            node: {
-                __args: {
-                    name: 'SPARK-22386',
-                },
-                neighbours: {
-                    list: {
-                        name: true,
-                    },
-                },
-            },
+  fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+    graph: {
+      __args: { path: "master" },
+      node: {
+        __args: {
+          name: "SPARK-22386",
         },
-    });
+        neighbours: {
+          list: {
+            name: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
 }
 
-
 export function readAndWriteNodeProperties(input: SetupData) {
-    const random = Math.random();
-    const time = randomTime();
-    if (random < 0.3) {
-      fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-          updateGraph: {
-              __args: {
-                  path: 'master',
-              },
-              node: {
+  const random = Math.random();
+  const time = randomTime();
+  if (random < 0.3) {
+    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+      updateGraph: {
+        __args: {
+          path: "master",
+        },
+        node: {
+          __args: {
+            name: "SPARK-22386",
+          },
+          addUpdates: {
+            __args: {
+              time,
+              properties: [
+                { key: "temporal_bool", value: { bool: Math.random() > 0.5 } },
+              ],
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+  } else {
+    fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
+      graph: {
+        __args: { path: "master" },
+        node: {
+          __args: {
+            name: "SPARK-22386",
+          },
+          at: {
+            __args: {
+              time,
+            },
+            properties: {
+              get: {
                 __args: {
-                  name: "SPARK-22386"
+                  key: "temporal_bool",
                 },
-                addUpdates: {
-                  __args: {
-                    time,
-                    properties: [{key: "temporal_bool", value: {bool: Math.random() > 0.5}}]
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-
-          },
-      });
-    } else {
-      fetchAndCheck(errorRate, {
-          graph: {
-              __args: { path: 'master' },
-              node: {
-                  __args: {
-                      name: 'SPARK-22386',
-                  },
-                  at: {
-                    __args: {
-                      time,
-                    },
-                    properties: {
-                      get: {
-                        __args: {
-                          key: "temporal_bool"
-                        }
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
               },
+            },
           },
-      });
-    }
+        },
+      },
+    });
+  }
 }
diff --git a/graphql-bench/src/utils.ts b/graphql-bench/src/utils.ts
index 248ed3857b..3b98b20855 100644
--- a/graphql-bench/src/utils.ts
+++ b/graphql-bench/src/utils.ts
@@ -1,67 +1,77 @@
 import http, { RefinedResponse } from "k6/http";
-import { generateMutationOp, generateQueryOp, MutRootGenqlSelection, QueryRootGenqlSelection } from "./__generated";
+import {
+  generateMutationOp,
+  generateQueryOp,
+  MutRootGenqlSelection,
+  QueryRootGenqlSelection,
+} from "./__generated";
 import { Rate } from "k6/metrics";
 import { check, fail } from "k6";
 
-const URL = __ENV.RAPHTORY_URL ?? 'http://localhost:1736';
+const URL = __ENV.RAPHTORY_URL ?? "http://localhost:1736";
 
-function checkResponse<RT extends "binary" | "none" | "text"| undefined>(response: RefinedResponse<RT>, errorRate: Rate) {
+function checkResponse<RT extends "binary" | "none" | "text" | undefined>(
+  response: RefinedResponse<RT>,
+  errorRate: Rate,
+) {
   const result = check(response, {
-      'response status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200,
-      'response has data field defined': (r) => {
-          if (typeof r.body === 'string') {
-              const body = JSON.parse(r.body);
-              const result = 'data' in body &&
-                body.data !== undefined &&
-                body.data !== null; // FIXME: improve query checking, I wish I could just rely on genql
+    "response status is 200": (r) => r.status === 200,
+    "response has data field defined": (r) => {
+      if (typeof r.body === "string") {
+        const body = JSON.parse(r.body);
+        const result =
+          "data" in body && body.data !== undefined && body.data !== null; // FIXME: improve query checking, I wish I could just rely on genql
 
-              if (result === false) {
-                // console.log(">>> error:", JSON.stringify(body, null, 2));
-                // console.log(">>> request:", JSON.stringify(response.request.body, null, 2))
-              }
+        if (result === false) {
+          console.log(">>> error:", JSON.stringify(body, null, 2));
+          console.log(
+            ">>> request:",
+            JSON.stringify(response.request.body, null, 2),
+          );
+        }
 
-              return result;
-          } else {
-              return false;
-          }
-      },
+        return result;
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+    },
   });
   errorRate.add(!result);
 }
 
 const params = {
-    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip' },
+  headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip" },
 };
 function fetch(query: QueryRootGenqlSelection) {
-    const { query: compiledQuery, variables } = generateQueryOp(query);
-    const payload = JSON.stringify({
-        query: compiledQuery,
-        variables: variables,
-    });
-    return http.post(URL, payload, params);
+  const { query: compiledQuery, variables } = generateQueryOp(query);
+  const payload = JSON.stringify({
+    query: compiledQuery,
+    variables: variables,
+  });
+  return http.post(URL, payload, params);
 }
 
 export function mutate(query: MutRootGenqlSelection) {
-    const { query: compiledQuery, variables } = generateMutationOp(query);
-    const payload = JSON.stringify({
-        query: compiledQuery,
-        variables: variables,
-    });
-    return http.post(URL, payload, params);
+  const { query: compiledQuery, variables } = generateMutationOp(query);
+  const payload = JSON.stringify({
+    query: compiledQuery,
+    variables: variables,
+  });
+  return http.post(URL, payload, params);
 }
 
 export function fetchAndParse(query: QueryRootGenqlSelection) {
-    const response = fetch(query);
-    if (typeof response.body !== 'string') {
-        fail(JSON.stringify(response));
-    }
-    return JSON.parse(response.body);
+  const response = fetch(query);
+  if (typeof response.body !== "string") {
+    fail(JSON.stringify(response));
+  }
+  return JSON.parse(response.body);
 }
 
-export function fetchAndCheck(errorRate: Rate, query: QueryRootGenqlSelection, ) {
-    checkResponse(fetch(query), errorRate);
+export function fetchAndCheck(errorRate: Rate, query: QueryRootGenqlSelection) {
+  checkResponse(fetch(query), errorRate);
 }
 
-export function mutateAndCheck(errorRate: Rate, query: MutRootGenqlSelection, ) {
-    checkResponse(mutate(query), errorRate);
+export function mutateAndCheck(errorRate: Rate, query: MutRootGenqlSelection) {
+  checkResponse(mutate(query), errorRate);
 }
diff --git a/pometry-storage-private b/pometry-storage-private
deleted file mode 160000
index 3cc719a6b2..0000000000
--- a/pometry-storage-private
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 3cc719a6b2e373d069be868be3a0134a436e87a1
diff --git a/pometry-storage/src/lib.rs b/pometry-storage/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0851e257e4..0000000000
--- a/pometry-storage/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-compile_error!("The 'storage' feature is private");
diff --git a/python/Cargo.toml b/python/Cargo.toml
index 7f7c77b0b3..a88d5f460d 100644
--- a/python/Cargo.toml
+++ b/python/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,17 +21,16 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 pyo3 = { workspace = true }
 raphtory = { workspace = true, features = [
     "python",
-    "search",
     "vectors",
-    "proto",
 ] }
 raphtory-graphql = { workspace = true, features = [
-    "python", "search"
+    "python",
 ] }
 
 [features]
-storage = ["raphtory/storage", "raphtory-graphql/storage"]
 extension-module = ["pyo3/extension-module"]
+search = ["raphtory/search", "raphtory-graphql/search"]
+proto = ["raphtory/proto"]
 
 [build-dependencies]
 pyo3-build-config = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/python/python/raphtory/__init__.pyi b/python/python/raphtory/__init__.pyi
index adac628ab2..f029c340de 100644
--- a/python/python/raphtory/__init__.pyi
+++ b/python/python/raphtory/__init__.pyi
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import networkx as nx  # type: ignore
 import pyvis  # type: ignore
 from raphtory.iterables import *
 
-__all__ = ['GraphView', 'Graph', 'PersistentGraph', 'Node', 'Nodes', 'PathFromNode', 'PathFromGraph', 'MutableNode', 'Edge', 'Edges', 'NestedEdges', 'MutableEdge', 'Properties', 'PyPropValueList', 'Metadata', 'TemporalProperties', 'PropertiesView', 'TemporalProp', 'WindowSet', 'IndexSpecBuilder', 'IndexSpec', 'version', 'graphql', 'algorithms', 'graph_loader', 'graph_gen', 'vectors', 'node_state', 'filter', 'iterables', 'nullmodels', 'plottingutils']
+__all__ = ['GraphView', 'Graph', 'PersistentGraph', 'Node', 'Nodes', 'PathFromNode', 'PathFromGraph', 'MutableNode', 'Edge', 'Edges', 'NestedEdges', 'MutableEdge', 'Properties', 'PyPropValueList', 'Metadata', 'TemporalProperties', 'PropertiesView', 'TemporalProp', 'WindowSet', 'version', 'graphql', 'algorithms', 'graph_loader', 'graph_gen', 'vectors', 'node_state', 'filter', 'iterables', 'nullmodels', 'plottingutils']
 class GraphView(object): 
     """Graph view is a read-only version of a graph at a certain point in time."""
 
@@ -307,14 +307,6 @@ class GraphView(object):
            list[Node]: the nodes that match the properties name and value
         """
 
-    def get_index_spec(self) -> IndexSpec:
-        """
-        Get index spec
-
-        Returns:
-            IndexSpec:
-        """
-
     def has_edge(self, src: NodeInput, dst: NodeInput) -> bool:
         """
         Returns true if the graph contains the specified edge
@@ -401,12 +393,16 @@ class GraphView(object):
 
     def materialize(self) -> GraphView:
         """
-        Returns a 'materialized' clone of the graph view - i.e. a new graph with a copy of the data seen within the view instead of just a mask over the original graph
+        Returns a 'materialized' clone of the graph view - i.e. a new graph with a
+        copy of the data seen within the view instead of just a mask over the original graph.
 
         Returns:
            GraphView: Returns a graph clone
         """
 
+    def materialize_at(self, path):
+        """Materializes the graph view into a graphql compatible folder."""
+
     @property
     def metadata(self) -> Metadata:
         """
@@ -471,32 +467,6 @@ class GraphView(object):
             WindowSet: A `WindowSet` object.
         """
 
-    def search_edges(self, filter: Any, limit: int = 25, offset: int = 0) -> list[Edge]:
-        """
-        Searches for edges which match the given filter expression. This uses Tantivy's exact search.
-
-        Arguments:
-           filter: The filter expression to search for.
-           limit(int): The maximum number of results to return. Defaults to 25.
-           offset(int): The number of results to skip. This is useful for pagination. Defaults to 0.
-
-        Returns:
-           list[Edge]: A list of edges which match the filter expression. The list will be empty if no edges match the query.
-        """
-
-    def search_nodes(self, filter: Any, limit: int = 25, offset: int = 0) -> list[Node]:
-        """
-        Searches for nodes which match the given filter expression. This uses Tantivy's exact search.
-
-        Arguments:
-           filter: The filter expression to search for.
-           limit(int): The maximum number of results to return. Defaults to 25.
-           offset(int): The number of results to skip. This is useful for pagination. Defaults to 0.
-
-        Returns:
-           list[Node]: A list of nodes which match the filter expression. The list will be empty if no nodes match.
-        """
-
     def shrink_end(self, end: TimeInput) -> GraphView:
         """
         Set the end of the window to the smaller of `end` and `self.end()`
@@ -717,7 +687,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
         num_shards (int, optional): The number of locks to use in the storage to allow for multithreaded updates.
     """
 
-    def __new__(cls, num_shards: Optional[int] = None) -> Graph:
+    def __new__(cls, path=None) -> Graph:
         """Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature."""
 
     def __reduce__(self):
@@ -790,67 +760,6 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def cache(self, path: str) -> None:
-        """
-         Write Graph to cache file and initialise the cache.
-
-        Future updates are tracked. Use `write_updates` to persist them to the
-        cache file. If the file already exists its contents are overwritten.
-
-        Arguments:
-            path (str): The path to the cache file
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Create graph index
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index_in_ram(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Creates a graph index in memory (RAM).
-
-        This is primarily intended for use in tests and should not be used in production environments,
-        as the index will not be persisted to disk.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index_in_ram_with_spec(self, py_spec: IndexSpec) -> None:
-        """
-        Creates a graph index in memory (RAM) with the provided index spec.
-
-        This is primarily intended for use in tests and should not be used in production environments,
-        as the index will not be persisted to disk.
-
-        Arguments:
-            py_spec: The specification for the in-memory index to be created.
-
-        Arguments:
-            py_spec (IndexSpec): - The specification for the in-memory index to be created.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index_with_spec(self, py_spec: Any) -> None:
-        """
-        Create graph index with the provided index spec.
-
-        Arguments:
-            py_spec: - The specification for the in-memory index to be created.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
     def create_node(self, timestamp: TimeInput, id: str|int, properties: Optional[PropInput] = None, node_type: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[int] = None) -> MutableNode:
         """
         Creates a new node with the given id and properties to the graph. It fails if the node already exists.
@@ -901,6 +810,14 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             Graph: the graph with event semantics applied
         """
 
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Trigger a flush of the underlying storage if disk storage is enabled
+
+        Returns:
+            None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
+        """
+
     @staticmethod
     def from_parquet(graph_dir: str | PathLike) -> Graph:
         """
@@ -1075,19 +992,8 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
         """
 
     @staticmethod
-    def load_cached(path: str) -> Graph:
-        """
-         Load Graph from a file and initialise it as a cache file.
-
-        Future updates are tracked. Use `write_updates` to persist them to the
-        cache file.
-
-        Arguments:
-          path (str): The path to the cache file
-
-        Returns:
-           Graph: the loaded graph with initialised cache
-        """
+    def load(path):
+        ...
 
     def load_edge_props_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, src: str, dst: str, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
@@ -1129,7 +1035,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_edges_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def load_edges_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load edges from a Pandas DataFrame into the graph.
 
@@ -1143,6 +1049,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
             layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
             layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1151,7 +1058,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_edges_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def load_edges_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load edges from a Parquet file into the graph.
 
@@ -1165,6 +1072,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
             layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
             layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1176,7 +1084,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
     @staticmethod
     def load_from_file(path: str) -> Graph:
         """
-         Load Graph from a file.
+         Load Graph from a parquet file.
 
         Arguments:
           path (str): The path to the file.
@@ -1223,7 +1131,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_nodes_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None) -> None:
+    def load_nodes_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load nodes from a Pandas DataFrame into the graph.
 
@@ -1236,6 +1144,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
             metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1244,7 +1153,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_nodes_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None) -> None:
+    def load_nodes_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load nodes from a Parquet file into the graph.
 
@@ -1257,6 +1166,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
             metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1286,7 +1196,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
 
     def save_to_file(self, path: str) -> None:
         """
-         Saves the Graph to the given path.
+         Saves the Graph to the given path in parquet format.
 
         Arguments:
             path (str): The path to the file.
@@ -1315,7 +1225,7 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
 
     def to_parquet(self, graph_dir: str | PathLike) -> None:
         """
-        Persist graph to parquet files.
+        Persist graph to parquet files
 
         Arguments:
             graph_dir (str | PathLike): the folder where the graph will be persisted as parquet
@@ -1338,18 +1248,10 @@ class Graph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def write_updates(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Persist the new updates by appending them to the cache file.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
 class PersistentGraph(GraphView): 
     """A temporal graph that allows edges and nodes to be deleted."""
 
-    def __new__(cls) -> PersistentGraph:
+    def __new__(cls, path=None) -> PersistentGraph:
         """Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature."""
 
     def __reduce__(self):
@@ -1422,66 +1324,6 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def cache(self, path: str) -> None:
-        """
-         Write PersistentGraph to cache file and initialise the cache.
-
-        Future updates are tracked. Use `write_updates` to persist them to the
-        cache file. If the file already exists its contents are overwritten.
-
-        Arguments:
-            path (str): The path to the cache file
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Create graph index
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index_in_ram(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Creates a graph index in memory (RAM).
-
-        This is primarily intended for use in tests and should not be used in production environments,
-        as the index will not be persisted to disk.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index_in_ram_with_spec(self, py_spec: IndexSpec) -> None:
-        """
-        Creates a graph index in memory (RAM) with the provided index spec.
-
-        This is primarily intended for use in tests and should not be used in production environments,
-        as the index will not be persisted to disk.
-
-        Arguments:
-            py_spec: The specification for the in-memory index to be created.
-
-         Arguments:
-            py_spec (IndexSpec): The specification for the in-memory index to be created.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
-    def create_index_with_spec(self, py_spec: Any) -> None:
-        """
-        Create graph index with the provided index spec.
-        Arguments:
-            py_spec: - The specification for the in-memory index to be created.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
     def create_node(self, timestamp: TimeInput, id: str | int, properties: Optional[PropInput] = None, node_type: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[int] = None) -> MutableNode:
         """
         Creates a new node with the given id and properties to the graph. It fails if the node already exists.
@@ -1550,6 +1392,14 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             Graph: the graph with event semantics applied
         """
 
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Trigger a flush of the underlying storage if disk storage is enabled
+
+        Returns:
+            None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
+        """
+
     def get_all_node_types(self) -> list[str]:
         """
         Returns all the node types in the graph.
@@ -1707,21 +1557,10 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
         """
 
     @staticmethod
-    def load_cached(path: str) -> PersistentGraph:
-        """
-         Load PersistentGraph from a file and initialise it as a cache file.
-
-        Future updates are tracked. Use `write_updates` to persist them to the
-        cache file.
-
-        Arguments:
-          path (str): The path to the cache file
-
-        Returns:
-           PersistentGraph: the loaded graph with initialised cache
-        """
+    def load(path):
+        ...
 
-    def load_edge_deletions_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, src: str, dst: str, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def load_edge_deletions_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, src: str, dst: str, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load edges deletions from a Pandas DataFrame into the graph.
 
@@ -1730,8 +1569,10 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
             src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
             dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
+                NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
             layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
             layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1740,17 +1581,19 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_edge_deletions_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, src: str, dst: str, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def load_edge_deletions_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, src: str, dst: str, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load edges deletions from a Parquet file into the graph.
 
         Arguments:
             parquet_path (str): Parquet file or directory of Parquet files path containing node information.
+            time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
             src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
             dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
-            time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
+                NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
             layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
             layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1799,7 +1642,7 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_edges_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def load_edges_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load edges from a Pandas DataFrame into the graph.
 
@@ -1808,11 +1651,13 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
             src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
             dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
+                NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
             properties (List[str], optional): List of edge property column names. Defaults to None.
             metadata (List[str], optional): List of edge metadata column names. Defaults to None.
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
             layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
             layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1821,7 +1666,7 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_edges_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def load_edges_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, src: str, dst: str, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, layer: Optional[str] = None, layer_col: Optional[str] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load edges from a Parquet file into the graph.
 
@@ -1830,11 +1675,13 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
             src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
             dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
+                NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
             properties (List[str], optional): List of edge property column names. Defaults to None.
             metadata (List[str], optional): List of edge metadata column names. Defaults to None.
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
             layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
             layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1846,7 +1693,7 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
     @staticmethod
     def load_from_file(path: str) -> PersistentGraph:
         """
-         Load PersistentGraph from a file.
+         Load PersistentGraph from a parquet file.
 
         Arguments:
           path (str): The path to the file.
@@ -1893,7 +1740,7 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_nodes_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None) -> None:
+    def load_nodes_from_pandas(self, df: DataFrame, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load nodes from a Pandas DataFrame into the graph.
 
@@ -1901,11 +1748,13 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             df (DataFrame): The Pandas DataFrame containing the nodes.
             time (str): The column name for the timestamps.
             id (str): The column name for the node IDs.
+                NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
             node_type (str, optional): A value to use as the node type for all nodes. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type_col)
             node_type_col (str, optional): The node type col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type)
             properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
             metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1914,7 +1763,7 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def load_nodes_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None) -> None:
+    def load_nodes_from_parquet(self, parquet_path: str, time: str, id: str, node_type: Optional[str] = None, node_type_col: Optional[str] = None, properties: Optional[List[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[List[str]] = None, shared_metadata: Optional[PropInput] = None, secondary_index: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """
         Load nodes from a Parquet file into the graph.
 
@@ -1922,11 +1771,13 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             parquet_path (str): Parquet file or directory of Parquet files containing the nodes
             time (str): The column name for the timestamps.
             id (str): The column name for the node IDs.
+                NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
             node_type (str, optional): A value to use as the node type for all nodes. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type_col)
             node_type_col (str, optional): The node type col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type)
             properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
             metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
             shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+            secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
 
         Returns:
             None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -1956,7 +1807,7 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
 
     def save_to_file(self, path: str) -> None:
         """
-         Saves the PersistentGraph to the given path.
+         Saves the PersistentGraph to the given path in parquet format.
 
         Arguments:
             path (str): The path to the file.
@@ -1997,14 +1848,6 @@ class PersistentGraph(GraphView):
             GraphError: If the operation fails.
         """
 
-    def write_updates(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Persist the new updates by appending them to the cache file.
-
-        Returns:
-            None:
-        """
-
 class Node(object): 
     """A node (or node) in the graph."""
 
@@ -6568,152 +6411,6 @@ class WindowSet(object):
             Iterable: The time index.
         """
 
-class IndexSpecBuilder(object): 
-
-    def __new__(cls, graph) -> IndexSpecBuilder:
-        """Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature."""
-
-    def build(self) -> IndexSpec:
-        """
-        Return a spec
-
-        Returns:
-            IndexSpec:
-        """
-
-    def with_all_edge_metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds all edge metadata to the spec.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_all_edge_properties(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds all edge properties to the spec.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_all_edge_properties_and_metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds all edge properties and metadata to the spec.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_all_node_metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds all node metadata to the spec.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_all_node_properties(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds all node properties to the spec.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_all_node_properties_and_metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds all node properties and metadata to the spec.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_edge_metadata(self, props: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds specified edge metadata to the spec.
-
-        Arguments:
-            props: List of metadata.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_edge_properties(self, props: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds specified edge properties to the spec.
-
-        Arguments:
-            props: List of properties.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_node_metadata(self, props: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds specified node metadata to the spec.
-
-        Arguments:
-            props: list of metadata.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-    def with_node_properties(self, props: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Adds specified node properties to the spec.
-
-        Arguments:
-            props: list of properties.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-
-class IndexSpec(object): 
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Return repr(self)."""
-
-    @property
-    def edge_metadata(self) -> list[str]:
-        """
-        Get edge metadata.
-
-        Returns:
-            list[str]:
-        """
-
-    @property
-    def edge_properties(self) -> list[str]:
-        """
-        Get edge properties.
-
-        Returns:
-            list[str]:
-        """
-
-    @property
-    def node_metadata(self) -> list[str]:
-        """
-        Get node metadata.
-
-        Returns:
-            list[str]:
-        """
-
-    @property
-    def node_properties(self) -> list[str]:
-        """
-        Get node properties.
-
-        Returns:
-            list[str]:
-        """
-
 def version() -> str:
     """
     Return Raphtory version.
diff --git a/python/python/raphtory/graphql/__init__.pyi b/python/python/raphtory/graphql/__init__.pyi
index b8315a8395..60fc6ce903 100644
--- a/python/python/raphtory/graphql/__init__.pyi
+++ b/python/python/raphtory/graphql/__init__.pyi
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class RaphtoryClient(object):
         Receive graph from a path path on the server
 
         Note:
-        This downloads a copy of the graph. Modifications are not persistet to the server.
+        This downloads a copy of the graph. Modifications are not persisted to the server.
 
         Arguments:
             path (str): the path of the graph to be received
diff --git a/python/python/raphtory/plottingutils.py b/python/python/raphtory/plottingutils.py
index dc44f60c84..692e97fc11 100644
--- a/python/python/raphtory/plottingutils.py
+++ b/python/python/raphtory/plottingutils.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 import numpy as np
 
-
 motif_im_dir = Path(__file__).parents[1].absolute().as_posix() + "/motif-images/"
 
 
diff --git a/python/python/raphtory/typing.py b/python/python/raphtory/typing.py
index ea32e40f6d..d13bc7857e 100644
--- a/python/python/raphtory/typing.py
+++ b/python/python/raphtory/typing.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Union, Literal, Mapping
 
-
 PropValue = Union[
     bool,
     int,
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_filters/test_exploded_edge_filter.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_filters/test_exploded_edge_filter.py
index 52d55bd46e..23c6185999 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_filters/test_exploded_edge_filter.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_filters/test_exploded_edge_filter.py
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ def test_all_property_types(GraphClass):
 
     with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
         filter.Property("name").fuzzy_search(2, 2, False)
-    assert "'int' object cannot be converted to 'PyString'" in str(e.value)
+    assert "argument 'prop_value': 'int' object cannot be cast as 'str'" in str(e.value)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("GraphClass", [Graph, PersistentGraph])
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_algorithms.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_algorithms.py
index d3e81842bd..c500967717 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_algorithms.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_algorithms.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-import pytest
+import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 import pandas.core.frame
-
-from raphtory import Graph
-from raphtory import algorithms
-from raphtory import graph_loader
+import pytest
+from numpy.linalg import norm
+from raphtory import Graph, algorithms, graph_loader
 
 
 def gen_graph():
@@ -354,8 +353,7 @@ def test_degree_centrality():
 
 def test_max_min_degree():
     from raphtory import Graph
-    from raphtory.algorithms import max_degree
-    from raphtory.algorithms import min_degree
+    from raphtory.algorithms import max_degree, min_degree
 
     g = Graph()
     g.add_edge(0, 0, 1, {})
@@ -468,8 +466,8 @@ def test_betweenness_centrality():
 def test_hits_algorithm():
     g = graph_loader.lotr_graph()
     assert algorithms.hits(g).get("Aldor") == (
-        0.0035840950440615416,
-        0.007476256228983402,
+        0.003584094811230898,
+        0.007476257625967264,
     )
 
 
@@ -514,7 +512,7 @@ def test_label_propagation_algorithm():
     ]
     for time, src, dst in edges_str:
         g.add_edge(time, src, dst)
-    seed = [5] * 32
+    seed = [7] * 32
     result_node = algorithms.label_propagation(g, seed)
     result = []
     for group in result_node:
@@ -608,170 +606,40 @@ def test_max_weight_matching():
     assert max_weight.dst(3) is None
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skip(reason="Probability test - to be investigated")
 def test_fast_rp():
     g = Graph()
     edges = [
         (1, 2, 1),
         (1, 3, 1),
         (2, 3, 1),
+        (3, 1, 1),
+        (2, 1, 1),
         (4, 5, 1),
         (4, 6, 1),
         (4, 7, 1),
         (5, 6, 1),
         (5, 7, 1),
         (6, 7, 1),
+        (7, 5, 1),
         (6, 8, 1),
     ]
     for src, dst, ts in edges:
         g.add_edge(ts, src, dst)
 
     result = algorithms.fast_rp(g, 16, 1.0, [1.0, 1.0], 42)
-    baseline = {
-        5: [
-            0.0,
-            1.9620916355920008,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            1.4014940254228576,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            1.121195220338286,
-        ],
-        1: [
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            -0.4204482076268573,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            2.1022410381342866,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            2.1022410381342866,
-            -0.8408964152537146,
-            0.0,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            0.0,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            0.0,
-            -0.8408964152537146,
-        ],
-        4: [
-            -1.4014940254228576,
-            0.560597610169143,
-            1.121195220338286,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            0.0,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-        ],
-        6: [
-            -0.21022410381342865,
-            0.6306723114402859,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            -1.4715687266940005,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            0.0,
-            -1.4715687266940005,
-            -0.21022410381342865,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            -0.4204482076268573,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            0.21022410381342865,
-            -0.21022410381342865,
-            -0.21022410381342865,
-        ],
-        7: [
-            1.4014940254228576,
-            1.9620916355920008,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            1.121195220338286,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            0.0,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            -0.2802988050845715,
-            0.2802988050845715,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-        ],
-        2: [
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            0.8408964152537146,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            2.1022410381342866,
-            -2.1022410381342866,
-            0.0,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            0.0,
-            -0.4204482076268573,
-            0.0,
-            -2.1022410381342866,
-        ],
-        8: [
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            1.6817928305074292,
-            -0.8408964152537146,
-            0.8408964152537146,
-            0.8408964152537146,
-            -0.8408964152537146,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            -0.8408964152537146,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            -1.6817928305074292,
-            0.8408964152537146,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-        ],
-        3: [
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            -0.4204482076268573,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
-            2.1022410381342866,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            0.8408964152537146,
-            -2.1022410381342866,
-            0.0,
-            0.4204482076268573,
-            0.0,
-            -0.4204482076268573,
-            0.0,
-            -2.1022410381342866,
-        ],
-    }
 
-    result = {n.id: v for n, v in result.items()}
-    assert result == baseline
+    group_1 = [1, 2, 3]
+    group_2 = [4, 5, 6, 7]
+
+    d1 = max(
+        norm(np.array(result[i]) - np.array(result[j]))
+        for i in group_1
+        for j in group_1
+    )
+    d2 = min(
+        norm(np.array(result[i]) - np.array(result[j]))
+        for i in group_1
+        for j in group_2
+    )
+    assert d1 < d2
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_graphdb.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_graphdb.py
index 59b843676c..bc12e44d44 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_graphdb.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_graphdb.py
@@ -1,28 +1,27 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from decimal import Decimal
+
 import math
-import sys
+import os
+import pickle
 import random
 import re
+import shutil
+import string
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from decimal import Decimal
+from math import isclose
+from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 import pandas.core.frame
-import pytest
 import pyarrow as pa
-from raphtory import Graph, PersistentGraph
-from raphtory import algorithms
-from raphtory import graph_loader
-import tempfile
-from math import isclose
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-import string
-from pathlib import Path
-from pytest import fixture
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_equal as check_arr
-import os
-import shutil
-import numpy as np
-import pickle
+from pytest import fixture
+from raphtory import Graph, PersistentGraph, algorithms, graph_loader
 from utils import with_disk_graph
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent
@@ -1203,7 +1202,7 @@ def test_save_missing_dir():
     g = create_graph()
     tmpdirname = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
     inner_folder = "".join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(10))
-    graph_path = tmpdirname.name + "/" + inner_folder + "/test_graph.bin"
+    graph_path = tmpdirname.name + "/" + inner_folder + "/test_graph"
     with pytest.raises(Exception):
         g.save_to_file(graph_path)
 
@@ -2074,8 +2073,8 @@ def check(g):
 
 
 def test_datetime_with_timezone():
-    from raphtory import Graph
     import pytz
+    from raphtory import Graph
 
     g = Graph()
     # testing zones east and west of UK
@@ -2217,9 +2216,11 @@ def check_g_inner(mg):
             assert mg.node(4).metadata.get("abc") == "xyz"
             check_arr(mg.node(1).history(), [-1, 0, 1, 2])
             check_arr(mg.node(4).history(), [6, 8])
-            assert mg.nodes.id.collect() == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+            assert len(mg.nodes.id.collect()) == 4
+            assert set(mg.nodes.id.collect()) == {1, 3, 2, 4}
             assert set(mg.edges.id) == {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2), (2, 4)}
-            assert g.nodes.id.collect() == mg.nodes.id.collect()
+            assert len(g.nodes.id.collect()) == len(mg.nodes.id.collect())
+            assert set(g.nodes.id.collect()) == set(mg.nodes.id.collect())
             assert set(g.edges.id) == set(mg.edges.id)
             assert mg.node(1).metadata == {}
             assert mg.node(4).metadata == {"abc": "xyz"}
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_node_state.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_node_state.py
index 13ad848f3c..dcbf0ed863 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_node_state.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphdb/test_node_state.py
@@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ def test_group_by():
     assert len(groups_from_lazy) == len(expected)
 
     for i, (v, nodes) in enumerate(groups_from_lazy):
-        (v2, nodes2) = groups_from_lazy[i]
+        v2, nodes2 = groups_from_lazy[i]
         assert v == v2
         assert nodes.id == nodes2.id
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_archive_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_archive_graph.py
index 858dd15f30..64abdc470e 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_archive_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_archive_graph.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def test_archive_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found():
                 }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g1' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_archive_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found_at_namespace():
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def test_archive_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found_at_namespace():
                 }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g1' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_archive_graph_succeeds():
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_copy_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_copy_graph.py
index 3d72683421..734e08cce9 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_copy_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_copy_graph.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def test_copy_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found():
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'ben/g5' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_copy_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists():
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def test_copy_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists():
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g6' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_copy_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_same_namespace_as_graph():
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_copy_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_same_namespa
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'ben/g6' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_copy_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_diff_namespace_as_graph():
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def test_copy_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_diff_namespa
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g6' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_copy_graph_succeeds():
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_delete_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_delete_graph.py
index 29b7a1d2b1..7b74574344 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_delete_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_delete_graph.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def test_delete_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found():
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'ben/g5' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_delete_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found():
@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ def test_delete_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found():
         g.add_edge(1, "ben", "hamza")
         g.add_edge(2, "haaroon", "hamza")
         g.add_edge(3, "ben", "haaroon")
-
-        g.save_to_file(os.path.join(work_dir, "g1"))
+        client.send_graph("g1", g)
 
         query = """mutation {
           deleteGraph(
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ def test_delete_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found():
         query = """{graph(path: "g1") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g1' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_delete_graph_using_client_api_succeeds_if_graph_found():
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ def test_delete_graph_using_client_api_succeeds_if_graph_found():
         query = """{graph(path: "g1") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g1' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_delete_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found_at_namespace():
@@ -87,4 +86,4 @@ def test_delete_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found_at_namespace():
         query = """{graph(path: "g1") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g1' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_get_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_get_graph.py
index 740278d623..6f22bc0928 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_get_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_get_graph.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def test_get_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found():
         query = """{ graph(path: "g1") { name, path, nodes { list { name } } } }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g1' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_get_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found_at_namespace():
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def test_get_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found_at_namespace():
         )
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g1' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_get_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found():
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_graphql.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_graphql.py
index 2af6156ae8..4f2b985fc5 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_graphql.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_graphql.py
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
+import json
 import os
 import tempfile
 
 import pytest
-
+from raphtory import Graph, graph_loader
 from raphtory.graphql import (
     GraphServer,
     RaphtoryClient,
-    encode_graph,
-    decode_graph,
     RemoteGraph,
+    decode_graph,
+    encode_graph,
 )
-from raphtory import graph_loader
-from raphtory import Graph
-import json
 
 
 def normalize_path(path):
@@ -156,39 +154,47 @@ def assert_graph_fetch(path):
         path = "../shivam/g"
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path=path, graph=g, overwrite=True)
-        assert "References to the parent dir are not allowed within the path:" in str(
-            excinfo.value
+        assert (
+            "Invalid path '../shivam/g': References to the parent dir are not allowed within the path"
+            in str(excinfo.value)
         )
 
         path = "./shivam/g"
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path=path, graph=g, overwrite=True)
-        assert "References to the current dir are not allowed within the path" in str(
-            excinfo.value
+        assert (
+            "Invalid path './shivam/g': References to the current dir are not allowed within the path"
+            in str(excinfo.value)
         )
 
         path = "shivam/../../../../investigation/g"
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path=path, graph=g, overwrite=True)
-        assert "References to the parent dir are not allowed within the path:" in str(
-            excinfo.value
+        assert (
+            "Invalid path 'shivam/../../../../investigation/g': References to the parent dir are not allowed within the path"
+            in str(excinfo.value)
         )
 
         path = "//shivam/investigation/g"
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path=path, graph=g, overwrite=True)
-        assert "Double forward slashes are not allowed in path" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert (
+            "Invalid path '//shivam/investigation/g': Double forward slashes are not allowed in path"
+            in str(excinfo.value)
+        )
 
         path = "shivam/investigation//2024-12-12/g"
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path=path, graph=g, overwrite=True)
-        assert "Double forward slashes are not allowed in path" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert (
+            "Invalid path 'shivam/investigation//2024-12-12/g': Double forward slashes are not allowed in path"
+            in str(excinfo.value)
+        )
 
         path = r"shivam/investigation\2024-12-12"
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path=path, graph=g, overwrite=True)
-        assert "Backslash not allowed in path" in str(excinfo.value)
-
+        assert r"Backslash not allowed in path" in str(excinfo.value)
         # Test if we can escape through a symlink
         tmp_dir2 = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         nested_dir = os.path.join(tmp_work_dir, "shivam", "graphs")
@@ -199,7 +205,10 @@ def assert_graph_fetch(path):
         path = "shivam/graphs/not_a_symlink_i_promise/escaped"
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path=path, graph=g, overwrite=True)
-        assert "A component of the given path was a symlink" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert (
+            "Invalid path 'shivam/graphs/not_a_symlink_i_promise/escaped': A component of the given path was a symlink"
+            in str(excinfo.value)
+        )
 
 
 def test_graph_windows_and_layers_query():
@@ -405,7 +414,7 @@ def test_create_node():
         assert client.query(query_nodes) == {
             "graph": {
                 "nodes": {
-                    "list": [{"name": "ben"}, {"name": "shivam"}, {"name": "oogway"}]
+                    "list": [{"name": "ben"}, {"name": "oogway"}, {"name": "shivam"}]
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -435,7 +444,7 @@ def test_create_node_using_client():
         assert client.query(query_nodes) == {
             "graph": {
                 "nodes": {
-                    "list": [{"name": "ben"}, {"name": "shivam"}, {"name": "oogway"}]
+                    "list": [{"name": "ben"}, {"name": "oogway"}, {"name": "shivam"}]
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -605,8 +614,8 @@ def test_create_node_using_client_with_node_type():
                 "nodes": {
                     "list": [
                         {"name": "ben", "nodeType": None},
-                        {"name": "shivam", "nodeType": None},
                         {"name": "oogway", "nodeType": "master"},
+                        {"name": "shivam", "nodeType": None},
                     ]
                 }
             }
@@ -643,6 +652,117 @@ def test_edge_id():
         }
 
 
+def test_graph_persistence_across_restarts():
+    tmp_work_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+    # First server session: create graph with 3 nodes and 2 edges
+    with GraphServer(tmp_work_dir).start(port=1738):
+        client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1738")
+        client.new_graph(path="persistent_graph", graph_type="EVENT")
+        remote_graph = client.remote_graph(path="persistent_graph")
+        # Create 3 nodes
+        remote_graph.add_node(timestamp=1, id="node1")
+        remote_graph.add_node(timestamp=2, id="node2")
+        remote_graph.add_node(timestamp=3, id="node3")
+
+        # Create 2 edges
+        remote_graph.add_edge(timestamp=4, src="node1", dst="node2")
+        remote_graph.add_edge(timestamp=5, src="node2", dst="node3")
+
+        # Verify initial creation
+        query_nodes = """{graph(path: "persistent_graph") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
+        query_edges = """{graph(path: "persistent_graph") {edges {list {id}}}}"""
+
+        assert client.query(query_nodes) == {
+            "graph": {
+                "nodes": {
+                    "list": [{"name": "node1"}, {"name": "node2"}, {"name": "node3"}]
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert client.query(query_edges) == {
+            "graph": {
+                "edges": {
+                    "list": [
+                        {"id": ["node1", "node2"]},
+                        {"id": ["node2", "node3"]},
+                    ]
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    # Server is now shutdown, start it again
+    with GraphServer(tmp_work_dir).start(port=1738):
+        client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1738")
+
+        # Verify persistence: check that nodes and edges are still there
+        query_nodes = """{graph(path: "persistent_graph") {nodes {sorted (sortBys: [{id: true}]){ list {name} }}}}"""
+        query_edges = """{graph(path: "persistent_graph") {edges {sorted (sortBys: [{src: true, dst: true}]){ list {id} }}}}"""
+
+        assert client.query(query_nodes) == {
+            "graph": {
+                "nodes": {
+                    "sorted": {
+                        "list": [
+                            {"name": "node1"},
+                            {"name": "node2"},
+                            {"name": "node3"},
+                        ]
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert client.query(query_edges) == {
+            "graph": {
+                "edges": {
+                    "sorted": {
+                        "list": [
+                            {"id": ["node1", "node2"]},
+                            {"id": ["node2", "node3"]},
+                        ]
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        # Add one more node and another edge
+        remote_graph = client.remote_graph(path="persistent_graph")
+        remote_graph.add_node(timestamp=6, id="node4")
+        remote_graph.add_edge(timestamp=7, src="node3", dst="node4")
+
+        # Verify the new additions
+        assert client.query(query_nodes) == {
+            "graph": {
+                "nodes": {
+                    "sorted": {
+                        "list": [
+                            {"name": "node1"},
+                            {"name": "node2"},
+                            {"name": "node3"},
+                            {"name": "node4"},
+                        ]
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert client.query(query_edges) == {
+            "graph": {
+                "edges": {
+                    "sorted": {
+                        "list": [
+                            {"id": ["node1", "node2"]},
+                            {"id": ["node2", "node3"]},
+                            {"id": ["node3", "node4"]},
+                        ]
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
 # def test_disk_graph_name():
 #     import pandas as pd
 #     from raphtory import DiskGraphStorage
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_move_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_move_graph.py
index 98eb97d4bf..f72762e3d8 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_move_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_move_graph.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def test_move_graph_fails_if_graph_not_found():
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'ben/g5' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_move_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists():
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def test_move_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists():
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g6' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_move_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_same_namespace_as_graph():
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_move_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_same_namespa
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'ben/g6' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_move_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_diff_namespace_as_graph():
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def test_move_graph_fails_if_graph_with_same_name_already_exists_at_diff_namespa
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g6' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_move_graph_succeeds():
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def test_move_graph_succeeds():
         query = """{graph(path: "shivam/g3") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g3' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
         query = """{graph(path: "g4") {
                 nodes {list {name}}
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def test_move_graph_using_client_api_succeeds():
         query = """{graph(path: "shivam/g3") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g3' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
         query = """{graph(path: "ben/g4") {
                 nodes {list {name}}
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def test_move_graph_succeeds_at_same_namespace_as_graph():
         query = """{graph(path: "shivam/g3") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g3' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
         query = """{graph(path: "shivam/g4") {
                 nodes {list {name}}
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ def test_move_graph_succeeds_at_diff_namespace_as_graph():
         query = """{graph(path: "ben/g3") {nodes {list {name}}}}"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'ben/g3' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
         query = """{graph(path: "shivam/g4") {
                 nodes {list {name}}
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_new_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_new_graph.py
index da0d3f6c9d..adba406a92 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_new_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_new_graph.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def test_new_graph_fails_if_graph_found():
         }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'test/path/g1' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_client_new_graph_works():
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_receive_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_receive_graph.py
index 2230da5948..20bc5ce76a 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_receive_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_receive_graph.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def test_receive_graph_fails_if_no_graph_found():
         query = """{ receiveGraph(path: "g2") }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g2' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_receive_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found():
@@ -28,13 +28,11 @@ def test_receive_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found():
         g.add_edge(1, "ben", "hamza")
         g.add_edge(2, "haaroon", "hamza")
         g.add_edge(3, "ben", "haaroon")
-
-        g.save_to_file(os.path.join(work_dir, "g1"))
-
+        client.send_graph("g1", g)
         query = """{ receiveGraph(path: "g1") }"""
         received_graph = client.query(query)["receiveGraph"]
 
-        decoded_bytes = base64.b64decode(received_graph)
+        decoded_bytes = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(received_graph)
         g = Graph.deserialise(decoded_bytes)
         assert g.nodes.name == ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]
 
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ def test_receive_graph_fails_if_no_graph_found_at_namespace():
         query = """{ receiveGraph(path: "shivam/g2") }"""
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.query(query)
-        assert "Graph not found" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g2' does not exist" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_receive_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found_at_namespace():
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ def test_receive_graph_succeeds_if_graph_found_at_namespace():
         query = """{ receiveGraph(path: "shivam/g2") }"""
         received_graph = client.query(query)["receiveGraph"]
 
-        decoded_bytes = base64.b64decode(received_graph)
+        decoded_bytes = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(received_graph)
 
         g = Graph.deserialise(decoded_bytes)
         assert g.nodes.name == ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_send_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_send_graph.py
index d73703d88a..41a469f31f 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_send_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_send_graph.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_send_graph_fails_if_graph_already_exists():
         client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1736")
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path="g", graph=g)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name = g" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_send_graph_succeeds_if_graph_already_exists_with_overwrite_enabled():
@@ -41,11 +41,12 @@ def test_send_graph_succeeds_if_graph_already_exists_with_overwrite_enabled():
     g.add_edge(1, "ben", "hamza")
     g.add_edge(2, "haaroon", "hamza")
     g.add_edge(3, "ben", "haaroon")
-    g.save_to_file(os.path.join(tmp_work_dir, "g"))
 
     with GraphServer(tmp_work_dir).start():
         client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1736")
 
+        client.send_graph(path="g", graph=g)
+
         g = Graph()
         g.add_edge(1, "ben", "hamza")
         g.add_edge(2, "haaroon", "hamza")
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ def test_send_graph_fails_if_graph_already_exists_at_namespace():
         client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1736")
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.send_graph(path="shivam/g", graph=g)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_send_graph_succeeds_if_graph_already_exists_at_namespace_with_overwrite_enabled():
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_upload_graph.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_upload_graph.py
index 78e7e7ac1b..5f92d5e37a 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_upload_graph.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/edit_graph/test_upload_graph.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_upload_graph_fails_if_graph_already_exists():
         client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1736")
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.upload_graph(path="g", file_path=g_file_path)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'g' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_upload_graph_succeeds_if_graph_already_exists_with_overwrite_enabled():
@@ -135,6 +135,8 @@ def test_upload_graph_succeeds_if_no_graph_found_with_same_name_at_namespace():
                 }
             }
         }
+        g2 = client.receive_graph("shivam/g")
+    assert g2.has_node("ben")
 
 
 def test_upload_graph_fails_if_graph_already_exists_at_namespace():
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ def test_upload_graph_fails_if_graph_already_exists_at_namespace():
         client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1736")
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
             client.upload_graph(path="shivam/g", file_path=g_file_path, overwrite=False)
-        assert "Graph already exists by name" in str(excinfo.value)
+        assert "Graph 'shivam/g' already exists" in str(excinfo.value)
 
 
 def test_upload_graph_succeeds_if_graph_already_exists_at_namespace_with_overwrite_enabled():
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/misc/test_snapshot.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/misc/test_snapshot.py
index b4ff411f6f..c6321acb5f 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/misc/test_snapshot.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/misc/test_snapshot.py
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ def test_snapshot():
         client = RaphtoryClient("http://localhost:1736")
 
         def query(graph: str, window: str):
-            return client.query(
-                f"""{{
+            return client.query(f"""{{
                 graph(path: "{graph}") {{
                     window: {window} {{
                         edges {{
@@ -27,8 +26,7 @@ def query(graph: str, window: str):
                         }}
                     }}
                 }}
-            }}"""
-            )
+            }}""")
 
         client.new_graph("event", "EVENT")
         g = client.remote_graph("event")
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_apply_views.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_apply_views.py
index 92cb4a2dc1..c24a36c253 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_apply_views.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_apply_views.py
@@ -1489,11 +1489,11 @@ def test_apply_view_node_filter():
               name: "where"
               operator: EQUAL
               value: {str: "Berlin"}
-            
+
           }
         }
       }
-      
+
     ]) {
        nodes {
         list {
@@ -1521,11 +1521,11 @@ def test_apply_view_edge_filter():
               name: "where"
               operator: EQUAL
               value: {str: "fishbowl"}
-            
+
           }
         }
       }
-      
+
     ]) {
        edges {
         list {
@@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ def test_apply_view_neighbours_latest():
     query = """
 {
   graph(path: "g") {
-      node(name: "1") {          
+      node(name: "1") {
       neighbours {
             applyViews(views: [{latest: true}]) {
                 list {
@@ -1764,7 +1764,7 @@ def test_apply_view_neighbours_latest():
                   history
                 }
               }
-              
+
             }
           }
         }
@@ -1801,7 +1801,7 @@ def test_apply_view_neighbours_layer():
               history}
               }
             }
-          
+
         }
   }
 }"""
@@ -1833,7 +1833,7 @@ def test_apply_view_neighbours_exclude_layer():
               history}
               }
             }
-          
+
         }
   }
 }"""
@@ -1863,7 +1863,7 @@ def test_apply_view_neighbours_layers():
                   history
                 }
               }
-            } 
+            }
               }
               }
               }"""
@@ -1899,7 +1899,7 @@ def test_apply_view_neighbours_exclude_layers():
                   history
                 }
               }
-            } 
+            }
               }
               }
               }"""
@@ -2101,7 +2101,7 @@ def test_apply_view_in_neighbours_shrink_start():
       node(name: "7") {
           inNeighbours {
           applyViews(views: [{shrinkStart: 1735948800000}]) {
-            list {    
+            list {
               name
               history
             }
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@ def test_apply_view_in_neighbours_shrink_end():
       node(name: "2") {
           inNeighbours {
           applyViews(views: [{shrinkEnd: 1735862400000}]) {
-            list {    
+            list {
               name
               history
             }
@@ -2169,7 +2169,7 @@ def test_apply_view_in_neighbours_at():
       node(name: "2") {
           inNeighbours {
           applyViews(views: [{at: 1735862400000}]) {
-            list {    
+            list {
               name
               history
             }
@@ -2295,7 +2295,7 @@ def test_valid_graph():
                       id
                       latestTime
                     }
-                  }	
+                  }
                 }
               }
             }"""
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_filters/test_graph_nodes_property_filter.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_filters/test_graph_nodes_property_filter.py
index f8b86b09d7..54b0d9dee2 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_filters/test_graph_nodes_property_filter.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_filters/test_graph_nodes_property_filter.py
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ def test_graph_node_not_property_filter(graph):
       graph(path: "g") {
         nodeFilter (
           filter: {
-            not: 
+            not:
               {
                 property: {
                   name: "prop5"
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_graph_file_time_stats.py b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_graph_file_time_stats.py
index 6157f48258..5b66e40d65 100644
--- a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_graph_file_time_stats.py
+++ b/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_graph_file_time_stats.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def test_graph_file_time_stats():
         gql_last_opened_time = result["graph"]["lastOpened"]
         gql_last_updated_time = result["graph"]["lastUpdated"]
 
-        graph_file_path = os.path.join(graph_file_path, "graph")
+        graph_file_path = os.path.join(graph_file_path, ".raph")
         file_stats = os.stat(graph_file_path)
         created_time_fs = file_stats.st_ctime * 1000
         last_opened_time_fs = file_stats.st_atime * 1000
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graph_benchmarks.py b/python/tests/test_graph_benchmarks.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/tests/test_base_install/test_graph_benchmarks.py
rename to python/tests/test_graph_benchmarks.py
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_gql_index_spec.py b/python/tests/test_search/test_gql_index_spec.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/test_gql_index_spec.py
rename to python/tests/test_search/test_gql_index_spec.py
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_index.py b/python/tests/test_search/test_index.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/tests/test_base_install/test_index.py
rename to python/tests/test_search/test_index.py
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_index_spec.py b/python/tests/test_search/test_index_spec.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/tests/test_base_install/test_index_spec.py
rename to python/tests/test_search/test_index_spec.py
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/misc/test_graphql_vectors.py b/python/tests/test_vectors/test_graphql_vectors.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/tests/test_base_install/test_graphql/misc/test_graphql_vectors.py
rename to python/tests/test_vectors/test_graphql_vectors.py
diff --git a/python/tests/test_base_install/test_vectors.py b/python/tests/test_vectors/test_vectors.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/tests/test_base_install/test_vectors.py
rename to python/tests/test_vectors/test_vectors.py
diff --git a/python/tox.ini b/python/tox.ini
index b964ca5fbd..2b66b5f42f 100644
--- a/python/tox.ini
+++ b/python/tox.ini
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [tox]
 requires =
     tox>=4
-env_list = base, export, all, examples, docs
+env_list = base, export, benchmark, examples, docs, auth
 
 # MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS
 [testenv]
@@ -20,6 +20,17 @@ pass_env =
 [testenv:.pkg]
 pass_env = MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS
 
+[testenv:search]
+extras =
+    test
+wheel_build_env = .pkg_search
+commands = pytest --nbmake --nbmake-timeout=1200 {tty:--color=yes} tests/test_search
+
+[testenv:.pkg_search]
+set_env =
+    MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS="--features=search,extension-module"
+
+
 [testenv:export]
 extras =
     export
@@ -28,6 +39,14 @@ commands = pytest --nbmake --nbmake-timeout=1200 {tty:--color=yes} tests/test_ex
 [testenv:base]
 commands = pytest --nbmake --nbmake-timeout=1200 {tty:--color=yes} tests/test_base_install
 
+[testenv:auth]
+extras =
+    test
+commands = pytest tests/test_auth.py
+
+[testenv:vectors]
+commands = pytest tests/test_vectors
+
 [testenv:all]
 extras =
     test
@@ -39,20 +58,11 @@ deps =
     matplotlib
 commands = pytest --nbmake --nbmake-timeout=1200 {tty:--color=yes} ../examples/python/socio-patterns/example.ipynb
 
-[testenv:storage]
-extras =
-    test
-set_env =
-    DISK_TEST_MARK=1
-wheel_build_env = .pkg_private
-commands = pytest --nbmake --nbmake-timeout=1200 {tty:--color=yes} tests
-
-[testenv:.pkg_private]
-set_env =
-    MATURIN_PEP517_ARGS="--features=storage,extension-module"
+[testenv:benchmark]
+commands = pytest tests/test_graph_benchmarks.py
 
 [testenv:docs]
-deps = 
+deps =
     -r ../docs/requirements.txt
 change_dir = ../docs/user-guide
 commands = pytest --markdown-docs -m markdown-docs --markdown-docs-syntax=superfences
diff --git a/pometry-storage/Cargo.toml b/raphtory-api-macros/Cargo.toml
similarity index 64%
rename from pometry-storage/Cargo.toml
rename to raphtory-api-macros/Cargo.toml
index 1d7ae0a0ba..1d2df24aa0 100644
--- a/pometry-storage/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory-api-macros/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 [package]
-name = "pometry-storage"
-description = "Storage backend for Raphtory"
-edition.workspace = true
-rust-version.workspace = true
+name = "raphtory-api-macros"
 version.workspace = true
-keywords.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 repository.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 readme.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
 
-[features]
-storage = []
+[dependencies]
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+quote = "1.0"
+syn = { version = "2.0", features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/raphtory-api-macros/build.rs b/raphtory-api-macros/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..33154a7c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory-api-macros/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+use std::io::Result;
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(has_debug_symbols)");
+
+    if let Ok(profile) = std::env::var("PROFILE") {
+        if profile.contains("debug") {
+            println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=has_debug_symbols");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-api-macros/src/lib.rs b/raphtory-api-macros/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aaa289882f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory-api-macros/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream as TokenStream2;
+use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use syn::{parse_macro_input, Error, ItemFn, Path, Result, ReturnType, Type, TypeParamBound};
+
+/// A specialized procedural macro for functions with complex lifetime parameters.
+/// This macro handles functions that have explicit lifetime parameters and complex bounds.
+///
+/// # Usage
+///
+/// Simply annotate your iterator-returning function with `#[box_on_debug_lifetime]`:
+///
+/// ## Method with complex lifetime bounds:
+/// ```rust
+/// use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+///
+/// struct Graph;
+/// struct LayerIds;
+/// struct EntryRef<'a>(&'a str);
+///
+/// impl Graph {
+///     #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+///     fn edge_iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+///         &'a self,
+///         layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+///     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EntryRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+///         std::iter::once(EntryRef("test"))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // Test the method works
+/// let graph = Graph;
+/// let layer_ids = LayerIds;
+/// let entries: Vec<EntryRef> = graph.edge_iter(&layer_ids).collect();
+/// assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+/// assert_eq!(entries[0].0, "test");
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Function consuming self with lifetime parameter:
+/// ```rust
+/// use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+///
+/// struct EdgeStorage;
+/// struct LayerIds;
+/// struct EdgeStorageEntry<'a>(&'a str);
+///
+/// impl EdgeStorage {
+///     #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+///     pub fn iter<'a>(self, layer_ids: &'a LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + 'a {
+///         std::iter::once(EdgeStorageEntry("test"))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // Test the function works
+/// let storage = EdgeStorage;
+/// let layer_ids = LayerIds;
+/// let entries: Vec<EdgeStorageEntry> = storage.iter(&layer_ids).collect();
+/// assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+/// assert_eq!(entries[0].0, "test");
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Function with where clause:
+/// ```rust
+/// use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+///
+/// struct Data<T> {
+///     items: Vec<T>,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl<T> Data<T>
+/// where
+///     T: Clone + Send + Sync,
+/// {
+///     #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+///     pub fn iter_cloned<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = T> + 'a
+///     where
+///         T: Clone,
+///     {
+///         self.items.iter().cloned()
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // Test the function works
+/// let data = Data { items: vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5] };
+/// let cloned: Vec<i32> = data.iter_cloned().collect();
+/// assert_eq!(cloned, vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+/// ```
+///
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn box_on_debug_lifetime(_attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input_fn = parse_macro_input!(item as ItemFn);
+
+    match generate_box_on_debug_lifetime_impl(&input_fn) {
+        Ok(output) => output.into(),
+        Err(err) => err.to_compile_error().into(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_box_on_debug_lifetime_impl(input_fn: &ItemFn) -> Result<TokenStream2> {
+    let attrs = &input_fn.attrs;
+    let vis = &input_fn.vis;
+    let sig = &input_fn.sig;
+    let block = &input_fn.block;
+    let fn_name = &sig.ident;
+
+    // Parse the return type to extract iterator information
+    let (item_type, bounds) = parse_iterator_return_type(&sig.output)?;
+
+    // For lifetime version, we preserve all bounds including lifetimes
+    let debug_return_type = generate_boxed_return_type_with_lifetimes(&item_type, &bounds);
+
+    // Generate the release version (original)
+    let release_return_type = &sig.output;
+
+    let generics = &sig.generics;
+    let inputs = &sig.inputs;
+    let where_clause = &sig.generics.where_clause;
+
+    Ok(quote! {
+        #[cfg(has_debug_symbols)]
+        #(#attrs)*
+        #vis fn #fn_name #generics(#inputs) #debug_return_type #where_clause {
+            let iter = #block;
+            Box::new(iter)
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(has_debug_symbols))]
+        #(#attrs)*
+        #vis fn #fn_name #generics(#inputs) #release_return_type #where_clause {
+            #block
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_iterator_return_type(
+    return_type: &ReturnType,
+) -> Result<(TokenStream2, Vec<TokenStream2>)> {
+    match return_type {
+        ReturnType::Type(_, ty) => {
+            if let Type::ImplTrait(impl_trait) = ty.as_ref() {
+                let mut item_type = None;
+                let mut bounds = Vec::new();
+
+                for bound in &impl_trait.bounds {
+                    match bound {
+                        TypeParamBound::Trait(trait_bound) => {
+                            let path = &trait_bound.path;
+
+                            // Check if this is an Iterator trait
+                            if is_iterator_trait(path) {
+                                // Extract the Item type from Iterator<Item = ...>
+                                if let Some(seg) = path.segments.last() {
+                                    if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &seg.arguments
+                                    {
+                                        for arg in &args.args {
+                                            if let syn::GenericArgument::AssocType(binding) = arg {
+                                                if binding.ident == "Item" {
+                                                    item_type = Some(binding.ty.to_token_stream());
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                // This is another bound like Send, Sync, or lifetime
+                                bounds.push(bound.to_token_stream());
+                            }
+                        }
+                        TypeParamBound::Lifetime(_) => {
+                            bounds.push(bound.to_token_stream());
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            // Handle any other bounds (e.g. Verbatim)
+                            bounds.push(bound.to_token_stream());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let Some(item) = item_type {
+                    Ok((item, bounds))
+                } else {
+                    Err(Error::new_spanned(
+                        return_type,
+                        "Expected Iterator<Item = ...> in return type",
+                    ))
+                }
+            } else {
+                Err(Error::new_spanned(
+                    return_type,
+                    "Expected impl Iterator<...> return type",
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+        _ => Err(Error::new_spanned(
+            return_type,
+            "Expected -> impl Iterator<...> return type",
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_iterator_trait(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    path.segments
+        .last()
+        .map(|seg| seg.ident == "Iterator")
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+fn generate_boxed_return_type_with_lifetimes(
+    item_type: &TokenStream2,
+    bounds: &[TokenStream2],
+) -> TokenStream2 {
+    if bounds.is_empty() {
+        quote! { -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = #item_type>> }
+    } else {
+        quote! { -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = #item_type> + #(#bounds)+*> }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-api-macros/tests/integration_test.rs b/raphtory-api-macros/tests/integration_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3aaa79cb7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory-api-macros/tests/integration_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+
+struct LayerIds;
+struct Direction;
+struct EdgeRef;
+
+struct TestStruct;
+
+impl TestStruct {
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn edge_iter<'a, 'b: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        _layer_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        // Simplified version of your complex matching logic
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+}
+
+trait TestTrait<'a> {
+    type EntryRef;
+
+    fn edges_iter<'b>(
+        self,
+        layers_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+        dir: Direction,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+impl<'a> TestTrait<'a> for &'a TestStruct {
+    type EntryRef = EdgeRef;
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    fn edges_iter<'b>(
+        self,
+        _layers_ids: &'b LayerIds,
+        _dir: Direction,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        std::iter::empty()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn can_send_and_sync<T: Send + Sync>(_t: &T) {}
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_edge_iter() {
+        let test_struct = TestStruct;
+        let layer_ids = LayerIds;
+        let iter = test_struct.edge_iter(&layer_ids);
+        can_send_and_sync(&iter);
+        let collected: Vec<EdgeRef> = iter.collect();
+        assert_eq!(collected.len(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_edges_iter() {
+        let test_struct = TestStruct;
+        let layer_ids = LayerIds;
+        let direction = Direction;
+        let iter = (&test_struct).edges_iter(&layer_ids, direction);
+        can_send_and_sync(&iter);
+        let collected: Vec<EdgeRef> = iter.collect();
+        assert_eq!(collected.len(), 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-api-macros/tests/macro_expansion_test.rs b/raphtory-api-macros/tests/macro_expansion_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e981dc0f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory-api-macros/tests/macro_expansion_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+
+struct TestItem;
+
+#[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+fn test_function<'a>() -> impl Iterator<Item = TestItem> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+    std::iter::empty()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_debug_vs_release_types() {
+        let iter = test_function();
+        let _collected: Vec<TestItem> = iter.collect();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    fn test_debug_build_returns_box() {
+        let iter = test_function();
+        let _boxed: Box<dyn Iterator<Item = TestItem> + Send + Sync> = iter;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-api/Cargo.toml b/raphtory-api/Cargo.toml
index e1c4b738c7..4c632688a9 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory-api/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ thiserror = { workspace = true }
 bytemuck = { workspace = true }
 chrono.workspace = true
 dashmap = { workspace = true }
+derive_more = { workspace = true, features = ["from"] }
 rustc-hash = { workspace = true }
 lock_api = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
@@ -34,9 +35,10 @@ twox-hash.workspace = true
 tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true }
 tracing = { workspace = true }
 sorted_vector_map = { workspace = true }
-arrow-array = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-arrow-ipc = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-arrow-schema = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+arrow-array = { workspace = true }
+arrow-ipc = { workspace = true }
+arrow-schema = { workspace = true }
+serde_arrow = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 iter-enum = { workspace = true }
 minijinja = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -46,19 +48,13 @@ display-error-chain = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 proptest.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = []
 # Enables generating the pyo3 python bindings
 python = [
     "dep:pyo3", "dep:pyo3-arrow", "dep:display-error-chain"
 ]
 
-storage = [
-    "dep:arrow-schema",
-]
-
 proto = []
 vectors = []
 template = ["dep:minijinja"]
-arrow = ["dep:arrow-array", "dep:arrow-ipc", "dep:arrow-schema"]
 search = []
 io = ["dep:serde_json"]
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/layers.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/layers.rs
index 8bb8aca042..d5dd3f3759 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/layers.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/layers.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ impl Multiple {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn into_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
+    pub fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
         let ids = self.0.clone();
         (0..ids.len()).map(move |i| ids[i])
     }
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/mod.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/mod.rs
index 0371c9424a..6235882469 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/mod.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ pub mod edges;
 pub mod layers;
 pub mod properties;
 
+use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::PropType;
 pub use layers::*;
 
 // The only reason this is public is because the physical IDs of the nodes don’t move.
@@ -95,6 +96,12 @@ impl EID {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<ELID> for EID {
+    fn from(elid: ELID) -> Self {
+        elid.edge
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ELID {
     pub edge: EID,
@@ -148,6 +155,7 @@ pub enum GID {
     U64(u64),
     Str(String),
 }
+
 impl PartialEq<str> for GID {
     fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
         match self {
@@ -225,7 +233,7 @@ impl GID {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn to_str(&'_ self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
+    pub fn to_str(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
         match self {
             GID::U64(v) => Cow::Owned(v.to_string()),
             GID::Str(v) => Cow::Borrowed(v),
@@ -312,11 +320,21 @@ impl Display for GidType {
     }
 }
 
+impl GidType {
+    pub fn from_prop_type(prop_type: &PropType) -> Option<Self> {
+        match prop_type {
+            PropType::Str => Some(GidType::Str),
+            PropType::U64 | PropType::U32 | PropType::I64 | PropType::I32 => Some(GidType::U64),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Display for GidRef<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            GidRef::U64(v) => write!(f, "{}", v),
-            GidRef::Str(v) => write!(f, "{}", v),
+            GidRef::U64(v) => write!(f, "{v}"),
+            GidRef::Str(v) => write!(f, "{v}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -336,6 +354,12 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a str> for GidRef<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<u64> for GidRef<'_> {
+    fn from(value: u64) -> Self {
+        GidRef::U64(value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> GidRef<'a> {
     pub fn dtype(self) -> GidType {
         match self {
@@ -476,7 +500,7 @@ impl LayerIds {
         matches!(self, LayerIds::One(_))
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self, num_layers: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
+    pub fn iter(&self, num_layers: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + use<'_> {
         match self {
             LayerIds::None => iter::empty().into_dyn_boxed(),
             LayerIds::All => (0..num_layers).into_dyn_boxed(),
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/meta.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/meta.rs
index b227ca1c91..73d06784f7 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/meta.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/meta.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,33 @@
-use std::{ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
-
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
 use crate::core::{
-    entities::properties::prop::{unify_types, PropError, PropType},
+    entities::properties::prop::{check_for_unification, unify_types, PropError, PropType},
     storage::{
         arc_str::ArcStr,
-        dict_mapper::{DictMapper, MaybeNew},
-        locked_vec::ArcReadLockedVec,
+        dict_mapper::{DictMapper, LockedDictMapper, MaybeNew, PublicKeys, WriteLockedDictMapper},
     },
 };
+use itertools::Either;
+use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{self, AtomicUsize},
+        Arc,
+    },
+};
+
+// Internal const props for node id and type
+pub const NODE_ID_PROP_KEY: &str = "_raphtory_node_id";
+pub const NODE_ID_IDX: usize = 0;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+pub const NODE_TYPE_PROP_KEY: &str = "_raphtory_node_type";
+pub const NODE_TYPE_IDX: usize = 1;
+
+pub const STATIC_GRAPH_LAYER: &str = "_static_graph";
+pub const STATIC_GRAPH_LAYER_ID: usize = 0;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct Meta {
     temporal_prop_mapper: PropMapper,
     metadata_mapper: PropMapper,
@@ -20,19 +35,22 @@ pub struct Meta {
     node_type_mapper: DictMapper,
 }
 
-impl Default for Meta {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
+impl Meta {
+    pub fn all_layer_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, ArcStr)> + use<'_> {
+        self.layer_mapper
+            .all_ids()
+            .zip(self.layer_mapper.all_keys())
     }
-}
 
-impl Meta {
     pub fn set_metadata_mapper(&mut self, meta: PropMapper) {
         self.metadata_mapper = meta;
     }
-    pub fn set_temporal_prop_meta(&mut self, meta: PropMapper) {
+    pub fn set_temporal_prop_mapper(&mut self, meta: PropMapper) {
         self.temporal_prop_mapper = meta;
     }
+    pub fn set_layer_mapper(&mut self, meta: DictMapper) {
+        self.layer_mapper = meta;
+    }
     pub fn metadata_mapper(&self) -> &PropMapper {
         &self.metadata_mapper
     }
@@ -49,10 +67,37 @@ impl Meta {
         &self.node_type_mapper
     }
 
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        let meta_layer = DictMapper::default();
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn temporal_est_row_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.temporal_prop_mapper.row_size()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn const_est_row_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.metadata_mapper.row_size()
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_for_nodes() -> Self {
+        let meta_layer = DictMapper::new_layer_mapper();
         let meta_node_type = DictMapper::default();
         meta_node_type.get_or_create_id("_default");
+
+        Self {
+            temporal_prop_mapper: PropMapper::default(),
+            metadata_mapper: PropMapper::new_with_private_fields(
+                [NODE_ID_PROP_KEY, NODE_TYPE_PROP_KEY],
+                [PropType::Empty, PropType::U64],
+            ),
+            layer_mapper: meta_layer,
+            node_type_mapper: meta_node_type, // type 0 is the default type for a node
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_for_edges() -> Self {
+        let meta_layer = DictMapper::new_layer_mapper();
+        let meta_node_type = DictMapper::default();
+        meta_node_type.get_or_create_id("_default");
+
         Self {
             temporal_prop_mapper: PropMapper::default(),
             metadata_mapper: PropMapper::default(),
@@ -61,6 +106,19 @@ impl Meta {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn new_for_graph_props() -> Self {
+        let meta_layer = DictMapper::new_layer_mapper();
+        let meta_node_type = DictMapper::default();
+
+        // For now, only temporal and metadata mappers are used for graph metadata.
+        Self {
+            temporal_prop_mapper: PropMapper::default(),
+            metadata_mapper: PropMapper::default(),
+            layer_mapper: meta_layer,
+            node_type_mapper: meta_node_type,
+        }
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn resolve_prop_id(
         &self,
@@ -135,13 +193,9 @@ impl Meta {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_all_layers(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
-        self.layer_mapper.get_values()
-    }
-
     pub fn get_all_node_types(&self) -> Vec<ArcStr> {
         self.node_type_mapper
-            .get_keys()
+            .keys()
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|key| {
                 if key != "_default" {
@@ -153,11 +207,11 @@ impl Meta {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    pub fn get_all_property_names(&self, is_static: bool) -> ArcReadLockedVec<ArcStr> {
+    pub fn get_all_property_names(&self, is_static: bool) -> PublicKeys<ArcStr> {
         if is_static {
-            self.metadata_mapper.get_keys()
+            self.metadata_mapper.keys()
         } else {
-            self.temporal_prop_mapper.get_keys()
+            self.temporal_prop_mapper.keys()
         }
     }
 
@@ -173,6 +227,7 @@ impl Meta {
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct PropMapper {
     id_mapper: DictMapper,
+    row_size: AtomicUsize,
     dtypes: Arc<RwLock<Vec<PropType>>>,
 }
 
@@ -186,14 +241,38 @@ impl Deref for PropMapper {
 }
 
 impl PropMapper {
+    pub fn new_with_private_fields(
+        fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<ArcStr>>,
+        dtypes: impl IntoIterator<Item = PropType>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let dtypes = Vec::from_iter(dtypes);
+        let row_size = dtypes.iter().map(|dtype| dtype.est_size()).sum();
+
+        PropMapper {
+            id_mapper: DictMapper::new_with_private_fields(fields),
+            row_size: AtomicUsize::new(row_size),
+            dtypes: Arc::new(RwLock::new(dtypes)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn d_types(&self) -> impl Deref<Target = Vec<PropType>> + '_ {
+        self.dtypes.read_recursive()
+    }
+
     pub fn deep_clone(&self) -> Self {
         let dtypes = self.dtypes.read_recursive().clone();
         Self {
             id_mapper: self.id_mapper.deep_clone(),
+            row_size: AtomicUsize::new(self.row_size.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)),
             dtypes: Arc::new(RwLock::new(dtypes)),
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn row_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.row_size.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
     pub fn get_id_and_dtype(&self, prop: &str) -> Option<(usize, PropType)> {
         self.get_id(prop).map(|id| {
             let existing_dtype = self
@@ -244,6 +323,8 @@ impl PropMapper {
             None => {
                 // vector not resized yet, resize it and set the dtype and return id
                 dtype_write.resize(id + 1, PropType::Empty);
+                self.row_size
+                    .fetch_add(dtype.est_size(), atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
                 dtype_write[id] = dtype;
                 Ok(wrapped_id)
             }
@@ -256,6 +337,8 @@ impl PropMapper {
         if dtypes.len() <= id {
             dtypes.resize(id + 1, PropType::Empty);
         }
+        self.row_size
+            .fetch_add(dtype.est_size(), atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
         dtypes[id] = dtype;
     }
 
@@ -263,8 +346,133 @@ impl PropMapper {
         self.dtypes.read_recursive().get(prop_id).cloned()
     }
 
-    pub fn dtypes(&self) -> impl Deref<Target = Vec<PropType>> + '_ {
-        self.dtypes.read_recursive()
+    pub fn locked(&self) -> LockedPropMapper<'_> {
+        LockedPropMapper {
+            dict_mapper: self.id_mapper.read(),
+            d_types: self.dtypes.read_recursive(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_locked(&self) -> WriteLockedPropMapper<'_> {
+        WriteLockedPropMapper {
+            dict_mapper: self.id_mapper.write(),
+            d_types: self.dtypes.write(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LockedPropMapper<'a> {
+    dict_mapper: LockedDictMapper<'a>,
+    d_types: RwLockReadGuard<'a, Vec<PropType>>,
+}
+
+pub struct WriteLockedPropMapper<'a> {
+    dict_mapper: WriteLockedDictMapper<'a>,
+    d_types: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, Vec<PropType>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> WriteLockedPropMapper<'a> {
+    pub fn get_dtype(&'a self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&'a PropType> {
+        self.d_types.get(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Fast check for property type without unifying the types
+    /// Returns:
+    /// - `Some(Either::Left(id))` if the property type can be unified
+    /// - `Some(Either::Right(id))` if the property type is already set and no unification is needed
+    /// - `None` if the property type is not set
+    /// - `Err(PropError::PropertyTypeError)` if the property type cannot be unified
+    pub fn fast_proptype_check(
+        &mut self,
+        prop: &str,
+        dtype: PropType,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Either<usize, usize>>, PropError> {
+        fast_proptype_check(self.dict_mapper.map(), &self.d_types, prop, dtype)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_id_and_dtype(&mut self, key: impl Into<ArcStr>, id: usize, dtype: PropType) {
+        self.dict_mapper.set_id(key, id);
+        self.set_dtype(id, dtype);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_dtype(&mut self, id: usize, dtype: PropType) {
+        let dtypes = self.d_types.deref_mut();
+        if dtypes.len() <= id {
+            dtypes.resize(id + 1, PropType::Empty);
+        }
+        dtypes[id] = dtype;
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_id_and_dtype(&mut self, key: impl Into<ArcStr>, dtype: PropType) -> usize {
+        let id = self.dict_mapper.get_or_create_id(&key.into());
+        let dtypes = self.d_types.deref_mut();
+        if dtypes.len() <= id.inner() {
+            dtypes.resize(id.inner() + 1, PropType::Empty);
+        }
+        dtypes[id.inner()] = dtype;
+        id.inner()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> LockedPropMapper<'a> {
+    pub fn get_id(&self, prop: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.dict_mapper.get_id(prop)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_dtype(&'a self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&'a PropType> {
+        self.d_types.get(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Fast check for property type without unifying the types
+    /// Returns:
+    /// - `Some(Either::Left(id))` if the property type can be unified
+    /// - `Some(Either::Right(id))` if the property type is already set and no unification is needed
+    /// - `None` if the property type is not set
+    /// - `Err(PropError::PropertyTypeError)` if the property type cannot be unified
+    pub fn fast_proptype_check(
+        &self,
+        prop: &str,
+        dtype: PropType,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Either<usize, usize>>, PropError> {
+        fast_proptype_check(self.dict_mapper.map(), &self.d_types, prop, dtype)
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_ids_and_types(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, &ArcStr, &PropType)> {
+        self.dict_mapper
+            .iter_ids()
+            .map(move |(id, name)| (id, name, &self.d_types[id]))
+    }
+}
+
+fn fast_proptype_check(
+    mapper: &FxHashMap<ArcStr, usize>,
+    d_types: &[PropType],
+    prop: &str,
+    dtype: PropType,
+) -> Result<Option<Either<usize, usize>>, PropError> {
+    match mapper.get(prop) {
+        Some(&id) => {
+            let existing_dtype = d_types
+                .get(id)
+                .expect("Existing id should always have a dtype");
+
+            let fast_check = check_for_unification(&dtype, existing_dtype);
+            if fast_check.is_none() {
+                // means nothing to do
+                return Ok(Some(Either::Right(id)));
+            }
+            let can_unify = fast_check.unwrap();
+            if can_unify {
+                Ok(Some(Either::Left(id)))
+            } else {
+                Err(PropError {
+                    name: prop.to_string(),
+                    expected: existing_dtype.clone(),
+                    actual: dtype,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        None => Ok(None),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/arrow.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/arrow.rs
index 22bc5c1b43..5a052d0986 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/arrow.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/arrow.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,370 @@
-use crate::core::{
-    entities::properties::{prop::Prop, prop_array::PropArray},
-    PropType,
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+use arrow_array::{
+    cast::AsArray, types::*, Array, ArrowPrimitiveType, OffsetSizeTrait, StructArray,
 };
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, TimeUnit};
+use chrono::DateTime;
+use serde::{ser::SerializeMap, Serialize};
+
+use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::{Prop, PropArray, PropRef};
+
+pub const EMPTY_MAP_FIELD_NAME: &str = "__empty__";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ArrowRow<'a> {
+    array: &'a StructArray,
+    index: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> PartialEq for ArrowRow<'a> {
+    // this has the downside of returning false for rows with same fields but different order of columns
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        if self.array.num_columns() != other.array.num_columns() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        //FIXME: it could be that the fields don't match in order but the values are the same
+        for col in 0..self.array.num_columns() {
+            let self_prop = self.prop_ref(col);
+            let other_prop = other.prop_ref(col);
+            if self_prop != other_prop {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serialize for ArrowRow<'a> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_map(Some(self.array.num_columns()))?;
+        for col in 0..self.array.num_columns() {
+            let field = &self.array.fields()[col];
+            let key = field.name();
+            let value = self.prop_ref(col);
+            state.serialize_entry(key, &value)?;
+        }
+        state.end()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ArrowRow<'a> {
+    pub fn primitive_value<T: ArrowPrimitiveType>(&self, col: usize) -> Option<T::Native> {
+        let primitive_array = self.array.column(col).as_primitive_opt::<T>()?;
+        (primitive_array.len() > self.index && !primitive_array.is_null(self.index))
+            .then(|| primitive_array.value(self.index))
+    }
+
+    fn primitive_dt<T: DirectConvert>(&self, col: usize) -> Option<(T::Native, &DataType)> {
+        let col = self.array.column(col).as_primitive_opt::<T>()?;
+        (col.len() > self.index && !col.is_null(self.index))
+            .then(|| (col.value(self.index), col.data_type()))
+    }
+
+    fn primitive_prop<T: DirectConvert>(&self, col: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        let (value, dt) = self.primitive_dt::<T>(col)?;
+        let prop = T::prop(value, dt);
+        Some(prop)
+    }
+
+    fn primitive_prop_ref<T: DirectConvert>(self, col: usize) -> Option<PropRef<'static>> {
+        let col = self.array.column(col).as_primitive_opt::<T>()?;
+        let (value, dt) = (col.len() > self.index && !col.is_null(self.index))
+            .then(|| (col.value(self.index), col.data_type()))?;
+        let prop_ref = T::prop_ref(value, dt);
+        Some(prop_ref)
+    }
+
+    fn struct_prop(&self, col: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        let col = self.array.column(col).as_struct_opt()?;
+        let row = ArrowRow::new(col, self.index);
+        if col.len() > self.index && !col.is_null(self.index) {
+            row.into_prop()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn list_prop<O: OffsetSizeTrait>(&self, col: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        let col = self.array.column(col).as_list_opt::<O>()?;
+        let row = col.value(self.index);
+        if col.len() > self.index && !col.is_null(self.index) {
+            Some(row.into())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn struct_prop_ref(&self, col: usize) -> Option<PropRef<'a>> {
+        let column = self.array.column(col).as_struct_opt()?;
+        if self.index < column.len() && column.is_valid(self.index) {
+            let row = ArrowRow::new(column, self.index);
+            Some(PropRef::from(row))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn list_prop_ref(&self, col: usize) -> Option<PropRef<'a>> {
+        let column = self.array.column(col).as_list_opt::<i64>()?;
+        if self.index < column.len() && column.is_valid(self.index) {
+            let list_array = column.value(self.index);
+            Some(PropRef::List(Cow::Owned(PropArray::from(list_array))))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn bool_value(&self, col: usize) -> Option<bool> {
+        let column = self.array.column(col);
+        match column.data_type() {
+            DataType::Boolean => {
+                let col = column.as_boolean();
+                (col.len() > self.index && !col.is_null(self.index)).then(|| col.value(self.index))
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn str_value(self, col: usize) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        let column = self.array.column(col);
+        let len = column.len();
+        let valid = len > self.index && !column.is_null(self.index);
+        match column.data_type() {
+            DataType::Utf8 => valid.then(|| column.as_string::<i32>().value(self.index)),
+            DataType::LargeUtf8 => valid.then(|| column.as_string::<i64>().value(self.index)),
+            DataType::Utf8View => valid.then(|| column.as_string_view().value(self.index)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn prop_value(self, col: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        let dtype = self.array.fields().get(col)?.data_type();
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Null => None,
+            DataType::Boolean => self.bool_value(col).map(|b| b.into()),
+            DataType::Int32 => self.primitive_prop::<Int32Type>(col),
+            DataType::Int64 => self.primitive_prop::<Int64Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt8 => self.primitive_prop::<UInt8Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt16 => self.primitive_prop::<UInt16Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt32 => self.primitive_prop::<UInt32Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt64 => self.primitive_prop::<UInt64Type>(col),
+            DataType::Float32 => self.primitive_prop::<Float32Type>(col),
+            DataType::Float64 => self.primitive_prop::<Float64Type>(col),
+            DataType::Timestamp(unit, _) => match unit {
+                TimeUnit::Second => self.primitive_prop::<TimestampSecondType>(col),
+                TimeUnit::Millisecond => self.primitive_prop::<TimestampMillisecondType>(col),
+                TimeUnit::Microsecond => self.primitive_prop::<TimestampMicrosecondType>(col),
+                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => self.primitive_prop::<TimestampNanosecondType>(col),
+            },
+            DataType::Date32 => self.primitive_prop::<Date32Type>(col),
+            DataType::Date64 => self.primitive_prop::<Date64Type>(col),
+            DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => {
+                self.str_value(col).map(|v| v.into())
+            }
+            DataType::Decimal128(_, _) => self.primitive_prop::<Decimal128Type>(col),
+            DataType::Struct(_) => self.struct_prop(col),
+            DataType::List(_) => self.list_prop::<i32>(col),
+            DataType::LargeList(_) => self.list_prop::<i64>(col),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn prop_ref(self, col: usize) -> Option<PropRef<'a>> {
+        let dtype = self.array.fields().get(col)?.data_type();
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Null => None,
+            DataType::Boolean => self.bool_value(col).map(|b| b.into()),
+            DataType::Int32 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<Int32Type>(col),
+            DataType::Int64 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<Int64Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt8 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<UInt8Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt16 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<UInt16Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt32 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<UInt32Type>(col),
+            DataType::UInt64 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<UInt64Type>(col),
+            DataType::Float32 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<Float32Type>(col),
+            DataType::Float64 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<Float64Type>(col),
+            DataType::Timestamp(unit, _) => match unit {
+                TimeUnit::Second => self.primitive_prop_ref::<TimestampSecondType>(col),
+                TimeUnit::Millisecond => self.primitive_prop_ref::<TimestampMillisecondType>(col),
+                TimeUnit::Microsecond => self.primitive_prop_ref::<TimestampMicrosecondType>(col),
+                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => self.primitive_prop_ref::<TimestampNanosecondType>(col),
+            },
+            DataType::Date32 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<Date32Type>(col),
+            DataType::Date64 => self.primitive_prop_ref::<Date64Type>(col),
+            DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => {
+                self.str_value(col).map(|v| v.into())
+            }
+            DataType::Decimal128(_, _) => self.primitive_prop_ref::<Decimal128Type>(col),
+            DataType::Struct(_) => self.struct_prop_ref(col),
+            DataType::LargeList(_) => self.list_prop_ref(col),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_prop(self) -> Option<Prop> {
+        if self.index >= self.array.len() || self.array.is_null(self.index) {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let map = Prop::map(
+                self.array
+                    .fields()
+                    .iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .filter_map(|(col, field)| {
+                        Some((field.name().as_ref(), self.prop_value(col)?))
+                    }),
+            );
+            Some(map)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_valid(&self, col: usize) -> bool {
+        self.array.column(col).is_valid(self.index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ArrowRow<'a> {
+    pub fn new(array: &'a StructArray, index: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { array, index }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get<T: 'static>(&self, column: usize) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.array.column(column).as_any().downcast_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait DirectConvert: ArrowPrimitiveType {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static>;
+    fn prop(native: Self::Native, dtype: &DataType) -> Prop {
+        Self::prop_ref(native, dtype).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for UInt8Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for UInt16Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for UInt32Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for UInt64Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for Int32Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for Int64Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for Float32Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for Float64Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(native)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for Date64Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(native).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for Date32Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, _dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        PropRef::from(
+            Date32Type::to_naive_date(native)
+                .and_hms_opt(0, 0, 0)
+                .unwrap()
+                .and_utc(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for TimestampNanosecondType {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Timestamp(_, tz) => match tz {
+                None => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp_nanos(native).naive_utc()),
+                Some(_) => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp_nanos(native)),
+            },
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for TimestampMicrosecondType {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Timestamp(_, tz) => match tz {
+                None => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp_micros(native).unwrap().naive_utc()),
+                Some(_) => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp_micros(native).unwrap()),
+            },
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for TimestampMillisecondType {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Timestamp(_, tz) => match tz {
+                None => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(native).unwrap().naive_utc()),
+                Some(_) => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(native).unwrap()),
+            },
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for TimestampSecondType {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Timestamp(_, tz) => match tz {
+                None => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp(native, 0).unwrap().naive_utc()),
+                Some(_) => PropRef::from(DateTime::from_timestamp(native, 0).unwrap()),
+            },
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirectConvert for Decimal128Type {
+    fn prop_ref(native: Self::Native, dtype: &DataType) -> PropRef<'static> {
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Decimal128(_, scale) => PropRef::Decimal {
+                num: native,
+                scale: *scale as i8,
+            },
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/mod.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/mod.rs
index 3b449d5059..b0bab3edac 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
+pub mod arrow;
+
 mod prop_array;
 mod prop_enum;
+mod prop_ref_enum;
 mod prop_type;
 mod prop_unwrap;
 #[cfg(feature = "io")]
@@ -9,8 +11,10 @@ mod serde;
 #[cfg(feature = "template")]
 mod template;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
+pub use arrow::*;
+
 pub use prop_array::*;
 pub use prop_enum::*;
+pub use prop_ref_enum::*;
 pub use prop_type::*;
 pub use prop_unwrap::*;
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_array.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_array.rs
index 8ab7ee0676..e2dea8117d 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_array.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_array.rs
@@ -1,52 +1,53 @@
 use crate::{
-    core::entities::properties::prop::{Prop, PropType},
+    core::entities::properties::prop::{
+        unify_types, ArrowRow, DirectConvert, Prop, PropType, EMPTY_MAP_FIELD_NAME,
+    },
     iter::{BoxedLIter, IntoDynBoxed},
 };
 use arrow_array::{
-    cast::AsArray,
-    types::{
-        Float32Type, Float64Type, Int32Type, Int64Type, UInt16Type, UInt32Type, UInt64Type,
-        UInt8Type,
-    },
-    Array, ArrayRef, ArrowPrimitiveType, PrimitiveArray, RecordBatch,
+    cast::AsArray, types::*, Array, ArrayRef, ArrowPrimitiveType, OffsetSizeTrait, PrimitiveArray,
 };
-use arrow_ipc::{reader::StreamReader, writer::StreamWriter};
-use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, Field, Fields, Schema};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize, Serializer};
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Fields, TimeUnit};
+use serde::{ser::SerializeSeq, Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
 use std::{
     hash::{Hash, Hasher},
     sync::Arc,
 };
-use thiserror::Error;
 
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, derive_more::From)]
 pub enum PropArray {
-    #[default]
-    Empty,
+    Vec(Arc<[Prop]>),
     Array(ArrayRef),
 }
 
-#[derive(Error, Debug)]
-pub enum DeserialisationError {
-    #[error("Failed to deserialize ArrayRef")]
-    DeserialisationError,
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    ArrowError(#[from] ArrowError),
+impl Default for PropArray {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        PropArray::Vec(vec![].into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Prop>> for PropArray {
+    fn from(vec: Vec<Prop>) -> Self {
+        PropArray::Vec(Arc::from(vec))
+    }
 }
 
 impl Hash for PropArray {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        if let PropArray::Array(array) = self {
-            let data = array.to_data();
-            let dtype = array.data_type();
-            dtype.hash(state);
-            data.offset().hash(state);
-            data.len().hash(state);
-            for buffer in data.buffers() {
-                buffer.hash(state);
+        match self {
+            PropArray::Array(array) => {
+                let data = array.to_data();
+                let dtype = array.data_type();
+                dtype.hash(state);
+                data.offset().hash(state);
+                data.len().hash(state);
+                for buffer in data.buffers() {
+                    buffer.hash(state);
+                }
+            }
+            PropArray::Vec(ps) => {
+                ps.hash(state);
             }
-        } else {
-            PropArray::Empty.hash(state);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -55,48 +56,32 @@ impl PropArray {
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
             PropArray::Array(arr) => arr.len(),
-            PropArray::Empty => 0,
+            PropArray::Vec(ps) => ps.len(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
-            PropArray::Empty => true,
+            PropArray::Vec(ps) => ps.is_empty(),
             PropArray::Array(arr) => arr.is_empty(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn dtype(&self) -> PropType {
         match self {
-            PropArray::Empty => PropType::Empty,
+            PropArray::Vec(ps) if ps.is_empty() => PropType::Empty,
+            PropArray::Vec(ps) => ps
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| p.dtype())
+                .reduce(|dt1, dt2| {
+                    unify_types(&dt1, &dt2, &mut false)
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to unify props {e}"))
+                })
+                .unwrap(),
             PropArray::Array(a) => PropType::from(a.data_type()),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn to_vec_u8(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        // assuming we can allocate this can't fail
-        let mut bytes = vec![];
-        if let PropArray::Array(value) = self {
-            let schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new("data", value.data_type().clone(), true)]);
-            let mut writer = StreamWriter::try_new(&mut bytes, &schema).unwrap();
-            let rb = RecordBatch::try_new(schema.into(), vec![value.clone()]).unwrap();
-            writer.write(&rb).unwrap();
-            writer.finish().unwrap();
-        }
-        bytes
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_vec_u8(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, DeserialisationError> {
-        if bytes.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(PropArray::Empty);
-        }
-        let mut reader = StreamReader::try_new(bytes, None)?;
-        let rb = reader
-            .next()
-            .ok_or(DeserialisationError::DeserialisationError)??;
-        Ok(PropArray::Array(rb.column(0).clone()))
-    }
-
     pub fn into_array_ref(self) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
         match self {
             PropArray::Array(arr) => Some(arr),
@@ -111,97 +96,170 @@ impl PropArray {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn iter_prop(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Prop> + '_ {
-        self.iter_prop_inner().into_iter().flatten()
+    // TODO: need something that returns PropRef instead to avoid allocations
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Prop> + '_ {
+        self.iter_all().flatten()
     }
 
-    fn iter_prop_inner(&self) -> Option<BoxedLIter<'_, Prop>> {
-        let arr = self.as_array_ref()?;
+    pub fn iter_all(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, Option<Prop>> {
+        match self {
+            PropArray::Vec(ps) => ps.iter().cloned().map(Some).into_dyn_boxed(),
+            PropArray::Array(arr) => {
+                let dtype = arr.data_type();
+                match dtype {
+                    DataType::Boolean => arr
+                        .as_boolean()
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|p| p.map(Prop::Bool))
+                        .into_dyn_boxed(),
+                    DataType::Int32 => as_primitive_iter::<Int32Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::Int64 => as_primitive_iter::<Int64Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::UInt8 => as_primitive_iter::<UInt8Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::UInt16 => as_primitive_iter::<UInt16Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::UInt32 => as_primitive_iter::<UInt32Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::UInt64 => as_primitive_iter::<UInt64Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::Float32 => as_primitive_iter::<Float32Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::Float64 => as_primitive_iter::<Float64Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::Timestamp(unit, _) => match unit {
+                        TimeUnit::Second => as_primitive_iter::<TimestampSecondType>(arr),
+                        TimeUnit::Millisecond => as_primitive_iter::<TimestampMillisecondType>(arr),
+                        TimeUnit::Microsecond => as_primitive_iter::<TimestampMicrosecondType>(arr),
+                        TimeUnit::Nanosecond => as_primitive_iter::<TimestampNanosecondType>(arr),
+                    },
+                    DataType::Date32 => as_primitive_iter::<Date32Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::Date64 => as_primitive_iter::<Date64Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => as_str_iter(arr),
+                    DataType::Decimal128(_, _) => as_primitive_iter::<Decimal128Type>(arr),
+                    DataType::Struct(_) => as_struct_iter(arr),
+                    DataType::List(_) => as_list_iter::<i32>(arr),
+                    DataType::LargeList(_) => as_list_iter::<i64>(arr),
+                    _ => std::iter::empty().into_dyn_boxed(),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-        arr.as_primitive_opt::<Int32Type>()
-            .map(|arr| {
-                arr.into_iter()
-                    .map(|v| Prop::I32(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                    .into_dyn_boxed()
-            })
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arr.as_primitive_opt::<Float64Type>().map(|arr| {
-                    arr.into_iter()
-                        .map(|v| Prop::F64(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                })
-            })
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arr.as_primitive_opt::<Float32Type>().map(|arr| {
-                    arr.into_iter()
-                        .map(|v| Prop::F32(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                })
-            })
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arr.as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>().map(|arr| {
-                    arr.into_iter()
-                        .map(|v| Prop::U64(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                })
-            })
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arr.as_primitive_opt::<UInt32Type>().map(|arr| {
-                    arr.into_iter()
-                        .map(|v| Prop::U32(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                })
-            })
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arr.as_primitive_opt::<Int64Type>().map(|arr| {
-                    arr.into_iter()
-                        .map(|v| Prop::I64(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                })
-            })
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arr.as_primitive_opt::<UInt16Type>().map(|arr| {
-                    arr.into_iter()
-                        .map(|v| Prop::U16(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                })
-            })
-            .or_else(|| {
-                arr.as_primitive_opt::<UInt8Type>().map(|arr| {
-                    arr.into_iter()
-                        .map(|v| Prop::U8(v.unwrap_or_default()))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                })
-            })
+fn as_primitive_iter<TT: DirectConvert>(arr: &ArrayRef) -> BoxedLIter<'_, Option<Prop>> {
+    arr.as_primitive_opt::<TT>()
+        .into_iter()
+        .flat_map(|primitive_array| {
+            let dt = arr.data_type();
+            primitive_array.iter().map(|v| v.map(|v| TT::prop(v, dt)))
+        })
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
+}
+
+fn as_str_iter(arr: &ArrayRef) -> BoxedLIter<'_, Option<Prop>> {
+    match arr.data_type() {
+        DataType::Utf8 => arr
+            .as_string::<i32>()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|opt_str| opt_str.map(|s| Prop::str(s.to_string())))
+            .into_dyn_boxed(),
+        DataType::LargeUtf8 => arr
+            .as_string::<i64>()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|opt_str| opt_str.map(|s| Prop::str(s.to_string())))
+            .into_dyn_boxed(),
+        DataType::Utf8View => arr
+            .as_string_view()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|opt_str| opt_str.map(|s| Prop::str(s.to_string())))
+            .into_dyn_boxed(),
+        _ => panic!("as_str_iter called on non-string array"),
     }
 }
 
+fn as_struct_iter(arr: &ArrayRef) -> BoxedLIter<'_, Option<Prop>> {
+    let arr = arr.as_struct();
+    (0..arr.len())
+        .map(|row| (!arr.is_null(row)).then(|| ArrowRow::new(arr, row)))
+        .map(|arrow_row| arrow_row.and_then(|row| row.into_prop()))
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
+}
+
+fn as_list_iter<O: OffsetSizeTrait>(arr: &ArrayRef) -> BoxedLIter<'_, Option<Prop>> {
+    let arr = arr.as_list::<O>();
+    (0..arr.len())
+        .map(|i| {
+            if arr.is_null(i) {
+                None
+            } else {
+                let value_array = arr.value(i);
+                let prop_array = PropArray::Array(value_array);
+                Some(Prop::List(prop_array))
+            }
+        })
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
+}
+
 impl Serialize for PropArray {
     fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
     where
         S: Serializer,
     {
-        let bytes = self.to_vec_u8();
-        bytes.serialize(serializer)
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(self.len()))?;
+        for prop in self.iter_all() {
+            state.serialize_element(&prop)?;
+        }
+        state.end()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PropArray {
     fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
     where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
     {
-        let bytes = Vec::<u8>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        PropArray::from_vec_u8(&bytes).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        let data = <Vec<Prop>>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Ok(PropArray::Vec(data.into()))
     }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq for PropArray {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         match (self, other) {
-            (PropArray::Empty, PropArray::Empty) => true,
+            (PropArray::Vec(l), PropArray::Vec(r)) => l.eq(r),
             (PropArray::Array(a), PropArray::Array(b)) => a.eq(b),
-            _ => false,
+            _ => {
+                let mut l_iter = self.iter_all();
+                let mut r_iter = other.iter_all();
+                loop {
+                    match (l_iter.next(), r_iter.next()) {
+                        (Some(lv), Some(rv)) => {
+                            if lv != rv {
+                                return false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        (None, None) => return true,
+                        _ => return false,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for PropArray {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (PropArray::Vec(l), PropArray::Vec(r)) => l.partial_cmp(r),
+            _ => {
+                let mut l_iter = self.iter_all();
+                let mut r_iter = other.iter_all();
+                loop {
+                    match (l_iter.next(), r_iter.next()) {
+                        (Some(lv), Some(rv)) => match lv.partial_cmp(&rv) {
+                            Some(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal) => continue,
+                            other => return other,
+                        },
+                        (None, None) => return Some(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal),
+                        (None, Some(_)) => return Some(std::cmp::Ordering::Less),
+                        (Some(_), None) => return Some(std::cmp::Ordering::Greater),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -212,13 +270,13 @@ impl Prop {
         PrimitiveArray<TT>: From<Vec<TT::Native>>,
     {
         let array = PrimitiveArray::<TT>::from(vals);
-        Prop::Array(PropArray::Array(Arc::new(array)))
+        Prop::List(PropArray::Array(Arc::new(array)))
     }
 }
 
 pub fn arrow_dtype_from_prop_type(prop_type: &PropType) -> DataType {
     match prop_type {
-        PropType::Str => DataType::LargeUtf8,
+        PropType::Str => DataType::Utf8View,
         PropType::U8 => DataType::UInt8,
         PropType::U16 => DataType::UInt16,
         PropType::I32 => DataType::Int32,
@@ -232,12 +290,8 @@ pub fn arrow_dtype_from_prop_type(prop_type: &PropType) -> DataType {
         PropType::DTime => {
             DataType::Timestamp(arrow_schema::TimeUnit::Millisecond, Some("UTC".into()))
         }
-        PropType::Array(d_type) => {
-            DataType::List(Field::new("data", arrow_dtype_from_prop_type(d_type), true).into())
-        }
-
         PropType::List(d_type) => {
-            DataType::List(Field::new("data", arrow_dtype_from_prop_type(d_type), true).into())
+            DataType::LargeList(Field::new("data", arrow_dtype_from_prop_type(d_type), true).into())
         }
         PropType::Map(d_type) => {
             let fields = d_type
@@ -246,7 +300,7 @@ pub fn arrow_dtype_from_prop_type(prop_type: &PropType) -> DataType {
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             if fields.is_empty() {
                 DataType::Struct(Fields::from_iter([Field::new(
-                    "__empty__",
+                    EMPTY_MAP_FIELD_NAME,
                     DataType::Null,
                     true,
                 )]))
@@ -263,29 +317,6 @@ pub fn arrow_dtype_from_prop_type(prop_type: &PropType) -> DataType {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn prop_type_from_arrow_dtype(arrow_dtype: &DataType) -> PropType {
-    match arrow_dtype {
-        DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8 | DataType::Utf8View => PropType::Str,
-        DataType::UInt8 => PropType::U8,
-        DataType::UInt16 => PropType::U16,
-        DataType::Int32 => PropType::I32,
-        DataType::Int64 => PropType::I64,
-        DataType::UInt32 => PropType::U32,
-        DataType::UInt64 => PropType::U64,
-        DataType::Float32 => PropType::F32,
-        DataType::Float64 => PropType::F64,
-        DataType::Boolean => PropType::Bool,
-        DataType::Decimal128(_, scale) => PropType::Decimal {
-            scale: *scale as i64,
-        },
-        DataType::List(field) => {
-            let d_type = field.data_type();
-            PropType::Array(Box::new(prop_type_from_arrow_dtype(d_type)))
-        }
-        _ => panic!("{:?} not supported as disk_graph property", arrow_dtype),
-    }
-}
-
 pub trait PropArrayUnwrap: Sized {
     fn into_array(self) -> Option<ArrayRef>;
     fn unwrap_array(self) -> ArrayRef {
@@ -301,7 +332,7 @@ impl<P: PropArrayUnwrap> PropArrayUnwrap for Option<P> {
 
 impl PropArrayUnwrap for Prop {
     fn into_array(self) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
-        if let Prop::Array(v) = self {
+        if let Prop::List(v) = self {
             v.into_array_ref()
         } else {
             None
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_enum.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_enum.rs
index 4627c81c1e..dda6e44903 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_enum.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_enum.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,28 @@
-use crate::core::{entities::properties::prop::PropType, storage::arc_str::ArcStr};
+use crate::core::{
+    entities::{
+        properties::prop::{prop_array::*, prop_ref_enum::PropRef, ArrowRow, PropNum, PropType},
+        GidRef,
+    },
+    storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
+};
+use arrow_array::{
+    cast::AsArray,
+    types::{
+        Date32Type, Date64Type, Decimal128Type, DecimalType, Float32Type, Float64Type, Int32Type,
+        Int64Type, TimestampMicrosecondType, TimestampMillisecondType, TimestampNanosecondType,
+        TimestampSecondType, UInt16Type, UInt32Type, UInt64Type, UInt8Type,
+    },
+    Array, ArrayRef, LargeListArray, StructArray,
+};
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, FieldRef, TimeUnit};
 use bigdecimal::{num_bigint::BigInt, BigDecimal};
 use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, Utc};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use rustc_hash::{FxBuildHasher, FxHashMap};
+use serde::{
+    ser::{Error, SerializeMap, SerializeSeq},
+    Deserialize, Serialize, Serializer,
+};
 use std::{
     cmp::Ordering,
     collections::HashMap,
@@ -14,10 +33,6 @@ use std::{
 };
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::prop_array::*;
-use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::unify_types;
-
 pub const DECIMAL_MAX: i128 = 99999999999999999999999999999999999999i128; // equivalent to parquet decimal(38, 0)
 
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
@@ -25,7 +40,7 @@ pub const DECIMAL_MAX: i128 = 99999999999999999999999999999999999999i128; // equ
 pub struct InvalidBigDecimal(BigDecimal);
 
 /// Denotes the types of properties allowed to be stored in the graph.
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Clone, derive_more::From)]
 pub enum Prop {
     Str(ArcStr),
     U8(u8),
@@ -37,15 +52,50 @@ pub enum Prop {
     F32(f32),
     F64(f64),
     Bool(bool),
-    List(Arc<Vec<Prop>>),
+    List(PropArray),
     Map(Arc<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>>),
     NDTime(NaiveDateTime),
     DTime(DateTime<Utc>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-    Array(PropArray),
     Decimal(BigDecimal),
 }
 
+impl From<GidRef<'_>> for Prop {
+    fn from(value: GidRef<'_>) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            GidRef::U64(n) => Prop::U64(n),
+            GidRef::Str(s) => Prop::str(s),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<PropRef<'a>> for Prop {
+    fn from(value: PropRef<'a>) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            PropRef::Str(s) => Prop::Str(s.into()),
+            PropRef::Num(n) => match n {
+                PropNum::U8(u) => Prop::U8(u),
+                PropNum::U16(u) => Prop::U16(u),
+                PropNum::I32(i) => Prop::I32(i),
+                PropNum::I64(i) => Prop::I64(i),
+                PropNum::U32(u) => Prop::U32(u),
+                PropNum::U64(u) => Prop::U64(u),
+                PropNum::F32(f) => Prop::F32(f),
+                PropNum::F64(f) => Prop::F64(f),
+            },
+            PropRef::Bool(b) => Prop::Bool(b),
+            PropRef::List(v) => Prop::List(v.as_ref().clone()),
+            PropRef::Map(m) => m
+                .into_prop()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Prop::Map(Arc::new(Default::default()))),
+            PropRef::NDTime(dt) => Prop::NDTime(dt),
+            PropRef::DTime(dt) => Prop::DTime(dt),
+            PropRef::Decimal { num, scale } => {
+                Prop::Decimal(BigDecimal::from_bigint(num.into(), scale as i64))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Hash for Prop {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
         match self {
@@ -66,8 +116,6 @@ impl Hash for Prop {
             }
             Prop::Bool(b) => b.hash(state),
             Prop::NDTime(dt) => dt.hash(state),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            Prop::Array(b) => b.hash(state),
             Prop::DTime(dt) => dt.hash(state),
             Prop::List(v) => {
                 for prop in v.iter() {
@@ -109,6 +157,224 @@ impl PartialOrd for Prop {
     }
 }
 
+pub struct SerdeArrowProp<'a>(pub &'a Prop);
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct SerdeArrowList<'a>(pub &'a PropArray);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct SerdeArrowArray<'a>(pub &'a ArrayRef);
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SerdeArrowMap<'a>(pub &'a HashMap<ArcStr, Prop, FxBuildHasher>);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Serialize)]
+pub struct SerdeRow<P: Serialize> {
+    value: Option<P>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serialize for SerdeArrowList<'a> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        match &self.0 {
+            PropArray::Vec(list) => {
+                let mut state = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(self.0.len()))?;
+                for prop in list.iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&SerdeArrowProp(prop))?;
+                }
+                state.end()
+            }
+            PropArray::Array(array) => SerdeArrowArray(array).serialize(serializer),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serialize for SerdeArrowMap<'a> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_map(Some(self.0.len()))?;
+        for (k, v) in self.0.iter() {
+            state.serialize_entry(k, &SerdeArrowProp(v))?;
+        }
+        state.end()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serialize for SerdeArrowProp<'a> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        match self.0 {
+            Prop::I32(i) => serializer.serialize_i32(*i),
+            Prop::I64(i) => serializer.serialize_i64(*i),
+            Prop::F32(f) => serializer.serialize_f32(*f),
+            Prop::F64(f) => serializer.serialize_f64(*f),
+            Prop::U8(u) => serializer.serialize_u8(*u),
+            Prop::U16(u) => serializer.serialize_u16(*u),
+            Prop::U32(u) => serializer.serialize_u32(*u),
+            Prop::U64(u) => serializer.serialize_u64(*u),
+            Prop::Str(s) => serializer.serialize_str(s),
+            Prop::Bool(b) => serializer.serialize_bool(*b),
+            Prop::DTime(dt) => serializer.serialize_i64(dt.timestamp_millis()),
+            Prop::NDTime(dt) => serializer.serialize_i64(dt.and_utc().timestamp_millis()),
+            Prop::List(l) => SerdeArrowList(l).serialize(serializer),
+            Prop::Map(m) => SerdeArrowMap(m).serialize(serializer),
+            Prop::Decimal(dec) => serializer.serialize_str(&dec.to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serialize for SerdeArrowArray<'a> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        let dtype = self.0.data_type();
+        let len = self.0.len();
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(len))?;
+        match dtype {
+            DataType::Boolean => {
+                for v in self.0.as_boolean().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Int32 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<Int32Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Int64 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<Int64Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::UInt8 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<UInt8Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::UInt16 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<UInt16Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::UInt32 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<UInt32Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::UInt64 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<UInt64Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Float32 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<Float32Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Float64 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<Float64Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Timestamp(unit, _) => match unit {
+                TimeUnit::Second => {
+                    for v in self.0.as_primitive::<TimestampSecondType>().iter() {
+                        state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                TimeUnit::Millisecond => {
+                    for v in self.0.as_primitive::<TimestampMillisecondType>().iter() {
+                        state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                TimeUnit::Microsecond => {
+                    for v in self.0.as_primitive::<TimestampMicrosecondType>().iter() {
+                        state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                TimeUnit::Nanosecond => {
+                    for v in self.0.as_primitive::<TimestampNanosecondType>().iter() {
+                        state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            DataType::Date32 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<Date32Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Date64 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<Date64Type>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Utf8 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_string::<i32>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::LargeUtf8 => {
+                for v in self.0.as_string::<i64>().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Utf8View => {
+                for v in self.0.as_string_view().iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Decimal128(precision, scale) => {
+                for v in self.0.as_primitive::<Decimal128Type>().iter() {
+                    let element = v.map(|v| Decimal128Type::format_decimal(v, *precision, *scale));
+                    state.serialize_element(&element)?
+                    // i128 not supported by serde_arrow!
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Struct(_) => {
+                let struct_array = self.0.as_struct();
+                match struct_array.nulls() {
+                    None => {
+                        for i in 0..struct_array.len() {
+                            state.serialize_element(&ArrowRow::new(struct_array, i))?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Some(nulls) => {
+                        for (i, is_valid) in nulls.iter().enumerate() {
+                            state.serialize_element(
+                                &is_valid.then_some(ArrowRow::new(struct_array, i)),
+                            )?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::List(_) => {
+                let list = self.0.as_list::<i32>();
+                for array in list.iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&array.as_ref().map(SerdeArrowArray))?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::LargeList(_) => {
+                let list = self.0.as_list::<i64>();
+                for array in list.iter() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&array.as_ref().map(SerdeArrowArray))?;
+                }
+            }
+            DataType::Null => {
+                for _ in 0..self.0.len() {
+                    state.serialize_element(&None::<()>)?;
+                }
+            }
+            dtype => Err(Error::custom(format!("unsuported data type {dtype:?}")))?,
+        }
+        state.end()
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn validate_prop(prop: Prop) -> Result<Prop, InvalidBigDecimal> {
     match prop {
         Prop::Decimal(ref bd) => {
@@ -137,6 +403,13 @@ impl Prop {
         Prop::Map(h_map.into())
     }
 
+    pub fn as_map(&self) -> Option<SerdeArrowMap<'_>> {
+        match self {
+            Prop::Map(map) => Some(SerdeArrowMap(map)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn dtype(&self) -> PropType {
         match self {
             Prop::Str(_) => PropType::Str,
@@ -149,26 +422,9 @@ impl Prop {
             Prop::F32(_) => PropType::F32,
             Prop::F64(_) => PropType::F64,
             Prop::Bool(_) => PropType::Bool,
-            Prop::List(list) => {
-                let list_type = list
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|p| Ok(p.dtype()))
-                    .reduce(|a, b| unify_types(&a?, &b?, &mut false))
-                    .transpose()
-                    .map(|e| e.unwrap_or(PropType::Empty))
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Cannot unify types for list {:?}: {e:?}", list));
-                PropType::List(Box::new(list_type))
-            }
+            Prop::List(list) => PropType::List(Box::new(list.dtype())),
             Prop::Map(map) => PropType::map(map.iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, v.dtype()))),
             Prop::NDTime(_) => PropType::NDTime,
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            Prop::Array(arr) => {
-                let arrow_dtype = arr
-                    .as_array_ref()
-                    .expect("Should not call dtype on empty PropArray")
-                    .data_type();
-                PropType::Array(Box::new(prop_type_from_arrow_dtype(arrow_dtype)))
-            }
             Prop::DTime(_) => PropType::DTime,
             Prop::Decimal(d) => PropType::Decimal {
                 scale: d.as_bigint_and_scale().1,
@@ -180,6 +436,12 @@ impl Prop {
         Prop::Str(s.into())
     }
 
+    pub fn list<P: Into<Prop>, I: IntoIterator<Item = P>>(vals: I) -> Prop {
+        Prop::List(PropArray::Vec(
+            vals.into_iter().map_into().collect::<Vec<_>>().into(),
+        ))
+    }
+
     pub fn add(self, other: Prop) -> Option<Prop> {
         match (self, other) {
             (Prop::U8(a), Prop::U8(b)) => Some(Prop::U8(a + b)),
@@ -230,6 +492,44 @@ impl Prop {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn list_array_from_props<P: Serialize + std::fmt::Debug + Clone>(
+    dt: &DataType,
+    props: impl IntoIterator<Item = Option<P>>,
+) -> Result<LargeListArray, serde_arrow::Error> {
+    use arrow_schema::{Field, Fields};
+    use serde_arrow::ArrayBuilder;
+
+    let fields: Fields = vec![Field::new("value", dt.clone(), true)].into();
+
+    let mut builder = ArrayBuilder::from_arrow(&fields)?;
+
+    for value in props {
+        builder.push(SerdeRow { value })?;
+    }
+
+    let arrays = builder.to_arrow()?;
+
+    Ok(arrays.first().unwrap().as_list::<i64>().clone())
+}
+
+pub fn struct_array_from_props<P: Serialize>(
+    dt: &DataType,
+    props: impl IntoIterator<Item = Option<P>>,
+) -> Result<StructArray, serde_arrow::Error> {
+    use serde_arrow::ArrayBuilder;
+
+    let fields = [FieldRef::new(Field::new("value", dt.clone(), true))];
+
+    let mut builder = ArrayBuilder::from_arrow(&fields)?;
+
+    for p in props {
+        builder.push(SerdeRow { value: p })?
+    }
+
+    let arrays = builder.to_arrow()?;
+    Ok(arrays.first().unwrap().as_struct().clone())
+}
+
 impl Display for Prop {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
@@ -245,8 +545,6 @@ impl Display for Prop {
             Prop::Bool(value) => write!(f, "{}", value),
             Prop::DTime(value) => write!(f, "{}", value),
             Prop::NDTime(value) => write!(f, "{}", value),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            Prop::Array(value) => write!(f, "{:?}", value),
             Prop::List(value) => {
                 write!(
                     f,
@@ -290,111 +588,15 @@ impl Display for Prop {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<ArcStr> for Prop {
-    fn from(value: ArcStr) -> Self {
-        Prop::Str(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&ArcStr> for Prop {
-    fn from(value: &ArcStr) -> Self {
-        Prop::Str(value.clone())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<String> for Prop {
-    fn from(value: String) -> Self {
-        Prop::Str(value.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&String> for Prop {
-    fn from(s: &String) -> Self {
-        Prop::Str(s.as_str().into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Arc<str>> for Prop {
-    fn from(s: Arc<str>) -> Self {
-        Prop::Str(s.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&Arc<str>> for Prop {
-    fn from(value: &Arc<str>) -> Self {
-        Prop::Str(value.clone().into())
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<&str> for Prop {
     fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
-        Prop::Str(s.to_owned().into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<i32> for Prop {
-    fn from(i: i32) -> Self {
-        Prop::I32(i)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<u8> for Prop {
-    fn from(i: u8) -> Self {
-        Prop::U8(i)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<u16> for Prop {
-    fn from(i: u16) -> Self {
-        Prop::U16(i)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<i64> for Prop {
-    fn from(i: i64) -> Self {
-        Prop::I64(i)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<BigDecimal> for Prop {
-    fn from(d: BigDecimal) -> Self {
-        Prop::Decimal(d)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<u32> for Prop {
-    fn from(u: u32) -> Self {
-        Prop::U32(u)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<u64> for Prop {
-    fn from(u: u64) -> Self {
-        Prop::U64(u)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<f32> for Prop {
-    fn from(f: f32) -> Self {
-        Prop::F32(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<f64> for Prop {
-    fn from(f: f64) -> Self {
-        Prop::F64(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<DateTime<Utc>> for Prop {
-    fn from(f: DateTime<Utc>) -> Self {
-        Prop::DTime(f)
+        Prop::Str(s.into())
     }
 }
 
-impl From<bool> for Prop {
-    fn from(b: bool) -> Self {
-        Prop::Bool(b)
+impl From<String> for Prop {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        Prop::Str(s.into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -412,7 +614,7 @@ impl From<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>> for Prop {
 
 impl From<Vec<Prop>> for Prop {
     fn from(value: Vec<Prop>) -> Self {
-        Prop::List(Arc::new(value))
+        Prop::List(value.into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -422,6 +624,12 @@ impl From<&Prop> for Prop {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<ArrayRef> for Prop {
+    fn from(value: ArrayRef) -> Self {
+        Prop::List(PropArray::from(value))
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait IntoPropMap {
     fn into_prop_map(self) -> Prop;
 }
@@ -442,7 +650,8 @@ pub trait IntoPropList {
 
 impl<I: IntoIterator<Item = K>, K: Into<Prop>> IntoPropList for I {
     fn into_prop_list(self) -> Prop {
-        Prop::List(Arc::new(self.into_iter().map(|v| v.into()).collect()))
+        let vec = self.into_iter().map(|v| v.into()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        Prop::List(vec.into())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_ref_enum.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_ref_enum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c4ade6b64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_ref_enum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+use crate::core::{
+    entities::properties::prop::{Prop, SerdeArrowList, SerdeArrowMap},
+    storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
+};
+use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
+use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, Utc};
+use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, sync::Arc};
+
+use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::{ArrowRow, PropArray};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub enum PropRef<'a> {
+    Str(&'a str),
+    Num(PropNum),
+    Bool(bool),
+    List(Cow<'a, PropArray>),
+    Map(PropMapRef<'a>),
+    NDTime(NaiveDateTime),
+    DTime(DateTime<Utc>),
+    Decimal { num: i128, scale: i8 },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum PropMapRef<'a> {
+    Mem(&'a Arc<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>>),
+    Arrow(ArrowRow<'a>),
+}
+
+impl<'a> PropMapRef<'a> {
+    pub fn into_prop(self) -> Option<Prop> {
+        match self {
+            PropMapRef::Mem(map) => Some(Prop::Map(map.clone())),
+            PropMapRef::Arrow(row) => row.into_prop(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Into<PropNum>> From<T> for PropRef<'static> {
+    fn from(n: T) -> Self {
+        PropRef::Num(n.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<bool> for PropRef<'a> {
+    fn from(b: bool) -> Self {
+        PropRef::Bool(b)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a str> for PropRef<'a> {
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self {
+        PropRef::Str(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NaiveDateTime> for PropRef<'_> {
+    fn from(dt: NaiveDateTime) -> Self {
+        PropRef::NDTime(dt)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<DateTime<Utc>> for PropRef<'_> {
+    fn from(dt: DateTime<Utc>) -> Self {
+        PropRef::DTime(dt)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a BigDecimal> for PropRef<'a> {
+    fn from(decimal: &'a BigDecimal) -> Self {
+        let (num, scale) = decimal.as_bigint_and_exponent();
+        let num = num.to_i128().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!(
+                "BigDecimal value {} is out of range for i128 representation",
+                decimal
+            )
+        });
+        PropRef::Decimal {
+            num,
+            scale: scale as i8,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<ArrowRow<'a>> for PropRef<'a> {
+    fn from(row: ArrowRow<'a>) -> Self {
+        PropRef::Map(PropMapRef::Arrow(row))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a Arc<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>>> for PropRef<'a> {
+    fn from(map: &'a Arc<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>>) -> Self {
+        PropRef::Map(PropMapRef::Mem(map))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, derive_more::From)]
+pub enum PropNum {
+    U8(u8),
+    U16(u16),
+    I32(i32),
+    I64(i64),
+    U32(u32),
+    U64(u64),
+    F32(f32),
+    F64(f64),
+}
+
+impl<'a> PropRef<'a> {
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        if let PropRef::Str(s) = self {
+            Some(s)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serialize for PropMapRef<'a> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        match self {
+            PropMapRef::Mem(map) => SerdeArrowMap(map).serialize(serializer),
+            PropMapRef::Arrow(row) => row.serialize(serializer),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serialize for PropRef<'a> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        match self {
+            PropRef::Str(s) => serializer.serialize_str(s),
+            PropRef::Num(n) => match n {
+                PropNum::U8(v) => serializer.serialize_u8(*v),
+                PropNum::U16(v) => serializer.serialize_u16(*v),
+                PropNum::I32(v) => serializer.serialize_i32(*v),
+                PropNum::I64(v) => serializer.serialize_i64(*v),
+                PropNum::U32(v) => serializer.serialize_u32(*v),
+                PropNum::U64(v) => serializer.serialize_u64(*v),
+                PropNum::F32(v) => serializer.serialize_f32(*v),
+                PropNum::F64(v) => serializer.serialize_f64(*v),
+            },
+            PropRef::Bool(b) => serializer.serialize_bool(*b),
+            PropRef::List(lst) => SerdeArrowList(lst).serialize(serializer),
+            PropRef::Map(map_ref) => map_ref.serialize(serializer),
+            PropRef::NDTime(dt) => serializer.serialize_i64(dt.and_utc().timestamp_millis()),
+            PropRef::DTime(dt) => serializer.serialize_i64(dt.timestamp_millis()),
+            PropRef::Decimal { num, scale } => {
+                let decimal = BigDecimal::new((*num).into(), (*scale).into());
+                decimal.serialize(serializer)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_type.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_type.rs
index 8a72245bf7..2e0b00784f 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_type.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_type.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ pub enum PropType {
     Map(Arc<HashMap<String, PropType>>),
     NDTime,
     DTime,
-    Array(Box<PropType>),
     Decimal {
         scale: i64,
     },
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ impl Display for PropType {
             }
             PropType::NDTime => "NDTime",
             PropType::DTime => "DTime",
-            PropType::Array(p_type) => return write!(f, "Array<{}>", p_type),
             PropType::Decimal { scale } => return write!(f, "Decimal({})", scale),
         };
 
@@ -133,19 +131,35 @@ impl PropType {
         }
         None
     }
+
+    // This is the best guess for the size of one row of properties
+    pub fn est_size(&self) -> usize {
+        const CONTAINER_SIZE: usize = 8;
+        match self {
+            PropType::Str => CONTAINER_SIZE,
+            PropType::U8 | PropType::Bool => 1,
+            PropType::U16 => 2,
+            PropType::I32 | PropType::F32 | PropType::U32 => 4,
+            PropType::I64 | PropType::F64 | PropType::U64 => 8,
+            PropType::NDTime | PropType::DTime => 8,
+            PropType::List(p_type) => p_type.est_size() * CONTAINER_SIZE,
+            PropType::Map(p_map) => {
+                p_map.values().map(|v| v.est_size()).sum::<usize>() * CONTAINER_SIZE
+            }
+            PropType::Decimal { .. } => 16,
+            PropType::Empty => 0,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "arrow", feature = "storage"))]
-mod arrow {
-    use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::PropType;
-    use arrow_schema::DataType;
+pub mod arrow {
+    use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::{PropType, EMPTY_MAP_FIELD_NAME};
+    use arrow_schema::{DataType, TimeUnit};
 
     impl From<&DataType> for PropType {
         fn from(value: &DataType) -> Self {
             match value {
-                DataType::Utf8 => PropType::Str,
-                DataType::LargeUtf8 => PropType::Str,
-                DataType::Utf8View => PropType::Str,
+                DataType::Utf8View | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8 => PropType::Str,
                 DataType::UInt8 => PropType::U8,
                 DataType::UInt16 => PropType::U16,
                 DataType::Int32 => PropType::I32,
@@ -158,7 +172,19 @@ mod arrow {
                     scale: *scale as i64,
                 },
                 DataType::Boolean => PropType::Bool,
-
+                DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None) => PropType::NDTime,
+                DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Microsecond, tz) if tz.as_deref() == Some("UTC") => {
+                    PropType::DTime
+                }
+                DataType::Struct(fields) => PropType::map(
+                    fields
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|field| field.name() != EMPTY_MAP_FIELD_NAME)
+                        .map(|f| (f.name().to_string(), PropType::from(f.data_type()))),
+                ),
+                DataType::List(field) | DataType::LargeList(field) => {
+                    PropType::List(Box::new(PropType::from(field.data_type())))
+                }
                 _ => PropType::Empty,
             }
         }
@@ -193,9 +219,6 @@ pub fn unify_types(l: &PropType, r: &PropType, unified: &mut bool) -> Result<Pro
         (PropType::List(l_type), PropType::List(r_type)) => {
             unify_types(l_type, r_type, unified).map(|t| PropType::List(Box::new(t)))
         }
-        (PropType::Array(l_type), PropType::Array(r_type)) => {
-            unify_types(l_type, r_type, unified).map(|t| PropType::Array(Box::new(t)))
-        }
         (PropType::Map(l_map), PropType::Map(r_map)) => {
             // maps need to be merged and only overlapping keys need to be unified
 
@@ -230,6 +253,64 @@ pub fn unify_types(l: &PropType, r: &PropType, unified: &mut bool) -> Result<Pro
     }
 }
 
+// fast check before we actually unify, 99% of the time this will be enough
+// there are 3 outcomes,
+// types are identical so no unification needed, None
+// types can be unified Some(true)
+// and types cannot be unified Some(false)
+pub fn check_for_unification(l: &PropType, r: &PropType) -> Option<bool> {
+    match (l, r) {
+        (PropType::Empty, _) => Some(true),
+        (_, PropType::Empty) => Some(true),
+        (PropType::Str, PropType::Str) => None,
+        (PropType::U8, PropType::U8) => None,
+        (PropType::U16, PropType::U16) => None,
+        (PropType::I32, PropType::I32) => None,
+        (PropType::I64, PropType::I64) => None,
+        (PropType::U32, PropType::U32) => None,
+        (PropType::U64, PropType::U64) => None,
+        (PropType::F32, PropType::F32) => None,
+        (PropType::F64, PropType::F64) => None,
+        (PropType::Bool, PropType::Bool) => None,
+        (PropType::NDTime, PropType::NDTime) => None,
+        (PropType::DTime, PropType::DTime) => None,
+        (PropType::List(l_type), PropType::List(r_type)) => check_for_unification(l_type, r_type),
+        (PropType::Map(l_map), PropType::Map(r_map)) => {
+            let keys_check = l_map
+                .keys()
+                .any(|k| !r_map.contains_key(k))
+                .then_some(true)
+                .or_else(|| r_map.keys().any(|k| !l_map.contains_key(k)).then_some(true));
+
+            // check for unification of the values
+            let inner_checks = l_map
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|(l_key, l_d_type)| {
+                    r_map
+                        .get(l_key)
+                        .and_then(|r_d_type| check_for_unification(r_d_type, l_d_type))
+                })
+                .chain(r_map.iter().filter_map(|(r_key, r_d_type)| {
+                    l_map
+                        .get(r_key)
+                        .and_then(|l_d_type| check_for_unification(r_d_type, l_d_type))
+                }));
+            for check in inner_checks {
+                if check {
+                    return Some(true);
+                }
+            }
+            keys_check
+        }
+        (PropType::Decimal { scale: l_scale }, PropType::Decimal { scale: r_scale })
+            if l_scale == r_scale =>
+        {
+            None
+        }
+        _ => Some(false),
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
@@ -340,15 +421,15 @@ mod test {
         );
         assert!(unify);
 
-        let l = PropType::Array(Box::new(PropType::map([("a".to_string(), PropType::U8)])));
-        let r = PropType::Array(Box::new(PropType::map([
+        let l = PropType::List(Box::new(PropType::map([("a".to_string(), PropType::U8)])));
+        let r = PropType::List(Box::new(PropType::map([
             ("a".to_string(), PropType::Empty),
             ("b".to_string(), PropType::Str),
         ])));
         let mut unify = false;
         assert_eq!(
             unify_types(&l, &r, &mut unify),
-            Ok(PropType::Array(Box::new(PropType::map([
+            Ok(PropType::List(Box::new(PropType::map([
                 ("a".to_string(), PropType::U8),
                 ("b".to_string(), PropType::Str)
             ]))))
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_unwrap.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_unwrap.rs
index f9e29bc1b5..133d12b3f7 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_unwrap.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/prop_unwrap.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use crate::core::{entities::properties::prop::Prop, storage::arc_str::ArcStr};
+use crate::core::{
+    entities::properties::prop::{Prop, PropArray},
+    storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
+};
 use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
 use chrono::NaiveDateTime;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
@@ -55,8 +58,8 @@ pub trait PropUnwrap: Sized {
         self.into_bool().unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn into_list(self) -> Option<Arc<Vec<Prop>>>;
-    fn unwrap_list(self) -> Arc<Vec<Prop>> {
+    fn into_list(self) -> Option<PropArray>;
+    fn unwrap_list(self) -> PropArray {
         self.into_list().unwrap()
     }
 
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ impl<P: PropUnwrap> PropUnwrap for Option<P> {
         self.and_then(|p| p.into_bool())
     }
 
-    fn into_list(self) -> Option<Arc<Vec<Prop>>> {
+    fn into_list(self) -> Option<PropArray> {
         self.and_then(|p| p.into_list())
     }
 
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ impl PropUnwrap for Prop {
         }
     }
 
-    fn into_list(self) -> Option<Arc<Vec<Prop>>> {
+    fn into_list(self) -> Option<PropArray> {
         if let Prop::List(v) = self {
             Some(v)
         } else {
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/serde.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/serde.rs
index 56b35b2679..fd33605a90 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/serde.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/serde.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Prop {
                 .map(|num| num.into())
                 .or_else(|| value.as_f64().map(|num| num.into()))
                 .ok_or(format!("Number conversion error for: {}", value)),
-            Value::String(value) => Ok(value.into()),
+            Value::String(value) => Ok(value.as_str().into()),
             Value::Array(value) => value
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|item| item.try_into())
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl From<Prop> for Value {
                 .map(Value::Number)
                 .unwrap_or(Value::Null),
             Prop::Bool(value) => Value::Bool(value),
-            Prop::List(values) => Value::Array(values.iter().cloned().map(Value::from).collect()),
+            Prop::List(values) => Value::Array(values.iter().map(Value::from).collect()),
             Prop::Map(map) => {
                 let json_map: serde_json::Map<String, Value> = map
                     .iter()
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/template.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/template.rs
index 21f55ed2e5..12209991e1 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/template.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/prop/template.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ impl From<Prop> for Value {
             Prop::Str(value) => Value::from(value.0.to_owned()),
             Prop::DTime(value) => Value::from(value.timestamp_millis()),
             Prop::NDTime(value) => Value::from(value.and_utc().timestamp_millis()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            Prop::Array(value) => Value::from(value.to_vec_u8()),
-            Prop::List(value) => value.iter().cloned().collect(),
+            Prop::List(value) => value.iter().collect(),
             Prop::Map(value) => value
                 .iter()
                 .map(|(key, value)| (key.to_string(), value.clone()))
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/tprop.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/tprop.rs
index b987adb498..4955b3d90b 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/tprop.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/entities/properties/tprop.rs
@@ -15,24 +15,48 @@ pub trait TPropOps<'a>: Clone + Send + Sync + Sized + 'a {
     }
 
     fn last_before(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        self.clone().iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::MIN..t).next_back()
+        self.clone()
+            .iter_inner_rev(Some(TimeIndexEntry::MIN..t))
+            .next()
     }
 
-    fn iter(self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+    fn iter_inner(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
 
-    fn iter_t(self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (i64, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        self.iter().map(|(t, v)| (t.t(), v))
+    fn iter_inner_rev(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.iter_inner(None)
+    }
+
+    fn iter_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.iter_inner_rev(None)
     }
 
     fn iter_window(
         self,
         r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.iter_inner(Some(r))
+    }
 
-    fn iter_window_t(
+    fn iter_window_rev(
         self,
-        r: Range<i64>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (i64, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.iter_inner_rev(Some(r))
+    }
+
+    fn iter_t(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (i64, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.iter().map(|(t, v)| (t.t(), v))
+    }
+
+    fn iter_window_t(self, r: Range<i64>) -> impl Iterator<Item = (i64, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
         self.iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(r))
             .map(|(t, v)| (t.t(), v))
     }
@@ -40,7 +64,7 @@ pub trait TPropOps<'a>: Clone + Send + Sync + Sized + 'a {
     fn iter_window_te(
         self,
         r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (i64, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (i64, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
         self.iter_window(r).map(|(t, v)| (t.t(), v))
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/dict_mapper.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/dict_mapper.rs
index d8f37b0e5e..49db6bb995 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/dict_mapper.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/dict_mapper.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
-use crate::core::storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, locked_vec::ArcReadLockedVec, FxDashMap};
-use dashmap::mapref::entry::Entry;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use crate::core::{
+    entities::properties::meta::STATIC_GRAPH_LAYER,
+    storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, ArcRwLockReadGuard},
+};
+use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
+    collections::hash_map::Entry,
     hash::Hash,
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Default, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DictMapper {
-    map: FxDashMap<ArcStr, usize>,
-    reverse_map: Arc<RwLock<Vec<ArcStr>>>, //FIXME: a boxcar vector would be a great fit if it was serializable...
+    map: Arc<RwLock<FxHashMap<ArcStr, usize>>>,
+    reverse_map: Arc<RwLock<Vec<ArcStr>>>,
+    num_private_fields: usize,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
@@ -31,6 +37,11 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<Index> MaybeNew<Index> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_new(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, MaybeNew::New(_))
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn inner(self) -> Index {
         match self {
@@ -97,33 +108,143 @@ impl<Index> BorrowMut<Index> for MaybeNew<Index> {
     }
 }
 
+pub struct LockedDictMapper<'a> {
+    map: RwLockReadGuard<'a, FxHashMap<ArcStr, usize>>,
+    reverse_map: RwLockReadGuard<'a, Vec<ArcStr>>,
+    num_private_fields: usize,
+}
+
+pub struct WriteLockedDictMapper<'a> {
+    map: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, FxHashMap<ArcStr, usize>>,
+    reverse_map: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, Vec<ArcStr>>,
+}
+
+impl LockedDictMapper<'_> {
+    pub fn get_id(&self, name: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.map.get(name).copied()
+    }
+
+    pub fn map(&self) -> &FxHashMap<ArcStr, usize> {
+        &self.map
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, &ArcStr)> + '_ {
+        self.reverse_map
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .skip(self.num_private_fields)
+    }
+}
+
+impl WriteLockedDictMapper<'_> {
+    pub fn get_or_create_id<Q, T>(&mut self, name: &Q) -> MaybeNew<usize>
+    where
+        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized + ToOwned<Owned = T> + Borrow<str>,
+        T: Into<ArcStr>,
+    {
+        let name = name.to_owned().into();
+        let new_id = match self.map.entry(name.clone()) {
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => MaybeNew::Existing(*entry.get()),
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                let id = self.reverse_map.len();
+                self.reverse_map.push(name);
+                entry.insert(id);
+                MaybeNew::New(id)
+            }
+        };
+        new_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_id(&mut self, name: impl Into<ArcStr>, id: usize) {
+        let arc_name = name.into();
+        let map_entry = self.map.entry(arc_name.clone());
+        let keys = self.reverse_map.deref_mut();
+        if keys.len() <= id {
+            keys.resize(id + 1, Default::default())
+        }
+        keys[id] = arc_name;
+        map_entry.insert_entry(id);
+    }
+
+    pub fn map(&self) -> &FxHashMap<ArcStr, usize> {
+        &self.map
+    }
+}
+
 impl DictMapper {
+    fn read_lock_reverse_map(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, Vec<ArcStr>> {
+        self.reverse_map.read_recursive()
+    }
+
+    fn write_lock_reverse_map(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, Vec<ArcStr>> {
+        self.reverse_map.write()
+    }
+
+    fn read_arc_lock_reverse_map(&self) -> ArcRwLockReadGuard<Vec<ArcStr>> {
+        self.reverse_map.read_arc_recursive()
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_layer_mapper() -> Self {
+        Self::new_with_private_fields([STATIC_GRAPH_LAYER])
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_with_private_fields(fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<ArcStr>>) -> Self {
+        let fields: Vec<_> = fields.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
+        let num_private_fields = fields.len();
+        DictMapper {
+            map: Arc::new(Default::default()),
+            reverse_map: Arc::new(RwLock::new(fields)),
+            num_private_fields,
+        }
+    }
     pub fn contains(&self, key: &str) -> bool {
-        self.map.contains_key(key)
+        self.map.read_recursive().contains_key(key)
     }
 
     pub fn deep_clone(&self) -> Self {
-        let reverse_map = self.reverse_map.read_recursive().clone();
+        let reverse_map = self.read_lock_reverse_map().clone();
 
         Self {
             map: self.map.clone(),
             reverse_map: Arc::new(RwLock::new(reverse_map)),
+            num_private_fields: self.num_private_fields,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self) -> LockedDictMapper<'_> {
+        LockedDictMapper {
+            map: self.map.read_recursive(),
+            reverse_map: self.read_lock_reverse_map(),
+            num_private_fields: self.num_private_fields,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn write(&self) -> WriteLockedDictMapper<'_> {
+        WriteLockedDictMapper {
+            map: self.map.write(),
+            reverse_map: self.write_lock_reverse_map(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn get_or_create_id<Q, T>(&self, name: &Q) -> MaybeNew<usize>
     where
         Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized + ToOwned<Owned = T> + Borrow<str>,
         T: Into<ArcStr>,
     {
-        if let Some(existing_id) = self.map.get(name.borrow()) {
+        let map = self.map.read_recursive();
+
+        if let Some(existing_id) = map.get(name.borrow()) {
             return MaybeNew::Existing(*existing_id);
         }
+        drop(map);
+
+        let mut map = self.map.write();
 
         let name = name.to_owned().into();
-        let new_id = match self.map.entry(name.clone()) {
+        let new_id = match map.entry(name.clone()) {
             Entry::Occupied(entry) => MaybeNew::Existing(*entry.get()),
             Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
-                let mut reverse = self.reverse_map.write();
+                let mut reverse = self.write_lock_reverse_map();
                 let id = reverse.len();
                 reverse.push(name);
                 entry.insert(id);
@@ -134,57 +255,77 @@ impl DictMapper {
     }
 
     pub fn get_id(&self, name: &str) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.map.get(name).map(|id| *id)
+        self.map.read_recursive().get(name).copied()
     }
 
     /// Explicitly set the id for a key (useful for initialising the map in parallel)
     pub fn set_id(&self, name: impl Into<ArcStr>, id: usize) {
+        let mut map = self.map.write();
         let arc_name = name.into();
-        let map_entry = self.map.entry(arc_name.clone());
-        let mut keys = self.reverse_map.write();
+        let map_entry = map.entry(arc_name.clone());
+        let mut keys = self.write_lock_reverse_map();
         if keys.len() <= id {
             keys.resize(id + 1, Default::default())
         }
         keys[id] = arc_name;
-        map_entry.insert(id);
+        map_entry.insert_entry(id);
     }
 
-    pub fn has_name(&self, id: usize) -> bool {
-        let guard = self.reverse_map.read_recursive();
+    pub fn has_id(&self, id: usize) -> bool {
+        let guard = self.read_lock_reverse_map();
         guard.get(id).is_some()
     }
 
     pub fn get_name(&self, id: usize) -> ArcStr {
-        let guard = self.reverse_map.read_recursive();
+        let guard = self.read_lock_reverse_map();
         guard
             .get(id)
             .cloned()
             .expect("internal ids should always be mapped to a name")
     }
 
-    pub fn get_keys(&self) -> ArcReadLockedVec<ArcStr> {
-        ArcReadLockedVec {
-            guard: self.reverse_map.read_arc_recursive(),
+    /// Public ids
+    pub fn ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
+        self.num_private_fields..self.num_all_fields()
+    }
+
+    /// All ids, including private fields
+    pub fn all_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
+        0..self.num_all_fields()
+    }
+
+    /// Public keys
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> PublicKeys<ArcStr> {
+        PublicKeys {
+            guard: self.read_arc_lock_reverse_map(),
+            num_private_fields: self.num_private_fields,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_values(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
-        self.map.iter().map(|entry| *entry.value()).collect()
+    /// All keys including private fields
+    pub fn all_keys(&self) -> AllKeys<ArcStr> {
+        AllKeys {
+            guard: self.read_arc_lock_reverse_map(),
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.reverse_map.read_recursive().len()
+    pub fn num_all_fields(&self) -> usize {
+        self.read_lock_reverse_map().len()
     }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.reverse_map.read_recursive().is_empty()
+    pub fn num_fields(&self) -> usize {
+        self.map.read_recursive().len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_private_fields(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_private_fields
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use crate::core::storage::dict_mapper::DictMapper;
-    use proptest::{arbitrary::any, prop_assert, proptest};
+    use proptest::prelude::*;
     use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
     use rayon::prelude::*;
     use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -201,7 +342,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn check_dict_mapper_concurrent_write() {
-        proptest!(|(write in any::<Vec<String>>())| {
+        proptest!(|(write: Vec<String>)| {
             let n = 100;
             let mapper: DictMapper = DictMapper::default();
 
@@ -210,7 +351,7 @@ mod test {
                 .into_par_iter()
                 .map(|_| {
                     let mut ids: HashMap<String, usize> = Default::default();
-                    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+                    let mut rng = rand::rng();
                     let mut write_s = write.clone();
                     write_s.shuffle(&mut rng);
                     for s in write_s {
@@ -223,8 +364,8 @@ mod test {
 
             // check that all maps are the same and that all strings have been assigned an id
             let res_0 = &res[0];
-            prop_assert!(res[1..n].iter().all(|v| res_0 == v) && write.iter().all(|v| mapper.get_id(v).is_some()))
-        })
+            prop_assert!(res[1..n].iter().all(|v| res_0 == v) && write.iter().all(|v| mapper.get_id(v).is_some()));
+        });
     }
 
     // map 5 strings to 5 ids from 4 threads concurrently 1000 times
@@ -260,3 +401,90 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(actual, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AllKeys<T> {
+    pub(crate) guard: ArcRwLockReadGuard<Vec<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T> Deref for AllKeys<T> {
+    type Target = [T];
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.guard.deref().deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> IntoIterator for AllKeys<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = LockedIter<T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        let guard = self.guard;
+        let len = guard.len();
+        let pos = 0;
+        LockedIter { guard, pos, len }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PublicKeys<T> {
+    guard: ArcRwLockReadGuard<Vec<T>>,
+    num_private_fields: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T> PublicKeys<T> {
+    fn items(&self) -> &[T] {
+        &self.guard[self.num_private_fields..]
+    }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T> + '_ {
+        self.items().iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.items().len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.items().is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> IntoIterator for PublicKeys<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = LockedIter<T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        let guard = self.guard;
+        let len = guard.len();
+        let pos = self.num_private_fields;
+        LockedIter { guard, pos, len }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LockedIter<T> {
+    guard: ArcRwLockReadGuard<Vec<T>>,
+    pos: usize,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> Iterator for LockedIter<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.pos < self.len {
+            let next_val = Some(self.guard[self.pos].clone());
+            self.pos += 1;
+            next_val
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let len = self.len - self.pos;
+        (len, Some(len))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> ExactSizeIterator for LockedIter<T> {}
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/locked_vec.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/locked_vec.rs
index c15f6fce59..8b13789179 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/locked_vec.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/locked_vec.rs
@@ -1,55 +1 @@
-use crate::core::storage::ArcRwLockReadGuard;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ArcReadLockedVec<T> {
-    pub(crate) guard: ArcRwLockReadGuard<Vec<T>>,
-}
-
-impl<T> Deref for ArcReadLockedVec<T> {
-    type Target = Vec<T>;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        self.guard.deref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone> IntoIterator for ArcReadLockedVec<T> {
-    type Item = T;
-    type IntoIter = LockedIter<T>;
-
-    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        let guard = self.guard;
-        let len = guard.len();
-        let pos = 0;
-        LockedIter { guard, pos, len }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct LockedIter<T> {
-    guard: ArcRwLockReadGuard<Vec<T>>,
-    pos: usize,
-    len: usize,
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone> Iterator for LockedIter<T> {
-    type Item = T;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if self.pos < self.len {
-            let next_val = Some(self.guard[self.pos].clone());
-            self.pos += 1;
-            next_val
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        let remaining = self.len - self.pos;
-        (remaining, Some(remaining))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone> ExactSizeIterator for LockedIter<T> {}
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/mod.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/mod.rs
index c198014d22..ad33155ba7 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use dashmap::DashMap;
-use rustc_hash::FxHasher;
+use rustc_hash::{FxBuildHasher, FxHasher};
 use std::hash::BuildHasherDefault;
 
 pub mod arc_str;
@@ -9,5 +9,6 @@ pub mod sorted_vec_map;
 pub mod timeindex;
 
 pub type FxDashMap<K, V> = DashMap<K, V, BuildHasherDefault<FxHasher>>;
+pub type FxHashMap<K, V> = std::collections::HashMap<K, V, FxBuildHasher>;
 
 pub type ArcRwLockReadGuard<T> = lock_api::ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, T>;
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/timeindex.rs b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/timeindex.rs
index d83ba4a38b..9201f61be7 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/timeindex.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/core/storage/timeindex.rs
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ impl TimeIndexEntry {
     pub const MIN: TimeIndexEntry = TimeIndexEntry(i64::MIN, 0);
 
     pub const MAX: TimeIndexEntry = TimeIndexEntry(i64::MAX, usize::MAX);
+
     pub fn new(t: i64, s: usize) -> Self {
         Self(t, s)
     }
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/lib.rs b/raphtory-api/src/lib.rs
index e4b29b9e95..8861afe5fe 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/lib.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ pub mod python;
 pub mod inherit;
 pub mod iter;
 
-#[derive(PartialOrd, PartialEq, Debug)]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(PartialOrd, PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum GraphType {
     EventGraph,
     PersistentGraph,
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/python/arcstr.rs b/raphtory-api/src/python/arcstr.rs
index 7a736bc5fa..89ee16d2d3 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/python/arcstr.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/python/arcstr.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for &ArcStr {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for ArcStr {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        ob.extract::<String>().map(|v| v.into())
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for ArcStr {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        obj.extract::<String>().map(|v| v.into())
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/python/direction.rs b/raphtory-api/src/python/direction.rs
index 6f367a85c6..4211eac4f3 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/python/direction.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/python/direction.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use crate::core::Direction;
 use pyo3::{exceptions::PyTypeError, prelude::*};
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Direction {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for Direction {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         let value: &str = ob.extract()?;
         match value {
             "out" => Ok(Direction::OUT),
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/python/gid.rs b/raphtory-api/src/python/gid.rs
index 4883aafcbc..6c44aa7c28 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/python/gid.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/python/gid.rs
@@ -28,11 +28,12 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for &GID {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for GID {
-    fn extract_bound(id: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        id.extract::<String>()
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for GID {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        ob.extract::<String>()
             .map(GID::Str)
-            .or_else(|_| id.extract::<u64>().map(GID::U64))
+            .or_else(|_| ob.extract::<u64>().map(GID::U64))
             .map_err(|_| {
                 let msg = "IDs need to be strings or an unsigned integers";
                 PyTypeError::new_err(msg)
diff --git a/raphtory-api/src/python/prop.rs b/raphtory-api/src/python/prop.rs
index a6875b2876..a6fce1858a 100644
--- a/raphtory-api/src/python/prop.rs
+++ b/raphtory-api/src/python/prop.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@ use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
 use pyo3::{
     exceptions::PyTypeError,
     prelude::*,
-    sync::GILOnceCell,
+    sync::PyOnceLock,
     types::{PyBool, PyType},
     Bound, FromPyObject, IntoPyObject, IntoPyObjectExt, Py, PyAny, PyErr, PyResult, Python,
 };
 use std::{ops::Deref, str::FromStr, sync::Arc};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
 mod array_ext {
     use pyo3::{intern, prelude::*, types::PyTuple};
     use pyo3_arrow::PyArray;
@@ -28,10 +27,11 @@ mod array_ext {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-use {crate::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArray, array_ext::*, pyo3_arrow::PyArray};
+use crate::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArray;
+use array_ext::*;
+use pyo3_arrow::PyArray;
 
-static DECIMAL_CLS: GILOnceCell<Py<PyType>> = GILOnceCell::new();
+static DECIMAL_CLS: PyOnceLock<Py<PyType>> = PyOnceLock::new();
 
 fn get_decimal_cls(py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<&Bound<'_, PyType>> {
     DECIMAL_CLS.import(py, "decimal", "Decimal")
@@ -53,18 +53,45 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for Prop {
             Prop::F64(f64) => f64.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
             Prop::DTime(dtime) => dtime.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
             Prop::NDTime(ndtime) => ndtime.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            Prop::Array(blob) => {
-                if let Some(arr_ref) = blob.into_array_ref() {
-                    PyArray::from_array_ref(arr_ref).into_pyarrow(py)?
-                } else {
-                    py.None().into_bound(py)
-                }
+            Prop::I32(v) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::U32(v) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::F32(v) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::List(PropArray::Array(arr_ref)) => {
+                PyArray::from_array_ref(arr_ref).into_pyarrow(py)?
+            }
+            Prop::List(PropArray::Vec(v)) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(), // Fixme: optimise the clone here?
+            Prop::Map(v) => v.deref().clone().into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::Decimal(d) => {
+                let decl_cls = get_decimal_cls(py)?;
+                decl_cls.call1((d.to_string(),))?
             }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'py: 'a> IntoPyObject<'py> for &'a Prop {
+    type Target = PyAny;
+    type Output = Bound<'py, PyAny>;
+    type Error = PyErr;
+
+    fn into_pyobject(self, py: Python<'py>) -> Result<Self::Output, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(match self {
+            Prop::Str(s) => s.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::Bool(bool) => bool.into_bound_py_any(py)?,
+            Prop::U8(u8) => u8.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::U16(u16) => u16.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::I64(i64) => i64.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::U64(u64) => u64.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::F64(f64) => f64.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::DTime(dtime) => dtime.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
+            Prop::NDTime(ndtime) => ndtime.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
             Prop::I32(v) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
             Prop::U32(v) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
             Prop::F32(v) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
-            Prop::List(v) => v.deref().clone().into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(), // Fixme: optimise the clone here?
+            Prop::List(PropArray::Array(arr_ref)) => {
+                PyArray::from_array_ref(arr_ref.clone()).into_pyarrow(py)?
+            }
+            Prop::List(PropArray::Vec(v)) => v.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
             Prop::Map(v) => v.deref().clone().into_pyobject(py)?.into_any(),
             Prop::Decimal(d) => {
                 let decl_cls = get_decimal_cls(py)?;
@@ -75,8 +102,9 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for Prop {
 }
 
 // Manually implemented to make sure we don't end up with f32/i32/u32 from python ints/floats
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Prop {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for Prop {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if ob.is_instance_of::<PyBool>() {
             return Ok(Prop::Bool(ob.extract()?));
         }
@@ -109,13 +137,12 @@ impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Prop {
         if let Ok(s) = ob.extract::<String>() {
             return Ok(Prop::Str(s.into()));
         }
-        #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
         if let Ok(arrow) = ob.extract::<PyArray>() {
             let (arr, _) = arrow.into_inner();
-            return Ok(Prop::Array(PropArray::Array(arr)));
+            return Ok(Prop::List(PropArray::Array(arr)));
         }
-        if let Ok(list) = ob.extract() {
-            return Ok(Prop::List(Arc::new(list)));
+        if let Ok(list) = ob.extract::<Vec<Prop>>() {
+            return Ok(Prop::List(PropArray::Vec(list.into())));
         }
         if let Ok(map) = ob.extract() {
             return Ok(Prop::Map(Arc::new(map)));
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/Cargo.toml b/raphtory-benchmark/Cargo.toml
index 0971dbf88f..aa53e69535 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ edition = "2021"
 criterion = { workspace = true }
 raphtory = { workspace = true, features = [
     "io",
-    "proto",
     "vectors",
 ] }
 raphtory-api = { workspace = true }
@@ -61,15 +60,12 @@ harness = false
 [[bench]]
 name = "proto_encode"
 harness = false
+required-features = ["proto"]
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "proto_decode"
 harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "arrow_algobench"
-harness = false
-required-features = ["storage"]
+required-features = ["proto"]
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "search_bench"
@@ -87,4 +83,4 @@ required-features = ["search"]
 
 [features]
 search = ["raphtory/search"]
-storage = ["raphtory/storage"]
+proto = ["raphtory/proto"]
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/arrow_algobench.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/arrow_algobench.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c50db642bf..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/arrow_algobench.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-pub mod arrow_bench {
-    use criterion::{black_box, BenchmarkId, Criterion, SamplingMode};
-    use raphtory::{
-        algorithms::{
-            centrality::pagerank::unweighted_page_rank,
-            components::weakly_connected_components,
-            metrics::clustering_coefficient::{
-                global_clustering_coefficient::global_clustering_coefficient,
-                local_clustering_coefficient::local_clustering_coefficient,
-            },
-            motifs::local_triangle_count::local_triangle_count,
-        },
-        graphgen::random_attachment::random_attachment,
-        prelude::*,
-    };
-    use raphtory_benchmark::common::bench;
-    use rayon::prelude::*;
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-    pub fn local_triangle_count_analysis(c: &mut Criterion) {
-        let mut group = c.benchmark_group("local_triangle_count");
-        group.sample_size(10);
-        bench(&mut group, "local_triangle_count", None, |b| {
-            let g = raphtory::graph_loader::lotr_graph::lotr_graph();
-            let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let g = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-            let windowed_graph = g.window(i64::MIN, i64::MAX);
-
-            b.iter(|| {
-                let node_ids = windowed_graph.nodes().collect();
-
-                node_ids.into_par_iter().for_each(|v| {
-                    local_triangle_count(&windowed_graph, v).unwrap();
-                });
-            })
-        });
-
-        group.finish();
-    }
-
-    pub fn local_clustering_coefficient_analysis(c: &mut Criterion) {
-        let mut group = c.benchmark_group("local_clustering_coefficient");
-
-        bench(&mut group, "local_clustering_coefficient", None, |b| {
-            let g: Graph = Graph::new();
-
-            let vs = vec![
-                (1, 2, 1),
-                (1, 3, 2),
-                (1, 4, 3),
-                (3, 1, 4),
-                (3, 4, 5),
-                (3, 5, 6),
-                (4, 5, 7),
-                (5, 6, 8),
-                (5, 8, 9),
-                (7, 5, 10),
-                (8, 5, 11),
-                (1, 9, 12),
-                (9, 1, 13),
-                (6, 3, 14),
-                (4, 8, 15),
-                (8, 3, 16),
-                (5, 10, 17),
-                (10, 5, 18),
-                (10, 8, 19),
-                (1, 11, 20),
-                (11, 1, 21),
-                (9, 11, 22),
-                (11, 9, 23),
-            ];
-
-            for (src, dst, t) in &vs {
-                g.add_edge(*t, *src, *dst, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-            }
-
-            let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let g = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-            let windowed_graph = g.window(0, 5);
-            b.iter(|| local_clustering_coefficient(&windowed_graph, 1))
-        });
-
-        group.finish();
-    }
-
-    pub fn graphgen_large_clustering_coeff(c: &mut Criterion) {
-        let mut group = c.benchmark_group("graphgen_large_clustering_coeff");
-        // generate graph
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        let seed: [u8; 32] = [1; 32];
-        random_attachment(&graph, 500000, 4, Some(seed));
-
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let graph = graph.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        group.sampling_mode(SamplingMode::Flat);
-        group.measurement_time(std::time::Duration::from_secs(60));
-        group.sample_size(10);
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("graphgen_large_clustering_coeff", &graph),
-            &graph,
-            |b, graph| {
-                b.iter(|| {
-                    let result = global_clustering_coefficient(graph);
-                    black_box(result);
-                });
-            },
-        );
-        group.finish()
-    }
-
-    pub fn graphgen_large_pagerank(c: &mut Criterion) {
-        let mut group = c.benchmark_group("graphgen_large_pagerank");
-        // generate graph
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        let seed: [u8; 32] = [1; 32];
-        random_attachment(&graph, 500000, 4, Some(seed));
-
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let graph = graph.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        group.sampling_mode(SamplingMode::Flat);
-        group.measurement_time(std::time::Duration::from_secs(20));
-        group.sample_size(10);
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("graphgen_large_pagerank", &graph),
-            &graph,
-            |b, graph| {
-                b.iter(|| {
-                    let result = unweighted_page_rank(graph, Some(100), None, None, true, None);
-                    black_box(result);
-                });
-            },
-        );
-        group.finish()
-    }
-
-    pub fn graphgen_large_concomp(c: &mut Criterion) {
-        let mut group = c.benchmark_group("graphgen_large_concomp");
-        // generate graph
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        let seed: [u8; 32] = [1; 32];
-        random_attachment(&graph, 500000, 4, Some(seed));
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let graph = graph.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        group.sampling_mode(SamplingMode::Flat);
-        group.measurement_time(std::time::Duration::from_secs(60));
-        group.sample_size(10);
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("graphgen_large_concomp", &graph),
-            &graph,
-            |b, graph| {
-                b.iter(|| {
-                    let result = weakly_connected_components(graph);
-                    black_box(result);
-                });
-            },
-        );
-        group.finish()
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-pub use arrow_bench::*;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-criterion_group!(
-    benches,
-    local_triangle_count_analysis,
-    local_clustering_coefficient_analysis,
-    graphgen_large_clustering_coeff,
-    graphgen_large_pagerank,
-    graphgen_large_concomp,
-);
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/edge_add.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/edge_add.rs
index ff88954ef1..91de49089e 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/edge_add.rs
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/edge_add.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use rand::{
-    distributions::{Alphanumeric, DistString},
-    thread_rng, Rng,
+    distr::{Alphanumeric, SampleString},
+    rng, Rng,
 };
 use raphtory::prelude::*;
 
 fn random_string(n: usize) -> String {
-    Alphanumeric.sample_string(&mut thread_rng(), n)
+    Alphanumeric.sample_string(&mut rng(), n)
 }
 
 pub fn graph(c: &mut Criterion) {
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ pub fn graph(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 
     id_group.bench_function("numeric string input", |bencher| {
-        let id: u64 = thread_rng().gen();
+        let id: u64 = rng().random();
         let id_str = id.to_string();
         bencher.iter(|| id_str.id())
     });
 
     id_group.bench_function("numeric input", |bencher| {
-        let id: u64 = thread_rng().gen();
+        let id: u64 = rng().random();
         bencher.iter(|| id.id())
     });
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn graph(c: &mut Criterion) {
     graph_group.bench_function("string  input", |bencher| {
         let src: String = random_string(16);
         let dst: String = random_string(16);
-        let t: i64 = thread_rng().gen();
+        let t: i64 = rng().random();
         bencher.iter(|| g.add_edge(t, src.clone(), dst.clone(), NO_PROPS, None))
     });
     graph_group.finish();
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/index_bench.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/index_bench.rs
index 77fc7fb676..e1534c4bc4 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/index_bench.rs
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/index_bench.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ fn bench_graph_index_load(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("graph_index_load");
     group.sample_size(100);
-
     group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::from_parameter("load_once"), |b| {
         b.iter(|| Graph::decode(black_box(&path)).unwrap());
     });
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/search_bench.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/search_bench.rs
index 24c4a9db18..426631ab6c 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/search_bench.rs
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/search_bench.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Criterion};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use rand::{
-    seq::{IteratorRandom, SliceRandom},
-    thread_rng, Rng,
-};
+use rand::{prelude::IndexedRandom, rng, seq::IteratorRandom, Rng};
 use raphtory::{
     db::{
         api::{
@@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ fn setup_graph() -> Arc<Graph> {
 }
 
 fn get_random_node_names(graph: &Graph) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     iter::repeat_with(move || graph.nodes().into_iter().choose(&mut rng))
         .filter_map(|opt| opt.map(|n| n.name().to_string()))
         .take(100)
@@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ fn get_random_node_names(graph: &Graph) -> Vec<String> {
 }
 
 fn get_random_edges_by_src_dst_names(graph: &Graph) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     iter::repeat_with(move || graph.edges().into_iter().choose(&mut rng))
         .filter_map(|opt| opt.map(|e| (e.src().name().to_string(), e.dst().name().to_string())))
         .take(100)
@@ -196,7 +193,7 @@ fn convert_to_property_filter(
     filter_op: FilterOperator,
     sampled_values: Option<Vec<Prop>>,
 ) -> Option<PropertyFilter> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
 
     match prop_value.dtype() {
         // String properties support tokenized matches for eq and ne
@@ -205,8 +202,8 @@ fn convert_to_property_filter(
                 let tokens: Vec<&str> = full_str.split_whitespace().collect();
                 if tokens.len() > 1 && rng.gen_bool(0.3) {
                     // 30% chance to use a random substring
-                    let start = rng.gen_range(0..tokens.len());
-                    let end = rng.gen_range(start..tokens.len());
+                    let start = rng.random_range(0..tokens.len());
+                    let end = rng.random_range(start..tokens.len());
                     let sub_str = tokens[start..=end].join(" ");
 
                     match filter_op {
@@ -282,7 +279,7 @@ fn convert_to_property_filter(
 
 // Get list of properties from multiple random nodes for IN, NOT_IN filters
 fn get_node_property_samples(graph: &Graph, prop_id: &usize, is_const: bool) -> Vec<Prop> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     let node_names = get_random_node_names(graph);
     let mut samples = Vec::new();
 
@@ -298,7 +295,7 @@ fn get_node_property_samples(graph: &Graph, prop_id: &usize, is_const: bool) ->
                 samples.push(prop_value);
             }
 
-            if samples.len() >= rng.gen_range(3..=5) {
+            if samples.len() >= rng.random_range(3..=5) {
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -315,7 +312,7 @@ fn pick_node_property_filter(
     is_const: bool,
     filter_op: FilterOperator,
 ) -> Option<PropertyFilter> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     if let Some((prop_name, prop_id)) = props.choose(&mut rng) {
         let prop_value = if is_const {
             node.get_metadata(*prop_id)
@@ -338,7 +335,7 @@ fn get_random_node_property_filters(
     graph: &Graph,
     filter_op: FilterOperator,
 ) -> Vec<PropertyFilter> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     let node_names = get_random_node_names(graph);
 
     let mut filters = Vec::new();
@@ -391,7 +388,7 @@ fn get_random_node_property_filters(
 
 // Get list of properties from multiple random edges for IN, NOT_IN filters
 fn get_edge_property_samples(graph: &Graph, prop_id: &usize, is_const: bool) -> Vec<Prop> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     let edges = get_random_edges_by_src_dst_names(graph);
     let mut samples = Vec::new();
 
@@ -407,7 +404,7 @@ fn get_edge_property_samples(graph: &Graph, prop_id: &usize, is_const: bool) ->
                 samples.push(prop_value);
             }
 
-            if samples.len() >= rng.gen_range(3..=5) {
+            if samples.len() >= rng.random_range(3..=5) {
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -424,7 +421,7 @@ fn pick_edge_property_filter(
     is_const: bool,
     filter_op: FilterOperator,
 ) -> Option<PropertyFilter> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
 
     if let Some((prop_name, prop_id)) = props.choose(&mut rng) {
         let prop_value = if is_const {
@@ -448,7 +445,7 @@ fn get_random_edge_property_filters(
     graph: &Graph,
     filter_op: FilterOperator,
 ) -> Vec<PropertyFilter> {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     let edges = get_random_edges_by_src_dst_names(graph);
 
     let mut filters = Vec::new();
@@ -675,7 +672,7 @@ fn bench_search_nodes_by_name(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
 fn bench_search_nodes_by_node_type(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let graph = setup_graph();
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     let node_types = get_node_types(&graph);
     let sample_inputs: Vec<_> = (0..100)
         .map(|_| node_types.choose(&mut rng).unwrap().clone())
@@ -722,7 +719,7 @@ fn bench_search_nodes_by_composite_property_filter_and(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let graph = setup_graph();
     let binding = get_random_node_property_filters(&graph, Eq);
     let property_filters = binding.iter().cloned();
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
 
     c.bench_function("bench_search_nodes_by_composite_property_filter_and", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
@@ -743,7 +740,7 @@ fn bench_search_nodes_by_composite_property_filter_or(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let graph = setup_graph();
     let binding = get_random_node_property_filters(&graph, Eq);
     let property_filters = binding.iter().cloned();
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
 
     c.bench_function("bench_search_nodes_by_composite_property_filter_or", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
@@ -814,7 +811,7 @@ fn bench_search_edges_by_composite_property_filter_and(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let graph = setup_graph();
     let binding = get_random_edge_property_filters(&graph, Eq);
     let property_filters = binding.iter().cloned();
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
 
     c.bench_function("bench_search_edges_by_composite_property_filter_and", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
@@ -835,7 +832,7 @@ fn bench_search_edges_by_composite_property_filter_or(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let graph = setup_graph();
     let binding = get_random_edge_property_filters(&graph, Eq);
     let property_filters = binding.iter().cloned();
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
 
     c.bench_function("bench_search_edges_by_composite_property_filter_or", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/tgraph_benchmarks.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/tgraph_benchmarks.rs
index 2595e88443..b2af702edc 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/benches/tgraph_benchmarks.rs
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/benches/tgraph_benchmarks.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BenchmarkId, Criterion, Throughput};
-use rand::{distributions::Uniform, Rng};
+use rand::{distr::Uniform, Rng};
 use raphtory::core::entities::nodes::structure::adjset::AdjSet;
 use sorted_vector_map::SortedVectorSet;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ fn btree_set_u64(c: &mut Criterion) {
     for size in [10, 100, 300, 500, 1000].iter() {
         group.throughput(Throughput::Elements(*size as u64));
 
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
-        let range = Uniform::new(u64::MIN, u64::MAX);
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
+        let range = Uniform::new(u64::MIN, u64::MAX).unwrap();
         let init_vals: Vec<u64> = (&mut rng).sample_iter(&range).take(*size).collect();
 
         group.bench_with_input(
@@ -49,8 +49,9 @@ fn bm_tadjset(c: &mut Criterion) {
     for size in [10, 100, 1000, 10_000, 100_000, 1_000_000].iter() {
         group.throughput(Throughput::Elements(*size as u64));
 
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
-        let range = Uniform::new(0, size * 10);
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
+        let range = Uniform::new(0, size * 10).unwrap();
+
         let init_srcs: Vec<usize> = (&mut rng)
             .sample_iter(&range)
             .take(*size as usize)
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ fn bm_tadjset(c: &mut Criterion) {
             .sample_iter(&range)
             .take(*size as usize)
             .collect();
-        let t_range = Uniform::new(1646838523i64, 1678374523);
+        let t_range = Uniform::new(1646838523i64, 1678374523).unwrap();
         let init_time: Vec<i64> = (&mut rng)
             .sample_iter(&t_range)
             .take(*size as usize)
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/mod.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/mod.rs
index 51f8d4ff6d..3d83103de3 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ pub mod vectors;
 use criterion::{
     black_box, measurement::WallTime, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId, Criterion,
 };
-use rand::{distributions::Uniform, seq::*, Rng, SeedableRng};
+use rand::{distr::Uniform, seq::*, Rng, SeedableRng};
 use raphtory::{db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps, prelude::*};
 use raphtory_api::core::utils::logging::global_info_logger;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ use tempfile::TempDir;
 use tracing::info;
 
 fn make_index_gen() -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = u64>> {
-    let rng = rand::thread_rng();
-    let range = Uniform::new(u64::MIN, u64::MAX);
+    let rng = rand::rng();
+    let range = Uniform::new(u64::MIN, u64::MAX).unwrap();
     Box::new(rng.sample_iter(range))
 }
 
 fn make_time_gen() -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = i64>> {
-    let rng = rand::thread_rng();
-    let range = Uniform::new(i64::MIN, i64::MAX);
+    let rng = rand::rng();
+    let range = Uniform::new(i64::MIN, i64::MAX).unwrap();
     Box::new(rng.sample_iter(range))
 }
 
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ pub fn run_analysis_benchmarks<F, G>(
     });
 
     bench(group, "has_edge_existing", parameter, |b: &mut Bencher| {
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let (src, dst) = edges.iter().choose(&mut rng).expect("non-empty graph");
         b.iter(|| graph.has_edge(src, dst))
     });
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ pub fn run_analysis_benchmarks<F, G>(
         "has_edge_nonexisting",
         parameter,
         |b: &mut Bencher| {
-            let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+            let mut rng = rand::rng();
             let edge = loop {
                 let edge: (&GID, &GID) = (
                     nodes.iter().choose(&mut rng).expect("non-empty graph"),
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ pub fn run_analysis_benchmarks<F, G>(
     );
 
     bench(group, "active edge", parameter, |b: &mut Bencher| {
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let (edge, active_t) = edges_t
             .choose(&mut rng)
             .and_then(|(src, dst, t)| graph.edge(src, dst).map(|e| (e, *t)))
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ pub fn run_analysis_benchmarks<F, G>(
     });
 
     bench(group, "edge has layer", parameter, |b: &mut Bencher| {
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let edge = edges
             .iter()
             .choose(&mut rng)
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ pub fn run_analysis_benchmarks<F, G>(
     });
 
     bench(group, "has_node_existing", parameter, |b: &mut Bencher| {
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let v = nodes.iter().choose(&mut rng).expect("non-empty graph");
         b.iter(|| graph.has_node(v))
     });
@@ -371,9 +371,9 @@ pub fn run_analysis_benchmarks<F, G>(
         "has_node_nonexisting",
         parameter,
         |b: &mut Bencher| {
-            let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+            let mut rng = rand::rng();
             let v: u64 = loop {
-                let v: u64 = rng.gen();
+                let v: u64 = rng.random();
                 if !nodes.contains(&GID::U64(v)) {
                     break v;
                 }
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/vectors.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/vectors.rs
index 701ace6db2..919d201ccb 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/vectors.rs
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/src/common/vectors.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub fn gen_embedding_for_bench(text: &str) -> Embedding {
     let hash = hasher.finish();
 
     let mut rng: StdRng = SeedableRng::seed_from_u64(hash);
-    (0..1536).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect()
+    (0..1536).map(|_| rng.random()).collect()
 }
 
 async fn embedding_model(texts: Vec<String>) -> EmbeddingResult<Vec<Embedding>> {
diff --git a/raphtory-benchmark/src/graph_gen/raph_social.rs b/raphtory-benchmark/src/graph_gen/raph_social.rs
index cd75f1277e..c1a0ec6a15 100644
--- a/raphtory-benchmark/src/graph_gen/raph_social.rs
+++ b/raphtory-benchmark/src/graph_gen/raph_social.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use fake::{
     },
     Fake,
 };
-use rand::{prelude::SliceRandom, thread_rng, Rng};
+use rand::{rng, seq::IndexedRandom, Rng};
 use raphtory::prelude::*;
 use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{collections::HashMap, error::Error, fmt::Debug};
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub struct CommentPost {
 }
 
 fn gen_timestamp(rng: &mut impl Rng) -> i64 {
-    rng.gen_range(946684800000..1609459200000) // Random timestamp from 2000 to 2020
+    rng.random_range(946684800000..1609459200000) // Random timestamp from 2000 to 2020
 }
 
 pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
 ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     fs::create_dir_all(output_dir)?;
 
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
 
     // Create writers for each file
     let mut people_writer = Writer::from_path(format!("{}/people.csv", output_dir))?;
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
             id: format!("person_{}", i),
             first_name: FirstName().fake(),
             last_name: LastName().fake(),
-            gender: if rng.gen_bool(0.5) {
+            gender: if rng.random_bool(0.5) {
                 "male".to_string()
             } else {
                 "female".to_string()
@@ -141,14 +141,14 @@ pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
 
     // Person-Forum Relationships
     for i in 1..=num_people {
-        let membership_count = rng.gen_range(1..=3);
+        let membership_count = rng.random_range(1..=3);
         for _ in 0..membership_count {
             person_forum_writer.serialize(PersonForum {
                 person_id: format!("person_{}", i),
-                forum_id: format!("forum_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_forums)),
-                is_moderator: rng.gen_bool(0.1),
+                forum_id: format!("forum_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_forums)),
+                is_moderator: rng.random_bool(0.1),
                 join_date: gen_timestamp(&mut rng),
-                activity_score: rng.gen_range(0.0..100.0),
+                activity_score: rng.random_range(0.0..100.0),
             })?;
         }
     }
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
         let creation_date = gen_timestamp(&mut rng);
         posts_writer.serialize(Post {
             id: format!("post_{}", i),
-            creator_id: format!("person_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_people)),
+            creator_id: format!("person_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_people)),
             creation_date,
             location_ip: IP().fake(),
             browser_used: ["Chrome", "Firefox", "Safari", "Edge"]
@@ -167,15 +167,15 @@ pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
                 .unwrap()
                 .to_string(),
             content: Sentence(5..15).fake(),
-            length: rng.gen_range(20..200),
+            length: rng.random_range(20..200),
         })?;
         post_forum_writer.serialize(PostForum {
             post_id: format!("post_{}", i),
-            forum_id: format!("forum_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_forums)),
+            forum_id: format!("forum_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_forums)),
             creation_date, // Use post's creation date
-            is_featured: rng.gen_bool(0.2),
-            likes_count: rng.gen_range(0..500),
-            comments_count: rng.gen_range(0..200),
+            is_featured: rng.random_bool(0.2),
+            likes_count: rng.random_range(0..500),
+            comments_count: rng.random_range(0..200),
         })?;
     }
     posts_writer.flush()?;
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
         let creation_date = gen_timestamp(&mut rng);
         comments_writer.serialize(Comment {
             id: format!("comment_{}", i),
-            creator_id: format!("person_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_people)),
+            creator_id: format!("person_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_people)),
             creation_date,
             location_ip: IP().fake(),
             browser_used: ["Chrome", "Firefox", "Safari", "Edge"]
@@ -194,15 +194,15 @@ pub fn generate_data_write_to_csv(
                 .unwrap()
                 .to_string(),
             content: Sentence(5..15).fake(),
-            length: rng.gen_range(50..500),
+            length: rng.random_range(50..500),
         })?;
         comment_post_writer.serialize(CommentPost {
             comment_id: format!("comment_{}", i),
-            post_id: format!("post_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_posts)),
+            post_id: format!("post_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_posts)),
             creation_date, // Use comment's creation date
-            is_edited: rng.gen_bool(0.1),
-            upvotes: rng.gen_range(0..200),
-            reply_count: rng.gen_range(0..20),
+            is_edited: rng.random_bool(0.1),
+            upvotes: rng.random_range(0..200),
+            reply_count: rng.random_range(0..20),
         })?;
     }
     comments_writer.flush()?;
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
     num_posts: usize,
     num_comments: usize,
 ) -> Graph {
-    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rng();
     let graph = Graph::new();
 
     // People
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
                 ),
                 (
                     "gender",
-                    Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(if rng.gen_bool(0.5) {
+                    Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(if rng.random_bool(0.5) {
                         "male"
                     } else {
                         "female"
@@ -455,17 +455,17 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
     // Person Forum
     for i in 1..=num_people {
         let person_id = format!("person_{}", i);
-        let membership_count = rng.gen_range(1..=3);
+        let membership_count = rng.random_range(1..=3);
         for _ in 0..membership_count {
-            let forum_id = format!("forum_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_forums));
+            let forum_id = format!("forum_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_forums));
             graph
                 .add_edge(
                     DateTime::from_timestamp(gen_timestamp(&mut rng), 0).unwrap(),
                     person_id.clone(),
                     forum_id.clone(),
                     [
-                        ("activity_score", Prop::F64(rng.gen_range(0.0..100.0))),
-                        ("is_moderator", Prop::Bool(rng.gen_bool(0.1))),
+                        ("activity_score", Prop::F64(rng.random_range(0.0..100.0))),
+                        ("is_moderator", Prop::Bool(rng.random_bool(0.1))),
                     ],
                     None,
                 )
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
     // Posts, Post Forum
     for i in 1..=num_posts {
         let post_id = format!("post_{}", i);
-        let creator_id = format!("person_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_people));
+        let creator_id = format!("person_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_people));
         let creation_date = gen_timestamp(&mut rng);
 
         graph
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
                         "content",
                         Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(Sentence(5..15).fake::<String>())),
                     ),
-                    ("length", Prop::U64(rng.gen_range(20..200))),
+                    ("length", Prop::U64(rng.random_range(20..200))),
                     (
                         "location_ip",
                         Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(IP().fake::<String>())),
@@ -509,16 +509,16 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
             .add_metadata([("creator_id", Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(creator_id.clone())))])
             .expect("Failed to add post properties");
 
-        let forum_id = format!("forum_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_forums));
+        let forum_id = format!("forum_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_forums));
         graph
             .add_edge(
                 DateTime::from_timestamp(creation_date, 0).unwrap(),
                 post_id.clone(),
                 forum_id.clone(),
                 [
-                    ("is_featured", Prop::Bool(rng.gen_bool(0.2))),
-                    ("likes_count", Prop::U64(rng.gen_range(0..500))),
-                    ("comments_count", Prop::U64(rng.gen_range(0..200))),
+                    ("is_featured", Prop::Bool(rng.random_bool(0.2))),
+                    ("likes_count", Prop::U64(rng.random_range(0..500))),
+                    ("comments_count", Prop::U64(rng.random_range(0..200))),
                 ],
                 None,
             )
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
     // Comments, Comment Forum
     for i in 1..=num_comments {
         let comment_id = format!("comment_{}", i);
-        let creator_id = format!("person_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_people));
+        let creator_id = format!("person_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_people));
         let creation_date = gen_timestamp(&mut rng);
 
         graph
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
                         "content",
                         Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(Sentence(5..15).fake::<String>())),
                     ),
-                    ("length", Prop::U64(rng.gen_range(50..500))),
+                    ("length", Prop::U64(rng.random_range(50..500))),
                     (
                         "location_ip",
                         Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(IP().fake::<String>())),
@@ -561,16 +561,16 @@ pub fn generate_graph(
             .add_metadata([("creator_id", Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(creator_id.clone())))])
             .expect("Failed to add comment properties");
 
-        let post_id = format!("post_{}", rng.gen_range(1..=num_posts));
+        let post_id = format!("post_{}", rng.random_range(1..=num_posts));
         graph
             .add_edge(
                 DateTime::from_timestamp(creation_date, 0).unwrap(),
                 comment_id.clone(),
                 post_id.clone(),
                 [
-                    ("is_edited", Prop::Bool(rng.gen_bool(0.1))),
-                    ("upvotes", Prop::U64(rng.gen_range(0..200))),
-                    ("reply_count", Prop::U64(rng.gen_range(0..20))),
+                    ("is_edited", Prop::Bool(rng.random_bool(0.1))),
+                    ("upvotes", Prop::U64(rng.random_range(0..200))),
+                    ("reply_count", Prop::U64(rng.random_range(0..20))),
                 ],
                 None,
             )
diff --git a/raphtory-core/Cargo.toml b/raphtory-core/Cargo.toml
index 2b888a58c8..8e40e4fdf8 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ edition.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 raphtory-api = { workspace = true }
-dashmap = { workspace = true }
+dashmap = { workspace = true, features = ["raw-api"] }
+hashbrown = { workspace = true }
 either = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 rustc-hash = { workspace = true }
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ parking_lot = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 ouroboros = { workspace = true }
+arrow-array = { workspace = true }
 regex = { workspace = true }
 pyo3 = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
@@ -35,5 +37,4 @@ pyo3 = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 proptest = { workspace = true }
 
 [features]
-arrow = ["raphtory-api/arrow"]
 python = ["dep:pyo3", "raphtory-api/python"]
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/edges/edge_store.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/edges/edge_store.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index fa9e57c049..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/edges/edge_store.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    entities::{
-        properties::props::{MetadataError, Props, TPropError},
-        EID, VID,
-    },
-    storage::{
-        raw_edges::EdgeShard,
-        timeindex::{TimeIndex, TimeIndexEntry},
-    },
-    utils::iter::GenLockedIter,
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef, properties::prop::Prop};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{
-    fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
-    ops::Deref,
-};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct EdgeStore {
-    pub eid: EID,
-    pub src: VID,
-    pub dst: VID,
-}
-
-pub trait EdgeDataLike<'a> {
-    fn temporal_prop_ids(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a;
-    fn metadata_ids(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a;
-}
-
-impl<'a, T: Deref<Target = EdgeLayer> + 'a> EdgeDataLike<'a> for T {
-    fn temporal_prop_ids(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        GenLockedIter::from(self, |layer| {
-            Box::new(
-                layer
-                    .props()
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .flat_map(|props| props.temporal_prop_ids()),
-            )
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn metadata_ids(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        GenLockedIter::from(self, |layer| {
-            Box::new(
-                layer
-                    .props()
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .flat_map(|props| props.metadata_ids()),
-            )
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct EdgeLayer {
-    props: Option<Props>, // memory optimisation: only allocate props if needed
-}
-
-impl EdgeLayer {
-    pub fn props(&self) -> Option<&Props> {
-        self.props.as_ref()
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_props(self) -> Option<Props> {
-        self.props
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_prop(
-        &mut self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        prop_id: usize,
-        prop: Prop,
-    ) -> Result<(), TPropError> {
-        let props = self.props.get_or_insert_with(Props::new);
-        props.add_prop(t, prop_id, prop)
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_metadata(&mut self, prop_id: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), MetadataError> {
-        let props = self.props.get_or_insert_with(Props::new);
-        props.add_metadata(prop_id, prop)
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_metadata(&mut self, prop_id: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), MetadataError> {
-        let props = self.props.get_or_insert_with(Props::new);
-        props.update_metadata(prop_id, prop)
-    }
-}
-
-impl EdgeStore {
-    pub fn new(src: VID, dst: VID) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            eid: 0.into(),
-            src,
-            dst,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn initialised(&self) -> bool {
-        self.eid != EID::default()
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_edge_ref(&self) -> EdgeRef {
-        EdgeRef::new_outgoing(self.eid, self.src, self.dst)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct MemEdge<'a> {
-    edges: &'a EdgeShard,
-    offset: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Debug for MemEdge<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("Edge")
-            .field("src", &self.src())
-            .field("dst", &self.dst())
-            .field("eid", &self.eid())
-            .field(
-                "props",
-                &(0..self.internal_num_layers())
-                    .map(|i| (i, self.props(i)))
-                    .collect_vec(),
-            )
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> MemEdge<'a> {
-    pub fn new(edges: &'a EdgeShard, offset: usize) -> Self {
-        MemEdge { edges, offset }
-    }
-
-    pub fn src(&self) -> VID {
-        self.edge_store().src
-    }
-
-    pub fn dst(&self) -> VID {
-        self.edge_store().dst
-    }
-    pub fn edge_store(&self) -> &'a EdgeStore {
-        self.edges.edge_store(self.offset)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn props(self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&'a Props> {
-        self.edges
-            .props(self.offset, layer_id)
-            .and_then(|el| el.props())
-    }
-
-    pub fn eid(self) -> EID {
-        self.edge_store().eid
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_edge_ref(&self) -> EdgeRef {
-        EdgeRef::new_outgoing(self.eid(), self.src(), self.dst())
-    }
-
-    pub fn internal_num_layers(self) -> usize {
-        self.edges.internal_num_layers()
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&'a TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>> {
-        self.edges.additions(self.offset, layer_id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&'a TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>> {
-        self.edges.deletions(self.offset, layer_id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_layer_inner(self, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
-        self.get_additions(layer_id)
-            .filter(|t_index| !t_index.is_empty())
-            .is_some()
-            || self
-                .get_deletions(layer_id)
-                .filter(|t_index| !t_index.is_empty())
-                .is_some()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/edges/mod.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/edges/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d1f7224234..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/edges/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub mod edge_store;
-
-pub use raphtory_api::core::entities::edges::*;
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/logical_to_physical.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/logical_to_physical.rs
index cf4d1afe93..a5294156a8 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/logical_to_physical.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/logical_to_physical.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
-use crate::{
-    entities::nodes::node_store::NodeStore,
-    storage::{NodeSlot, UninitialisedEntry},
-};
 use dashmap::mapref::entry::Entry;
-use either::Either;
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{GidRef, GidType, VID},
     storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, FxDashMap},
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
-use std::hash::Hash;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
@@ -55,6 +49,17 @@ pub struct Mapping {
 }
 
 impl Mapping {
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.map.get().map_or(0, |map| match map {
+            Map::U64(map) => map.len(),
+            Map::Str(map) => map.len(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
     pub fn dtype(&self) -> Option<GidType> {
         self.map.get().map(|map| match map {
             Map::U64(_) => GidType::U64,
@@ -67,6 +72,18 @@ impl Mapping {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn new_u64() -> Self {
+        Mapping {
+            map: OnceCell::with_value(Map::U64(Default::default())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_str() -> Self {
+        Mapping {
+            map: OnceCell::with_value(Map::Str(Default::default())),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn set(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), InvalidNodeId> {
         let map = self.map.get_or_init(|| match gid {
             GidRef::U64(_) => Map::U64(FxDashMap::default()),
@@ -131,25 +148,27 @@ impl Mapping {
         Ok(vid)
     }
 
-    pub fn get_or_init_node<'a>(
+    pub fn validate_gids<'a>(
         &self,
-        gid: GidRef,
-        f_init: impl FnOnce() -> UninitialisedEntry<'a, NodeStore, NodeSlot>,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, InvalidNodeId> {
-        let map = self.map.get_or_init(|| match &gid {
-            GidRef::U64(_) => Map::U64(FxDashMap::default()),
-            GidRef::Str(_) => Map::Str(FxDashMap::default()),
-        });
-        match gid {
-            GidRef::U64(id) => map
-                .as_u64()
-                .map(|m| get_or_new(m, id, f_init))
-                .ok_or(InvalidNodeId::InvalidNodeIdU64(id)),
-            GidRef::Str(id) => map
-                .as_str()
-                .map(|m| optim_get_or_insert(m, id, f_init))
-                .ok_or_else(|| InvalidNodeId::InvalidNodeIdStr(id.into())),
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<(), InvalidNodeId> {
+        for gid in gids {
+            let map = self.map.get_or_init(|| match &gid {
+                GidRef::U64(_) => Map::U64(FxDashMap::default()),
+                GidRef::Str(_) => Map::Str(FxDashMap::default()),
+            });
+            match gid {
+                GidRef::U64(id) => {
+                    map.as_u64().ok_or(InvalidNodeId::InvalidNodeIdU64(id))?;
+                }
+                GidRef::Str(id) => {
+                    map.as_str()
+                        .ok_or_else(|| InvalidNodeId::InvalidNodeIdStr(id.into()))?;
+                }
+            }
         }
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -163,42 +182,24 @@ impl Mapping {
         let map = self.map.get()?;
         map.as_u64().and_then(|m| m.get(&gid).map(|id| *id))
     }
-}
 
-#[inline]
-fn optim_get_or_insert<'a>(
-    m: &FxDashMap<String, VID>,
-    id: &str,
-    f_init: impl FnOnce() -> UninitialisedEntry<'a, NodeStore, NodeSlot>,
-) -> MaybeNew<VID> {
-    m.get(id)
-        .map(|vid| MaybeNew::Existing(*vid))
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| get_or_new(m, id.to_owned(), f_init))
-}
+    pub fn iter_str(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (String, VID)> + '_ {
+        self.map
+            .get()
+            .and_then(|map| map.as_str())
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|m| {
+                m.iter()
+                    .map(|entry| (entry.key().to_owned(), *(entry.value())))
+            })
+    }
 
-#[inline]
-fn get_or_new<'a, K: Eq + Hash>(
-    m: &FxDashMap<K, VID>,
-    id: K,
-    f_init: impl FnOnce() -> UninitialisedEntry<'a, NodeStore, NodeSlot>,
-) -> MaybeNew<VID> {
-    let entry = match m.entry(id) {
-        Entry::Occupied(entry) => Either::Left(*entry.get()),
-        Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
-            // This keeps the underlying storage shard locked for deferred initialisation but
-            // allows unlocking the map again.
-            let node = f_init();
-            entry.insert(node.value().vid);
-            Either::Right(node)
-        }
-    };
-    match entry {
-        Either::Left(vid) => MaybeNew::Existing(vid),
-        Either::Right(node_entry) => {
-            let vid = node_entry.value().vid;
-            node_entry.init();
-            MaybeNew::New(vid)
-        }
+    pub fn iter_u64(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u64, VID)> + '_ {
+        self.map
+            .get()
+            .and_then(|map| map.as_u64())
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|m| m.iter().map(|entry| (*entry.key(), *(entry.value()))))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/mod.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/mod.rs
index fc072dffdb..e16922dcc9 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 pub mod logical_to_physical;
 pub mod tgraph;
-pub mod tgraph_storage;
 pub mod timer;
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/tgraph.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/tgraph.rs
index 1fd6d900b7..d1d3e96a19 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/tgraph.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/tgraph.rs
@@ -1,58 +1,7 @@
-use super::logical_to_physical::{InvalidNodeId, Mapping};
-use crate::{
-    entities::{
-        edges::edge_store::EdgeStore,
-        graph::{
-            tgraph_storage::GraphStorage,
-            timer::{MaxCounter, MinCounter, TimeCounterTrait},
-        },
-        nodes::{node_ref::NodeRef, node_store::NodeStore},
-        properties::graph_meta::GraphMeta,
-        LayerIds, EID, VID,
-    },
-    storage::{
-        raw_edges::EdgeWGuard,
-        timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
-        NodeEntry, PairEntryMut,
-    },
-};
-use dashmap::DashSet;
-use either::Either;
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{
-        properties::{meta::Meta, prop::Prop},
-        GidRef, Layer, Multiple, MAX_LAYER,
-    },
-    input::input_node::InputNode,
-    storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, dict_mapper::MaybeNew},
-    Direction,
-};
-use rustc_hash::FxHasher;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{fmt::Debug, hash::BuildHasherDefault, sync::atomic::AtomicUsize};
+use raphtory_api::core::{entities::MAX_LAYER, storage::arc_str::ArcStr};
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-pub(crate) type FxDashSet<K> = DashSet<K, BuildHasherDefault<FxHasher>>;
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
-pub struct TemporalGraph {
-    pub storage: GraphStorage,
-    // mapping between logical and physical ids
-    pub logical_to_physical: Mapping,
-    string_pool: FxDashSet<ArcStr>,
-    pub event_counter: AtomicUsize,
-    //earliest time seen in this graph
-    pub earliest_time: MinCounter,
-    //latest time seen in this graph
-    pub latest_time: MaxCounter,
-    // props meta data for nodes (mapping between strings and ids)
-    pub node_meta: Meta,
-    // props meta data for edges (mapping between strings and ids)
-    pub edge_meta: Meta,
-    // graph properties
-    pub graph_meta: GraphMeta,
-}
-
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 #[error("Invalid layer: {invalid_layer}. Valid layers: {valid_layers}")]
 pub struct InvalidLayer {
@@ -73,278 +22,3 @@ impl InvalidLayer {
         }
     }
 }
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for TemporalGraph {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "Graph(num_nodes={}, num_edges={})",
-            self.storage.nodes_len(),
-            self.storage.edges_len()
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for TemporalGraph {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new(rayon::current_num_threads())
-    }
-}
-
-impl TemporalGraph {
-    pub fn new(num_locks: usize) -> Self {
-        TemporalGraph {
-            logical_to_physical: Mapping::new(),
-            string_pool: Default::default(),
-            storage: GraphStorage::new(num_locks),
-            event_counter: AtomicUsize::new(0),
-            earliest_time: MinCounter::new(),
-            latest_time: MaxCounter::new(),
-            node_meta: Meta::new(),
-            edge_meta: Meta::new(),
-            graph_meta: GraphMeta::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn process_prop_value(&self, prop: &Prop) -> Prop {
-        match prop {
-            Prop::Str(value) => Prop::Str(self.resolve_str(value)),
-            _ => prop.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn get_valid_layers(edge_meta: &Meta) -> Vec<String> {
-        edge_meta
-            .layer_meta()
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|x| x.to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    }
-
-    pub fn num_layers(&self) -> usize {
-        self.edge_meta.layer_meta().len()
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_node_inner(&self, id: NodeRef) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, InvalidNodeId> {
-        match id {
-            NodeRef::External(id) => self.logical_to_physical.get_or_init_node(id, || {
-                let node_store = NodeStore::empty(id.into());
-                self.storage.push_node(node_store)
-            }),
-            NodeRef::Internal(id) => Ok(MaybeNew::Existing(id)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// map layer name to id and allocate a new layer if needed
-    pub fn resolve_layer_inner(
-        &self,
-        layer: Option<&str>,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, TooManyLayers> {
-        let id = self.edge_meta.get_or_create_layer_id(layer);
-        if let MaybeNew::New(id) = id {
-            if id > MAX_LAYER {
-                Err(TooManyLayers)?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn layer_ids(&self, key: Layer) -> Result<LayerIds, InvalidLayer> {
-        match key {
-            Layer::None => Ok(LayerIds::None),
-            Layer::All => Ok(LayerIds::All),
-            Layer::Default => Ok(LayerIds::One(0)),
-            Layer::One(id) => match self.edge_meta.get_layer_id(&id) {
-                Some(id) => Ok(LayerIds::One(id)),
-                None => Err(InvalidLayer::new(
-                    id,
-                    Self::get_valid_layers(&self.edge_meta),
-                )),
-            },
-            Layer::Multiple(ids) => {
-                let mut new_layers = ids
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|id| {
-                        self.edge_meta.get_layer_id(id).ok_or_else(|| {
-                            InvalidLayer::new(id.clone(), Self::get_valid_layers(&self.edge_meta))
-                        })
-                    })
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, InvalidLayer>>()?;
-                let num_layers = self.num_layers();
-                let num_new_layers = new_layers.len();
-                if num_new_layers == 0 {
-                    Ok(LayerIds::None)
-                } else if num_new_layers == 1 {
-                    Ok(LayerIds::One(new_layers[0]))
-                } else if num_new_layers == num_layers {
-                    Ok(LayerIds::All)
-                } else {
-                    new_layers.sort_unstable();
-                    new_layers.dedup();
-                    Ok(LayerIds::Multiple(new_layers.into()))
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn valid_layer_ids(&self, key: Layer) -> LayerIds {
-        match key {
-            Layer::None => LayerIds::None,
-            Layer::All => LayerIds::All,
-            Layer::Default => LayerIds::One(0),
-            Layer::One(id) => match self.edge_meta.get_layer_id(&id) {
-                Some(id) => LayerIds::One(id),
-                None => LayerIds::None,
-            },
-            Layer::Multiple(ids) => {
-                let new_layers: Multiple = ids
-                    .iter()
-                    .flat_map(|id| self.edge_meta.get_layer_id(id))
-                    .collect();
-                let num_layers = self.num_layers();
-                let num_new_layers = new_layers.len();
-                if num_new_layers == 0 {
-                    LayerIds::None
-                } else if num_new_layers == 1 {
-                    LayerIds::One(new_layers.get_id_by_index(0).unwrap())
-                } else if num_new_layers == num_layers {
-                    LayerIds::All
-                } else {
-                    LayerIds::Multiple(new_layers)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_layer_name(&self, layer: usize) -> ArcStr {
-        self.edge_meta.get_layer_name_by_id(layer)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn graph_earliest_time(&self) -> Option<i64> {
-        Some(self.earliest_time.get()).filter(|t| *t != i64::MAX)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn graph_latest_time(&self) -> Option<i64> {
-        Some(self.latest_time.get()).filter(|t| *t != i64::MIN)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn internal_num_nodes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.storage.nodes.len()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn update_time(&self, time: TimeIndexEntry) {
-        let t = time.t();
-        self.earliest_time.update(t);
-        self.latest_time.update(t);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn link_nodes_inner(
-        &self,
-        node_pair: &mut PairEntryMut,
-        edge_id: EID,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        layer: usize,
-        is_deletion: bool,
-    ) {
-        self.update_time(t);
-        let src_id = node_pair.get_i().vid;
-        let dst_id = node_pair.get_j().vid;
-        let src = node_pair.get_mut_i();
-        let elid = if is_deletion {
-            edge_id.with_layer_deletion(layer)
-        } else {
-            edge_id.with_layer(layer)
-        };
-        src.add_edge(dst_id, Direction::OUT, layer, edge_id);
-        src.update_time(t, elid);
-        let dst = node_pair.get_mut_j();
-        dst.add_edge(src_id, Direction::IN, layer, edge_id);
-        dst.update_time(t, elid);
-    }
-
-    pub fn link_edge(
-        &self,
-        eid: EID,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        layer: usize,
-        is_deletion: bool,
-    ) -> EdgeWGuard<'_> {
-        let (src, dst) = {
-            let edge_r = self.storage.edges.get_edge(eid);
-            let edge_r = edge_r.as_mem_edge().edge_store();
-            (edge_r.src, edge_r.dst)
-        };
-        // need to get the node pair first to avoid deadlocks with link_nodes
-        let mut node_pair = self.storage.pair_node_mut(src, dst);
-        self.link_nodes_inner(&mut node_pair, eid, t, layer, is_deletion);
-        self.storage.edges.get_edge_mut(eid)
-    }
-
-    pub fn link_nodes(
-        &self,
-        src_id: VID,
-        dst_id: VID,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        layer: usize,
-        is_deletion: bool,
-    ) -> MaybeNew<EdgeWGuard<'_>> {
-        let edge = {
-            let mut node_pair = self.storage.pair_node_mut(src_id, dst_id);
-            let src = node_pair.get_i();
-            let mut edge = match src.find_edge_eid(dst_id, &LayerIds::All) {
-                Some(edge_id) => Either::Left(self.storage.get_edge_mut(edge_id)),
-                None => Either::Right(self.storage.push_edge(EdgeStore::new(src_id, dst_id))),
-            };
-            let eid = match edge.as_mut() {
-                Either::Left(edge) => edge.as_ref().eid(),
-                Either::Right(edge) => edge.value().eid,
-            };
-            self.link_nodes_inner(&mut node_pair, eid, t, layer, is_deletion);
-            edge
-        };
-
-        match edge {
-            Either::Left(edge) => MaybeNew::Existing(edge),
-            Either::Right(edge) => {
-                let edge = edge.init();
-                MaybeNew::New(edge)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn resolve_node_ref(&self, v: NodeRef) -> Option<VID> {
-        match v {
-            NodeRef::Internal(vid) => Some(vid),
-            NodeRef::External(GidRef::U64(gid)) => self.logical_to_physical.get_u64(gid),
-            NodeRef::External(GidRef::Str(string)) => self
-                .logical_to_physical
-                .get_str(string)
-                .or_else(|| self.logical_to_physical.get_u64(string.id())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Checks if the same string value already exists and returns a pointer to the same existing value if it exists,
-    /// otherwise adds the string to the pool.
-    fn resolve_str(&self, value: &ArcStr) -> ArcStr {
-        match self.string_pool.get(value) {
-            Some(value) => value.clone(),
-            None => {
-                self.string_pool.insert(value.clone());
-                self.string_pool
-                    .get(value)
-                    .expect("value should exist as inserted above")
-                    .clone()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn node(&self, id: VID) -> NodeEntry<'_> {
-        self.storage.get_node(id)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/tgraph_storage.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/tgraph_storage.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2860dfa151..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/tgraph_storage.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    entities::{edges::edge_store::EdgeStore, nodes::node_store::NodeStore, EID, VID},
-    storage::{
-        self,
-        raw_edges::{EdgeRGuard, EdgeWGuard, EdgesStorage, LockedEdges, UninitialisedEdge},
-        EntryMut, NodeEntry, NodeSlot, NodeStorage, PairEntryMut, UninitialisedEntry,
-    },
-};
-use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize, PartialEq)]
-pub struct GraphStorage {
-    // node storage with having (id, time_index, properties, adj list for each layer)
-    pub nodes: NodeStorage,
-    pub edges: EdgesStorage,
-}
-
-impl GraphStorage {
-    pub fn new(num_locks: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            nodes: storage::NodeStorage::new(num_locks),
-            edges: EdgesStorage::new(num_locks),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn num_shards(&self) -> usize {
-        self.nodes.data.len()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn nodes_read_lock(&self) -> storage::ReadLockedStorage {
-        self.nodes.read_lock()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn edges_read_lock(&self) -> LockedEdges {
-        self.edges.read_lock()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn nodes_len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.nodes.len()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn edges_len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.edges.len()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn push_node(&self, node: NodeStore) -> UninitialisedEntry<'_, NodeStore, NodeSlot> {
-        self.nodes.push(node)
-    }
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn push_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStore) -> UninitialisedEdge<'_> {
-        self.edges.push(edge)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_node_mut(&self, id: VID) -> EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>> {
-        self.nodes.entry_mut(id)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_edge_mut(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeWGuard<'_> {
-        self.edges.get_edge_mut(eid)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_node(&self, id: VID) -> NodeEntry<'_> {
-        self.nodes.entry(id)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn edge_entry(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeRGuard<'_> {
-        self.edges.get_edge(eid)
-    }
-
-    pub fn try_edge_entry(&self, eid: EID) -> Option<EdgeRGuard<'_>> {
-        self.edges.try_get_edge(eid)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn pair_node_mut(&self, i: VID, j: VID) -> PairEntryMut<'_> {
-        self.nodes.loop_pair_entry_mut(i, j)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/timer.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/timer.rs
index 7128bee016..69edcdfdf7 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/timer.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/graph/timer.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,13 @@ impl Default for MinCounter {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<i64> for MinCounter {
+    fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
+        let counter = AtomicI64::new(value);
+        Self { counter }
+    }
+}
+
 impl MinCounter {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -60,6 +67,13 @@ pub struct MaxCounter {
     counter: AtomicI64,
 }
 
+impl From<i64> for MaxCounter {
+    fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
+        let counter = AtomicI64::new(value);
+        Self { counter }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Default for MaxCounter {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::new()
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/mod.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/mod.rs
index 0147447eaf..cd2323bd4d 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-pub mod edges;
 pub mod graph;
 pub mod nodes;
 pub mod properties;
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/mod.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/mod.rs
index 094e8f0f17..3128f25de8 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 pub mod node_ref;
-pub mod node_store;
 pub mod structure;
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/node_store.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/node_store.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d17de970b..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/node_store.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,443 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    entities::{
-        edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef,
-        nodes::structure::adj::Adj,
-        properties::{
-            props::{MetadataError, Props},
-            tcell::TCell,
-        },
-        LayerIds, EID, GID, VID,
-    },
-    storage::{
-        timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexWindow},
-        NodeEntry,
-    },
-    utils::iter::GenLockedIter,
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use raphtory_api::{
-    core::{
-        entities::{properties::prop::Prop, GidRef, LayerVariants, ELID},
-        storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexLike, TimeIndexOps},
-        Direction,
-    },
-    iter::BoxedLIter,
-};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{iter, ops::Range};
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct NodeStore {
-    pub global_id: GID,
-    pub vid: VID,
-    // each layer represents a separate view of the graph
-    pub(crate) layers: Vec<Adj>,
-    // props for node
-    pub(crate) props: Option<Props>,
-    pub node_type: usize,
-
-    /// For every property id keep a hash map of timestamps to values pointing to the property entries in the props vector
-    timestamps: NodeTimestamps,
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct NodeTimestamps {
-    // all the timestamps that have been seen by this node
-    pub edge_ts: TCell<ELID>,
-    pub props_ts: TCell<Option<usize>>,
-}
-
-impl NodeTimestamps {
-    pub fn edge_ts(&self) -> &TCell<ELID> {
-        &self.edge_ts
-    }
-
-    pub fn props_ts(&self) -> &TCell<Option<usize>> {
-        &self.props_ts
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for &'a NodeTimestamps {
-    type IndexType = TimeIndexEntry;
-    type RangeType = TimeIndexWindow<'a, TimeIndexEntry, NodeTimestamps>;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn active(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> bool {
-        self.edge_ts().active(w.clone()) || self.props_ts().active(w)
-    }
-
-    fn range(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> Self::RangeType {
-        TimeIndexWindow::Range {
-            timeindex: *self,
-            range: w,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn first(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
-        let first = self.edge_ts().first();
-        let other = self.props_ts().first();
-
-        first
-            .zip(other)
-            .map(|(a, b)| a.min(b))
-            .or_else(|| first.or(other))
-    }
-
-    fn last(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
-        let last = self.edge_ts().last();
-        let other = self.props_ts().last();
-
-        last.zip(other)
-            .map(|(a, b)| a.max(b))
-            .or_else(|| last.or(other))
-    }
-
-    fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        self.edge_ts
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(t, _)| *t)
-            .merge(self.props_ts.iter().map(|(t, _)| *t))
-    }
-
-    fn iter_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        self.edge_ts
-            .iter()
-            .rev()
-            .map(|(t, _)| *t)
-            .merge_by(self.props_ts.iter().rev().map(|(t, _)| *t), |lt, rt| {
-                lt >= rt
-            })
-    }
-
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.edge_ts.len() + self.props_ts.len()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TimeIndexLike<'a> for &'a NodeTimestamps {
-    fn range_iter(
-        self,
-        w: Range<Self::IndexType>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        self.edge_ts()
-            .range_iter(w.clone())
-            .merge(self.props_ts().range_iter(w))
-    }
-
-    fn range_iter_rev(
-        self,
-        w: Range<Self::IndexType>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        self.edge_ts()
-            .range_iter_rev(w.clone())
-            .merge_by(self.props_ts().range_iter_rev(w), |lt, rt| lt >= rt)
-    }
-
-    fn range_count(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> usize {
-        self.edge_ts().range_count(w.clone()) + self.props_ts().range_count(w)
-    }
-
-    fn first_range(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
-        let first = self
-            .edge_ts()
-            .iter_window(w.clone())
-            .next()
-            .map(|(t, _)| *t);
-        let other = self.props_ts().iter_window(w).next().map(|(t, _)| *t);
-
-        first
-            .zip(other)
-            .map(|(a, b)| a.min(b))
-            .or_else(|| first.or(other))
-    }
-
-    fn last_range(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
-        let last = self
-            .edge_ts
-            .iter_window(w.clone())
-            .next_back()
-            .map(|(t, _)| *t);
-        let other = self.props_ts.iter_window(w).next_back().map(|(t, _)| *t);
-
-        last.zip(other)
-            .map(|(a, b)| a.max(b))
-            .or_else(|| last.or(other))
-    }
-}
-
-impl NodeStore {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_initialised(&self) -> bool {
-        self.vid != VID::default()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn init(&mut self, vid: VID, gid: GidRef) {
-        if !self.is_initialised() {
-            self.vid = vid;
-            self.global_id = gid.to_owned();
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty(global_id: GID) -> Self {
-        let layers = vec![Adj::Solo];
-        Self {
-            global_id,
-            vid: VID(0),
-            timestamps: Default::default(),
-            layers,
-            props: None,
-            node_type: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolved(global_id: GID, vid: VID) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            global_id,
-            vid,
-            timestamps: Default::default(),
-            layers: vec![],
-            props: None,
-            node_type: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn global_id(&self) -> &GID {
-        &self.global_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn timestamps(&self) -> &NodeTimestamps {
-        &self.timestamps
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn update_time(&mut self, t: TimeIndexEntry, eid: ELID) {
-        self.timestamps.edge_ts.set(t, eid);
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_node_type(&mut self, node_type: usize) -> usize {
-        self.node_type = node_type;
-        node_type
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_metadata(&mut self, prop_id: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), MetadataError> {
-        let props = self.props.get_or_insert_with(Props::new);
-        props.add_metadata(prop_id, prop)
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_metadata(&mut self, prop_id: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), MetadataError> {
-        let props = self.props.get_or_insert_with(Props::new);
-        props.update_metadata(prop_id, prop)
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_t_prop_time(&mut self, t: TimeIndexEntry, prop_i: Option<usize>) {
-        self.timestamps.props_ts.set(t, prop_i);
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn find_edge_eid(&self, dst: VID, layer_id: &LayerIds) -> Option<EID> {
-        match layer_id {
-            LayerIds::All => match self.layers.len() {
-                0 => None,
-                1 => self.layers[0].get_edge(dst, Direction::OUT),
-                _ => self
-                    .layers
-                    .iter()
-                    .find_map(|layer| layer.get_edge(dst, Direction::OUT)),
-            },
-            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => self
-                .layers
-                .get(*layer_id)
-                .and_then(|layer| layer.get_edge(dst, Direction::OUT)),
-            LayerIds::Multiple(layers) => layers.iter().find_map(|layer_id| {
-                self.layers
-                    .get(layer_id)
-                    .and_then(|layer| layer.get_edge(dst, Direction::OUT))
-            }),
-            LayerIds::None => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_edge(&mut self, v_id: VID, dir: Direction, layer: usize, edge_id: EID) {
-        if layer >= self.layers.len() {
-            self.layers.resize_with(layer + 1, || Adj::Solo);
-        }
-
-        match dir {
-            Direction::IN => self.layers[layer].add_edge_into(v_id, edge_id),
-            Direction::OUT => self.layers[layer].add_edge_out(v_id, edge_id),
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn edge_tuples<'a>(&'a self, layers: &LayerIds, d: Direction) -> BoxedLIter<'a, EdgeRef> {
-        let self_id = self.vid;
-        let iter: BoxedLIter<'a, EdgeRef> = match d {
-            Direction::OUT => self.merge_layers(layers, Direction::OUT, self_id),
-            Direction::IN => self.merge_layers(layers, Direction::IN, self_id),
-            Direction::BOTH => Box::new(
-                self.edge_tuples(layers, Direction::OUT)
-                    .filter(|e| e.src() != e.dst())
-                    .merge_by(self.edge_tuples(layers, Direction::IN), |e1, e2| {
-                        e1.remote() < e2.remote()
-                    }),
-            ),
-        };
-        iter
-    }
-
-    fn merge_layers(
-        &self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
-        d: Direction,
-        self_id: VID,
-    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, EdgeRef> {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::All => Box::new(
-                self.layers
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|adj| self.iter_adj(adj, d, self_id))
-                    .kmerge_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() < e2.remote())
-                    .dedup(),
-            ),
-            LayerIds::One(id) => {
-                if let Some(layer) = self.layers.get(*id) {
-                    Box::new(self.iter_adj(layer, d, self_id))
-                } else {
-                    Box::new(iter::empty())
-                }
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => Box::new(
-                ids.into_iter()
-                    .filter_map(|id| self.layers.get(id))
-                    .map(|layer| self.iter_adj(layer, d, self_id))
-                    .kmerge_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() < e2.remote())
-                    .dedup(),
-            ),
-            LayerIds::None => Box::new(iter::empty()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn iter_adj<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        layer: &'a Adj,
-        d: Direction,
-        self_id: VID,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        let iter: BoxedLIter<'a, EdgeRef> = match d {
-            Direction::IN => Box::new(
-                layer
-                    .iter(d)
-                    .map(move |(src_pid, e_id)| EdgeRef::new_incoming(e_id, src_pid, self_id)),
-            ),
-            Direction::OUT => Box::new(
-                layer
-                    .iter(d)
-                    .map(move |(dst_pid, e_id)| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(e_id, self_id, dst_pid)),
-            ),
-            _ => Box::new(iter::empty()),
-        };
-        iter
-    }
-
-    pub fn degree(&self, layers: &LayerIds, d: Direction) -> usize {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::All => match self.layers.len() {
-                0 => 0,
-                1 => self.layers[0].degree(d),
-                _ => self
-                    .layers
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|l| l.node_iter(d))
-                    .kmerge()
-                    .dedup()
-                    .count(),
-            },
-            LayerIds::One(l) => self
-                .layers
-                .get(*l)
-                .map(|layer| layer.degree(d))
-                .unwrap_or(0),
-            LayerIds::None => 0,
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => ids
-                .iter()
-                .flat_map(|l_id| self.layers.get(l_id).map(|layer| layer.node_iter(d)))
-                .kmerge()
-                .dedup()
-                .count(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    // every neighbour apears once in the iterator
-    // this is important because it calculates degree
-    pub fn neighbours<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
-        d: Direction,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + use<'a> {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::All => {
-                let iter = self
-                    .layers
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(move |layer| layer.node_iter(d))
-                    .kmerge()
-                    .dedup();
-                LayerVariants::All(iter)
-            }
-            LayerIds::One(one) => {
-                let iter = self
-                    .layers
-                    .get(*one)
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .flat_map(move |layer| layer.node_iter(d));
-                LayerVariants::One(iter)
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(layers) => {
-                let iter = layers
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .filter_map(|l| self.layers.get(l))
-                    .map(move |layer| self.neighbours_from_adj(layer, d))
-                    .kmerge()
-                    .dedup();
-                LayerVariants::Multiple(iter)
-            }
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(iter::empty()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn neighbours_from_adj<'a>(&'a self, layer: &'a Adj, d: Direction) -> BoxedLIter<'a, VID> {
-        let iter: BoxedLIter<'a, VID> = match d {
-            Direction::IN => Box::new(layer.iter(d).map(|(from_v, _)| from_v)),
-            Direction::OUT => Box::new(layer.iter(d).map(|(to_v, _)| to_v)),
-            Direction::BOTH => Box::new(
-                self.neighbours_from_adj(layer, Direction::OUT)
-                    .merge(self.neighbours_from_adj(layer, Direction::IN))
-                    .dedup(),
-            ),
-        };
-        iter
-    }
-
-    pub fn metadata_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + '_ {
-        self.props
-            .as_ref()
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|ps| ps.metadata_ids())
-    }
-
-    pub fn metadata(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&Prop> {
-        self.props.as_ref().and_then(|ps| ps.metadata(prop_id))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> NodeEntry<'a> {
-    pub fn into_edges(
-        self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
-        dir: Direction,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-        GenLockedIter::from(self, |node| node.as_ref().node().edge_tuples(layers, dir))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adj.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adj.rs
index 622b6ae939..743d1533d6 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adj.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adj.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::entities::{edges::edge_ref::Dir, nodes::structure::adjset::AdjSet, EID, VID};
+use either::Either;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use raphtory_api::{
     core::{Direction, DirectionVariants},
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ pub enum Adj {
 }
 
 impl Adj {
-    pub(crate) fn get_edge(&self, v: VID, dir: Direction) -> Option<EID> {
+    pub fn get_edge(&self, v: VID, dir: Direction) -> Option<EID> {
         match self {
             Adj::Solo => None,
             Adj::List { out, into } => match dir {
@@ -45,16 +46,24 @@ impl Adj {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_edge_into(&mut self, v: VID, e: EID) {
+    pub fn add_edge_into(&mut self, v: VID, e: EID) -> bool {
         match self {
-            Adj::Solo => *self = Self::new_into(v, e),
+            Adj::Solo => {
+                *self = Self::new_into(v, e);
+                true
+            }
             Adj::List { into, .. } => into.push(v, e),
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn add_edge_out(&mut self, v: VID, e: EID) {
+    /// Adds an edge in the out direction, creating a new adjacency if necessary.
+    /// Returns `true` if the edge was added, `false` if it already exists.
+    pub fn add_edge_out(&mut self, v: VID, e: EID) -> bool {
         match self {
-            Adj::Solo => *self = Self::new_out(v, e),
+            Adj::Solo => {
+                *self = Self::new_out(v, e);
+                true
+            }
             Adj::List { out, .. } => out.push(v, e),
         }
     }
@@ -70,6 +79,20 @@ impl Adj {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn out_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + Send + Sync + '_ {
+        match self {
+            Adj::Solo => Either::Left(std::iter::empty()),
+            Adj::List { out, .. } => Either::Right(out.iter()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn inb_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + Send + Sync + '_ {
+        match self {
+            Adj::Solo => Either::Left(std::iter::empty()),
+            Adj::List { into, .. } => Either::Right(into.iter()),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn node_iter(&self, dir: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + Send + '_ {
         let iter = self.iter(dir).map(|(v, _)| v);
         match dir {
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adjset.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adjset.rs
index 692fd9eea5..1409f93529 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adjset.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/nodes/structure/adjset.rs
@@ -48,26 +48,36 @@ impl<K: Ord + Copy + Hash + Send + Sync, V: Into<usize> + Copy + Send + Sync> Ad
         Self::One(v, e)
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, v: K, e: V) {
+    /// Push a new node and edge into the adjacency set.
+    ///
+    /// If the node already exists, it will not be added again.
+    /// Returns `true` if the node was added, `false` if it already existed
+    pub fn push(&mut self, v: K, e: V) -> bool {
         match self {
             AdjSet::Empty => {
                 *self = Self::new(v, e);
+                true
             }
             AdjSet::One(vv, ee) => {
                 if *vv < v {
                     *self = Self::Small {
                         vs: vec![*vv, v],
                         edges: vec![*ee, e],
-                    }
+                    };
+                    true
                 } else if *vv > v {
                     *self = Self::Small {
                         vs: vec![v, *vv],
                         edges: vec![e, *ee],
-                    }
+                    };
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    // already exists
+                    false
                 }
             }
             AdjSet::Small { vs, edges } => match vs.binary_search(&v) {
-                Ok(_) => {}
+                Ok(_) => false,
                 Err(i) => {
                     if vs.len() < SMALL_SET {
                         vs.insert(i, v);
@@ -78,11 +88,10 @@ impl<K: Ord + Copy + Hash + Send + Sync, V: Into<usize> + Copy + Send + Sync> Ad
                         map.insert(v, e);
                         *self = Self::Large { vs: map }
                     }
+                    true
                 }
             },
-            AdjSet::Large { vs } => {
-                vs.insert(v, e);
-            }
+            AdjSet::Large { vs } => vs.insert(v, e).is_none(),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/graph_meta.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/graph_meta.rs
index ba981af740..ca53ee5bdc 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/graph_meta.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/graph_meta.rs
@@ -10,12 +10,16 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
         meta::PropMapper,
         prop::{Prop, PropError, PropType},
     },
-    storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, dict_mapper::MaybeNew, locked_vec::ArcReadLockedVec, FxDashMap},
+    storage::{
+        arc_str::ArcStr,
+        dict_mapper::{MaybeNew, PublicKeys},
+        FxDashMap,
+    },
 };
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::Serialize;
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct GraphMeta {
     metadata_mapper: PropMapper,
     temporal_mapper: PropMapper,
@@ -134,20 +138,20 @@ impl GraphMeta {
         self.metadata_mapper.get_dtype(prop_id)
     }
 
-    pub fn metadata_names(&self) -> ArcReadLockedVec<ArcStr> {
-        self.metadata_mapper.get_keys()
+    pub fn metadata_names(&self) -> PublicKeys<ArcStr> {
+        self.metadata_mapper.keys()
     }
 
     pub fn metadata_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
-        0..self.metadata_mapper.len()
+        self.metadata_mapper.ids()
     }
 
-    pub fn temporal_names(&self) -> ArcReadLockedVec<ArcStr> {
-        self.temporal_mapper.get_keys()
+    pub fn temporal_names(&self) -> PublicKeys<ArcStr> {
+        self.temporal_mapper.keys()
     }
 
     pub fn temporal_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
-        0..self.temporal_mapper.len()
+        self.temporal_mapper.ids()
     }
 
     pub fn metadata(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, Prop)> + '_ {
@@ -159,6 +163,8 @@ impl GraphMeta {
     pub fn temporal_props(
         &self,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl Deref<Target = TProp> + '_)> + '_ {
-        (0..self.temporal_mapper.len()).filter_map(|id| self.temporal.get(&id).map(|v| (id, v)))
+        self.temporal_mapper
+            .ids()
+            .filter_map(|id| self.temporal.get(&id).map(|v| (id, v)))
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/props.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/props.rs
index b875decb8b..652320fce4 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/props.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/props.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{
     entities::properties::tprop::{IllegalPropType, TProp},
-    storage::{
-        lazy_vec::{IllegalSet, LazyVec},
-        timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
-    },
+    storage::{lazy_vec::IllegalSet, TPropColumnError},
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Default, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Props {
-    // properties
-    pub(crate) metadata: LazyVec<Option<Prop>>,
-    pub(crate) temporal_props: LazyVec<TProp>,
-}
-
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 pub enum TPropError {
     #[error(transparent)]
@@ -29,6 +18,9 @@ pub enum TPropError {
 pub enum MetadataError {
     #[error("Attempted to change value of metadata, old: {old}, new: {new}")]
     IllegalUpdate { old: Prop, new: Prop },
+
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    IllegalPropType(#[from] IllegalPropType),
 }
 
 impl From<IllegalSet<Option<Prop>>> for MetadataError {
@@ -39,50 +31,17 @@ impl From<IllegalSet<Option<Prop>>> for MetadataError {
     }
 }
 
-impl Props {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            metadata: Default::default(),
-            temporal_props: Default::default(),
+impl From<TPropColumnError> for MetadataError {
+    fn from(value: TPropColumnError) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            TPropColumnError::IllegalSet(inner) => {
+                let old = inner.previous_value;
+                let new = inner.new_value;
+                MetadataError::IllegalUpdate { old, new }
+            }
+            TPropColumnError::IllegalType(inner) => MetadataError::IllegalPropType(inner),
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn add_prop(
-        &mut self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        prop_id: usize,
-        prop: Prop,
-    ) -> Result<(), TPropError> {
-        self.temporal_props.update(prop_id, |p| Ok(p.set(t, prop)?))
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_metadata(&mut self, prop_id: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), MetadataError> {
-        Ok(self.metadata.set(prop_id, Some(prop))?)
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_metadata(&mut self, prop_id: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), MetadataError> {
-        self.metadata.update(prop_id, |n| {
-            *n = Some(prop);
-            Ok(())
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn metadata(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&Prop> {
-        let prop = self.metadata.get(prop_id)?;
-        prop.as_ref()
-    }
-
-    pub fn temporal_prop(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&TProp> {
-        self.temporal_props.get(prop_id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn metadata_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + '_ {
-        self.metadata.filled_ids()
-    }
-
-    pub fn temporal_prop_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + '_ {
-        self.temporal_props.filled_ids()
-    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tcell.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tcell.rs
index c81474e9f3..3ef808b5d7 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tcell.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tcell.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ enum TCellVariants<Empty, TCell1, TCellCap, TCellN> {
     TCellN(TCellN),
 }
 
-const BTREE_CUTOFF: usize = 128;
+const BTREE_CUTOFF: usize = 32;
 
 impl<A: PartialEq> TCell<A> {
     pub fn new(t: TimeIndexEntry, value: A) -> Self {
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tprop.rs b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tprop.rs
index cb9635e5e9..33303a6085 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tprop.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/entities/properties/tprop.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 use crate::{
     entities::properties::tcell::TCell,
-    storage::{timeindex::TimeIndexEntry, TPropColumn},
+    storage::{timeindex::TimeIndexEntry, PropColumn},
 };
 use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
 use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, Utc};
+use either::Either;
 use iter_enum::{DoubleEndedIterator, ExactSizeIterator, FusedIterator, Iterator};
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArray;
+
 use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::properties::{
-        prop::{Prop, PropType},
+        prop::{Prop, PropArray, PropType},
         tprop::TPropOps,
     },
     storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
 };
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::Serialize;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, iter, ops::Range, sync::Arc};
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub enum TProp {
     #[default]
     Empty,
@@ -34,10 +34,8 @@ pub enum TProp {
     F64(TCell<f64>),
     Bool(TCell<bool>),
     DTime(TCell<DateTime<Utc>>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-    Array(TCell<PropArray>),
+    List(TCell<PropArray>),
     NDTime(TCell<NaiveDateTime>),
-    List(TCell<Arc<Vec<Prop>>>),
     Map(TCell<Arc<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>>>),
     Decimal(TCell<BigDecimal>),
 }
@@ -63,7 +61,6 @@ pub enum TPropVariants<
     F64,
     Bool,
     DTime,
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")] Array,
     NDTime,
     List,
     Map,
@@ -81,49 +78,78 @@ pub enum TPropVariants<
     F64(F64),
     Bool(Bool),
     DTime(DTime),
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-    Array(Array),
     NDTime(NDTime),
     List(List),
     Map(Map),
     Decimal(Decimal),
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct TPropCell<'a> {
     t_cell: Option<&'a TCell<Option<usize>>>,
-    log: Option<&'a TPropColumn>,
+    log: Option<&'a PropColumn>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> TPropCell<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(t_cell: &'a TCell<Option<usize>>, log: Option<&'a TPropColumn>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(t_cell: &'a TCell<Option<usize>>, log: Option<&'a PropColumn>) -> Self {
         Self {
             t_cell: Some(t_cell),
             log,
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl<'a> TPropOps<'a> for TPropCell<'a> {
-    fn iter(self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        let log = self.log;
+    fn iter_window_inner(
+        self,
+        r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
+    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + 'a {
         self.t_cell.into_iter().flat_map(move |t_cell| {
             t_cell
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(move |(t, &id)| log?.get(id?).map(|prop| (*t, prop)))
+                .iter_window(r.clone())
+                .filter_map(move |(t, &id)| self.log?.get(id?).map(|prop| (*t, prop)))
         })
     }
 
-    fn iter_window(
-        self,
-        r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+    fn iter_inner(self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + 'a {
         self.t_cell.into_iter().flat_map(move |t_cell| {
             t_cell
-                .iter_window(r.clone())
+                .iter()
                 .filter_map(move |(t, &id)| self.log?.get(id?).map(|prop| (*t, prop)))
         })
     }
+}
+
+impl<'a> TPropOps<'a> for TPropCell<'a> {
+    fn iter_inner(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match range {
+            Some(w) => {
+                let iter = self.iter_window_inner(w);
+                Either::Right(iter)
+            }
+            None => {
+                let iter = self.iter_inner();
+                Either::Left(iter)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn iter_inner_rev(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match range {
+            Some(w) => {
+                let iter = self.iter_window_inner(w).rev();
+                Either::Right(iter)
+            }
+            None => {
+                let iter = self.iter_inner().rev();
+                Either::Left(iter)
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     fn at(&self, ti: &TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<Prop> {
         self.t_cell?.at(ti).and_then(|&id| self.log?.get(id?))
@@ -145,8 +171,6 @@ impl TProp {
             Prop::Bool(value) => TProp::Bool(TCell::new(t, value)),
             Prop::DTime(value) => TProp::DTime(TCell::new(t, value)),
             Prop::NDTime(value) => TProp::NDTime(TCell::new(t, value)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            Prop::Array(value) => TProp::Array(TCell::new(t, value)),
             Prop::List(value) => TProp::List(TCell::new(t, value)),
             Prop::Map(value) => TProp::Map(TCell::new(t, value)),
             Prop::Decimal(value) => TProp::Decimal(TCell::new(t, value)),
@@ -167,8 +191,6 @@ impl TProp {
             TProp::F64(_) => PropType::F64,
             TProp::Bool(_) => PropType::Bool,
             TProp::DTime(_) => PropType::DTime,
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TProp::Array(_) => PropType::Array(Box::new(PropType::Empty)),
             TProp::NDTime(_) => PropType::NDTime,
             TProp::List(_) => PropType::List(Box::new(PropType::Empty)),
             TProp::Map(_) => PropType::Map(HashMap::new().into()),
@@ -219,10 +241,6 @@ impl TProp {
                 (TProp::NDTime(cell), Prop::NDTime(a)) => {
                     cell.set(t, a);
                 }
-                #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-                (TProp::Array(cell), Prop::Array(a)) => {
-                    cell.set(t, a);
-                }
                 (TProp::List(cell), Prop::List(a)) => {
                     cell.set(t, a);
                 }
@@ -242,98 +260,11 @@ impl TProp {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TPropOps<'a> for &'a TProp {
-    fn last_before(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        match self {
-            TProp::Empty => None,
-            TProp::Str(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Str(v.clone()))),
-            TProp::I32(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::I32(*v))),
-            TProp::I64(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::I64(*v))),
-            TProp::U8(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U8(*v))),
-            TProp::U16(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U16(*v))),
-            TProp::U32(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U32(*v))),
-            TProp::U64(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U64(*v))),
-            TProp::F32(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::F32(*v))),
-            TProp::F64(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::F64(*v))),
-            TProp::Bool(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Bool(*v))),
-            TProp::DTime(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::DTime(*v))),
-            TProp::NDTime(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::NDTime(*v))),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TProp::Array(cell) => cell
-                .last_before(t)
-                .map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Array(v.clone()))),
-            TProp::List(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::List(v.clone()))),
-            TProp::Map(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Map(v.clone()))),
-            TProp::Decimal(cell) => cell
-                .last_before(t)
-                .map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Decimal(v.clone()))),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn iter(self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        match self {
-            TProp::Empty => TPropVariants::Empty(iter::empty()),
-            TProp::Str(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::Str(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Str(value.clone()))))
-            }
-            TProp::I32(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::I32(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::I32(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::I64(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::I64(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::I64(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::U8(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::U8(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U8(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::U16(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::U16(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U16(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::U32(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::U32(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U32(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::U64(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::U64(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U64(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::F32(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::F32(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::F32(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::F64(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::F64(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::F64(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::Bool(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::Bool(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Bool(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::DTime(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::DTime(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::DTime(*value))))
-            }
-            TProp::NDTime(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::NDTime(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::NDTime(*value))))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TProp::Array(cell) => TPropVariants::Array(
-                cell.iter()
-                    .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Array(value.clone()))),
-            ),
-            TProp::List(cell) => TPropVariants::List(
-                cell.iter()
-                    .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::List(value.clone()))),
-            ),
-            TProp::Map(cell) => {
-                TPropVariants::Map(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Map(value.clone()))))
-            }
-            TProp::Decimal(cell) => TPropVariants::Decimal(
-                cell.iter()
-                    .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Decimal(value.clone()))),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
 
-    fn iter_window(
-        self,
+    pub(crate) fn iter_window_inner(
+        &self,
         r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + '_ {
         match self {
             TProp::Empty => TPropVariants::Empty(iter::empty()),
             TProp::Str(cell) => TPropVariants::Str(
@@ -383,11 +314,6 @@ impl<'a> TPropOps<'a> for &'a TProp {
                 cell.iter_window(r)
                     .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::NDTime(*value))),
             ),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TProp::Array(cell) => TPropVariants::Array(
-                cell.iter_window(r)
-                    .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Array(value.clone()))),
-            ),
             TProp::List(cell) => TPropVariants::List(
                 cell.iter_window(r)
                     .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::List(value.clone()))),
@@ -403,6 +329,86 @@ impl<'a> TPropOps<'a> for &'a TProp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn iter_inner(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + '_ {
+        match self {
+            TProp::Empty => TPropVariants::Empty(iter::empty()),
+            TProp::Str(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::Str(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Str(value.clone()))))
+            }
+            TProp::I32(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::I32(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::I32(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::I64(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::I64(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::I64(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::U8(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::U8(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U8(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::U16(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::U16(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U16(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::U32(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::U32(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U32(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::U64(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::U64(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::U64(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::F32(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::F32(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::F32(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::F64(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::F64(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::F64(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::Bool(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::Bool(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Bool(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::DTime(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::DTime(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::DTime(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::NDTime(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::NDTime(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::NDTime(*value))))
+            }
+            TProp::List(cell) => TPropVariants::List(
+                cell.iter()
+                    .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::List(value.clone()))),
+            ),
+            TProp::Map(cell) => {
+                TPropVariants::Map(cell.iter().map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Map(value.clone()))))
+            }
+            TProp::Decimal(cell) => TPropVariants::Decimal(
+                cell.iter()
+                    .map(|(t, value)| (*t, Prop::Decimal(value.clone()))),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> TPropOps<'a> for &'a TProp {
+    fn last_before(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        match self {
+            TProp::Empty => None,
+            TProp::Str(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Str(v.clone()))),
+            TProp::I32(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::I32(*v))),
+            TProp::I64(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::I64(*v))),
+            TProp::U8(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U8(*v))),
+            TProp::U16(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U16(*v))),
+            TProp::U32(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U32(*v))),
+            TProp::U64(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::U64(*v))),
+            TProp::F32(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::F32(*v))),
+            TProp::F64(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::F64(*v))),
+            TProp::Bool(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Bool(*v))),
+            TProp::DTime(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::DTime(*v))),
+            TProp::NDTime(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::NDTime(*v))),
+            TProp::List(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::List(v.clone()))),
+            TProp::Map(cell) => cell.last_before(t).map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Map(v.clone()))),
+            TProp::Decimal(cell) => cell
+                .last_before(t)
+                .map(|(t, v)| (t, Prop::Decimal(v.clone()))),
+        }
+    }
+
     fn at(&self, ti: &TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<Prop> {
         match self {
             TProp::Empty => None,
@@ -418,13 +424,43 @@ impl<'a> TPropOps<'a> for &'a TProp {
             TProp::Bool(cell) => cell.at(ti).map(|v| Prop::Bool(*v)),
             TProp::DTime(cell) => cell.at(ti).map(|v| Prop::DTime(*v)),
             TProp::NDTime(cell) => cell.at(ti).map(|v| Prop::NDTime(*v)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TProp::Array(cell) => cell.at(ti).map(|v| Prop::Array(v.clone())),
             TProp::List(cell) => cell.at(ti).map(|v| Prop::List(v.clone())),
             TProp::Map(cell) => cell.at(ti).map(|v| Prop::Map(v.clone())),
             TProp::Decimal(cell) => cell.at(ti).map(|v| Prop::Decimal(v.clone())),
         }
     }
+
+    fn iter_inner(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match range {
+            Some(w) => {
+                let iter = self.iter_window_inner(w);
+                Either::Right(iter)
+            }
+            None => {
+                let iter = self.iter_inner();
+                Either::Left(iter)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn iter_inner_rev(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match range {
+            Some(w) => {
+                let iter = self.iter_window_inner(w).rev();
+                Either::Right(iter)
+            }
+            None => {
+                let iter = self.iter_inner().rev();
+                Either::Left(iter)
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -435,7 +471,7 @@ mod tprop_tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn t_prop_cell() {
-        let col = TPropColumn::Bool(LazyVec::from(0, true));
+        let col = PropColumn::Bool(LazyVec::from(0, true));
         assert_eq!(col.get(0), Some(Prop::Bool(true)));
 
         let t_prop = TPropCell::new(&TCell::TCell1(TimeIndexEntry(0, 0), Some(0)), Some(&col));
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/lib.rs b/raphtory-core/src/lib.rs
index 791b0765ae..c754214f76 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,24 +24,8 @@
 //!    * `macOS`
 //!
 
-use std::{thread, time::Duration};
-
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
 pub mod entities;
 #[cfg(feature = "python")]
 mod python;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod utils;
-
-pub(crate) fn loop_lock_write<A>(l: &RwLock<A>) -> parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, A> {
-    const MAX_BACKOFF_US: u64 = 1000; // 1ms max
-    let mut backoff_us = 1;
-    loop {
-        if let Some(guard) = l.try_write_for(Duration::from_micros(50)) {
-            return guard;
-        }
-        thread::park_timeout(Duration::from_micros(backoff_us));
-        backoff_us = (backoff_us * 2).min(MAX_BACKOFF_US);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/python/time.rs b/raphtory-core/src/python/time.rs
index 0a78c09a0d..238a4040ae 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/python/time.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/python/time.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ impl From<ParseTimeError> for PyErr {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Interval {
-    fn extract_bound(interval: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for Interval {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(interval: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(string) = interval.extract::<String>() {
             return Ok(string.try_into()?);
         };
@@ -19,17 +20,20 @@ impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Interval {
         };
 
         Err(PyTypeError::new_err(format!(
-            "interval '{interval}' must be a str or an unsigned integer"
+            "interval '{interval:?}' must be a str or an unsigned integer"
         )))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for AlignmentUnit {
-    fn extract_bound(unit: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for AlignmentUnit {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(unit: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(string) = unit.extract::<String>() {
             return Ok(string.try_into()?);
         };
 
-        Err(PyTypeError::new_err(format!("unit '{unit}' must be a str")))
+        Err(PyTypeError::new_err(format!(
+            "unit '{unit:?}' must be a str"
+        )))
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/storage/lazy_vec.rs b/raphtory-core/src/storage/lazy_vec.rs
index bafe78a507..1c96e9e34a 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/storage/lazy_vec.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/storage/lazy_vec.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use raphtory_api::iter::BoxedLIter;
+use arrow_array::BooleanArray;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{fmt::Debug, iter};
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 
 #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[error("Cannot set previous value '{previous_value:?}' to '{new_value:?}' in position '{index}'")]
@@ -167,49 +167,82 @@ impl<A> LazyVec<A>
 where
     A: PartialEq + Default + Debug + Sync + Send + Clone,
 {
+    pub fn append(&mut self, items: impl IntoIterator<Item = Option<A>>, mask: &BooleanArray) {
+        if !matches!(self, LazyVec::LazyVecN(_, _)) {
+            match self {
+                LazyVec::Empty => {
+                    *self = LazyVec::LazyVecN(A::default(), MaskedCol::default());
+                }
+                LazyVec::LazyVec1(_, tuples) => {
+                    let mut take = TupleCol::default();
+                    std::mem::swap(&mut take, tuples);
+                    *self = LazyVec::LazyVecN(A::default(), MaskedCol::from(take));
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        match self {
+            LazyVec::LazyVecN(_, vector) => {
+                for (item, is_valid) in items.into_iter().zip(mask.values().iter()) {
+                    if is_valid {
+                        vector.push(item);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
     // fails if there is already a value set for the given id to a different value
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, id: usize, value: A) -> Result<(), IllegalSet<A>> {
+
+    pub fn upsert(&mut self, id: usize, value: A) {
         match self {
             LazyVec::Empty => {
                 *self = Self::from(id, value);
-                Ok(())
             }
+            LazyVec::LazyVec1(_, tuples) => {
+                tuples.upsert(id, Some(value));
+                self.swap_lazy_types();
+            }
+            LazyVec::LazyVecN(_, vector) => {
+                vector.upsert(id, Some(value));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// checks if there is already a different value for a given id
+    pub fn check(&self, id: usize, value: &A) -> Result<(), IllegalSet<A>> {
+        match self {
+            LazyVec::Empty => {}
             LazyVec::LazyVec1(_, tuples) => {
                 if let Some(only_value) = tuples.get(id) {
-                    if only_value != &value {
-                        return Err(IllegalSet::new(id, only_value.clone(), value));
+                    if only_value != value {
+                        return Err(IllegalSet::new(id, only_value.clone(), value.clone()));
                     }
-                } else {
-                    tuples.upsert(id, Some(value));
-
-                    self.swap_lazy_types();
                 }
-                Ok(())
             }
             LazyVec::LazyVecN(_, vector) => {
                 if let Some(only_value) = vector.get(id) {
-                    if only_value != &value {
-                        return Err(IllegalSet::new(id, only_value.clone(), value));
+                    if only_value != value {
+                        return Err(IllegalSet::new(id, only_value.clone(), value.clone()));
                     }
-                } else {
-                    vector.upsert(id, Some(value));
                 }
-                Ok(())
             }
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn update<F, B, E>(&mut self, id: usize, updater: F) -> Result<B, E>
+    pub fn update<F, B, E>(&mut self, id: usize, updater: F) -> Result<B, E>
     where
         F: FnOnce(&mut A) -> Result<B, E>,
-        E: From<IllegalSet<A>>,
     {
         let b = match self.get_mut(id) {
             Some(value) => updater(value)?,
             None => {
                 let mut value = A::default();
                 let b = updater(&mut value)?;
-                self.set(id, value)?;
+                self.upsert(id, value);
                 b
             }
         };
@@ -241,28 +274,9 @@ where
         LazyVec::LazyVec1(A::default(), TupleCol::from(inner))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn filled_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &A> + Send + '_> {
         match self {
-            LazyVec::Empty => Box::new(iter::empty()),
-            LazyVec::LazyVec1(_, tuples) => Box::new(
-                tuples
-                    .iter()
-                    .enumerate()
-                    .filter_map(|(id, value)| value.map(|_| id)),
-            ),
-            LazyVec::LazyVecN(_, vector) => Box::new(
-                vector
-                    .iter()
-                    .enumerate()
-                    .filter_map(|(id, value)| value.map(|_| id)),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    fn iter(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &A> + Send + '_> {
-        match self {
-            LazyVec::Empty => Box::new(iter::empty()),
+            LazyVec::Empty => Box::new(std::iter::empty()),
             LazyVec::LazyVec1(default, tuples) => {
                 Box::new(tuples.iter().map(|value| value.unwrap_or(default)))
             }
@@ -272,16 +286,15 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    fn iter_opt(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Option<&A>> + Send + '_> {
+    pub fn iter_opt(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Option<&A>> + Send + '_> {
         match self {
-            LazyVec::Empty => Box::new(iter::empty()),
+            LazyVec::Empty => Box::new(std::iter::empty()),
             LazyVec::LazyVec1(_, tuples) => Box::new(tuples.iter()),
             LazyVec::LazyVecN(_, vector) => Box::new(vector.iter()),
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get(&self, id: usize) -> Option<&A> {
+    pub fn get(&self, id: usize) -> Option<&A> {
         match self {
             LazyVec::LazyVec1(default, tuples) => tuples
                 .get(id)
@@ -293,7 +306,7 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_opt(&self, id: usize) -> Option<&A> {
+    pub fn get_opt(&self, id: usize) -> Option<&A> {
         match self {
             LazyVec::LazyVec1(_, tuples) => tuples.get(id),
             LazyVec::LazyVecN(_, vec) => vec.get(id),
@@ -341,7 +354,6 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod lazy_vec_tests {
     use super::*;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
     use proptest::{arbitrary::Arbitrary, proptest};
 
     fn check_lazy_vec(lazy_vec: &LazyVec<u32>, v: Vec<Option<u32>>) {
@@ -404,9 +416,9 @@ mod lazy_vec_tests {
     fn normal_operation() {
         let mut vec = LazyVec::<u32>::Empty;
 
-        vec.set(5, 55).unwrap();
-        vec.set(1, 11).unwrap();
-        vec.set(8, 88).unwrap();
+        vec.upsert(5, 55);
+        vec.upsert(1, 11);
+        vec.upsert(8, 88);
         assert_eq!(vec.get(5), Some(&55));
         assert_eq!(vec.get(1), Some(&11));
         assert_eq!(vec.get(0), Some(&0));
@@ -431,14 +443,12 @@ mod lazy_vec_tests {
         })
         .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(vec.get(9), Some(&1));
-
-        assert_eq!(vec.filled_ids().collect_vec(), vec![1, 5, 6, 8, 9]);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn set_fails_if_present() {
-        let mut vec = LazyVec::from(5, 55);
-        let result = vec.set(5, 555);
+    fn check_fails_if_present() {
+        let vec = LazyVec::from(5, 55);
+        let result = vec.check(5, &555);
         assert_eq!(result, Err(IllegalSet::new(5, 55, 555)))
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/storage/mod.rs b/raphtory-core/src/storage/mod.rs
index 5390f90170..1ebd4dd95e 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/storage/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/storage/mod.rs
@@ -1,124 +1,91 @@
 use crate::{
-    entities::{
-        nodes::node_store::NodeStore,
-        properties::{props::TPropError, tprop::IllegalPropType},
-    },
-    loop_lock_write,
+    entities::properties::{props::TPropError, tprop::IllegalPropType},
     storage::lazy_vec::IllegalSet,
 };
 use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use lazy_vec::LazyVec;
-use lock_api;
-use node_entry::NodePtr;
-use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArray;
 use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{
-        properties::prop::{Prop, PropType},
-        GidRef, VID,
-    },
+    entities::properties::prop::{Prop, PropRef, PropType},
     storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
 };
-use rayon::prelude::*;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
-    marker::PhantomData,
-    ops::{Deref, DerefMut, Index, IndexMut},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
-        Arc,
-    },
-};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashMap, fmt::Debug, sync::Arc};
 use thiserror::Error;
 
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArray;
+
 pub mod lazy_vec;
 pub mod locked_view;
-pub mod node_entry;
-pub mod raw_edges;
 pub mod timeindex;
 
-type ArcRwLockReadGuard<T> = lock_api::ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, T>;
-#[must_use]
-pub struct UninitialisedEntry<'a, T, TS> {
-    offset: usize,
-    guard: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, TS>,
-    value: T,
-}
-
-impl<'a, T: Default, TS: DerefMut<Target = Vec<T>>> UninitialisedEntry<'a, T, TS> {
-    pub fn init(mut self) {
-        if self.offset >= self.guard.len() {
-            self.guard.resize_with(self.offset + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-        self.guard[self.offset] = self.value;
-    }
-    pub fn value(&self) -> &T {
-        &self.value
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn resolve(index: usize, num_buckets: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
-    let bucket = index % num_buckets;
-    let offset = index / num_buckets;
-    (bucket, offset)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub struct NodeVec {
-    data: Arc<RwLock<NodeSlot>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Default)]
-pub struct NodeSlot {
-    nodes: Vec<NodeStore>,
-    t_props_log: TColumns, // not the same size as nodes
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, PartialEq, Default)]
 pub struct TColumns {
-    t_props_log: Vec<TPropColumn>,
+    t_props_log: Vec<PropColumn>,
     num_rows: usize,
 }
 
 impl TColumns {
     pub fn push(
         &mut self,
-        row: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
     ) -> Result<Option<usize>, TPropError> {
         let id = self.num_rows;
         let mut has_props = false;
 
-        for (prop_id, prop) in row {
+        for (prop_id, prop) in props {
             match self.t_props_log.get_mut(prop_id) {
                 Some(col) => col.push(prop)?,
                 None => {
-                    let col: TPropColumn = TPropColumn::new(self.num_rows, prop);
+                    let col = PropColumn::new(self.num_rows, prop);
+
                     self.t_props_log
-                        .resize_with(prop_id + 1, || TPropColumn::Empty(id));
+                        .resize_with(prop_id + 1, || PropColumn::Empty(id));
                     self.t_props_log[prop_id] = col;
                 }
             }
+
             has_props = true;
         }
 
         if has_props {
             self.num_rows += 1;
+
             for col in self.t_props_log.iter_mut() {
                 col.grow(self.num_rows);
             }
+
             Ok(Some(id))
         } else {
             Ok(None)
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&TPropColumn> {
+    pub fn ensure_column(&mut self, prop_id: usize) {
+        if self.t_props_log.len() <= prop_id {
+            self.t_props_log
+                .resize_with(prop_id + 1, || PropColumn::Empty(self.num_rows));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push_null(&mut self) -> usize {
+        let id = self.num_rows;
+        for col in self.t_props_log.iter_mut() {
+            col.push_null();
+        }
+        self.num_rows += 1;
+        id
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&PropColumn> {
+        self.t_props_log.get(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&mut PropColumn> {
+        self.t_props_log.get_mut(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn getx(&self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<&PropColumn> {
         self.t_props_log.get(prop_id)
     }
 
@@ -130,13 +97,29 @@ impl TColumns {
         self.num_rows == 0
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &TPropColumn> {
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &PropColumn> {
         self.t_props_log.iter()
     }
+
+    pub fn num_columns(&self) -> usize {
+        self.t_props_log.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset_len(&mut self) {
+        self.num_rows = self
+            .t_props_log
+            .iter()
+            .map(|col| col.len())
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        self.t_props_log
+            .iter_mut()
+            .for_each(|col| col.grow(self.num_rows));
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-pub enum TPropColumn {
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, PartialEq)]
+pub enum PropColumn {
     Empty(usize),
     Bool(LazyVec<bool>),
     U8(LazyVec<u8>),
@@ -148,9 +131,7 @@ pub enum TPropColumn {
     F32(LazyVec<f32>),
     F64(LazyVec<f64>),
     Str(LazyVec<ArcStr>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-    Array(LazyVec<PropArray>),
-    List(LazyVec<Arc<Vec<Prop>>>),
+    List(LazyVec<PropArray>),
     Map(LazyVec<Arc<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>>>),
     NDTime(LazyVec<chrono::NaiveDateTime>),
     DTime(LazyVec<chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>>),
@@ -160,75 +141,54 @@ pub enum TPropColumn {
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 pub enum TPropColumnError {
     #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetBool(#[from] IllegalSet<bool>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetU8(#[from] IllegalSet<u8>),
+    IllegalSet(IllegalSet<Prop>),
     #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetU16(#[from] IllegalSet<u16>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetU32(#[from] IllegalSet<u32>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetU64(#[from] IllegalSet<u64>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetI32(#[from] IllegalSet<i32>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetI64(#[from] IllegalSet<i64>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetF32(#[from] IllegalSet<f32>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetF64(#[from] IllegalSet<f64>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetStr(#[from] IllegalSet<ArcStr>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetArray(#[from] IllegalSet<PropArray>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetList(#[from] IllegalSet<Arc<Vec<Prop>>>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetMap(#[from] IllegalSet<Arc<FxHashMap<ArcStr, Prop>>>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetNDTime(#[from] IllegalSet<chrono::NaiveDateTime>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalSetDTime(#[from] IllegalSet<chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Decimal(#[from] IllegalSet<BigDecimal>),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    IllegalPropType(#[from] IllegalPropType),
+    IllegalType(#[from] IllegalPropType),
+}
+
+impl<A: Into<Prop> + Debug> From<IllegalSet<A>> for TPropColumnError {
+    fn from(value: IllegalSet<A>) -> Self {
+        let previous_value = value.previous_value.into();
+        let new_value = value.new_value.into();
+        TPropColumnError::IllegalSet(IllegalSet {
+            index: value.index,
+            previous_value,
+            new_value,
+        })
+    }
 }
 
-impl Default for TPropColumn {
+impl Default for PropColumn {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        TPropColumn::Empty(0)
+        PropColumn::Empty(0)
     }
 }
 
-impl TPropColumn {
+impl PropColumn {
     pub(crate) fn new(idx: usize, prop: Prop) -> Self {
-        let mut col = TPropColumn::default();
-        col.set(idx, prop).unwrap();
+        let mut col = PropColumn::default();
+        col.upsert(idx, prop).unwrap();
         col
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn dtype(&self) -> PropType {
         match self {
-            TPropColumn::Empty(_) => PropType::Empty,
-            TPropColumn::Bool(_) => PropType::Bool,
-            TPropColumn::U8(_) => PropType::U8,
-            TPropColumn::U16(_) => PropType::U16,
-            TPropColumn::U32(_) => PropType::U32,
-            TPropColumn::U64(_) => PropType::U64,
-            TPropColumn::I32(_) => PropType::I32,
-            TPropColumn::I64(_) => PropType::I64,
-            TPropColumn::F32(_) => PropType::F32,
-            TPropColumn::F64(_) => PropType::F64,
-            TPropColumn::Str(_) => PropType::Str,
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TPropColumn::Array(_) => PropType::Array(Box::new(PropType::Empty)),
-            TPropColumn::List(_) => PropType::List(Box::new(PropType::Empty)),
-            TPropColumn::Map(_) => PropType::Map(HashMap::new().into()),
-            TPropColumn::NDTime(_) => PropType::NDTime,
-            TPropColumn::DTime(_) => PropType::DTime,
-            TPropColumn::Decimal(_) => PropType::Decimal { scale: 0 },
+            PropColumn::Empty(_) => PropType::Empty,
+            PropColumn::Bool(_) => PropType::Bool,
+            PropColumn::U8(_) => PropType::U8,
+            PropColumn::U16(_) => PropType::U16,
+            PropColumn::U32(_) => PropType::U32,
+            PropColumn::U64(_) => PropType::U64,
+            PropColumn::I32(_) => PropType::I32,
+            PropColumn::I64(_) => PropType::I64,
+            PropColumn::F32(_) => PropType::F32,
+            PropColumn::F64(_) => PropType::F64,
+            PropColumn::Str(_) => PropType::Str,
+            PropColumn::List(_) => PropType::List(Box::new(PropType::Empty)),
+            PropColumn::Map(_) => PropType::Map(HashMap::new().into()),
+            PropColumn::NDTime(_) => PropType::NDTime,
+            PropColumn::DTime(_) => PropType::DTime,
+            PropColumn::Decimal(_) => PropType::Decimal { scale: 0 },
         }
     }
 
@@ -238,26 +198,77 @@ impl TPropColumn {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, index: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), TPropColumnError> {
+    fn init_from_prop_type(&mut self, prop_type: impl Into<PropType>) {
+        if let PropColumn::Empty(len) = self {
+            match prop_type.into() {
+                PropType::Bool => *self = PropColumn::Bool(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::I64 => *self = PropColumn::I64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::U32 => *self = PropColumn::U32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::U64 => *self = PropColumn::U64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::F32 => *self = PropColumn::F32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::F64 => *self = PropColumn::F64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::Str => *self = PropColumn::Str(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::U8 => *self = PropColumn::U8(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::U16 => *self = PropColumn::U16(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::I32 => *self = PropColumn::I32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::List(_) => *self = PropColumn::List(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::Map(_) => *self = PropColumn::Map(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::NDTime => *self = PropColumn::NDTime(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::DTime => *self = PropColumn::DTime(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::Decimal { .. } => *self = PropColumn::Decimal(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                PropType::Empty => {
+                    panic!("Cannot initialize PropColumn from Empty PropType")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn upsert(&mut self, index: usize, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), TPropColumnError> {
         self.init_empty_col(&prop);
         match (self, prop) {
-            (TPropColumn::Bool(col), Prop::Bool(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::I64(col), Prop::I64(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::U32(col), Prop::U32(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::U64(col), Prop::U64(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::F32(col), Prop::F32(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::F64(col), Prop::F64(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::Str(col), Prop::Str(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            (TPropColumn::Array(col), Prop::Array(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::U8(col), Prop::U8(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::U16(col), Prop::U16(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::I32(col), Prop::I32(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::List(col), Prop::List(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::Map(col), Prop::Map(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::NDTime(col), Prop::NDTime(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::DTime(col), Prop::DTime(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
-            (TPropColumn::Decimal(col), Prop::Decimal(v)) => col.set(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::Bool(col), Prop::Bool(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::I64(col), Prop::I64(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::U32(col), Prop::U32(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::U64(col), Prop::U64(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::F32(col), Prop::F32(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::F64(col), Prop::F64(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::Str(col), Prop::Str(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::U8(col), Prop::U8(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::U16(col), Prop::U16(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::I32(col), Prop::I32(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::List(col), Prop::List(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::Map(col), Prop::Map(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::NDTime(col), Prop::NDTime(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::DTime(col), Prop::DTime(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (PropColumn::Decimal(col), Prop::Decimal(v)) => col.upsert(index, v),
+            (col, prop) => {
+                Err(IllegalPropType {
+                    expected: col.dtype(),
+                    actual: prop.dtype(),
+                })?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn check(&self, index: usize, prop: &Prop) -> Result<(), TPropColumnError> {
+        match (self, prop) {
+            (PropColumn::Empty(_), _) => {}
+            (PropColumn::Bool(col), Prop::Bool(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::I64(col), Prop::I64(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::U32(col), Prop::U32(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::U64(col), Prop::U64(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::F32(col), Prop::F32(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::F64(col), Prop::F64(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::Str(col), Prop::Str(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::U8(col), Prop::U8(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::U16(col), Prop::U16(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::I32(col), Prop::I32(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::List(col), Prop::List(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::Map(col), Prop::Map(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::NDTime(col), Prop::NDTime(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::DTime(col), Prop::DTime(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
+            (PropColumn::Decimal(col), Prop::Decimal(v)) => col.check(index, v)?,
             (col, prop) => {
                 Err(IllegalPropType {
                     expected: col.dtype(),
@@ -271,23 +282,21 @@ impl TPropColumn {
     pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, prop: Prop) -> Result<(), IllegalPropType> {
         self.init_empty_col(&prop);
         match (self, prop) {
-            (TPropColumn::Bool(col), Prop::Bool(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::U8(col), Prop::U8(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::I64(col), Prop::I64(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::U32(col), Prop::U32(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::U64(col), Prop::U64(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::F32(col), Prop::F32(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::F64(col), Prop::F64(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::Str(col), Prop::Str(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            (TPropColumn::Array(col), Prop::Array(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::U16(col), Prop::U16(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::I32(col), Prop::I32(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::List(col), Prop::List(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::Map(col), Prop::Map(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::NDTime(col), Prop::NDTime(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::DTime(col), Prop::DTime(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
-            (TPropColumn::Decimal(col), Prop::Decimal(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::Bool(col), Prop::Bool(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::U8(col), Prop::U8(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::I64(col), Prop::I64(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::U32(col), Prop::U32(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::U64(col), Prop::U64(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::F32(col), Prop::F32(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::F64(col), Prop::F64(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::Str(col), Prop::Str(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::U16(col), Prop::U16(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::I32(col), Prop::I32(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::List(col), Prop::List(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::Map(col), Prop::Map(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::NDTime(col), Prop::NDTime(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::DTime(col), Prop::DTime(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
+            (PropColumn::Decimal(col), Prop::Decimal(v)) => col.push(Some(v)),
             (col, prop) => {
                 return Err(IllegalPropType {
                     expected: col.dtype(),
@@ -299,53 +308,49 @@ impl TPropColumn {
     }
 
     fn init_empty_col(&mut self, prop: &Prop) {
-        if let TPropColumn::Empty(len) = self {
+        if let PropColumn::Empty(len) = self {
             match prop {
-                Prop::Bool(_) => *self = TPropColumn::Bool(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::I64(_) => *self = TPropColumn::I64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::U32(_) => *self = TPropColumn::U32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::U64(_) => *self = TPropColumn::U64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::F32(_) => *self = TPropColumn::F32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::F64(_) => *self = TPropColumn::F64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::Str(_) => *self = TPropColumn::Str(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-                Prop::Array(_) => *self = TPropColumn::Array(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::U8(_) => *self = TPropColumn::U8(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::U16(_) => *self = TPropColumn::U16(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::I32(_) => *self = TPropColumn::I32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::List(_) => *self = TPropColumn::List(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::Map(_) => *self = TPropColumn::Map(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::NDTime(_) => *self = TPropColumn::NDTime(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::DTime(_) => *self = TPropColumn::DTime(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
-                Prop::Decimal(_) => *self = TPropColumn::Decimal(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::Bool(_) => *self = PropColumn::Bool(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::I64(_) => *self = PropColumn::I64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::U32(_) => *self = PropColumn::U32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::U64(_) => *self = PropColumn::U64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::F32(_) => *self = PropColumn::F32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::F64(_) => *self = PropColumn::F64(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::Str(_) => *self = PropColumn::Str(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::U8(_) => *self = PropColumn::U8(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::U16(_) => *self = PropColumn::U16(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::I32(_) => *self = PropColumn::I32(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::List(_) => *self = PropColumn::List(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::Map(_) => *self = PropColumn::Map(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::NDTime(_) => *self = PropColumn::NDTime(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::DTime(_) => *self = PropColumn::DTime(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
+                Prop::Decimal(_) => *self = PropColumn::Decimal(LazyVec::with_len(*len)),
             }
         }
     }
 
-    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, TPropColumn::Empty(_))
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, PropColumn::Empty(_))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn push_null(&mut self) {
         match self {
-            TPropColumn::Bool(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::I64(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::U32(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::U64(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::F32(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::F64(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::Str(col) => col.push(None),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TPropColumn::Array(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::U8(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::U16(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::I32(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::List(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::Map(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::NDTime(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::DTime(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::Decimal(col) => col.push(None),
-            TPropColumn::Empty(count) => {
+            PropColumn::Bool(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::I64(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::U32(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::U64(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::F32(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::F64(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::Str(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::U8(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::U16(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::I32(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::List(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::Map(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::NDTime(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::DTime(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::Decimal(col) => col.push(None),
+            PropColumn::Empty(count) => {
                 *count += 1;
             }
         }
@@ -353,646 +358,74 @@ impl TPropColumn {
 
     pub fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
         match self {
-            TPropColumn::Bool(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::I64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::U32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::U64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::F32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::F64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::Str(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| prop.into()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TPropColumn::Array(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::Array(prop.clone())),
-            TPropColumn::U8(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::U16(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::I32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
-            TPropColumn::List(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::List(prop.clone())),
-            TPropColumn::Map(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::Map(prop.clone())),
-            TPropColumn::NDTime(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::NDTime(*prop)),
-            TPropColumn::DTime(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::DTime(*prop)),
-            TPropColumn::Decimal(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::Decimal(prop.clone())),
-            TPropColumn::Empty(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            TPropColumn::Bool(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::I64(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::U32(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::U64(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::F32(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::F64(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::Str(col) => col.len(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-            TPropColumn::Array(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::U8(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::U16(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::I32(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::List(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::Map(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::NDTime(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::DTime(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::Decimal(col) => col.len(),
-            TPropColumn::Empty(count) => *count,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl NodeSlot {
-    pub fn t_props_log(&self) -> &TColumns {
-        &self.t_props_log
-    }
-
-    pub fn t_props_log_mut(&mut self) -> &mut TColumns {
-        &mut self.t_props_log
-    }
-
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = NodePtr<'_>> {
-        self.nodes
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|v| v.is_initialised())
-            .map(|ns| NodePtr::new(ns, &self.t_props_log))
-    }
-
-    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = NodePtr<'_>> {
-        self.nodes
-            .par_iter()
-            .filter(|v| v.is_initialised())
-            .map(|ns| NodePtr::new(ns, &self.t_props_log))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Index<usize> for NodeSlot {
-    type Output = NodeStore;
-
-    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &Self::Output {
-        &self.nodes[index]
-    }
-}
-
-impl IndexMut<usize> for NodeSlot {
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: usize) -> &mut Self::Output {
-        &mut self.nodes[index]
-    }
-}
-
-impl Deref for NodeSlot {
-    type Target = Vec<NodeStore>;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.nodes
-    }
-}
-
-impl DerefMut for NodeSlot {
-    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
-        &mut self.nodes
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for NodeVec {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        let a = self.data.read_recursive();
-        let b = other.data.read_recursive();
-        a.deref() == b.deref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for NodeVec {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl NodeVec {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            data: Arc::new(RwLock::new(Default::default())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn read_arc_lock(&self) -> ArcRwLockReadGuard<NodeSlot> {
-        RwLock::read_arc_recursive(&self.data)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn write(&self) -> impl DerefMut<Target = NodeSlot> + '_ {
-        loop_lock_write(&self.data)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn read(&self) -> impl Deref<Target = NodeSlot> + '_ {
-        self.data.read_recursive()
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct NodeStorage {
-    pub(crate) data: Box<[NodeVec]>,
-    len: AtomicUsize,
-}
-
-impl Debug for NodeStorage {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("NodeStorage")
-            .field("len", &self.len())
-            .field("data", &self.read_lock().iter().collect_vec())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for NodeStorage {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.data.eq(&other.data)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ReadLockedStorage {
-    pub(crate) locks: Vec<Arc<ArcRwLockReadGuard<NodeSlot>>>,
-    len: usize,
-}
-
-impl ReadLockedStorage {
-    fn resolve(&self, index: VID) -> (usize, usize) {
-        let index: usize = index.into();
-        let n = self.locks.len();
-        let bucket = index % n;
-        let offset = index / n;
-        (bucket, offset)
-    }
-
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.len
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.len == 0
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub fn get(&self, index: VID) -> &NodeStore {
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let bucket = &self.locks[bucket];
-        &bucket[offset]
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_entry(&self, index: VID) -> NodePtr<'_> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let bucket = &self.locks[bucket];
-        NodePtr::new(&bucket[offset], &bucket.t_props_log)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn try_get_entry(&self, index: VID) -> Option<NodePtr<'_>> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let bucket = self.locks.get(bucket)?;
-        let node = bucket.get(offset)?;
-        if node.is_initialised() {
-            Some(NodePtr::new(node, &bucket.t_props_log))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = NodePtr<'_>> + '_ {
-        self.locks.iter().flat_map(|v| v.iter())
-    }
-
-    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = NodePtr<'_>> + '_ {
-        self.locks.par_iter().flat_map(|v| v.par_iter())
-    }
-}
-
-impl NodeStorage {
-    pub fn count_with_filter<F: Fn(NodePtr<'_>) -> bool + Send + Sync>(&self, f: F) -> usize {
-        self.read_lock().par_iter().filter(|x| f(*x)).count()
-    }
-}
-
-impl NodeStorage {
-    #[inline]
-    fn resolve(&self, index: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
-        resolve(index, self.data.len())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn read_lock(&self) -> ReadLockedStorage {
-        let guards = self
-            .data
-            .iter()
-            .map(|v| Arc::new(v.read_arc_lock()))
-            .collect();
-        ReadLockedStorage {
-            locks: guards,
-            len: self.len(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_lock(&self) -> WriteLockedNodes<'_> {
-        WriteLockedNodes {
-            guards: self.data.iter().map(|lock| lock.data.write()).collect(),
-            global_len: &self.len,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(n_locks: usize) -> Self {
-        let data: Box<[NodeVec]> = (0..n_locks)
-            .map(|_| NodeVec::new())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .into();
-
-        Self {
-            data,
-            len: AtomicUsize::new(0),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn push(&self, mut value: NodeStore) -> UninitialisedEntry<'_, NodeStore, NodeSlot> {
-        let index = self.len.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        value.vid = VID(index);
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let guard = loop_lock_write(&self.data[bucket].data);
-        UninitialisedEntry {
-            offset,
-            guard,
-            value,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn set(&self, value: NodeStore) {
-        let VID(index) = value.vid;
-        self.len.fetch_max(index + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let mut guard = loop_lock_write(&self.data[bucket].data);
-        if guard.len() <= offset {
-            guard.resize_with(offset + 1, NodeStore::default)
-        }
-        guard[offset] = value
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn entry(&self, index: VID) -> NodeEntry<'_> {
-        let index = index.into();
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let guard = self.data[bucket].data.read_recursive();
-        NodeEntry { offset, guard }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the node if it is initialised
-    pub fn try_entry(&self, index: VID) -> Option<NodeEntry<'_>> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index.index());
-        let guard = self.data.get(bucket)?.data.read_recursive();
-        if guard.get(offset)?.is_initialised() {
-            Some(NodeEntry { offset, guard })
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn entry_mut(&self, index: VID) -> EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>> {
-        let index = index.into();
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let guard = loop_lock_write(&self.data[bucket].data);
-        EntryMut {
-            i: offset,
-            guard,
-            _pd: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn prop_entry_mut(&self, index: VID) -> impl DerefMut<Target = TColumns> + '_ {
-        let index = index.into();
-        let (bucket, _) = self.resolve(index);
-        let lock = loop_lock_write(&self.data[bucket].data);
-        RwLockWriteGuard::map(lock, |data| &mut data.t_props_log)
-    }
-
-    // This helps get the right locks when adding an edge
-    #[deprecated(note = "use loop_pair_entry_mut instead")]
-    pub fn pair_entry_mut(&self, i: VID, j: VID) -> PairEntryMut<'_> {
-        let i = i.into();
-        let j = j.into();
-        let (bucket_i, offset_i) = self.resolve(i);
-        let (bucket_j, offset_j) = self.resolve(j);
-        // always acquire lock for smaller bucket first to avoid deadlock between two updates for the same pair of buckets
-        if bucket_i < bucket_j {
-            let guard_i = self.data[bucket_i].data.write();
-            let guard_j = self.data[bucket_j].data.write();
-            PairEntryMut::Different {
-                i: offset_i,
-                j: offset_j,
-                guard1: guard_i,
-                guard2: guard_j,
-            }
-        } else if bucket_i > bucket_j {
-            let guard_j = self.data[bucket_j].data.write();
-            let guard_i = self.data[bucket_i].data.write();
-            PairEntryMut::Different {
-                i: offset_i,
-                j: offset_j,
-                guard1: guard_i,
-                guard2: guard_j,
-            }
-        } else {
-            PairEntryMut::Same {
-                i: offset_i,
-                j: offset_j,
-                guard: self.data[bucket_i].data.write(),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn loop_pair_entry_mut(&self, i: VID, j: VID) -> PairEntryMut<'_> {
-        let i = i.into();
-        let j = j.into();
-        let (bucket_i, offset_i) = self.resolve(i);
-        let (bucket_j, offset_j) = self.resolve(j);
-        loop {
-            if bucket_i < bucket_j {
-                let guard_i = self.data[bucket_i].data.try_write();
-                let guard_j = self.data[bucket_j].data.try_write();
-                let maybe_guards =
-                    guard_i
-                        .zip(guard_j)
-                        .map(|(guard_i, guard_j)| PairEntryMut::Different {
-                            i: offset_i,
-                            j: offset_j,
-                            guard1: guard_i,
-                            guard2: guard_j,
-                        });
-                if let Some(guards) = maybe_guards {
-                    return guards;
-                }
-            } else if bucket_i > bucket_j {
-                let guard_j = self.data[bucket_j].data.try_write();
-                let guard_i = self.data[bucket_i].data.try_write();
-                let maybe_guards =
-                    guard_i
-                        .zip(guard_j)
-                        .map(|(guard_i, guard_j)| PairEntryMut::Different {
-                            i: offset_i,
-                            j: offset_j,
-                            guard1: guard_i,
-                            guard2: guard_j,
-                        });
-                if let Some(guards) = maybe_guards {
-                    return guards;
-                }
-            } else {
-                let maybe_guard = self.data[bucket_i].data.try_write();
-                if let Some(guard) = maybe_guard {
-                    return PairEntryMut::Same {
-                        i: offset_i,
-                        j: offset_j,
-                        guard,
-                    };
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.len.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.len() == 0
-    }
-
-    pub fn next_id(&self) -> VID {
-        VID(self.len.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct WriteLockedNodes<'a> {
-    guards: Vec<RwLockWriteGuard<'a, NodeSlot>>,
-    global_len: &'a AtomicUsize,
-}
-
-pub struct NodeShardWriter<'a, S> {
-    shard: S,
-    shard_id: usize,
-    num_shards: usize,
-    global_len: &'a AtomicUsize,
-}
-
-impl<'a, S> NodeShardWriter<'a, S>
-where
-    S: DerefMut<Target = NodeSlot>,
-{
-    #[inline]
-    fn resolve(&self, index: VID) -> Option<usize> {
-        let (shard_id, offset) = resolve(index.into(), self.num_shards);
-        (shard_id == self.shard_id).then_some(offset)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, index: VID) -> Option<&mut NodeStore> {
-        self.resolve(index).map(|offset| &mut self.shard[offset])
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_mut_entry(&mut self, index: VID) -> Option<EntryMut<'_, &mut S>> {
-        self.resolve(index).map(|offset| EntryMut {
-            i: offset,
-            guard: &mut self.shard,
-            _pd: PhantomData,
-        })
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get(&self, index: VID) -> Option<&NodeStore> {
-        self.resolve(index).map(|offset| &self.shard[offset])
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn t_prop_log_mut(&mut self) -> &mut TColumns {
-        &mut self.shard.t_props_log
-    }
-
-    pub fn set(&mut self, vid: VID, gid: GidRef) -> Option<EntryMut<'_, &mut S>> {
-        self.resolve(vid).map(|offset| {
-            if offset >= self.shard.len() {
-                self.shard.resize_with(offset + 1, NodeStore::default);
-                self.global_len
-                    .fetch_max(vid.index() + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-            }
-            self.shard[offset] = NodeStore::resolved(gid.to_owned(), vid);
-
-            EntryMut {
-                i: offset,
-                guard: &mut self.shard,
-                _pd: PhantomData,
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn shard_id(&self) -> usize {
-        self.shard_id
-    }
-
-    fn resize(&mut self, new_global_len: usize) {
-        let mut new_len = new_global_len / self.num_shards;
-        if self.shard_id < new_global_len % self.num_shards {
-            new_len += 1;
-        }
-        if new_len > self.shard.len() {
-            self.shard.resize_with(new_len, Default::default);
-            self.global_len.fetch_max(new_global_len, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> WriteLockedNodes<'a> {
-    pub fn par_iter_mut(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = NodeShardWriter<'_, &mut NodeSlot>> + '_ {
-        let num_shards = self.guards.len();
-        let global_len = self.global_len;
-        let shards: Vec<&mut NodeSlot> = self
-            .guards
-            .iter_mut()
-            .map(|guard| guard.deref_mut())
-            .collect();
-        shards
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(move |(shard_id, shard)| NodeShardWriter {
-                shard,
-                shard_id,
-                num_shards,
-                global_len,
-            })
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_par_iter_mut(
-        self,
-    ) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = NodeShardWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, NodeSlot>>> + 'a
-    {
-        let num_shards = self.guards.len();
-        let global_len = self.global_len;
-        self.guards
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(move |(shard_id, shard)| NodeShardWriter {
-                shard,
-                shard_id,
-                num_shards,
-                global_len,
-            })
-    }
-
-    pub fn resize(&mut self, new_len: usize) {
-        self.par_iter_mut()
-            .for_each(|mut shard| shard.resize(new_len))
-    }
-
-    pub fn num_shards(&self) -> usize {
-        self.guards.len()
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct NodeEntry<'a> {
-    offset: usize,
-    guard: RwLockReadGuard<'a, NodeSlot>,
-}
-
-impl NodeEntry<'_> {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> NodePtr<'_> {
-        NodePtr::new(&self.guard[self.offset], &self.guard.t_props_log)
-    }
-}
-
-pub enum PairEntryMut<'a> {
-    Same {
-        i: usize,
-        j: usize,
-        guard: parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'a, NodeSlot>,
-    },
-    Different {
-        i: usize,
-        j: usize,
-        guard1: parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'a, NodeSlot>,
-        guard2: parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard<'a, NodeSlot>,
-    },
-}
-
-impl<'a> PairEntryMut<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn get_i(&self) -> &NodeStore {
-        match self {
-            PairEntryMut::Same { i, guard, .. } => &guard[*i],
-            PairEntryMut::Different { i, guard1, .. } => &guard1[*i],
-        }
-    }
-    pub(crate) fn get_mut_i(&mut self) -> &mut NodeStore {
-        match self {
-            PairEntryMut::Same { i, guard, .. } => &mut guard[*i],
-            PairEntryMut::Different { i, guard1, .. } => &mut guard1[*i],
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn get_j(&self) -> &NodeStore {
+            PropColumn::Bool(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::I64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::U32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::U64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::F32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::F64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::Str(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| prop.clone().into()),
+            PropColumn::U8(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::U16(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::I32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| (*prop).into()),
+            PropColumn::List(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::List(prop.clone())),
+            PropColumn::Map(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::Map(prop.clone())),
+            PropColumn::NDTime(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::NDTime(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::DTime(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::DTime(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::Decimal(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| Prop::Decimal(prop.clone())),
+            PropColumn::Empty(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_ref(&self, index: usize) -> Option<PropRef<'_>> {
         match self {
-            PairEntryMut::Same { j, guard, .. } => &guard[*j],
-            PairEntryMut::Different { j, guard2, .. } => &guard2[*j],
+            PropColumn::Bool(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::Bool(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::I64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::U32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::U64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::F32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::F64(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::Str(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::Str(prop.as_ref())),
+            PropColumn::U8(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::U16(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::I32(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(|prop| PropRef::from(*prop)),
+            PropColumn::List(col) => col
+                .get_opt(index)
+                .map(|prop| PropRef::List(Cow::Borrowed(prop))),
+            PropColumn::Map(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(PropRef::from),
+            PropColumn::NDTime(col) => col.get_opt(index).copied().map(PropRef::from),
+            PropColumn::DTime(col) => col.get_opt(index).copied().map(PropRef::from),
+            PropColumn::Decimal(col) => col.get_opt(index).map(PropRef::from),
+            PropColumn::Empty(_) => None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_mut_j(&mut self) -> &mut NodeStore {
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
-            PairEntryMut::Same { j, guard, .. } => &mut guard[*j],
-            PairEntryMut::Different { j, guard2, .. } => &mut guard2[*j],
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct EntryMut<'a, NS: 'a> {
-    i: usize,
-    guard: NS,
-    _pd: PhantomData<&'a ()>,
-}
-
-impl<'a, NS> EntryMut<'a, NS> {
-    pub fn to_mut(&mut self) -> EntryMut<'a, &mut NS> {
-        EntryMut {
-            i: self.i,
-            guard: &mut self.guard,
-            _pd: self._pd,
+            PropColumn::Bool(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::I64(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::U32(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::U64(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::F32(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::F64(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::Str(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::U8(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::U16(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::I32(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::List(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::Map(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::NDTime(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::DTime(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::Decimal(col) => col.len(),
+            PropColumn::Empty(count) => *count,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, NS: DerefMut<Target = NodeSlot>> AsMut<NodeStore> for EntryMut<'a, NS> {
-    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut NodeStore {
-        let slots = self.guard.deref_mut();
-        &mut slots[self.i]
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, NS: DerefMut<Target = NodeSlot> + 'a> EntryMut<'a, &'a mut NS> {
-    pub fn node_store_mut(&mut self) -> &mut NodeStore {
-        &mut self.guard[self.i]
-    }
-
-    pub fn t_props_log_mut(&mut self) -> &mut TColumns {
-        &mut self.guard.t_props_log
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::{NodeStorage, TColumns};
-    use crate::entities::nodes::node_store::NodeStore;
-    use proptest::{arbitrary::any, prop_assert_eq, proptest};
-    use raphtory_api::core::entities::{properties::prop::Prop, GID, VID};
-    use rayon::prelude::*;
-    use std::borrow::Cow;
+    use super::TColumns;
+    use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
 
     #[test]
     fn tcolumns_append_1() {
@@ -1117,91 +550,4 @@ mod test {
             ]
         );
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn add_5_values_to_storage() {
-        let storage = NodeStorage::new(2);
-
-        for i in 0..5 {
-            storage.push(NodeStore::empty(i.into())).init();
-        }
-
-        assert_eq!(storage.len(), 5);
-
-        for i in 0..5 {
-            let entry = storage.entry(VID(i));
-            assert_eq!(entry.as_ref().node().vid, VID(i));
-        }
-
-        let items = storage.read_lock();
-
-        let actual = items
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| s.node().vid.index())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        assert_eq!(actual, vec![0, 2, 4, 1, 3]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_index_correctness() {
-        let storage = NodeStorage::new(2);
-
-        for i in 0..5 {
-            storage.push(NodeStore::empty(i.into())).init();
-        }
-        let locked = storage.read_lock();
-        let actual: Vec<_> = (0..5)
-            .map(|i| (i, locked.get(VID(i)).global_id.to_str()))
-            .collect();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            actual,
-            vec![
-                (0usize, Cow::Borrowed("0")),
-                (1, "1".into()),
-                (2, "2".into()),
-                (3, "3".into()),
-                (4, "4".into())
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_entry() {
-        let storage = NodeStorage::new(2);
-
-        for i in 0..5 {
-            storage.push(NodeStore::empty(i.into())).init();
-        }
-
-        for i in 0..5 {
-            let entry = storage.entry(VID(i));
-            assert_eq!(*entry.as_ref().node().global_id.to_str(), i.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn concurrent_push() {
-        proptest!(|(v in any::<Vec<u64>>())| {
-            let storage = NodeStorage::new(16);
-            let mut expected = v
-                .into_par_iter()
-                .map(|v| {
-                    storage.push(NodeStore::empty(GID::U64(v))).init();
-                    v
-                })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            let locked = storage.read_lock();
-            let mut actual: Vec<_> = locked
-                .iter()
-                .map(|n| n.node().global_id.as_u64().unwrap())
-                .collect();
-
-            actual.sort();
-            expected.sort();
-            prop_assert_eq!(actual, expected)
-        })
-    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/storage/node_entry.rs b/raphtory-core/src/storage/node_entry.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 23a3e5730e..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-core/src/storage/node_entry.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-use super::TColumns;
-use crate::entities::{nodes::node_store::NodeStore, properties::tprop::TPropCell};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{
-        edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef,
-        properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-        LayerIds,
-    },
-    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
-    Direction,
-};
-use std::{
-    fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
-    ops::Range,
-};
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct MemRow<'a> {
-    cols: &'a TColumns,
-    row: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Debug for MemRow<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_list().entries(*self).finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> MemRow<'a> {
-    pub fn new(cols: &'a TColumns, row: Option<usize>) -> Self {
-        Self { cols, row }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> IntoIterator for MemRow<'a> {
-    type Item = (usize, Option<Prop>);
-
-    type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Self::Item> + 'a>;
-
-    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        Box::new(
-            self.cols
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .map(move |(i, col)| (i, self.row.and_then(|row| col.get(row)))),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct NodePtr<'a> {
-    pub node: &'a NodeStore,
-    t_props_log: &'a TColumns,
-}
-
-impl<'a> NodePtr<'a> {
-    pub fn edges_iter(
-        self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
-        dir: Direction,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-        self.node.edge_tuples(layers, dir)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Debug for NodePtr<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("Node")
-            .field("gid", self.node.global_id())
-            .field("vid", &self.node.vid)
-            .field("node_type", &self.node.node_type)
-            .field("layers", &self.node.layers)
-            .field(
-                "metadata",
-                &self
-                    .node
-                    .metadata_ids()
-                    .filter_map(|i| Some((i, self.node.metadata(i)?)))
-                    .collect_vec(),
-            )
-            .field("temporal_properties", &self.into_rows().collect_vec())
-            .field("additions", self.node.timestamps())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> NodePtr<'a> {
-    pub fn new(node: &'a NodeStore, t_props_log: &'a TColumns) -> Self {
-        Self { node, t_props_log }
-    }
-
-    pub fn node(self) -> &'a NodeStore {
-        self.node
-    }
-
-    pub fn t_prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> TPropCell<'a> {
-        TPropCell::new(
-            &self.node.timestamps().props_ts,
-            self.t_props_log.get(prop_id),
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn temporal_prop_ids(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        self.t_props_log
-            .t_props_log
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter_map(|(id, col)| (!col.is_empty()).then_some(id))
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_rows(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, MemRow<'a>)> {
-        self.node
-            .timestamps()
-            .props_ts
-            .iter()
-            .map(move |(t, &row)| (*t, MemRow::new(self.t_props_log, row)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn last_before_row(self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Vec<(usize, Prop)> {
-        self.t_props_log
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter_map(|(prop_id, _)| {
-                let t_prop = self.t_prop(prop_id);
-                t_prop.last_before(t).map(|(_, v)| (prop_id, v))
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_rows_window(
-        self,
-        w: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, MemRow<'a>)> + Send + Sync {
-        let tcell = &self.node.timestamps().props_ts;
-        tcell
-            .iter_window(w)
-            .map(move |(t, row)| (*t, MemRow::new(self.t_props_log, *row)))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/storage/raw_edges.rs b/raphtory-core/src/storage/raw_edges.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 434b6785c2..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-core/src/storage/raw_edges.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,453 +0,0 @@
-use super::{resolve, timeindex::TimeIndex};
-use crate::{
-    entities::edges::edge_store::{EdgeLayer, EdgeStore, MemEdge},
-    loop_lock_write,
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use lock_api::ArcRwLockReadGuard;
-use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
-use raphtory_api::core::{entities::EID, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry};
-use rayon::prelude::*;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{
-    fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
-    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{self, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
-        Arc,
-    },
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
-pub struct EdgeShard {
-    edge_ids: Vec<EdgeStore>,
-    props: Vec<Vec<EdgeLayer>>,
-    additions: Vec<Vec<TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>>>,
-    deletions: Vec<Vec<TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>>>,
-}
-
-#[must_use]
-pub struct UninitialisedEdge<'a> {
-    guard: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, EdgeShard>,
-    offset: usize,
-    value: EdgeStore,
-}
-
-impl<'a> UninitialisedEdge<'a> {
-    pub fn init(mut self) -> EdgeWGuard<'a> {
-        self.guard.insert(self.offset, self.value);
-        EdgeWGuard {
-            guard: self.guard,
-            i: self.offset,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn value(&self) -> &EdgeStore {
-        &self.value
-    }
-
-    pub fn value_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EdgeStore {
-        &mut self.value
-    }
-}
-
-impl EdgeShard {
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, value: EdgeStore) {
-        if index >= self.edge_ids.len() {
-            self.edge_ids.resize_with(index + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-        self.edge_ids[index] = value;
-    }
-
-    pub fn edge_store(&self, index: usize) -> &EdgeStore {
-        &self.edge_ids[index]
-    }
-
-    pub fn internal_num_layers(&self) -> usize {
-        self.additions.len().max(self.deletions.len())
-    }
-
-    pub fn additions(&self, index: usize, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>> {
-        self.additions.get(layer_id).and_then(|add| add.get(index))
-    }
-
-    pub fn deletions(&self, index: usize, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>> {
-        self.deletions.get(layer_id).and_then(|del| del.get(index))
-    }
-
-    pub fn props(&self, index: usize, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&EdgeLayer> {
-        self.props.get(layer_id).and_then(|props| props.get(index))
-    }
-
-    pub fn props_iter(&self, index: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, &EdgeLayer)> {
-        self.props
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter_map(move |(id, layer)| layer.get(index).map(|l| (id, l)))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct EdgesStorage {
-    shards: Arc<[Arc<RwLock<EdgeShard>>]>,
-    len: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
-}
-
-impl Debug for EdgesStorage {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("EdgesStorage")
-            .field("len", &self.len())
-            .field("data", &self.read_lock().iter().collect_vec())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for EdgesStorage {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.shards.len() == other.shards.len()
-            && self
-                .shards
-                .iter()
-                .zip(other.shards.iter())
-                .all(|(a, b)| a.read_recursive().eq(&b.read_recursive()))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for EdgesStorage {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new(rayon::current_num_threads())
-    }
-}
-
-impl EdgesStorage {
-    pub fn new(num_shards: usize) -> Self {
-        let shards = (0..num_shards).map(|_| {
-            Arc::new(RwLock::new(EdgeShard {
-                edge_ids: vec![],
-                props: Vec::with_capacity(0),
-                additions: Vec::with_capacity(1),
-                deletions: Vec::with_capacity(0),
-            }))
-        });
-        EdgesStorage {
-            shards: shards.collect(),
-            len: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.len.load(atomic::Ordering::SeqCst)
-    }
-
-    pub fn next_id(&self) -> EID {
-        EID(self.len.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
-    }
-
-    pub fn read_lock(&self) -> LockedEdges {
-        LockedEdges {
-            shards: self
-                .shards
-                .iter()
-                .map(|shard| Arc::new(shard.read_arc_recursive()))
-                .collect(),
-            len: self.len(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_lock(&self) -> WriteLockedEdges<'_> {
-        WriteLockedEdges {
-            shards: self.shards.iter().map(|shard| shard.write()).collect(),
-            global_len: &self.len,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn resolve(&self, index: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
-        resolve(index, self.shards.len())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn push(&self, mut value: EdgeStore) -> UninitialisedEdge<'_> {
-        let index = self.len.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
-        value.eid = EID(index);
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(index);
-        let guard = loop_lock_write(&self.shards[bucket]);
-        UninitialisedEdge {
-            guard,
-            offset,
-            value,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_edge_mut(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeWGuard<'_> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(eid.into());
-        EdgeWGuard {
-            guard: loop_lock_write(&self.shards[bucket]),
-            i: offset,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_edge(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeRGuard<'_> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(eid.into());
-        EdgeRGuard {
-            guard: self.shards[bucket].read_recursive(),
-            offset,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn try_get_edge(&self, eid: EID) -> Option<EdgeRGuard<'_>> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = self.resolve(eid.into());
-        let guard = self.shards.get(bucket)?.read();
-        if guard.edge_ids.get(offset)?.initialised() {
-            Some(EdgeRGuard { guard, offset })
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct EdgeWGuard<'a> {
-    guard: RwLockWriteGuard<'a, EdgeShard>,
-    i: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> EdgeWGuard<'a> {
-    pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> MutEdge<'_> {
-        MutEdge {
-            guard: self.guard.deref_mut(),
-            i: self.i,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> MemEdge<'_> {
-        MemEdge::new(&self.guard, self.i)
-    }
-
-    pub fn eid(&self) -> EID {
-        self.as_ref().eid()
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct MutEdge<'a> {
-    guard: &'a mut EdgeShard,
-    i: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> MutEdge<'a> {
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> MemEdge<'_> {
-        MemEdge::new(self.guard, self.i)
-    }
-    pub fn eid(&self) -> EID {
-        self.as_ref().eid()
-    }
-
-    pub fn edge_store_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EdgeStore {
-        &mut self.guard.edge_ids[self.i]
-    }
-
-    pub fn deletions_mut(&mut self, layer_id: usize) -> &mut TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry> {
-        if layer_id >= self.guard.deletions.len() {
-            self.guard
-                .deletions
-                .resize_with(layer_id + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-        if self.i >= self.guard.deletions[layer_id].len() {
-            self.guard.deletions[layer_id].resize_with(self.i + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-        &mut self.guard.deletions[layer_id][self.i]
-    }
-
-    fn has_layer(&self, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
-        if let Some(additions) = self.guard.additions.get(layer_id) {
-            if let Some(additions) = additions.get(self.i) {
-                return !additions.is_empty();
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(deletions) = self.guard.deletions.get(layer_id) {
-            if let Some(deletions) = deletions.get(self.i) {
-                return !deletions.is_empty();
-            }
-        }
-        false
-    }
-    pub fn additions_mut(&mut self, layer_id: usize) -> &mut TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry> {
-        if layer_id >= self.guard.additions.len() {
-            self.guard
-                .additions
-                .resize_with(layer_id + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-        if self.i >= self.guard.additions[layer_id].len() {
-            self.guard.additions[layer_id].resize_with(self.i + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-        &mut self.guard.additions[layer_id][self.i]
-    }
-
-    pub fn layer_mut(&mut self, layer_id: usize) -> &mut EdgeLayer {
-        if layer_id >= self.guard.props.len() {
-            self.guard.props.resize_with(layer_id + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-        if self.i >= self.guard.props[layer_id].len() {
-            self.guard.props[layer_id].resize_with(self.i + 1, Default::default);
-        }
-
-        &mut self.guard.props[layer_id][self.i]
-    }
-
-    /// Get a mutable reference to the layer only if it already exists but don't create a new one
-    pub fn get_layer_mut(&mut self, layer_id: usize) -> Option<&mut EdgeLayer> {
-        self.has_layer(layer_id).then(|| self.layer_mut(layer_id))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct EdgeRGuard<'a> {
-    guard: RwLockReadGuard<'a, EdgeShard>,
-    offset: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> EdgeRGuard<'a> {
-    pub fn as_mem_edge(&self) -> MemEdge<'_> {
-        MemEdge::new(&self.guard, self.offset)
-    }
-
-    pub fn layer_iter(
-        &self,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl Deref<Target = EdgeLayer> + '_)> + '_ {
-        self.guard.props_iter(self.offset)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct LockedEdges {
-    shards: Arc<[Arc<ArcRwLockReadGuard<parking_lot::RawRwLock, EdgeShard>>]>,
-    len: usize,
-}
-
-impl LockedEdges {
-    pub fn get_mem(&self, eid: EID) -> MemEdge<'_> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = resolve(eid.into(), self.shards.len());
-        MemEdge::new(&self.shards[bucket], offset)
-    }
-
-    pub fn try_get_mem(&self, eid: EID) -> Option<MemEdge<'_>> {
-        let (bucket, offset) = resolve(eid.into(), self.shards.len());
-        let guard = self.shards.get(bucket)?;
-        if guard.edge_ids.get(offset)?.initialised() {
-            Some(MemEdge::new(guard, offset))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.len
-    }
-
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = MemEdge<'_>> + '_ {
-        self.shards.iter().flat_map(|shard| {
-            shard
-                .edge_ids
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .filter(|(_, e)| e.initialised())
-                .map(move |(offset, _)| MemEdge::new(shard, offset))
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = MemEdge<'_>> + '_ {
-        self.shards.par_iter().flat_map(|shard| {
-            shard
-                .edge_ids
-                .par_iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .filter(|(_, e)| e.initialised())
-                .map(move |(offset, _)| MemEdge::new(shard, offset))
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct EdgeShardWriter<'a, S> {
-    shard: S,
-    shard_id: usize,
-    num_shards: usize,
-    global_len: &'a AtomicUsize,
-}
-
-impl<'a, S> EdgeShardWriter<'a, S>
-where
-    S: DerefMut<Target = EdgeShard>,
-{
-    /// Map an edge id to local offset if it is in the shard
-    fn resolve(&self, eid: EID) -> Option<usize> {
-        let EID(eid) = eid;
-        let (bucket, offset) = resolve(eid, self.num_shards);
-        (bucket == self.shard_id).then_some(offset)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, eid: EID) -> Option<MutEdge<'_>> {
-        let offset = self.resolve(eid)?;
-        if self.shard.edge_ids.len() <= offset {
-            self.global_len.fetch_max(eid.0 + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-            self.shard
-                .edge_ids
-                .resize_with(offset + 1, EdgeStore::default)
-        }
-        Some(MutEdge {
-            guard: self.shard.deref_mut(),
-            i: offset,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn shard_id(&self) -> usize {
-        self.shard_id
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct WriteLockedEdges<'a> {
-    shards: Vec<RwLockWriteGuard<'a, EdgeShard>>,
-    global_len: &'a AtomicUsize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> WriteLockedEdges<'a> {
-    pub fn par_iter_mut(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = EdgeShardWriter<'_, &mut EdgeShard>> + '_ {
-        let num_shards = self.shards.len();
-        let shards: Vec<_> = self
-            .shards
-            .iter_mut()
-            .map(|shard| shard.deref_mut())
-            .collect();
-        let global_len = self.global_len;
-        shards
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(move |(shard_id, shard)| EdgeShardWriter {
-                shard,
-                shard_id,
-                num_shards,
-                global_len,
-            })
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_par_iter_mut(
-        self,
-    ) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = EdgeShardWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, EdgeShard>>> + 'a
-    {
-        let num_shards = self.shards.len();
-        let global_len = self.global_len;
-        self.shards
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(move |(shard_id, shard)| EdgeShardWriter {
-                shard,
-                shard_id,
-                num_shards,
-                global_len,
-            })
-    }
-
-    pub fn num_shards(&self) -> usize {
-        self.shards.len()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/storage/timeindex.rs b/raphtory-core/src/storage/timeindex.rs
index d14584ac94..f1a79862c5 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/storage/timeindex.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/storage/timeindex.rs
@@ -376,3 +376,29 @@ where
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::{entities::properties::tcell::TCell, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps};
+    use raphtory_api::core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn window_of_window_not_empty() {
+        let mut cell: TCell<()> = TCell::default();
+        cell.set(TimeIndexEntry::new(1, 0), ());
+        cell.set(TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 0), ());
+        cell.set(TimeIndexEntry::new(3, 0), ());
+        cell.set(TimeIndexEntry::new(4, 0), ());
+        cell.set(TimeIndexEntry::new(8, 0), ());
+
+        assert_eq!(cell.iter_t().count(), 5);
+
+        let cell_ref = &cell;
+        let window = TimeIndexEntry::new(1, 0)..TimeIndexEntry::new(8, 0);
+        let w = TimeIndexOps::range(&cell_ref, window.clone());
+        assert_eq!(w.clone().iter_t().count(), 4);
+
+        let w = TimeIndexOps::range(&w, window.clone());
+        assert_eq!(w.iter_t().count(), 4);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-core/src/utils/iter.rs b/raphtory-core/src/utils/iter.rs
index 9d04b0af6c..95923cc127 100644
--- a/raphtory-core/src/utils/iter.rs
+++ b/raphtory-core/src/utils/iter.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use ouroboros::self_referencing;
 use raphtory_api::iter::{BoxedLDIter, BoxedLIter};
 
+/// Iterator that returns elements from a locked object.
 #[self_referencing]
 pub struct GenLockedIter<'a, O, OUT> {
     owner: O,
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ impl<'a, O, OUT> GenLockedIter<'a, O, OUT> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Double-ended iterator that returns elements from a locked object.
 #[self_referencing]
 pub struct GenLockedDIter<'a, O, OUT> {
     owner: O,
diff --git a/raphtory-cypher/Cargo.toml b/raphtory-cypher/Cargo.toml
index 8c7ef1f494..f7917ab775 100644
--- a/raphtory-cypher/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory-cypher/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ edition.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 raphtory = { workspace = true }
-pometry-storage = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 arrow.workspace = true
 arrow-buffer.workspace = true
 arrow-schema.workspace = true
@@ -42,6 +41,3 @@ pretty_assertions.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 clap.workspace = true
-
-[features]
-storage = ["raphtory/storage", "dep:pometry-storage"]
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/Cargo.toml b/raphtory-graphql/Cargo.toml
index 7b6f57d3c2..b5cb7d8a59 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ homepage.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 raphtory = { workspace = true, features = [
     'vectors',
-    'search',
     "io",
 ] }
+tempfile = { workspace = true }
 raphtory-api = { workspace = true }
 raphtory-storage = { workspace = true }
 base64 = { workspace = true }
@@ -67,6 +67,5 @@ pretty_assertions = { workspace = true }
 arrow-array = { workspace = true }
 
 [features]
-storage = ["raphtory/storage"]
 python = ["dep:pyo3", "raphtory/python"]
 search = ["raphtory/search"]
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/schema.graphql b/raphtory-graphql/schema.graphql
index bb268b46e1..e309e55948 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/schema.graphql
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/schema.graphql
@@ -1208,19 +1208,13 @@ type MutRoot {
 	"""
 	newGraph(path: String!, graphType: GraphType!): Boolean!
 	"""
-	Move graph from a path path on the server to a new_path on the server.
-	
-	If namespace is not provided, it will be set to the current working directory.
-	This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
+	Move graph from a path on the server to a new_path on the server.
 	"""
-	moveGraph(path: String!, newPath: String!): Boolean!
+	moveGraph(path: String!, newPath: String!, overwrite: Boolean): Boolean!
 	"""
-	Copy graph from a path path on the server to a new_path on the server.
-	
-	If namespace is not provided, it will be set to the current working directory.
-	This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
+	Copy graph from a path on the server to a new_path on the server.
 	"""
-	copyGraph(path: String!, newPath: String!): Boolean!
+	copyGraph(path: String!, newPath: String!, overwrite: Boolean): Boolean!
 	"""
 	Upload a graph file from a path on the client using GQL multipart uploading.
 	
@@ -2445,6 +2439,9 @@ enum TemporalType {
 	LATEST
 }
 
+"""
+A multipart file upload
+"""
 scalar Upload
 
 input Value @oneOf {
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/data.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/data.rs
index dbcaa30c6a..956e39a8b8 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/data.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/data.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,19 @@ use crate::{
     config::app_config::AppConfig,
     graph::GraphWithVectors,
     model::blocking_io,
-    paths::{valid_path, ExistingGraphFolder, ValidGraphFolder},
+    paths::{
+        mark_dirty, ExistingGraphFolder, InternalPathValidationError, PathValidationError,
+        ValidGraphPaths, ValidWriteableGraphFolder,
+    },
+    rayon::blocking_compute,
+    GQLError,
 };
-use itertools::Itertools;
+use futures_util::FutureExt;
 use moka::future::Cache;
 use raphtory::{
     db::api::view::MaterializedGraph,
-    errors::{GraphError, InvalidPathReason},
-    prelude::CacheOps,
+    errors::GraphError,
+    serialise::GraphPaths,
     vectors::{
         cache::VectorCache, template::DocumentTemplate, vectorisable::Vectorisable,
         vectorised_graph::VectorisedGraph,
@@ -17,45 +22,117 @@ use raphtory::{
 };
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
+    fs, io,
+    io::{Read, Seek},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     sync::Arc,
 };
-use tokio::fs;
 use tracing::{error, warn};
 use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
+pub const DIRTY_PATH: &'static str = ".dirty";
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct EmbeddingConf {
     pub(crate) cache: VectorCache,
     pub(crate) global_template: Option<DocumentTemplate>,
-    pub(crate) individual_templates: HashMap<PathBuf, DocumentTemplate>,
+    pub(crate) individual_templates: HashMap<String, DocumentTemplate>,
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum MutationErrorInner {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    GraphError(#[from] GraphError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    IO(#[from] io::Error),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    InvalidInternal(#[from] InternalPathValidationError),
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum InsertionError {
+    #[error("Failed to insert graph {graph}: {error}")]
+    Insertion {
+        graph: String,
+        error: MutationErrorInner,
+    },
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    PathValidation(#[from] PathValidationError),
+    #[error("Failed to insert graph {graph}: {error}")]
+    GraphError { graph: String, error: GraphError },
+}
+
+impl InsertionError {
+    pub fn from_inner(graph: &str, error: MutationErrorInner) -> Self {
+        InsertionError::Insertion {
+            graph: graph.to_string(),
+            error,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_graph_err(graph: &str, error: GraphError) -> Self {
+        InsertionError::GraphError {
+            graph: graph.to_string(),
+            error,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum DeletionError {
+    #[error("Failed to delete graph {graph}: {error}")]
+    Insertion {
+        graph: String,
+        error: MutationErrorInner,
+    },
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    PathValidation(#[from] PathValidationError),
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum MoveError {
+    #[error("Failed to move graph: {0}")]
+    Insertion(#[from] InsertionError),
+    #[error("Failed to move graph: {0}")]
+    Deletion(#[from] DeletionError),
 }
 
+impl DeletionError {
+    fn from_inner(graph: &str, error: MutationErrorInner) -> Self {
+        DeletionError::Insertion {
+            graph: graph.to_string(),
+            error,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get relative path as String joined with `"/"` for use with the validation methods.
+/// The path is not validated here!
 pub(crate) fn get_relative_path(
-    work_dir: PathBuf,
+    work_dir: &Path,
     path: &Path,
-    namespace: bool,
-) -> Result<String, InvalidPathReason> {
-    let path_buf = path.strip_prefix(work_dir.clone())?.to_path_buf();
-    let components = path_buf
-        .components()
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|c| {
-            c.as_os_str()
-                .to_str()
-                .ok_or(InvalidPathReason::NonUTFCharacters)
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-    //a safe unwrap as checking above
-    let path_str = components.into_iter().join("/");
-    valid_path(work_dir, &path_str, namespace)?;
+) -> Result<String, InternalPathValidationError> {
+    let relative = path.strip_prefix(work_dir)?;
+    let mut path_str = String::new();
+    let mut components = relative.components().map(|component| {
+        component
+            .as_os_str()
+            .to_str()
+            .ok_or(InternalPathValidationError::NonUTFCharacters)
+    });
+    if let Some(first) = components.next() {
+        path_str.push_str(first?);
+    }
+    for component in components {
+        path_str.push('/');
+        path_str.push_str(component?);
+    }
     Ok(path_str)
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Data {
     pub(crate) work_dir: PathBuf,
-    cache: Cache<PathBuf, GraphWithVectors>,
+    cache: Cache<String, GraphWithVectors>,
     pub(crate) create_index: bool,
     pub(crate) embedding_conf: Option<EmbeddingConf>,
 }
@@ -64,14 +141,23 @@ impl Data {
     pub fn new(work_dir: &Path, configs: &AppConfig) -> Self {
         let cache_configs = &configs.cache;
 
-        let cache = Cache::<PathBuf, GraphWithVectors>::builder()
+        let cache = Cache::<String, GraphWithVectors>::builder()
             .max_capacity(cache_configs.capacity)
             .time_to_idle(std::time::Duration::from_secs(cache_configs.tti_seconds))
-            .eviction_listener(|_, graph, _| {
-                graph
-                    .write_updates()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|err| error!("Write on eviction failed: {err:?}"))
-                // FIXME: don't have currently a way to know which embedding updates are pending
+            .async_eviction_listener(|_, graph, cause| {
+                // The eviction listener gets called any time a graph is removed from the cache,
+                // not just when it is evicted. Only serialize on evictions.
+                async move {
+                    if !cause.was_evicted() {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) =
+                        blocking_compute(move || graph.folder.replace_graph_data(graph.graph)).await
+                    {
+                        error!("Error encoding graph to disk on eviction: {e}");
+                    }
+                }
+                .boxed()
             })
             .build();
 
@@ -88,53 +174,101 @@ impl Data {
         }
     }
 
-    pub async fn get_graph(
+    async fn invalidate(&self, path: &str) {
+        self.cache.invalidate(path).await;
+        self.cache.run_pending_tasks().await; // make sure the item is actually dropped
+    }
+
+    pub fn validate_path_for_insert(
         &self,
         path: &str,
-    ) -> Result<(GraphWithVectors, ExistingGraphFolder), Arc<GraphError>> {
-        let graph_folder = ExistingGraphFolder::try_from(self.work_dir.clone(), path)?;
-        let graph_folder_clone = graph_folder.clone();
+        overwrite: bool,
+    ) -> Result<ValidWriteableGraphFolder, PathValidationError> {
+        if overwrite {
+            ValidWriteableGraphFolder::try_existing_or_new(self.work_dir.clone(), path)
+        } else {
+            ValidWriteableGraphFolder::try_new(self.work_dir.clone(), path)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_graph(&self, path: &str) -> Result<GraphWithVectors, Arc<GQLError>> {
         self.cache
-            .try_get_with(path.into(), self.read_graph_from_folder(graph_folder_clone))
+            .try_get_with(path.into(), self.read_graph_from_disk(path))
             .await
-            .map(|graph| (graph, graph_folder))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_cached_graph(&self, path: &str) -> Option<GraphWithVectors> {
+        self.cache.get(path).await
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_graph(&self, path: &str) -> bool {
+        self.cache.contains_key(path)
+            || ExistingGraphFolder::try_from(self.work_dir.clone(), path).is_ok()
     }
 
     pub async fn insert_graph(
         &self,
-        path: &str,
+        writeable_folder: ValidWriteableGraphFolder,
         graph: MaterializedGraph,
-    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        // TODO: replace ValidGraphFolder with ValidNonExistingGraphFolder !!!!!!!!!
-        // or even a NewGraphFolder, so that we try to create the graph file and if that is sucessful
-        // we can write to it and its guaranteed to me atomic
-        let folder = ValidGraphFolder::try_from(self.work_dir.clone(), path)?;
-        match ExistingGraphFolder::try_from(self.work_dir.clone(), path) {
-            Ok(_) => Err(GraphError::GraphNameAlreadyExists(folder.to_error_path())),
-            Err(_) => {
-                fs::create_dir_all(folder.get_base_path()).await?;
-                let folder_clone = folder.clone();
-                let graph_clone = graph.clone();
-                blocking_io(move || graph_clone.cache(folder_clone)).await?;
-                let vectors = self.vectorise(graph.clone(), &folder).await;
-                let graph = GraphWithVectors::new(graph, vectors);
-                graph
-                    .folder
-                    .get_or_try_init(|| Ok::<_, GraphError>(folder.into()))?;
-                self.cache.insert(path.into(), graph).await;
-                Ok(())
-            }
+    ) -> Result<(), InsertionError> {
+        self.invalidate(writeable_folder.local_path()).await;
+        let vectors = self.vectorise(graph.clone(), &writeable_folder).await;
+        let graph = blocking_compute(move || {
+            writeable_folder.write_graph_data(graph.clone())?;
+            let folder = writeable_folder.finish()?;
+            let graph = GraphWithVectors::new(graph, vectors, folder.as_existing()?);
+            Ok::<_, InsertionError>(graph)
+        })
+        .await?;
+        self.cache
+            .insert(graph.folder.local_path().into(), graph)
+            .await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Insert a graph serialized from a graph folder.
+    pub async fn insert_graph_as_bytes<R: Read + Seek + Send + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        folder: ValidWriteableGraphFolder,
+        bytes: R,
+    ) -> Result<(), InsertionError> {
+        self.invalidate(folder.local_path()).await;
+        let folder_clone = folder.clone();
+        blocking_io(move || folder_clone.write_graph_bytes(bytes)).await?;
+        if let Some(template) = self.resolve_template(folder.local_path()) {
+            let folder_clone = folder.clone();
+            let graph = blocking_io(move || folder_clone.read_graph()).await?;
+            self.vectorise_with_template(graph, &folder, template).await;
         }
+        blocking_io(move || folder.finish()).await?;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub async fn delete_graph(&self, path: &str) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    async fn delete_graph_inner(
+        &self,
+        graph_folder: ExistingGraphFolder,
+    ) -> Result<(), MutationErrorInner> {
+        let dirty_file = mark_dirty(graph_folder.root())?;
+        self.invalidate(graph_folder.local_path()).await;
+        blocking_io(move || {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(graph_folder.root())?;
+            fs::remove_file(dirty_file)?;
+            Ok::<_, MutationErrorInner>(())
+        })
+        .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn delete_graph(&self, path: &str) -> Result<(), DeletionError> {
         let graph_folder = ExistingGraphFolder::try_from(self.work_dir.clone(), path)?;
-        fs::remove_dir_all(graph_folder.get_base_path()).await?;
-        self.cache.remove(&PathBuf::from(path)).await;
+        self.delete_graph_inner(graph_folder)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| DeletionError::from_inner(path, err))?;
+        self.cache.remove(path).await;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn resolve_template(&self, graph: &Path) -> Option<&DocumentTemplate> {
+    fn resolve_template(&self, graph: &str) -> Option<&DocumentTemplate> {
         let conf = self.embedding_conf.as_ref()?;
         conf.individual_templates
             .get(graph)
@@ -144,7 +278,7 @@ impl Data {
     async fn vectorise_with_template(
         &self,
         graph: MaterializedGraph,
-        folder: &ValidGraphFolder,
+        folder: &impl ValidGraphPaths,
         template: &DocumentTemplate,
     ) -> Option<VectorisedGraph<MaterializedGraph>> {
         let conf = self.embedding_conf.as_ref()?;
@@ -152,14 +286,14 @@ impl Data {
             .vectorise(
                 conf.cache.clone(),
                 template.clone(),
-                Some(&folder.get_vectors_path()),
+                Some(&folder.graph_folder().vectors_path().ok()?),
                 true, // verbose
             )
             .await;
         match vectors {
             Ok(vectors) => Some(vectors),
             Err(error) => {
-                let name = folder.get_original_path_str();
+                let name = folder.local_path();
                 warn!("An error occurred when trying to vectorise graph {name}: {error}");
                 None
             }
@@ -169,179 +303,111 @@ impl Data {
     async fn vectorise(
         &self,
         graph: MaterializedGraph,
-        folder: &ValidGraphFolder,
+        folder: &ValidWriteableGraphFolder,
     ) -> Option<VectorisedGraph<MaterializedGraph>> {
-        let template = self.resolve_template(folder.get_original_path())?;
+        let template = self.resolve_template(folder.local_path())?;
         self.vectorise_with_template(graph, folder, template).await
     }
 
-    async fn vectorise_folder(&self, folder: &ExistingGraphFolder) -> Option<()> {
+    async fn vectorise_folder(&self, folder: ExistingGraphFolder) -> Option<()> {
         // it's important that we check if there is a valid template set for this graph path
         // before actually loading the graph, otherwise we are loading the graph for no reason
-        let template = self.resolve_template(folder.get_original_path())?;
+        let template = self.resolve_template(folder.local_path())?;
         let graph = self
-            .read_graph_from_folder(folder.clone())
+            .read_graph_from_disk_inner(folder.clone())
             .await
             .ok()?
             .graph;
-        self.vectorise_with_template(graph, folder, template).await;
+        self.vectorise_with_template(graph, &folder, template).await;
         Some(())
     }
 
     pub(crate) async fn vectorise_all_graphs_that_are_not(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         for folder in self.get_all_graph_folders() {
-            if !folder.get_vectors_path().exists() {
-                self.vectorise_folder(&folder).await;
+            if !folder.vectors_path()?.exists() {
+                self.vectorise_folder(folder).await;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    // TODO: return iter
-    pub fn get_all_graph_folders(&self) -> Vec<ExistingGraphFolder> {
+    pub fn get_all_graph_folders(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = ExistingGraphFolder> {
         let base_path = self.work_dir.clone();
         WalkDir::new(&self.work_dir)
             .into_iter()
-            .filter_map(|e| {
+            .filter_map(move |e| {
                 let entry = e.ok()?;
                 let path = entry.path();
-                let relative = get_relative_path(base_path.clone(), path, false).ok()?;
+                let relative = get_relative_path(&base_path, path).ok()?;
                 let folder = ExistingGraphFolder::try_from(base_path.clone(), &relative).ok()?;
                 Some(folder)
             })
-            .collect()
     }
 
-    async fn read_graph_from_folder(
+    async fn read_graph_from_disk_inner(
         &self,
         folder: ExistingGraphFolder,
-    ) -> Result<GraphWithVectors, GraphError> {
+    ) -> Result<GraphWithVectors, GQLError> {
         let cache = self.embedding_conf.as_ref().map(|conf| conf.cache.clone());
         let create_index = self.create_index;
-        blocking_io(move || GraphWithVectors::read_from_folder(&folder, cache, create_index)).await
+        Ok(
+            blocking_io(move || GraphWithVectors::read_from_folder(&folder, cache, create_index))
+                .await?,
+        )
     }
-}
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) mod data_tests {
-    use super::ValidGraphFolder;
-    use crate::{
-        config::app_config::{AppConfig, AppConfigBuilder},
-        data::Data,
-    };
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use raphtory::{db::api::view::MaterializedGraph, errors::GraphError, prelude::*};
-    use std::{collections::HashMap, fs, fs::File, io, path::Path, time::Duration};
-    use tokio::time::sleep;
+    async fn read_graph_from_disk(&self, path: &str) -> Result<GraphWithVectors, GQLError> {
+        let folder = ExistingGraphFolder::try_from(self.work_dir.clone(), path)?;
+        self.read_graph_from_disk_inner(folder).await
+    }
+}
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, graph::graph::GraphStorage};
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    fn copy_dir_recursive(source_dir: &Path, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        fs::create_dir_all(target_dir)?;
-        for entry in fs::read_dir(source_dir)? {
-            let entry = entry?;
-            let entry_path = entry.path();
-            let target_path = target_dir.join(entry.file_name());
-
-            if entry_path.is_dir() {
-                copy_dir_recursive(&entry_path, &target_path)?;
-            } else {
-                fs::copy(&entry_path, &target_path)?;
+impl Drop for Data {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // On drop, serialize graphs that don't have underlying storage.
+        for (_, graph) in self.cache.iter() {
+            if graph.is_dirty() {
+                if let Err(e) = graph.folder.replace_graph_data(graph.graph) {
+                    error!("Error encoding graph to disk on drop: {e}");
+                }
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
+}
 
-    // This function creates files that mimic disk graph for tests
-    fn create_ipc_files_in_dir(dir_path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
-        if !dir_path.exists() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(dir_path)?;
-        }
-
-        let file_paths = ["file1.ipc", "file2.txt", "file3.ipc"];
-
-        for &file_name in &file_paths {
-            let file_path = dir_path.join(file_name);
-            File::create(file_path)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod data_tests {
+    use super::InsertionError;
+    use crate::{config::app_config::AppConfigBuilder, data::Data};
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use raphtory::{
+        db::api::view::{internal::InternalStorageOps, MaterializedGraph},
+        prelude::*,
+        serialise::GraphPaths,
+    };
+    use std::{collections::HashMap, fs, path::Path, time::Duration};
+    use tokio::time::sleep;
 
     fn create_graph_folder(path: &Path) {
+        // Use empty graph to create folder structure
         fs::create_dir_all(path).unwrap();
-        File::create(path.join(".raph")).unwrap();
-        File::create(path.join("graph")).unwrap();
+        let graph = Graph::new();
+        graph.encode(path).unwrap();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn save_graphs_to_work_dir(
-        work_dir: &Path,
+    pub(crate) async fn save_graphs_to_work_dir(
+        data: &Data,
         graphs: &HashMap<String, MaterializedGraph>,
-    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    ) -> Result<(), InsertionError> {
         for (name, graph) in graphs.into_iter() {
-            let data = Data::new(work_dir, &AppConfig::default());
-            let folder = ValidGraphFolder::try_from(data.work_dir, name)?;
-
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            if let GraphStorage::Disk(dg) = graph.core_graph() {
-                let disk_graph_path = dg.graph_dir();
-                copy_dir_recursive(disk_graph_path, &folder.get_graph_path())?;
-                File::create(folder.get_meta_path())?;
-            } else {
-                graph.encode(folder)?;
-            }
-
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
-            graph.encode(folder)?;
+            let folder = data.validate_path_for_insert(name, true)?;
+            data.insert_graph(folder, graph.clone()).await?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    #[tokio::test]
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    async fn test_get_disk_graph_from_path() {
-        let tmp_graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph
-            .add_edge(0, 1, 2, [("name", "test_e1")], None)
-            .unwrap();
-        graph
-            .add_edge(0, 1, 3, [("name", "test_e2")], None)
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let base_path = tmp_graph_dir.path().to_owned();
-        let graph_path = base_path.join("test_dg");
-        fs::create_dir(&graph_path).unwrap();
-        File::create(graph_path.join(".raph")).unwrap();
-        let _ = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&graph, &graph_path.join("graph")).unwrap();
-
-        let data = Data::new(&base_path, &Default::default());
-        let res = data.get_graph("test_dg").await.unwrap().0;
-        assert_eq!(res.graph.into_events().unwrap().count_edges(), 2);
-
-        // Dir path doesn't exists
-        let res = data.get_graph("test_dg1").await;
-        assert!(res.is_err());
-        if let Err(err) = res {
-            assert!(err.to_string().contains("Graph not found"));
-        }
-
-        // Dir path exists but is not a disk graph path
-        // let tmp_graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        // let res = read_graph_from_path(base_path, "");
-        let res = data.get_graph("").await;
-        assert!(res.is_err());
-        if let Err(err) = res {
-            assert!(err.to_string().contains("Graph not found"));
-        }
-    }
-
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_save_graphs_to_work_dir() {
-        let tmp_graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let tmp_work_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
 
         let graph = Graph::new();
@@ -353,25 +419,15 @@ pub(crate) mod data_tests {
             .add_edge(0, 1, 3, [("name", "test_e2")], None)
             .unwrap();
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-        let graph2: MaterializedGraph = graph
-            .persist_as_disk_graph(tmp_graph_dir.path())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into();
-
         let graph: MaterializedGraph = graph.into();
 
         let mut graphs = HashMap::new();
 
         graphs.insert("test_g".to_string(), graph);
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-        graphs.insert("test_dg".to_string(), graph2);
-
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_work_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_work_dir.path(), &Default::default());
 
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
+
         for graph in graphs.keys() {
             assert!(data.get_graph(graph).await.is_ok(), "could not get {graph}")
         }
@@ -399,27 +455,28 @@ pub(crate) mod data_tests {
 
         let data = Data::new(tmp_work_dir.path(), &configs);
 
-        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key(Path::new("test_g")));
-        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key(Path::new("test_g2")));
+        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key("test_g"));
+        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key("test_g2"));
 
         // Test size based eviction
         data.get_graph("test_g2").await.unwrap();
-        assert!(data.cache.contains_key(Path::new("test_g2")));
-        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key(Path::new("test_g")));
+        assert!(data.cache.contains_key("test_g2"));
+        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key("test_g"));
 
         data.get_graph("test_g").await.unwrap(); // wait for any eviction
         data.cache.run_pending_tasks().await;
         assert_eq!(data.cache.iter().count(), 1);
 
         sleep(Duration::from_secs(3)).await;
-        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key(Path::new("test_g")));
-        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key(Path::new("test_g2")));
+        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key("test_g"));
+        assert!(!data.cache.contains_key("test_g2"));
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_get_graph_paths() {
         let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let work_dir = temp_dir.path();
+
         let g0_path = work_dir.join("g0");
         let g1_path = work_dir.join("g1");
         let g2_path = work_dir.join("shivam/investigations/2024-12-22/g2");
@@ -432,13 +489,12 @@ pub(crate) mod data_tests {
         create_graph_folder(&g1_path);
         create_graph_folder(&g2_path);
         create_graph_folder(&g3_path);
+        create_graph_folder(&g4_path);
 
-        fs::create_dir_all(&g4_path.join("graph")).unwrap();
-        File::create(g4_path.join(".raph")).unwrap();
-        create_ipc_files_in_dir(&g4_path.join("graph")).unwrap();
-
+        // Empty, non-graph folder
         fs::create_dir_all(&g5_path).unwrap();
 
+        // Simulate non-graph folder with random files
         fs::create_dir_all(&g6_path).unwrap();
         fs::write(g6_path.join("random-file"), "some-random-content").unwrap();
 
@@ -452,7 +508,7 @@ pub(crate) mod data_tests {
         let paths = data
             .get_all_graph_folders()
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|folder| folder.get_base_path().to_path_buf())
+            .map(|folder| folder.0.root().to_path_buf())
             .collect_vec();
 
         assert_eq!(paths.len(), 5);
@@ -461,12 +517,185 @@ pub(crate) mod data_tests {
         assert!(paths.contains(&g2_path));
         assert!(paths.contains(&g3_path));
         assert!(paths.contains(&g4_path));
-        assert!(!paths.contains(&g5_path)); // Empty dir is ignored
+        assert!(!paths.contains(&g5_path)); // Empty folder is ignored
+        assert!(!paths.contains(&g6_path)); // Non-graph folder is ignored
 
         assert!(data
             .get_graph("shivam/investigations/2024-12-22/g2")
             .await
             .is_ok());
+
         assert!(data.get_graph("some/random/path").await.is_err());
     }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_drop_skips_write_when_graph_is_not_dirty() {
+        let tmp_work_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        // Create two graphs and save them to disk
+        let graph1 = Graph::new();
+        graph1
+            .add_edge(0, 1, 2, [("name", "test_e1")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        graph1
+            .add_edge(0, 1, 3, [("name", "test_e2")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let graph2 = Graph::new();
+        graph2
+            .add_edge(0, 2, 3, [("name", "test_e3")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        graph2
+            .add_edge(0, 2, 4, [("name", "test_e4")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let graph1_path = tmp_work_dir.path().join("test_graph1");
+        let graph2_path = tmp_work_dir.path().join("test_graph2");
+        graph1.encode(&graph1_path).unwrap();
+        graph2.encode(&graph2_path).unwrap();
+
+        // Record modification times before any operations
+        let graph1_metadata = fs::metadata(&graph1_path).unwrap();
+        let graph2_metadata = fs::metadata(&graph2_path).unwrap();
+        let graph1_original_time = graph1_metadata.modified().unwrap();
+        let graph2_original_time = graph2_metadata.modified().unwrap();
+
+        let configs = AppConfigBuilder::new()
+            .with_cache_capacity(10)
+            .with_cache_tti_seconds(300)
+            .build();
+
+        let data = Data::new(tmp_work_dir.path(), &configs);
+
+        let loaded_graph1 = data.get_graph("test_graph1").await.unwrap();
+        let loaded_graph2 = data.get_graph("test_graph2").await.unwrap();
+
+        // TODO: This test doesn't work with disk storage right now, make sure modification dates actually update correctly!
+        if loaded_graph1.graph.disk_storage_path().is_some() {
+            assert!(
+                !loaded_graph1.is_dirty(),
+                "Graph1 should not be dirty when loaded from disk"
+            );
+            assert!(
+                !loaded_graph2.is_dirty(),
+                "Graph2 should not be dirty when loaded from disk"
+            );
+
+            // Modify only graph1 to make it dirty
+            loaded_graph1.set_dirty(true);
+            assert!(
+                loaded_graph1.is_dirty(),
+                "Graph1 should be dirty after modification"
+            );
+
+            // Drop the Data instance - this should trigger serialization
+            drop(data);
+
+            // Check modification times after drop
+            let graph1_metadata_after = fs::metadata(&graph1_path).unwrap();
+            let graph2_metadata_after = fs::metadata(&graph2_path).unwrap();
+            let graph1_modified_time = graph1_metadata_after.modified().unwrap();
+            let graph2_modified_time = graph2_metadata_after.modified().unwrap();
+
+            // Graph1 (dirty) modification time should be different
+            assert_ne!(
+                graph1_original_time, graph1_modified_time,
+                "Graph1 (dirty) should have been written to disk on drop"
+            );
+
+            // Graph2 (not dirty) modification time should be the same
+            assert_eq!(
+                graph2_original_time, graph2_modified_time,
+                "Graph2 (not dirty) should not have been written to disk on drop"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_eviction_skips_write_when_graph_is_not_dirty() {
+        let tmp_work_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        // Create two graphs and save them to disk
+        let graph1 = Graph::new();
+        graph1
+            .add_edge(0, 1, 2, [("name", "test_e1")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        graph1
+            .add_edge(0, 1, 3, [("name", "test_e2")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let graph2 = Graph::new();
+        graph2
+            .add_edge(0, 2, 3, [("name", "test_e3")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        graph2
+            .add_edge(0, 2, 4, [("name", "test_e4")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let graph1_path = tmp_work_dir.path().join("test_graph1");
+        let graph2_path = tmp_work_dir.path().join("test_graph2");
+        graph1.encode(&graph1_path).unwrap();
+        graph2.encode(&graph2_path).unwrap();
+
+        // Record modification times before any operations
+        let graph1_metadata = fs::metadata(&graph1_path).unwrap();
+        let graph2_metadata = fs::metadata(&graph2_path).unwrap();
+        let graph1_original_time = graph1_metadata.modified().unwrap();
+        let graph2_original_time = graph2_metadata.modified().unwrap();
+
+        // Create cache with time to idle 3 seconds to force eviction
+        let configs = AppConfigBuilder::new()
+            .with_cache_capacity(10)
+            .with_cache_tti_seconds(3)
+            .build();
+
+        let data = Data::new(tmp_work_dir.path(), &configs);
+
+        // Load first graph
+        let loaded_graph1 = data.get_graph("test_graph1").await.unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            !loaded_graph1.is_dirty(),
+            "Graph1 should not be dirty when loaded from disk"
+        );
+
+        // Modify graph1 to make it dirty
+        loaded_graph1.set_dirty(true);
+        assert!(
+            loaded_graph1.is_dirty(),
+            "Graph1 should be dirty after modification"
+        );
+
+        // Load second graph
+        println!("Loading second graph");
+        let loaded_graph2 = data.get_graph("test_graph2").await.unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            !loaded_graph2.is_dirty(),
+            "Graph2 should not be dirty when loaded from disk"
+        );
+
+        // Sleep to trigger eviction
+        sleep(Duration::from_secs(3)).await;
+        data.cache.run_pending_tasks().await;
+
+        // TODO: This test doesn't work with disk storage right now, make sure modification dates actually update correctly!
+        if loaded_graph1.graph.disk_storage_path().is_some() {
+            // Check modification times after eviction
+            let graph1_metadata_after = fs::metadata(&graph1_path).unwrap();
+            let graph2_metadata_after = fs::metadata(&graph2_path).unwrap();
+            let graph1_modified_time = graph1_metadata_after.modified().unwrap();
+            let graph2_modified_time = graph2_metadata_after.modified().unwrap();
+
+            // Graph1 (dirty) modification time should be different
+            assert_ne!(
+                graph1_original_time, graph1_modified_time,
+                "Graph1 (dirty) should have been written to disk on eviction"
+            );
+
+            // Graph2 (not dirty) modification time should be the same
+            assert_eq!(
+                graph2_original_time, graph2_modified_time,
+                "Graph2 (not dirty) should not have been written to disk on eviction"
+            );
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/graph.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/graph.rs
index 50a3468e60..5c039908ae 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/graph.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::paths::ExistingGraphFolder;
-use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
+use crate::paths::{ExistingGraphFolder, ValidGraphPaths};
 use raphtory::{
     core::entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef,
     db::{
@@ -12,38 +11,52 @@ use raphtory::{
         graph::{edge::EdgeView, node::NodeView},
     },
     errors::{GraphError, GraphResult},
-    prelude::{CacheOps, EdgeViewOps, IndexMutationOps},
-    serialise::GraphFolder,
-    storage::core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
+    prelude::EdgeViewOps,
     vectors::{cache::VectorCache, vectorised_graph::VectorisedGraph},
 };
 use raphtory_storage::{
-    core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::graph::GraphStorage, layer_ops::InheritLayerOps,
-    mutation::InheritMutationOps,
+    core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, layer_ops::InheritLayerOps, mutation::InheritMutationOps,
 };
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+    Arc,
+};
+use tracing::info;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use {raphtory::prelude::IntoGraph, raphtory_storage::disk::DiskGraphStorage};
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
+use raphtory::prelude::IndexMutationOps;
+use raphtory::serialise::{GraphPaths, StableDecode};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct GraphWithVectors {
     pub graph: MaterializedGraph,
     pub vectors: Option<VectorisedGraph<MaterializedGraph>>,
-    pub(crate) folder: OnceCell<GraphFolder>,
+    pub(crate) folder: ExistingGraphFolder,
+    pub(crate) is_dirty: Arc<AtomicBool>,
 }
 
 impl GraphWithVectors {
     pub(crate) fn new(
         graph: MaterializedGraph,
         vectors: Option<VectorisedGraph<MaterializedGraph>>,
+        folder: ExistingGraphFolder,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             graph,
             vectors,
-            folder: Default::default(),
+            folder,
+            is_dirty: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn set_dirty(&self, is_dirty: bool) {
+        self.is_dirty.store(is_dirty, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_dirty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_dirty.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+
     /// Generates and stores embeddings for a batch of nodes.
     pub(crate) async fn update_node_embeddings<T: AsNodeRef>(
         &self,
@@ -68,55 +81,37 @@ impl GraphWithVectors {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn write_updates(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        match self.graph.core_graph() {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(_) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(_) => self.graph.write_updates(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(_) => Ok(()),
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn read_from_folder(
         folder: &ExistingGraphFolder,
         cache: Option<VectorCache>,
         create_index: bool,
     ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let graph_path = &folder.get_graph_path();
-        let graph = if graph_path.is_dir() {
-            get_disk_graph_from_path(folder)?
+        let graph_folder = folder.graph_folder();
+        let graph = if graph_folder.read_metadata()?.is_diskgraph {
+            MaterializedGraph::load_from_path(graph_folder)?
         } else {
-            MaterializedGraph::load_cached(folder.clone())?
+            MaterializedGraph::decode(graph_folder)?
         };
         let vectors = cache.and_then(|cache| {
-            VectorisedGraph::read_from_path(&folder.get_vectors_path(), graph.clone(), cache).ok()
+            VectorisedGraph::read_from_path(&folder.vectors_path().ok()?, graph.clone(), cache).ok()
         });
-        println!("Graph loaded = {}", folder.get_original_path_str());
+
+        info!("Graph loaded = {}", folder.local_path());
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
         if create_index {
             graph.create_index()?;
-            graph.write_updates()?;
         }
+
         Ok(Self {
             graph: graph.clone(),
             vectors,
-            folder: OnceCell::with_value(folder.clone().into()),
+            folder: folder.clone().into(),
+            is_dirty: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
         })
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-fn get_disk_graph_from_path(path: &ExistingGraphFolder) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
-    let disk_graph = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(&path.get_graph_path())
-        .map_err(|e| GraphError::LoadFailure(e.to_string()))?;
-    let graph: MaterializedGraph = disk_graph.into_graph().into(); // TODO: We currently have no way to identify disk graphs as MaterializedGraphs
-    println!("Disk Graph loaded = {}", path.get_original_path().display());
-    Ok(graph)
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
-fn get_disk_graph_from_path(path: &ExistingGraphFolder) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
-    Err(GraphError::GraphNotFound(path.to_error_path()))
-}
-
 impl Base for GraphWithVectors {
     type Base = MaterializedGraph;
     #[inline]
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/lib.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/lib.rs
index 55c99df880..db5a3bf972 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/lib.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 pub use crate::server::GraphServer;
+use crate::{data::InsertionError, paths::PathValidationError};
+use raphtory::errors::GraphError;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 mod auth;
 pub mod data;
 mod embeddings;
@@ -15,15 +19,29 @@ pub mod config;
 pub mod python;
 pub mod rayon;
 
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum GQLError {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    GraphError(#[from] GraphError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Validation(#[from] PathValidationError),
+    #[error("Insertion failed for Graph {graph}: {error}")]
+    Insertion {
+        graph: String,
+        error: InsertionError,
+    },
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Arc(#[from] Arc<Self>),
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod graphql_test {
     use crate::{
-        config::app_config::{AppConfig, AppConfigBuilder},
+        config::app_config::AppConfig,
         data::{data_tests::save_graphs_to_work_dir, Data},
         model::App,
-        url_encode::{url_decode_graph, url_encode_graph},
+        url_encode::{url_decode_graph_at, url_encode_graph},
     };
-    use arrow_array::types::UInt8Type;
     use async_graphql::UploadValue;
     use dynamic_graphql::{Request, Variables};
     use raphtory::{
@@ -42,6 +60,31 @@ mod graphql_test {
     };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+    use crate::config::app_config::AppConfigBuilder;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_copy_graph() {
+        let graph = Graph::new();
+        graph.add_node(1, "test", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        let namespace = tmp_dir.path().join("test");
+        fs::create_dir(&namespace).unwrap();
+        graph.encode(namespace.join("g3")).unwrap();
+        let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
+        let query = r#"mutation {
+            copyGraph(
+                path: "test/g3",
+                newPath: "test/g4",
+            )
+        }"#;
+
+        let req = Request::new(query);
+        let res = schema.execute(req).await;
+        assert_eq!(res.errors, []);
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     async fn test_search_nodes_gql() {
@@ -99,10 +142,9 @@ mod graphql_test {
 
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("master".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let config = AppConfigBuilder::new().with_create_index(true).build();
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &config);
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
 
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
 
@@ -199,9 +241,8 @@ mod graphql_test {
         let graph: MaterializedGraph = graph.into();
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("lotr".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
 
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
 
@@ -310,9 +351,9 @@ mod graphql_test {
 
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("graph".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
+
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
         let prop_has_key_filter = r#"
         {
@@ -402,20 +443,15 @@ mod graphql_test {
     async fn query_nodefilter() {
         let graph = Graph::new();
         graph
-            .add_node(
-                0,
-                1,
-                [("pgraph", Prop::from_arr::<UInt8Type>(vec![3u8]))],
-                None,
-            )
+            .add_node(0, 1, [("pgraph", Prop::I32(0))], None)
             .unwrap();
         let graph: MaterializedGraph = graph.into();
 
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("graph".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
+
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
         let prop_has_key_filter = r#"
         {
@@ -454,6 +490,7 @@ mod graphql_test {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_unique_temporal_properties() {
+        // TODO: this doesn't test anything?
         let g = Graph::new();
         g.add_metadata([("name", "graph")]).unwrap();
         g.add_properties(1, [("state", "abc")]).unwrap();
@@ -478,7 +515,8 @@ mod graphql_test {
         let graph: MaterializedGraph = g.into();
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("graph".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
+        let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
 
         let expected = json!({
             "graph": {
@@ -629,9 +667,9 @@ mod graphql_test {
         let g = g.into();
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("graph".to_string(), g)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
+
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
 
         let prop_has_key_filter = r#"
@@ -867,20 +905,15 @@ mod graphql_test {
     async fn query_properties() {
         let graph = Graph::new();
         graph
-            .add_node(
-                0,
-                1,
-                [("pgraph", Prop::from_arr::<UInt8Type>(vec![3u8]))],
-                None,
-            )
+            .add_node(0, 1, [("pgraph", Prop::I32(0))], None)
             .unwrap();
 
         let graph = graph.into();
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("graph".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
+
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
         let prop_has_key_filter = r#"
         {
@@ -963,7 +996,7 @@ mod graphql_test {
 
         let req = Request::new(list_nodes);
         let res = schema.execute(req).await;
-        assert_eq!(res.errors.len(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(res.errors, []);
         let res_json = res.data.into_json().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             res_json,
@@ -992,7 +1025,7 @@ mod graphql_test {
         ));
 
         let res = schema.execute(req).await;
-        assert_eq!(res.errors.len(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(res.errors, []);
         let res_json = res.data.into_json().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(res_json, json!({"sendGraph": "test"}));
 
@@ -1028,7 +1061,10 @@ mod graphql_test {
         assert_eq!(res.errors.len(), 0);
         let res_json = res.data.into_json().unwrap();
         let graph_encoded = res_json.get("receiveGraph").unwrap().as_str().unwrap();
-        let graph_roundtrip = url_decode_graph(graph_encoded).unwrap().into_dynamic();
+        let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let graph_roundtrip = url_decode_graph_at(graph_encoded, temp_dir.path())
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_dynamic();
         assert_eq!(g, graph_roundtrip);
     }
 
@@ -1053,9 +1089,9 @@ mod graphql_test {
         let graph = graph.into();
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("graph".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
+
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
 
         let req = r#"
@@ -1194,9 +1230,8 @@ mod graphql_test {
             ("graph6".to_string(), graph6.into()),
         ]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
 
         let req = r#"
@@ -1394,82 +1429,6 @@ mod graphql_test {
         );
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_disk_graph() {
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph.add_metadata([("name", "graph")]).unwrap();
-        graph.add_node(1, 1, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_node(1, 2, NO_PROPS, Some("b")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_node(1, 3, NO_PROPS, Some("b")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_node(1, 4, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_node(1, 5, NO_PROPS, Some("c")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_node(1, 6, NO_PROPS, Some("e")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(22, 1, 2, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(22, 3, 2, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(22, 2, 4, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(22, 4, 5, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(22, 4, 5, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(22, 5, 6, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(22, 3, 6, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-
-        let tmp_work_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let tmp_work_dir = tmp_work_dir.path();
-
-        let disk_graph_path = tmp_work_dir.join("graph");
-        fs::create_dir(&disk_graph_path).unwrap();
-        fs::File::create(disk_graph_path.join(".raph")).unwrap();
-        let _ = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&graph, disk_graph_path.join("graph")).unwrap();
-
-        let data = Data::new(&tmp_work_dir, &AppConfig::default());
-        let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
-
-        let req = r#"
-        {
-          graph(path: "graph") {
-            nodes {
-              list {
-                name
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        "#;
-
-        let req = Request::new(req);
-        let res = schema.execute(req).await;
-        let data = res.data.into_json().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            data,
-            json!({
-                "graph": {
-                  "nodes": {
-                      "list": [
-                        {
-                          "name": "1"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "2"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "3"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "4"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "5"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "6"
-                        }
-                      ]
-                  }
-                }
-            }),
-        );
-    }
-
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_query_namespace() {
         let graph = Graph::new();
@@ -1491,9 +1450,8 @@ mod graphql_test {
         let graph = graph.into();
         let graphs = HashMap::from([("graph".to_string(), graph)]);
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_graphs_to_work_dir(tmp_dir.path(), &graphs).unwrap();
-
         let data = Data::new(tmp_dir.path(), &AppConfig::default());
+        save_graphs_to_work_dir(&data, &graphs).await.unwrap();
         let schema = App::create_schema().data(data).finish().unwrap();
 
         let req = r#"
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/filtering.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/filtering.rs
index ca2b3693e1..ae25199894 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/filtering.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/filtering.rs
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ fn build_property_filter(
 
     let prop_value = match (&prop, operator) {
         (Some(Prop::List(list)), Operator::IsIn | Operator::IsNotIn) => {
-            PropertyFilterValue::Set(Arc::new(list.iter().cloned().collect()))
+            PropertyFilterValue::Set(Arc::new(list.iter().collect()))
         }
         (Some(p), _) => PropertyFilterValue::Single(p.clone()),
         (None, _) => PropertyFilterValue::None,
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/graph.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/graph.rs
index 3bbf3f3a82..f0282f7097 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/graph.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ use crate::{
     },
     paths::ExistingGraphFolder,
     rayon::blocking_compute,
+    GQLError,
 };
 use async_graphql::Context;
-use dynamic_graphql::{ResolvedObject, ResolvedObjectFields};
+use dynamic_graphql::{ResolvedObject, ResolvedObjectFields, Result};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use raphtory::{
     core::{
@@ -29,10 +30,7 @@ use raphtory::{
     db::{
         api::{
             properties::dyn_props::DynProperties,
-            view::{
-                DynamicGraph, IntoDynamic, NodeViewOps, SearchableGraphOps, StaticGraphViewOps,
-                TimeOps,
-            },
+            view::{DynamicGraph, IntoDynamic, NodeViewOps, StaticGraphViewOps, TimeOps},
         },
         graph::{
             node::NodeView,
@@ -41,15 +39,21 @@ use raphtory::{
             },
         },
     },
-    errors::{GraphError, InvalidPathReason},
+    errors::GraphError,
     prelude::*,
 };
 use std::{
     collections::HashSet,
     convert::{Into, TryInto},
-    sync::Arc,
 };
 
+use crate::{
+    graph::GraphWithVectors,
+    paths::{PathValidationError, ValidGraphPaths},
+};
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
+use raphtory::db::api::view::SearchableGraphOps;
+
 #[derive(ResolvedObject, Clone)]
 #[graphql(name = "Graph")]
 pub(crate) struct GqlGraph {
@@ -57,6 +61,12 @@ pub(crate) struct GqlGraph {
     graph: DynamicGraph,
 }
 
+impl From<GraphWithVectors> for GqlGraph {
+    fn from(value: GraphWithVectors) -> Self {
+        GqlGraph::new(value.folder, value.graph)
+    }
+}
+
 impl GqlGraph {
     pub fn new<G: StaticGraphViewOps + IntoDynamic>(path: ExistingGraphFolder, graph: G) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -246,18 +256,18 @@ impl GqlGraph {
     ////////////////////////
 
     /// Returns the timestamp for the creation of the graph.
-    async fn created(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        self.path.created_async().await
+    async fn created(&self) -> Result<i64> {
+        Ok(self.path.created_async().await?)
     }
 
     /// Returns the graph's last opened timestamp according to system time.
-    async fn last_opened(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        self.path.last_opened_async().await
+    async fn last_opened(&self) -> Result<i64> {
+        Ok(self.path.last_opened_async().await?)
     }
 
     /// Returns the graph's last updated timestamp.
-    async fn last_updated(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        self.path.last_updated_async().await
+    async fn last_updated(&self) -> Result<i64> {
+        Ok(self.path.last_updated_async().await?)
     }
 
     /// Returns the timestamp of the earliest activity in the graph.
@@ -415,33 +425,22 @@ impl GqlGraph {
     //if someone write non-utf characters as a filename
 
     /// Returns the graph name.
-    async fn name(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+    async fn name(&self) -> Result<String, PathValidationError> {
         self.path.get_graph_name()
     }
 
     /// Returns path of graph.
-    async fn path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
-        Ok(self
-            .path
-            .get_original_path()
-            .to_str()
-            .ok_or(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable(
-                self.path.to_error_path(),
-            ))?
-            .to_owned())
+    async fn path(&self) -> String {
+        self.path.local_path().into()
     }
 
     /// Returns namespace of graph.
-    async fn namespace(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
-        Ok(self
-            .path
-            .get_original_path()
-            .parent()
-            .and_then(|p| p.to_str().map(|s| s.to_string()))
-            .ok_or(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable(
-                self.path.to_error_path(),
-            ))?
-            .to_owned())
+    async fn namespace(&self) -> String {
+        self.path
+            .local_path()
+            .rsplit_once("/")
+            .map_or("", |(prefix, _)| prefix)
+            .to_string()
     }
 
     /// Returns the graph schema.
@@ -486,18 +485,13 @@ impl GqlGraph {
     }
 
     /// Export all nodes and edges from this graph view to another existing graph
-    async fn export_to<'a>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &Context<'a>,
-        path: String,
-    ) -> Result<bool, Arc<GraphError>> {
+    async fn export_to<'a>(&self, ctx: &Context<'a>, path: String) -> Result<bool, GQLError> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let other_g = data.get_graph(path.as_ref()).await?.0;
+        let other_g = data.get_graph(path.as_ref()).await?.graph;
         let g = self.graph.clone();
         blocking_compute(move || {
             other_g.import_nodes(g.nodes(), true)?;
             other_g.import_edges(g.edges(), true)?;
-            other_g.write_updates()?;
             Ok(true)
         })
         .await
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/meta_graph.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/meta_graph.rs
index 72316bf2b2..577c941dab 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/meta_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/meta_graph.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
-use crate::{model::graph::property::GqlProperty, paths::ExistingGraphFolder};
-use dynamic_graphql::{ResolvedObject, ResolvedObjectFields};
-use raphtory::{errors::GraphError, serialise::metadata::GraphMetadata};
+use crate::{
+    data::Data,
+    model::graph::property::GqlProperty,
+    paths::{ExistingGraphFolder, ValidGraphPaths},
+};
+use async_graphql::Context;
+use dynamic_graphql::{ResolvedObject, ResolvedObjectFields, Result};
+use raphtory::{
+    db::api::storage::storage::{Extension, PersistentStrategy},
+    prelude::{GraphViewOps, PropertiesOps},
+    serialise::{metadata::GraphMetadata, parquet::decode_graph_metadata},
+};
 use std::{cmp::Ordering, sync::Arc};
 use tokio::sync::OnceCell;
 
@@ -39,10 +48,11 @@ impl MetaGraph {
         }
     }
 
-    async fn meta(&self) -> Result<&GraphMetadata, GraphError> {
-        self.meta
+    async fn meta(&self) -> Result<&GraphMetadata> {
+        Ok(self
+            .meta
             .get_or_try_init(|| self.folder.read_metadata_async())
-            .await
+            .await?)
     }
 }
 
@@ -56,26 +66,26 @@ impl MetaGraph {
 
     /// Returns path of graph.
     async fn path(&self) -> String {
-        self.folder.get_original_path_str().to_owned()
+        self.folder.local_path().into()
     }
 
     /// Returns the timestamp for the creation of the graph.
-    async fn created(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        self.folder.created_async().await
+    async fn created(&self) -> Result<i64> {
+        Ok(self.folder.created_async().await?)
     }
 
     /// Returns the graph's last opened timestamp according to system time.
-    async fn last_opened(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        self.folder.last_opened_async().await
+    async fn last_opened(&self) -> Result<i64> {
+        Ok(self.folder.last_opened_async().await?)
     }
 
     /// Returns the graph's last updated timestamp.
-    async fn last_updated(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        self.folder.last_updated_async().await
+    async fn last_updated(&self) -> Result<i64> {
+        Ok(self.folder.last_updated_async().await?)
     }
 
     /// Returns the number of nodes in the graph.
-    async fn node_count(&self) -> Result<usize, GraphError> {
+    async fn node_count(&self) -> Result<usize> {
         Ok(self.meta().await?.node_count)
     }
 
@@ -83,18 +93,31 @@ impl MetaGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     int:
-    async fn edge_count(&self) -> Result<usize, GraphError> {
+    async fn edge_count(&self) -> Result<usize> {
         Ok(self.meta().await?.edge_count)
     }
 
     /// Returns the metadata of the graph.
-    async fn metadata(&self) -> Result<Vec<GqlProperty>, GraphError> {
-        Ok(self
-            .meta()
-            .await?
-            .metadata
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(key, prop)| GqlProperty::new(key.to_string(), prop.clone()))
-            .collect())
+    async fn metadata(&self, ctx: &Context<'_>) -> Result<Vec<GqlProperty>> {
+        let data: &Data = ctx.data_unchecked();
+        let maybe_cached = if Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            let graph = data.get_graph(self.folder.local_path()).await?;
+            Some(graph)
+        } else {
+            data.get_cached_graph(self.folder.local_path()).await
+        };
+        let res = match maybe_cached {
+            None => decode_graph_metadata(self.folder.graph_folder())?
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(|(key, value)| value.map(|prop| GqlProperty::new(key, prop)))
+                .collect(),
+            Some(graph) => graph
+                .graph
+                .metadata()
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|(key, value)| value.map(|prop| GqlProperty::new(key.into(), prop)))
+                .collect(),
+        };
+        Ok(res)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mod.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mod.rs
index 95b6802854..5e49aaba70 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub(crate) mod index;
 pub(crate) mod meta_graph;
 pub(crate) mod mutable_graph;
 pub(crate) mod namespace;
-mod namespaced_item;
+pub(crate) mod namespaced_item;
 pub(crate) mod node;
 mod nodes;
 mod path_from_node;
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mutable_graph.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mutable_graph.rs
index 627fec1170..f29417d669 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mutable_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/mutable_graph.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     graph::{GraphWithVectors, UpdateEmbeddings},
     model::graph::{edge::GqlEdge, graph::GqlGraph, node::GqlNode, property::Value},
-    paths::ExistingGraphFolder,
     rayon::blocking_write,
 };
 use dynamic_graphql::{InputObject, ResolvedObject, ResolvedObjectFields};
@@ -113,22 +112,18 @@ pub struct EdgeAddition {
 #[derive(ResolvedObject, Clone)]
 #[graphql(name = "MutableGraph")]
 pub struct GqlMutableGraph {
-    path: ExistingGraphFolder,
     graph: GraphWithVectors,
 }
 
-impl GqlMutableGraph {
-    pub(crate) fn new(path: ExistingGraphFolder, graph: GraphWithVectors) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            path: path.into(),
-            graph,
-        }
+impl From<GraphWithVectors> for GqlMutableGraph {
+    fn from(graph: GraphWithVectors) -> Self {
+        Self { graph }
     }
 }
 
 fn as_properties(
     properties: Vec<GqlPropertyInput>,
-) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = (String, Prop)>, GraphError> {
+) -> Result<impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = (String, Prop)>, GraphError> {
     let props: Result<Vec<(String, Prop)>, GraphError> = properties
         .into_iter()
         .map(|p| {
@@ -144,12 +139,12 @@ fn as_properties(
 impl GqlMutableGraph {
     /// Get the non-mutable graph.
     async fn graph(&self) -> GqlGraph {
-        GqlGraph::new(self.path.clone(), self.graph.graph.clone())
+        GqlGraph::new(self.graph.folder.clone(), self.graph.graph.clone())
     }
 
     /// Get mutable existing node.
     async fn node(&self, name: String) -> Option<GqlMutableNode> {
-        self.graph.node(name).map(|n| n.into())
+        self.graph.node(name).map(|n| GqlMutableNode::new(n))
     }
 
     /// Add a new node or add updates to an existing node.
@@ -166,12 +161,15 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
             let node = self_clone
                 .graph
                 .add_node(time, &name, prop_iter, node_type.as_str())?;
-            self_clone.graph.write_updates()?;
+
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(node)
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = node.update_embeddings().await;
-        Ok(node.into())
+
+        Ok(GqlMutableNode::new(node))
     }
 
     /// Create a new node or fail if it already exists.
@@ -188,12 +186,15 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
             let node = self_clone
                 .graph
                 .create_node(time, &name, prop_iter, node_type.as_str())?;
-            self_clone.graph.write_updates()?;
+
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(node)
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = node.update_embeddings().await;
-        Ok(node.into())
+
+        Ok(GqlMutableNode::new(node))
     }
 
     /// Add a batch of nodes
@@ -224,10 +225,13 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
                     self_clone.get_node_view(name)
                 })
                 .collect();
-            let write_res = self_clone.graph.write_updates();
-            split_failures(nodes, write_res)
+
+            split_failures(nodes, Ok(()))
         })
         .await;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
+
         // Generate embeddings
         let _ = self.graph.update_node_embeddings(succeeded).await;
         if let Some(failures) = batch_failures {
@@ -239,7 +243,7 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
 
     /// Get a mutable existing edge.
     async fn edge(&self, src: String, dst: String) -> Option<GqlMutableEdge> {
-        self.graph.edge(src, dst).map(|e| e.into())
+        self.graph.edge(src, dst).map(|e| GqlMutableEdge::new(e))
     }
 
     /// Add a new edge or add updates to an existing edge.
@@ -257,12 +261,15 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
             let edge = self_clone
                 .graph
                 .add_edge(time, src, dst, prop_iter, layer.as_str())?;
-            self_clone.graph.write_updates()?;
+
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(edge)
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = edge.update_embeddings().await;
-        Ok(edge.into())
+
+        Ok(GqlMutableEdge::new(edge))
     }
 
     /// Add a batch of edges
@@ -292,12 +299,14 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
                     Ok((edge.src, edge.dst))
                 })
                 .collect();
-            let write_res = self_clone.graph.write_updates();
-            split_failures(edge_res, write_res)
+
+            split_failures(edge_res, Ok(()))
         })
         .await;
 
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = self.graph.update_edge_embeddings(edge_pairs).await;
+
         match failures {
             None => Ok(true),
             Some(failures) => Err(failures),
@@ -317,12 +326,15 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
             let edge = self_clone
                 .graph
                 .delete_edge(time, src, dst, layer.as_str())?;
-            self_clone.graph.write_updates()?;
+
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(edge)
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = edge.update_embeddings().await;
-        Ok(edge.into())
+
+        Ok(GqlMutableEdge::new(edge))
     }
 
     /// Add temporal properties to graph.
@@ -332,38 +344,46 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
         properties: Vec<GqlPropertyInput>,
     ) -> Result<bool, GraphError> {
         let self_clone = self.clone();
-        blocking_write(move || {
+        let result = blocking_write(move || {
             self_clone
                 .graph
                 .add_properties(t, as_properties(properties)?)?;
-            self_clone.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok(true)
         })
-        .await
+        .await;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
+
+        result
     }
 
     /// Add metadata to graph (errors if the property already exists).
     async fn add_metadata(&self, properties: Vec<GqlPropertyInput>) -> Result<bool, GraphError> {
         let self_clone = self.clone();
-        blocking_write(move || {
+        let result = blocking_write(move || {
             self_clone.graph.add_metadata(as_properties(properties)?)?;
-            self_clone.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok(true)
         })
-        .await
+        .await;
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
+
+        result
     }
 
     /// Update metadata of the graph (overwrites existing values).
     async fn update_metadata(&self, properties: Vec<GqlPropertyInput>) -> Result<bool, GraphError> {
         let self_clone = self.clone();
-        blocking_write(move || {
+        let result = blocking_write(move || {
             self_clone
                 .graph
                 .update_metadata(as_properties(properties)?)?;
-            self_clone.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok(true)
         })
-        .await
+        .await;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
+
+        result
     }
 }
 
@@ -386,6 +406,11 @@ impl GqlMutableGraph {
                 dst: GID::Str(dst),
             })
     }
+
+    /// Post mutation operations.
+    async fn post_mutation_ops(&self) {
+        self.graph.set_dirty(true);
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(ResolvedObject, Clone)]
@@ -394,8 +419,8 @@ pub struct GqlMutableNode {
     node: NodeView<'static, GraphWithVectors>,
 }
 
-impl From<NodeView<'static, GraphWithVectors>> for GqlMutableNode {
-    fn from(node: NodeView<'static, GraphWithVectors>) -> Self {
+impl GqlMutableNode {
+    pub fn new(node: NodeView<'static, GraphWithVectors>) -> Self {
         Self { node }
     }
 }
@@ -417,11 +442,12 @@ impl GqlMutableNode {
         let self_clone = self.clone();
         blocking_write(move || {
             self_clone.node.add_metadata(as_properties(properties)?)?;
-            self_clone.node.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
-        let _ = self.node.update_embeddings().await;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 
@@ -430,12 +456,12 @@ impl GqlMutableNode {
         let self_clone = self.clone();
         blocking_write(move || {
             self_clone.node.set_node_type(&new_type)?;
-
-            self_clone.node.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
-        let _ = self.node.update_embeddings().await;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 
@@ -447,11 +473,12 @@ impl GqlMutableNode {
                 .node
                 .update_metadata(as_properties(properties)?)?;
 
-            self_clone.node.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
-        let _ = self.node.update_embeddings().await;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 
@@ -466,23 +493,32 @@ impl GqlMutableNode {
             self_clone
                 .node
                 .add_updates(time, as_properties(properties.unwrap_or(vec![]))?)?;
-            self_clone.node.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = self.node.update_embeddings().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 }
 
+impl GqlMutableNode {
+    /// Post mutation operations.
+    async fn post_mutation_ops(&self) {
+        self.node.graph.set_dirty(true);
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(ResolvedObject, Clone)]
 #[graphql(name = "MutableEdge")]
 pub struct GqlMutableEdge {
     edge: EdgeView<GraphWithVectors>,
 }
 
-impl From<EdgeView<GraphWithVectors>> for GqlMutableEdge {
-    fn from(edge: EdgeView<GraphWithVectors>) -> Self {
+impl GqlMutableEdge {
+    pub fn new(edge: EdgeView<GraphWithVectors>) -> Self {
         Self { edge }
     }
 }
@@ -501,12 +537,12 @@ impl GqlMutableEdge {
 
     /// Get the mutable source node of the edge.
     async fn src(&self) -> GqlMutableNode {
-        self.edge.src().into()
+        GqlMutableNode::new(self.edge.src())
     }
 
     /// Get the mutable destination node of the edge.
     async fn dst(&self) -> GqlMutableNode {
-        self.edge.dst().into()
+        GqlMutableNode::new(self.edge.dst())
     }
 
     /// Mark the edge as deleted at time time.
@@ -514,12 +550,13 @@ impl GqlMutableEdge {
         let self_clone = self.clone();
         blocking_write(move || {
             self_clone.edge.delete(time, layer.as_str())?;
-
-            self_clone.edge.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = self.edge.update_embeddings().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 
@@ -538,11 +575,13 @@ impl GqlMutableEdge {
                 .edge
                 .add_metadata(as_properties(properties)?, layer.as_str())?;
 
-            self_clone.edge.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = self.edge.update_embeddings().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 
@@ -561,11 +600,13 @@ impl GqlMutableEdge {
                 .edge
                 .update_metadata(as_properties(properties)?, layer.as_str())?;
 
-            self_clone.edge.graph.write_updates()?;
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = self.edge.update_embeddings().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 
@@ -586,15 +627,25 @@ impl GqlMutableEdge {
                 as_properties(properties.unwrap_or(vec![]))?,
                 layer.as_str(),
             )?;
-            self_clone.edge.graph.write_updates()?;
+
             Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
         })
         .await?;
+
+        self.post_mutation_ops().await;
         let _ = self.edge.update_embeddings().await;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 }
 
+impl GqlMutableEdge {
+    /// Post mutation operations.
+    async fn post_mutation_ops(&self) {
+        self.edge.graph.set_dirty(true);
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -631,7 +682,7 @@ mod tests {
         graph.into()
     }
 
-    async fn create_mutable_graph() -> (GqlMutableGraph, tempfile::TempDir) {
+    async fn create_mutable_graph() -> (GqlMutableGraph, Data, tempfile::TempDir) {
         let graph = create_test_graph();
         let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
@@ -645,17 +696,21 @@ mod tests {
             individual_templates: HashMap::new(),
         });
 
-        data.insert_graph("test_graph", graph).await.unwrap();
+        let overwrite = false;
+        let folder = data
+            .validate_path_for_insert("test_graph", overwrite)
+            .unwrap();
+        data.insert_graph(folder.clone(), graph).await.unwrap();
 
-        let (graph_with_vectors, path) = data.get_graph("test_graph").await.unwrap();
-        let mutable_graph = GqlMutableGraph::new(path, graph_with_vectors);
+        let graph_with_vectors = data.get_graph("test_graph").await.unwrap();
+        let mutable_graph = GqlMutableGraph::from(graph_with_vectors);
 
-        (mutable_graph, tmp_dir)
+        (mutable_graph, data, tmp_dir)
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_add_nodes_empty_list() {
-        let (mutable_graph, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
+        let (mutable_graph, _data, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
 
         let nodes = vec![];
         let result = mutable_graph.add_nodes(nodes).await;
@@ -665,8 +720,9 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
+    #[ignore = "TODO: #2384"]
     async fn test_add_nodes_simple() {
-        let (mutable_graph, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
+        let (mutable_graph, _data, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
 
         let nodes = vec![
             NodeAddition {
@@ -694,6 +750,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         assert!(result.unwrap());
 
+        // TODO: #2380 (embeddings aren't working right now)
         let query = "node1".to_string();
         let embedding = &fake_embedding(vec![query]).await.unwrap().remove(0);
         let limit = 5;
@@ -708,8 +765,9 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
+    #[ignore = "TODO: #2384"]
     async fn test_add_nodes_with_properties() {
-        let (mutable_graph, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
+        let (mutable_graph, _data, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
 
         let nodes = vec![
             NodeAddition {
@@ -764,22 +822,24 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         assert!(result.unwrap());
 
-        let query = "complex_node_1".to_string();
-        let embedding = &fake_embedding(vec![query]).await.unwrap().remove(0);
-        let limit = 5;
-        let result = mutable_graph
-            .graph
-            .vectors
-            .unwrap()
-            .nodes_by_similarity(embedding, limit, None);
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert!(result.unwrap().get_documents().unwrap().len() == 3);
+        // TODO: #2380 (embeddings aren't working right now)
+        // let query = "complex_node_1".to_string();
+        // let embedding = &fake_embedding(vec![query]).await.unwrap().remove(0);
+        // let limit = 5;
+        // let result = mutable_graph
+        //     .graph
+        //     .vectors
+        //     .unwrap()
+        //     .nodes_by_similarity(embedding, limit, None);
+        //
+        // assert!(result.is_ok());
+        // assert!(result.unwrap().get_documents().unwrap().len() == 3);
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
+    #[ignore = "TODO: #2384"]
     async fn test_add_edges_simple() {
-        let (mutable_graph, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
+        let (mutable_graph, _data, _tmp_dir) = create_mutable_graph().await;
 
         // First add some nodes.
         let nodes = vec![
@@ -838,17 +898,18 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         assert!(result.unwrap());
 
+        // TODO: #2380 (embeddings aren't working right now)
         // Test that edge embeddings were generated.
-        let query = "node1 appeared with node2".to_string();
-        let embedding = &fake_embedding(vec![query]).await.unwrap().remove(0);
-        let limit = 5;
-        let result = mutable_graph
-            .graph
-            .vectors
-            .unwrap()
-            .edges_by_similarity(embedding, limit, None);
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert!(result.unwrap().get_documents().unwrap().len() == 2);
+        // let query = "node1 appeared with node2".to_string();
+        // let embedding = &fake_embedding(vec![query]).await.unwrap().remove(0);
+        // let limit = 5;
+        // let result = mutable_graph
+        //     .graph
+        //     .vectors
+        //     .unwrap()
+        //     .edges_by_similarity(embedding, limit, None);
+        //
+        // assert!(result.is_ok());
+        // assert!(result.unwrap().get_documents().unwrap().len() == 2);
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespace.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespace.rs
index b6001a2651..89f259d011 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespace.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespace.rs
@@ -3,73 +3,135 @@ use crate::{
     model::graph::{
         collection::GqlCollection, meta_graph::MetaGraph, namespaced_item::NamespacedItem,
     },
-    paths::{valid_path, ExistingGraphFolder},
+    paths::{ExistingGraphFolder, PathValidationError, ValidPath},
     rayon::blocking_compute,
 };
 use dynamic_graphql::{ResolvedObject, ResolvedObjectFields};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use raphtory::errors::InvalidPathReason;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
 #[derive(ResolvedObject, Clone, Ord, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
 pub(crate) struct Namespace {
-    base_dir: PathBuf,
-    current_dir: PathBuf,
+    current_dir: PathBuf,  // always validated
+    relative_path: String, // relative to the root working directory
+}
+
+pub struct NamespaceIter {
+    it: walkdir::IntoIter,
+    root: Namespace,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for NamespaceIter {
+    type Item = NamespacedItem;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            match self.it.next() {
+                None => return None,
+                Some(Ok(entry)) => {
+                    let path = entry.path();
+                    if path.is_dir() {
+                        match get_relative_path(&self.root.current_dir, path) {
+                            Ok(relative) => {
+                                match self.root.try_new_child(&relative) {
+                                    Ok(child) => {
+                                        match &child {
+                                            NamespacedItem::Namespace(_) => {}
+                                            NamespacedItem::MetaGraph(_) => {
+                                                self.it.skip_current_dir() // graphs should not be traversed further
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        return Some(child);
+                                    }
+                                    Err(_) => {
+                                        self.it.skip_current_dir() // not a valid path
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            Err(_) => {
+                                self.it.skip_current_dir() // not a valid path and shouldn't be traversed further}
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {} // skip errors
+            };
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Namespace {
-    pub fn new(base_dir: PathBuf, current_dir: PathBuf) -> Self {
+    pub fn root(root: PathBuf) -> Self {
         Self {
-            base_dir,
-            current_dir,
+            current_dir: root,
+            relative_path: "".to_owned(),
         }
     }
 
-    fn get_all_children(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = NamespacedItem> + use<'_> {
+    pub fn try_new(root: PathBuf, relative_path: String) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        let current_dir = ValidPath::try_new(root, relative_path.as_str())?;
+        Self::try_from_valid(current_dir, &relative_path)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a namespace from a valid path if it exists and is a namespace
+    pub fn try_from_valid(
+        current_dir: ValidPath,
+        relative_path: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        if current_dir.is_namespace() {
+            Ok(Self {
+                current_dir: current_dir.into_path(),
+                relative_path: relative_path.into(),
+            })
+        } else {
+            Err(PathValidationError::NamespaceDoesNotExist(
+                relative_path.into(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_new_child(&self, file_name: &str) -> Result<NamespacedItem, PathValidationError> {
+        let current_dir = ValidPath::try_new(self.current_dir.clone(), file_name)?;
+        let relative_path = if self.relative_path.is_empty() {
+            file_name.to_owned()
+        } else {
+            [&self.relative_path, file_name].join("/")
+        };
+        let child = if current_dir.is_namespace() {
+            NamespacedItem::Namespace(Self::try_from_valid(current_dir, relative_path)?)
+        } else {
+            NamespacedItem::MetaGraph(MetaGraph::new(ExistingGraphFolder::try_from_valid(
+                current_dir,
+                &relative_path,
+            )?))
+        };
+        Ok(child)
+    }
+
+    /// Non-recursively list children
+    pub fn get_children(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = NamespacedItem> + use<'_> {
         WalkDir::new(&self.current_dir)
+            .min_depth(1)
             .max_depth(1)
             .into_iter()
             .flatten()
             .filter_map(|entry| {
                 let path = entry.path();
-                let file_name = entry.file_name().to_str()?;
                 if path.is_dir() {
-                    if path != self.current_dir
-                        && valid_path(self.current_dir.clone(), file_name, true).is_ok()
-                    {
-                        Some(NamespacedItem::Namespace(Namespace::new(
-                            self.base_dir.clone(),
-                            path.to_path_buf(),
-                        )))
-                    } else {
-                        let base_path = self.base_dir.clone();
-                        let relative = get_relative_path(base_path.clone(), path, false).ok()?;
-                        let folder =
-                            ExistingGraphFolder::try_from(base_path.clone(), &relative).ok()?;
-                        Some(NamespacedItem::MetaGraph(MetaGraph::new(folder)))
-                    }
+                    let file_name = entry.file_name().to_str()?;
+                    self.try_new_child(file_name).ok()
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
             })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_all_namespaces(&self) -> Vec<Namespace> {
-        let base_path = self.base_dir.clone();
-        WalkDir::new(&self.current_dir)
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter_map(|e| {
-                let entry = e.ok()?;
-                let path = entry.path();
-                if path.is_dir() && get_relative_path(base_path.clone(), path, true).is_ok() {
-                    Some(Namespace::new(self.base_dir.clone(), path.to_path_buf()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .sorted()
-            .collect()
+    /// Recursively list all children
+    pub fn get_all_children(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = NamespacedItem> {
+        let it = WalkDir::new(&self.current_dir).into_iter();
+        let root = self.clone();
+        NamespaceIter { it, root }
     }
 }
 
@@ -80,7 +142,7 @@ impl Namespace {
         blocking_compute(move || {
             GqlCollection::new(
                 self_clone
-                    .get_all_children()
+                    .get_children()
                     .into_iter()
                     .filter_map(|g| match g {
                         NamespacedItem::MetaGraph(g) => Some(g),
@@ -92,16 +154,23 @@ impl Namespace {
         })
         .await
     }
-    async fn path(&self) -> Result<String, InvalidPathReason> {
-        get_relative_path(self.base_dir.clone(), self.current_dir.as_path(), true)
+    async fn path(&self) -> String {
+        self.relative_path.clone()
     }
 
     async fn parent(&self) -> Option<Namespace> {
-        let parent = self.current_dir.parent()?.to_path_buf();
-        if parent.starts_with(&self.base_dir) {
-            Some(Namespace::new(self.base_dir.clone(), parent))
-        } else {
+        if self.relative_path.is_empty() {
             None
+        } else {
+            let parent = self.current_dir.parent()?.to_path_buf();
+            let relative_path = self
+                .relative_path
+                .rsplit_once("/")
+                .map_or("", |(parent, _)| parent);
+            Some(Self {
+                current_dir: parent,
+                relative_path: relative_path.to_owned(),
+            })
         }
     }
 
@@ -110,7 +179,7 @@ impl Namespace {
         blocking_compute(move || {
             GqlCollection::new(
                 self_clone
-                    .get_all_children()
+                    .get_children()
                     .filter_map(|item| match item {
                         NamespacedItem::MetaGraph(_) => None,
                         NamespacedItem::Namespace(n) => Some(n),
@@ -126,9 +195,7 @@ impl Namespace {
     // Namespaces will be listed before graphs.
     async fn items(&self) -> GqlCollection<NamespacedItem> {
         let self_clone = self.clone();
-        blocking_compute(move || {
-            GqlCollection::new(self_clone.get_all_children().sorted().collect())
-        })
-        .await
+        blocking_compute(move || GqlCollection::new(self_clone.get_children().sorted().collect()))
+            .await
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespaced_item.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespaced_item.rs
index 1f8e87bb13..8d315eebf7 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespaced_item.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/namespaced_item.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use dynamic_graphql::Union;
 // This is useful for when fetching a collection of both for the purposes of displaying all such
 // items, paged.
 #[derive(Union, Clone, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
-pub(crate) enum NamespacedItem {
+pub enum NamespacedItem {
     /// Namespace.
     Namespace(Namespace),
     /// Metagraph.
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/property.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/property.rs
index 142eb038eb..76afdd3af7 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/property.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/graph/property.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn prop_to_gql(prop: &Prop) -> GqlValue {
             .map(|number| GqlValue::Number(number))
             .unwrap_or(GqlValue::Null),
         Prop::Bool(b) => GqlValue::Boolean(*b),
-        Prop::List(l) => GqlValue::List(l.iter().map(|pp| prop_to_gql(pp)).collect()),
+        Prop::List(l) => GqlValue::List(l.iter().map(|pp| prop_to_gql(&pp)).collect()),
         Prop::Map(m) => GqlValue::Object(
             m.iter()
                 .map(|(k, v)| (Name::new(k.to_string()), prop_to_gql(v)))
@@ -173,7 +173,6 @@ fn prop_to_gql(prop: &Prop) -> GqlValue {
         ),
         Prop::DTime(t) => GqlValue::Number(t.timestamp_millis().into()),
         Prop::NDTime(t) => GqlValue::Number(t.and_utc().timestamp_millis().into()),
-        Prop::Array(a) => GqlValue::List(a.iter_prop().map(|p| prop_to_gql(&p)).collect()),
         Prop::Decimal(d) => GqlValue::String(d.to_string()),
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/mod.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/mod.rs
index eadf0ec654..95548913e0 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/mod.rs
@@ -1,39 +1,40 @@
 use crate::{
     auth::ContextValidation,
-    data::Data,
+    data::{Data, DeletionError},
     model::{
         graph::{
             collection::GqlCollection, graph::GqlGraph, index::IndexSpecInput,
-            mutable_graph::GqlMutableGraph, namespace::Namespace,
+            mutable_graph::GqlMutableGraph, namespace::Namespace, namespaced_item::NamespacedItem,
             vectorised_graph::GqlVectorisedGraph,
         },
         plugins::{mutation_plugin::MutationPlugin, query_plugin::QueryPlugin},
     },
-    paths::valid_path,
+    paths::{ValidGraphPaths, ValidWriteableGraphFolder},
     rayon::blocking_compute,
-    url_encode::{url_decode_graph, url_encode_graph},
+    url_encode::{url_decode_graph_at, url_encode_graph},
 };
 use async_graphql::Context;
 use dynamic_graphql::{
     App, Enum, Mutation, MutationFields, MutationRoot, ResolvedObject, ResolvedObjectFields,
     Result, Upload,
 };
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use raphtory::{
-    db::{api::view::MaterializedGraph, graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph},
-    errors::{GraphError, InvalidPathReason},
+    db::{
+        api::{
+            storage::storage::{Extension, PersistentStrategy},
+            view::MaterializedGraph,
+        },
+        graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph,
+    },
+    errors::GraphError,
     prelude::*,
-    serialise::InternalStableDecode,
     version,
 };
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, graph::graph::GraphStorage};
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     fmt::{Display, Formatter},
-    io::Read,
-    sync::Arc,
 };
-use zip::ZipArchive;
 
 pub(crate) mod graph;
 pub mod plugins;
@@ -97,11 +98,9 @@ impl QueryRoot {
     /// Returns a graph
     async fn graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: &str) -> Result<GqlGraph> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        Ok(data
-            .get_graph(path)
-            .await
-            .map(|(g, folder)| GqlGraph::new(folder, g.graph))?)
+        Ok(data.get_graph(path).await?.into())
     }
+
     /// Update graph query, has side effects to update graph state
     ///
     /// Returns:: GqlMutableGraph
@@ -109,10 +108,8 @@ impl QueryRoot {
         ctx.require_write_access()?;
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
 
-        let graph = data
-            .get_graph(path.as_ref())
-            .await
-            .map(|(g, folder)| GqlMutableGraph::new(folder, g))?;
+        let graph = data.get_graph(path.as_ref()).await?.into();
+
         Ok(graph)
     }
 
@@ -121,52 +118,57 @@ impl QueryRoot {
     /// Returns:: GqlVectorisedGraph
     async fn vectorised_graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: &str) -> Option<GqlVectorisedGraph> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let g = data.get_graph(path).await.ok()?.0.vectors?;
+        let g = data.get_graph(path).await.ok()?.vectors?;
         Some(g.into())
     }
+
     /// Returns all namespaces using recursive search
     ///
     /// Returns::  List of namespaces on root
     async fn namespaces<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>) -> GqlCollection<Namespace> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let root = Namespace::new(data.work_dir.clone(), data.work_dir.clone());
-        GqlCollection::new(root.get_all_namespaces().into())
+        let root = Namespace::root(data.work_dir.clone());
+        let list = blocking_compute(move || {
+            root.get_all_children()
+                .filter_map(|child| match child {
+                    NamespacedItem::Namespace(item) => Some(item),
+                    NamespacedItem::MetaGraph(_) => None,
+                })
+                .sorted()
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .await;
+        GqlCollection::new(list)
     }
 
     /// Returns a specific namespace at a given path
     ///
     /// Returns:: Namespace or error if no namespace found
-    async fn namespace<'a>(
-        ctx: &Context<'a>,
-        path: String,
-    ) -> Result<Namespace, InvalidPathReason> {
+    async fn namespace<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: String) -> Result<Namespace> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let current_dir = valid_path(data.work_dir.clone(), path.as_str(), true)?;
-
-        if current_dir.exists() {
-            Ok(Namespace::new(data.work_dir.clone(), current_dir))
-        } else {
-            Err(InvalidPathReason::NamespaceDoesNotExist(path))
-        }
+        Ok(Namespace::try_new(data.work_dir.clone(), path)?)
     }
+
     /// Returns root namespace
     ///
     /// Returns::  Root namespace
     async fn root<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>) -> Namespace {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        Namespace::new(data.work_dir.clone(), data.work_dir.clone())
+        Namespace::root(data.work_dir.clone())
     }
+
     /// Returns a plugin.
     async fn plugins<'a>() -> QueryPlugin {
         QueryPlugin::default()
     }
+
     /// Encodes graph and returns as string
     ///
     /// Returns:: Base64 url safe encoded string
-    async fn receive_graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: String) -> Result<String, Arc<GraphError>> {
+    async fn receive_graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: String) -> Result<String> {
         let path = path.as_ref();
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let g = data.get_graph(path).await?.0.graph.clone();
+        let g = data.get_graph(path).await?.graph.clone();
         let res = url_encode_graph(g)?;
         Ok(res)
     }
@@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ impl Mut {
 
     /// Delete graph from a path on the server.
     // If namespace is not provided, it will be set to the current working directory.
-    async fn delete_graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: String) -> Result<bool> {
+    async fn delete_graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: String) -> Result<bool, DeletionError> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
         data.delete_graph(&path).await?;
         Ok(true)
@@ -204,41 +206,54 @@ impl Mut {
         graph_type: GqlGraphType,
     ) -> Result<bool> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let graph = match graph_type {
-            GqlGraphType::Persistent => PersistentGraph::new().materialize()?,
-            GqlGraphType::Event => Graph::new().materialize()?,
+        let overwrite = false;
+        let folder = data.validate_path_for_insert(&path, overwrite)?;
+        let graph_path = folder.graph_folder();
+        let graph: MaterializedGraph = if Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            match graph_type {
+                GqlGraphType::Persistent => PersistentGraph::new_at_path(graph_path)?.into(),
+                GqlGraphType::Event => Graph::new_at_path(graph_path)?.into(),
+            }
+        } else {
+            match graph_type {
+                GqlGraphType::Persistent => PersistentGraph::new().into(),
+                GqlGraphType::Event => Graph::new().into(),
+            }
         };
-        data.insert_graph(&path, graph).await?;
+
+        data.insert_graph(folder, graph).await?;
+
         Ok(true)
     }
 
-    /// Move graph from a path path on the server to a new_path on the server.
-    ///
-    /// If namespace is not provided, it will be set to the current working directory.
-    /// This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
-    async fn move_graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: &str, new_path: &str) -> Result<bool> {
-        Self::copy_graph(ctx, path, new_path).await?;
+    /// Move graph from a path on the server to a new_path on the server.
+    async fn move_graph<'a>(
+        ctx: &Context<'a>,
+        path: &str,
+        new_path: &str,
+        overwrite: Option<bool>,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        Self::copy_graph(ctx, path, new_path, overwrite).await?;
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
         data.delete_graph(path).await?;
         Ok(true)
     }
 
-    /// Copy graph from a path path on the server to a new_path on the server.
-    ///
-    /// If namespace is not provided, it will be set to the current working directory.
-    /// This applies to both the graph namespace and new graph namespace.
-    async fn copy_graph<'a>(ctx: &Context<'a>, path: &str, new_path: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+    /// Copy graph from a path on the server to a new_path on the server.
+    async fn copy_graph<'a>(
+        ctx: &Context<'a>,
+        path: &str,
+        new_path: &str,
+        overwrite: Option<bool>,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
         // doing this in a more efficient way is not trivial, this at least is correct
         // there are questions like, maybe the new vectorised graph have different rules
         // for the templates or if it needs to be vectorised at all
+        let overwrite = overwrite.unwrap_or(false);
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let graph = data.get_graph(path).await?.0.graph;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-        if let GraphStorage::Disk(_) = graph.core_graph() {
-            return Err(GqlGraphError::ImmutableDiskGraph.into());
-        }
-        data.insert_graph(new_path, graph).await?;
+        let graph = data.get_graph(path).await?.graph;
+        let folder = data.validate_path_for_insert(new_path, overwrite)?;
+        data.insert_graph(folder, graph).await?;
 
         Ok(true)
     }
@@ -254,18 +269,10 @@ impl Mut {
         overwrite: bool,
     ) -> Result<String> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let graph = {
-            let in_file = graph.value(ctx)?.content;
-            let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(in_file)?;
-            let mut entry = archive.by_name("graph")?;
-            let mut buf = vec![];
-            entry.read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
-            MaterializedGraph::decode_from_bytes(&buf)?
-        };
-        if overwrite {
-            let _ignored = data.delete_graph(&path).await;
-        }
-        data.insert_graph(&path, graph).await?;
+        let in_file = graph.value(ctx)?.content;
+        let folder = data.validate_path_for_insert(&path, overwrite)?;
+        data.insert_graph_as_bytes(folder, in_file).await?;
+
         Ok(path)
     }
 
@@ -280,11 +287,13 @@ impl Mut {
         overwrite: bool,
     ) -> Result<String> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let g: MaterializedGraph = url_decode_graph(graph)?;
-        if overwrite {
-            let _ignored = data.delete_graph(path).await;
-        }
-        data.insert_graph(path, g).await?;
+        let folder = if overwrite {
+            ValidWriteableGraphFolder::try_existing_or_new(data.work_dir.clone(), path)?
+        } else {
+            ValidWriteableGraphFolder::try_new(data.work_dir.clone(), path)?
+        };
+        let g: MaterializedGraph = url_decode_graph_at(graph, folder.graph_folder())?;
+        data.insert_graph(folder, g).await?;
         Ok(path.to_owned())
     }
 
@@ -300,13 +309,20 @@ impl Mut {
         overwrite: bool,
     ) -> Result<String> {
         let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-        let parent_graph = data.get_graph(parent_path).await?.0.graph;
-        let new_subgraph =
-            blocking_compute(move || parent_graph.subgraph(nodes).materialize()).await?;
-        if overwrite {
-            let _ignored = data.delete_graph(&new_path).await;
-        }
-        data.insert_graph(&new_path, new_subgraph).await?;
+        let folder = data.validate_path_for_insert(&new_path, overwrite)?;
+        let parent_graph = data.get_graph(parent_path).await?.graph;
+        let folder_clone = folder.clone();
+        let new_subgraph = blocking_compute(move || {
+            let subgraph = parent_graph.subgraph(nodes);
+            if Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+                subgraph.materialize_at(folder_clone.graph_folder())
+            } else {
+                subgraph.materialize()
+            }
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+        data.insert_graph(folder, new_subgraph).await?;
         Ok(new_path)
     }
 
@@ -320,7 +336,7 @@ impl Mut {
         #[cfg(feature = "search")]
         {
             let data = ctx.data_unchecked::<Data>();
-            let graph = data.get_graph(path).await?.0.graph;
+            let graph = data.get_graph(path).await?.graph;
             match index_spec {
                 Some(index_spec) => {
                     let index_spec = index_spec.to_index_spec(graph.clone())?;
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/algorithms.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/algorithms.rs
index 889078b189..4d16c96a2d 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/algorithms.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/algorithms.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl<'a> Operation<'a, GraphAlgorithmPlugin> for Pagerank {
 
     fn apply<'b>(
         entry_point: &GraphAlgorithmPlugin,
-        ctx: ResolverContext,
+        ctx: ResolverContext<'b>,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'b, FieldResult<Option<FieldValue<'b>>>> {
         let result = apply_pagerank(entry_point, ctx);
         Box::pin(async move { result })
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl<'a> Operation<'a, GraphAlgorithmPlugin> for ShortestPath {
 
     fn apply<'b>(
         entry_point: &GraphAlgorithmPlugin,
-        ctx: ResolverContext,
+        ctx: ResolverContext<'b>,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'b, FieldResult<Option<FieldValue<'b>>>> {
         let result = apply_shortest_path(entry_point, ctx);
         Box::pin(async move { result })
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/operation.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/operation.rs
index 144a829b3c..43e7ae51f7 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/operation.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/plugins/operation.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub trait Operation<'a, A: Send + Sync + 'static> {
 
     fn apply<'b>(
         entry_point: &A,
-        ctx: ResolverContext,
+        ctx: ResolverContext<'b>,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'b, FieldResult<Option<FieldValue<'b>>>>;
 
     fn register_operation(name: &str, registry: Registry, parent: Object) -> (Registry, Object) {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl<'a> Operation<'a, MutationPlugin> for NoOpMutation {
 
     fn apply<'b>(
         _entry_point: &MutationPlugin,
-        _ctx: ResolverContext,
+        _ctx: ResolverContext<'b>,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'b, FieldResult<Option<FieldValue<'b>>>> {
         Box::pin(async move { Ok(Some(FieldValue::value("no-op".to_owned()))) })
     }
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl<'a> Operation<'a, QueryPlugin> for NoOpQuery {
 
     fn apply<'b>(
         _entry_point: &QueryPlugin,
-        _ctx: ResolverContext,
+        _ctx: ResolverContext<'b>,
     ) -> BoxFuture<'b, FieldResult<Option<FieldValue<'b>>>> {
         Box::pin(async move { Ok(Some(FieldValue::value("no-op".to_owned()))) })
     }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/graph_schema.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/graph_schema.rs
index 30aeeb5d1e..f0c007ae39 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/graph_schema.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/graph_schema.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub(crate) struct GraphSchema {
 
 impl GraphSchema {
     pub fn new(graph: &DynamicGraph) -> Self {
-        let node_types = 0..graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().len();
+        let node_types = graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().ids();
         let nodes = node_types
             .map(|node_type| NodeSchema::new(node_type, graph.clone()))
             .collect();
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/node_schema.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/node_schema.rs
index 0c4ac26f30..47a9fc1a07 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/node_schema.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/model/schema/node_schema.rs
@@ -50,22 +50,14 @@ impl NodeSchema {
             .unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_NODE_TYPE.to_string())
     }
     fn properties_inner(&self) -> Vec<PropertySchema> {
-        let keys: Vec<String> = self
+        let (keys, property_types): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = self
             .graph
             .node_meta()
             .temporal_prop_mapper()
-            .get_keys()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|k| k.to_string())
-            .collect();
-        let property_types: Vec<String> = self
-            .graph
-            .node_meta()
-            .temporal_prop_mapper()
-            .dtypes()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|dtype| dtype.to_string())
-            .collect();
+            .locked()
+            .iter_ids_and_types()
+            .map(|(_, name, dtype)| (name.to_string(), dtype.to_string()))
+            .unzip();
 
         if self.graph.unfiltered_num_nodes() > 1000 {
             // large graph, do not collect detailed schema as it is expensive
@@ -78,7 +70,7 @@ impl NodeSchema {
                 .zip(property_types)
                 .filter_map(|(key, dtype)| {
                     let mut node_types_filter =
-                        vec![false; self.graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().len()];
+                        vec![false; self.graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().num_all_fields()];
                     node_types_filter[self.type_id] = true;
                     let unique_values: ahash::HashSet<_> =
                         NodeTypeFilteredGraph::new(self.graph.clone(), node_types_filter.into())
@@ -104,22 +96,14 @@ impl NodeSchema {
     }
 
     fn metadata_inner(&self) -> Vec<PropertySchema> {
-        let keys: Vec<String> = self
+        let (keys, property_types): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = self
             .graph
             .node_meta()
             .metadata_mapper()
-            .get_keys()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|k| k.to_string())
-            .collect();
-        let property_types: Vec<String> = self
-            .graph
-            .node_meta()
-            .metadata_mapper()
-            .dtypes()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|dtype| dtype.to_string())
-            .collect();
+            .locked()
+            .iter_ids_and_types()
+            .map(|(_, k, dtype)| (k.to_string(), dtype.to_string()))
+            .unzip();
 
         if self.graph.unfiltered_num_nodes() > 1000 {
             // large graph, do not collect detailed schema as it is expensive
@@ -132,7 +116,7 @@ impl NodeSchema {
                 .zip(property_types)
                 .filter_map(|(key, dtype)| {
                     let mut node_types_filter =
-                        vec![false; self.graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().len()];
+                        vec![false; self.graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().num_all_fields()];
                     node_types_filter[self.type_id] = true;
                     let unique_values: ahash::HashSet<_> =
                         NodeTypeFilteredGraph::new(self.graph.clone(), node_types_filter.into())
@@ -169,7 +153,7 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn aggregate_schema() -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let g = Graph::new_with_shards(2);
+        let g = Graph::new();
 
         g.add_node(
             0,
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/paths.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/paths.rs
index 265c28e774..518cb3faf1 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/paths.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/paths.rs
@@ -1,197 +1,680 @@
-use crate::rayon::blocking_compute;
+use crate::{data::DIRTY_PATH, model::blocking_io, rayon::blocking_compute};
+use futures_util::io;
 use raphtory::{
+    db::api::{
+        storage::storage::{Extension, PersistentStrategy},
+        view::{internal::InternalStorageOps, MaterializedGraph},
+    },
     errors::{GraphError, InvalidPathReason},
-    serialise::{metadata::GraphMetadata, GraphFolder},
+    prelude::GraphViewOps,
+    serialise::{
+        metadata::GraphMetadata, GraphFolder, GraphPaths, RelativePath, StableDecode,
+        WriteableGraphFolder, ROOT_META_PATH,
+    },
 };
 use std::{
+    cmp::Ordering,
+    ffi::OsStr,
     fs,
+    fs::File,
+    io::{ErrorKind, Read, Seek, Write},
     ops::Deref,
-    path::{Component, Path, PathBuf},
+    panic::Location,
+    path::{Component, Path, PathBuf, StripPrefixError},
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
+use tracing::{error, warn};
+use zip::ZipArchive;
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
-pub struct ExistingGraphFolder {
-    folder: ValidGraphFolder,
+pub trait ValidGraphPaths {
+    fn local_path(&self) -> &str;
+
+    fn graph_folder(&self) -> &impl GraphPaths;
+
+    fn with_internal_errors<R: WithPath>(
+        &self,
+        fun: impl FnOnce() -> R,
+    ) -> Result<R::Value, PathValidationError> {
+        fun().with_path(self.local_path())
+    }
 }
 
-impl Deref for ExistingGraphFolder {
-    type Target = ValidGraphFolder;
+pub struct ValidPath(PathBuf);
 
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.folder
+fn valid_path_inner(
+    base_path: PathBuf,
+    relative_path: &str,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, InternalPathValidationError> {
+    ensure_clean_folder(&base_path)?;
+    let mut full_path = base_path.clone();
+    let user_facing_path: &Path = relative_path.as_ref();
+
+    if relative_path.contains(r"//") {
+        Err(InvalidPathReason::DoubleForwardSlash)?;
+    }
+    if relative_path.contains(r"\") {
+        Err(InvalidPathReason::BackslashError)?;
     }
+
+    // fail if any component is a Prefix (C://), tries to access root,
+    // tries to access a parent dir or is a symlink which could break out of the working dir
+    for component in user_facing_path.components() {
+        extend_and_validate(&mut full_path, component)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(full_path)
 }
 
-impl From<ValidGraphFolder> for GraphFolder {
-    fn from(value: ValidGraphFolder) -> Self {
-        value.folder
+impl ValidPath {
+    pub fn try_new(base_path: PathBuf, relative_path: &str) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        let full_path = valid_path_inner(base_path, relative_path).with_path(relative_path)?;
+        Ok(ValidPath(full_path))
+    }
+    /// path exists and is a graph
+    pub fn is_graph(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.exists() && self.0.join(ROOT_META_PATH).exists()
+    }
+
+    /// path exists and is a namespace
+    pub fn is_namespace(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.exists() && !self.0.join(ROOT_META_PATH).exists()
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_path(self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.0
     }
 }
 
-impl From<ExistingGraphFolder> for GraphFolder {
-    fn from(value: ExistingGraphFolder) -> Self {
-        value.folder.folder
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
+pub struct ExistingGraphFolder(pub(crate) ValidGraphFolder);
+
+impl ValidGraphPaths for ExistingGraphFolder {
+    fn local_path(&self) -> &str {
+        self.0.local_path()
+    }
+
+    fn graph_folder(&self) -> &impl GraphPaths {
+        self.0.graph_folder()
     }
 }
+
+impl Deref for ExistingGraphFolder {
+    type Target = ValidGraphFolder;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
 impl ExistingGraphFolder {
-    pub(crate) fn try_from(base_path: PathBuf, relative_path: &str) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let graph_folder = ValidGraphFolder::try_from(base_path, relative_path)?;
-        if graph_folder.get_meta_path().exists() {
-            Ok(Self {
-                folder: graph_folder,
-            })
+    pub fn try_from(base_path: PathBuf, relative_path: &str) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        let path = ValidPath::try_new(base_path, relative_path)?;
+        Self::try_from_valid(path, relative_path)
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_from_valid(
+        base_path: ValidPath,
+        relative_path: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        let graph_folder: GraphFolder = base_path.into_path().into();
+        if graph_folder.is_reserved() {
+            Ok(Self(ValidGraphFolder {
+                global_path: graph_folder,
+                local_path: relative_path.to_string(),
+            }))
         } else {
-            Err(GraphError::GraphNotFound(graph_folder.to_error_path()))
+            Err(PathValidationError::GraphNotExistsError(
+                relative_path.to_string(),
+            ))
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn get_graph_name(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
-        let path = &self.get_base_path();
-        let last_component: Component = path.components().last().ok_or_else(|| {
-            GraphError::from(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable(self.to_error_path()))
-        })?;
-        match last_component {
-            Component::Normal(value) => {
-                value
-                    .to_str()
-                    .map(|s| s.to_string())
-                    .ok_or(GraphError::from(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable(
-                        self.to_error_path(),
-                    )))
+    pub fn replace_graph_data(&self, graph: MaterializedGraph) -> Result<(), PathValidationError> {
+        self.with_internal_errors(|| {
+            if let Some(path) = graph.disk_storage_path() {
+                if path != self.global_path.graph_path()? {
+                    return Err(InternalPathValidationError::MismatchedGraphPath);
+                }
+                self.global_path.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+            } else {
+                self.global_path.data_path()?.replace_graph(graph)?;
             }
-            Component::Prefix(_)
-            | Component::RootDir
-            | Component::CurDir
-            | Component::ParentDir => Err(GraphError::from(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable(
-                self.to_error_path(),
-            ))),
-        }
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
 pub struct ValidGraphFolder {
-    folder: GraphFolder,
-    original_path: String,
+    global_path: GraphFolder,
+    local_path: String,
 }
 
-impl From<ExistingGraphFolder> for ValidGraphFolder {
-    fn from(value: ExistingGraphFolder) -> Self {
-        value.folder
+fn valid_component(component: Component<'_>) -> Result<&OsStr, InvalidPathReason> {
+    match component {
+        Component::Prefix(_) => Err(InvalidPathReason::RootNotAllowed),
+        Component::RootDir => Err(InvalidPathReason::RootNotAllowed),
+        Component::CurDir => Err(InvalidPathReason::CurDirNotAllowed),
+        Component::ParentDir => Err(InvalidPathReason::ParentDirNotAllowed),
+        Component::Normal(component) => Ok(component),
     }
 }
 
-impl Deref for ValidGraphFolder {
-    type Target = GraphFolder;
+fn extend_and_validate(
+    full_path: &mut PathBuf,
+    component: Component,
+) -> Result<(), InternalPathValidationError> {
+    let component = valid_component(component)?;
+    // check if some intermediate path is already a graph
+    if full_path.join(ROOT_META_PATH).exists() {
+        return Err(InvalidPathReason::ParentIsGraph.into());
+    }
+    full_path.push(component);
+    //check for symlinks
+    if full_path.is_symlink() {
+        return Err(InvalidPathReason::SymlinkNotAllowed.into());
+    }
+    ensure_clean_folder(&full_path)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.folder
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct NewPath {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    cleanup: Option<CleanupPath>,
+}
+
+impl NewPath {
+    pub fn is_new(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cleanup.is_some()
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn valid_path(
+impl PartialEq for NewPath {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.path.eq(&other.path)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for NewPath {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        self.path.partial_cmp(&other.path)
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn create_valid_path(
     base_path: PathBuf,
     relative_path: &str,
-    namespace: bool,
-) -> Result<PathBuf, InvalidPathReason> {
+) -> Result<NewPath, InternalPathValidationError> {
+    ensure_clean_folder(&base_path)?;
     let user_facing_path = PathBuf::from(relative_path);
 
     if relative_path.contains(r"//") {
-        return Err(InvalidPathReason::DoubleForwardSlash(user_facing_path));
+        return Err(InvalidPathReason::DoubleForwardSlash.into());
     }
     if relative_path.contains(r"\") {
-        return Err(InvalidPathReason::BackslashError(user_facing_path));
+        return Err(InvalidPathReason::BackslashError.into());
     }
 
     let mut full_path = base_path.clone();
+    let mut cleanup_marker = None;
     // fail if any component is a Prefix (C://), tries to access root,
     // tries to access a parent dir or is a symlink which could break out of the working dir
     for component in user_facing_path.components() {
-        match component {
-            Component::Prefix(_) => {
-                return Err(InvalidPathReason::RootNotAllowed(user_facing_path))
-            }
-            Component::RootDir => return Err(InvalidPathReason::RootNotAllowed(user_facing_path)),
-            Component::CurDir => return Err(InvalidPathReason::CurDirNotAllowed(user_facing_path)),
-            Component::ParentDir => {
-                return Err(InvalidPathReason::ParentDirNotAllowed(user_facing_path))
-            }
-            Component::Normal(component) => {
-                // check if some intermediate path is already a graph
-                if full_path.join(".raph").exists() {
-                    return Err(InvalidPathReason::ParentIsGraph(user_facing_path));
-                }
-                full_path.push(component);
-                //check if the path with the component is a graph
-                if namespace && full_path.join(".raph").exists() {
-                    return Err(InvalidPathReason::ParentIsGraph(user_facing_path));
+        match extend_and_validate(&mut full_path, component) {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                if !full_path.exists() {
+                    if cleanup_marker.is_none() {
+                        cleanup_marker = Some(CleanupPath {
+                            path: full_path.clone(),
+                            dirty_marker: mark_dirty(&full_path)?,
+                        });
+                        fs::create_dir(&full_path)?;
+                    }
                 }
-                //check for symlinks
-                if full_path.is_symlink() {
-                    return Err(InvalidPathReason::SymlinkNotAllowed(user_facing_path));
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                if let Some(created_path) = cleanup_marker {
+                    created_path.cleanup()?;
                 }
+                return Err(error.into());
             }
         }
     }
-    Ok(full_path)
+    Ok(NewPath {
+        path: full_path,
+        cleanup: cleanup_marker,
+    })
 }
 
-impl ValidGraphFolder {
-    pub(crate) fn try_from(
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct CleanupPath {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    dirty_marker: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl CleanupPath {
+    fn persist(&self) -> Result<(), InternalPathValidationError> {
+        fs::remove_file(&self.dirty_marker)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn cleanup(&self) -> Result<(), InternalPathValidationError> {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&self.path)?;
+        fs::remove_file(&self.dirty_marker)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ValidWriteableGraphFolder {
+    global_path: WriteableGraphFolder,
+    local_path: String,
+    dirty_marker: Option<CleanupPath>,
+}
+
+impl ValidGraphPaths for ValidWriteableGraphFolder {
+    fn local_path(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.local_path
+    }
+
+    fn graph_folder(&self) -> &impl GraphPaths {
+        &self.global_path
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValidWriteableGraphFolder {
+    fn new_inner(
+        valid_path: NewPath,
+        graph_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Self, InternalPathValidationError> {
+        let is_new = valid_path.is_new();
+        let graph_folder = GraphFolder::from(valid_path.path);
+        if !is_new {
+            if !graph_folder.is_reserved() {
+                return Err(InternalPathValidationError::GraphIsNamespace);
+            }
+        }
+        let data_path = graph_folder.init_swap()?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            global_path: data_path,
+            dirty_marker: valid_path.cleanup,
+            local_path: graph_name.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+    fn new(valid_path: NewPath, graph_name: &str) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        Self::new_inner(valid_path, graph_name).map_err(|error| {
+            PathValidationError::InternalError {
+                graph: graph_name.to_string(),
+                error,
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn try_new(
         base_path: PathBuf,
         relative_path: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Self, InvalidPathReason> {
-        let full_path = valid_path(base_path, relative_path, false)?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            original_path: relative_path.to_owned(),
-            folder: GraphFolder::from(full_path),
+    ) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        let path = create_valid_path(base_path, relative_path).map_err(|error| {
+            PathValidationError::InternalError {
+                graph: relative_path.to_string(),
+                error,
+            }
+        })?;
+        if !path.cleanup.is_some() {
+            return Err(PathValidationError::GraphExistsError(
+                relative_path.to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+        Self::new(path, relative_path)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn try_existing_or_new(
+        base_path: PathBuf,
+        relative_path: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PathValidationError> {
+        let path = create_valid_path(base_path, relative_path).with_path(relative_path)?;
+        Self::new(path, relative_path)
+    }
+
+    fn write_graph_data_inner(
+        &self,
+        graph: MaterializedGraph,
+    ) -> Result<(), InternalPathValidationError> {
+        if Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            let graph_path = self.graph_folder().graph_path()?;
+            if graph
+                .disk_storage_path()
+                .is_some_and(|path| path == &graph_path)
+            {
+                self.global_path.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+            } else {
+                graph.materialize_at(self.graph_folder())?;
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.global_path.data_path()?.replace_graph(graph)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    pub fn write_graph_data(&self, graph: MaterializedGraph) -> Result<(), PathValidationError> {
+        self.write_graph_data_inner(graph)
+            .with_path(self.local_path())
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_graph(&self) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, PathValidationError> {
+        self.with_internal_errors(|| {
+            if self.graph_folder().read_metadata()?.is_diskgraph {
+                MaterializedGraph::load_from_path(self.graph_folder())
+            } else {
+                MaterializedGraph::decode(self.graph_folder())
+            }
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn created(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        fs::metadata(self.get_graph_path())?.created()?.to_millis()
+    pub fn write_graph_bytes<R: Read + Seek + Send + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        bytes: R,
+    ) -> Result<(), PathValidationError> {
+        self.with_internal_errors(|| {
+            if Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+                MaterializedGraph::decode_from_zip_at(
+                    ZipArchive::new(bytes)?,
+                    self.graph_folder(),
+                )?;
+            } else {
+                self.global_path.data_path()?.unzip_to_folder(bytes)?;
+            }
+            Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
+        })
     }
 
-    pub fn last_opened(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        fs::metadata(self.get_graph_path())?.accessed()?.to_millis()
+    /// Swap old and new data and delete the old graph
+    pub fn finish(self) -> Result<ValidGraphFolder, PathValidationError> {
+        let data_path = self.global_path.finish().with_path(&self.local_path)?;
+        if let Some(cleanup) = self.dirty_marker.as_ref() {
+            cleanup.persist().with_path(&self.local_path)?;
+        }
+        Ok(ValidGraphFolder {
+            global_path: data_path,
+            local_path: self.local_path,
+        })
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn last_updated(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        fs::metadata(self.get_graph_path())?.modified()?.to_millis()
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum InternalPathValidationError {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    InvalidPath(#[from] InvalidPathReason),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    IOError(io::Error),
+    #[error("Graph path should not be nested: {0}")]
+    NestedPath(PathBuf),
+    #[error("Graph metadata file does not exist")]
+    MissingMetadataFile,
+    #[error("Reading path from metadata failed: {0}")]
+    InvalidMetadata(#[from] serde_json::Error),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    GraphError(#[from] GraphError),
+    #[error("Graph path should always have a parent")]
+    MissingParent,
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    StripPrefix(#[from] StripPrefixError),
+    #[error("Expected a graph but found a namespace")]
+    GraphIsNamespace,
+    #[error("Expected a namespace but found a graph")]
+    NamespaceIsGraph,
+    #[error("The path provided contains non-UTF8 characters.")]
+    NonUTFCharacters,
+    #[error("Relative path from metadata is empty")]
+    EmptyRelativePath,
+    #[error("Relative path from metadata has more than one component")]
+    RelativePathMultipleComponents,
+    #[error("Mismatched graph paths when updating metadata")]
+    MismatchedGraphPath,
+}
+
+impl From<io::Error> for InternalPathValidationError {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn from(value: io::Error) -> Self {
+        let location = Location::caller();
+        error!("Unexpected IO failure at {location}: {}", value);
+        InternalPathValidationError::IOError(value)
     }
+}
 
-    pub async fn created_async(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        let metadata = tokio::fs::metadata(self.get_graph_path()).await?;
-        metadata.created()?.to_millis()
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum PathValidationError {
+    #[error("Graph '{0}' already exists")]
+    GraphExistsError(String),
+    #[error("Graph '{0}' does not exist")]
+    GraphNotExistsError(String),
+    #[error("'{0}' does not exist as a namespace")]
+    NamespaceDoesNotExist(String),
+    #[error("Invalid path '{graph}': {reason}")]
+    InvalidPath {
+        graph: String,
+        reason: InvalidPathReason,
+    },
+    #[error("Graph '{graph}' is corrupted: {error}")]
+    InternalError {
+        graph: String,
+        error: InternalPathValidationError,
+    },
+    #[error("Unexpected IO error for graph '{graph}': {error}")]
+    IOError { graph: String, error: io::Error },
+}
+
+pub trait WithPath {
+    type Value;
+    fn with_path<S: Into<String>>(self, graph: S) -> Result<Self::Value, PathValidationError>;
+}
+
+impl<V, E: Into<InternalPathValidationError>> WithPath for Result<V, E> {
+    type Value = V;
+    fn with_path<S: Into<String>>(self, graph: S) -> Result<V, PathValidationError> {
+        self.map_err(move |error| {
+            let error = error.into();
+            let graph = graph.into();
+            match error {
+                InternalPathValidationError::InvalidPath(reason) => {
+                    PathValidationError::InvalidPath { graph, reason }
+                }
+                _ => PathValidationError::InternalError { graph, error },
+            }
+        })
     }
+}
 
-    pub async fn last_opened_async(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        let metadata = tokio::fs::metadata(self.get_graph_path()).await?;
-        metadata.accessed()?.to_millis()
+fn valid_relative_path(relative_path: &Path) -> Result<(), InternalPathValidationError> {
+    let mut components = relative_path.components();
+    valid_component(
+        components
+            .next()
+            .ok_or(InternalPathValidationError::EmptyRelativePath)?,
+    )?;
+    if components.next().is_some() {
+        return Err(InternalPathValidationError::RelativePathMultipleComponents);
     }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn read_dirty_relative_path(
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> Result<Option<String>, InternalPathValidationError> {
+    let mut file = match File::open(base_path.join(DIRTY_PATH)) {
+        Ok(file) => file,
+        Err(error) => {
+            return match error.kind() {
+                ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(None),
+                _ => Err(error.into()),
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let mut json_string = String::new();
+    file.read_to_string(&mut json_string)?;
+    let path: RelativePath = serde_json::from_str(&json_string)?;
+    valid_relative_path(path.path.as_ref())?;
+    Ok(Some(path.path))
+}
 
-    pub async fn last_updated_async(&self) -> Result<i64, GraphError> {
-        let metadata = tokio::fs::metadata(self.get_graph_path()).await?;
-        metadata.modified()?.to_millis()
+pub(crate) fn ensure_clean_folder(base_path: &Path) -> Result<(), InternalPathValidationError> {
+    if base_path.is_dir() {
+        match read_dirty_relative_path(base_path) {
+            Ok(path) => {
+                if let Some(path) = path {
+                    let full_path = base_path.join(path);
+                    warn!("Found dirty path {}, cleaning...", full_path.display());
+                    fs::remove_dir_all(full_path)?;
+                }
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                warn!("Found dirty file with invalid path: {error}, cleaning...")
+            }
+        }
+        match fs::remove_file(base_path.join(DIRTY_PATH)) {
+            Ok(_) => {}
+            Err(err) => match err.kind() {
+                ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                _ => Err(err)?,
+            },
+        };
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Mark path as dirty
+/// - ensure parent is clean
+/// - create dirty file and fsync it
+pub(crate) fn mark_dirty(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf, InternalPathValidationError> {
+    let cleanup_path = path
+        .file_name()
+        .ok_or(InternalPathValidationError::MissingParent)?
+        .to_str()
+        .ok_or(InternalPathValidationError::NonUTFCharacters)?
+        .to_string();
+    let parent = path
+        .parent()
+        .ok_or(InternalPathValidationError::MissingParent)?;
+    ensure_clean_folder(parent)?;
+    let dirty_file_path = parent.join(DIRTY_PATH);
+    let mut dirty_file = File::create_new(&dirty_file_path)?;
+    dirty_file.write_all(&serde_json::to_vec(&RelativePath { path: cleanup_path })?)?;
+    // make sure the dirty path is properly recorded before we proceed!
+    dirty_file.sync_all()?;
+    Ok(dirty_file_path)
+}
+
+impl GraphPaths for ValidGraphFolder {
+    fn root(&self) -> &Path {
+        self.global_path.root()
+    }
+
+    fn relative_data_path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        self.global_path.relative_data_path()
+    }
+
+    fn relative_graph_path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        self.global_path.relative_graph_path()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValidGraphPaths for ValidGraphFolder {
+    fn local_path(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.local_path
+    }
+
+    fn graph_folder(&self) -> &impl GraphPaths {
+        &self.global_path
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValidGraphFolder {
+    fn with_internal_errors<V>(
+        &self,
+        map: impl FnOnce() -> Result<V, InternalPathValidationError>,
+    ) -> Result<V, PathValidationError> {
+        map().with_path(self.local_path())
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_folder(&self) -> &GraphFolder {
+        &self.global_path
+    }
+    pub fn created(&self) -> Result<i64, PathValidationError> {
+        self.with_internal_errors(|| {
+            Ok(self.root_meta_path().metadata()?.created()?.to_millis()?)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_opened(&self) -> Result<i64, PathValidationError> {
+        self.with_internal_errors(|| {
+            Ok(fs::metadata(self.global_path.meta_path()?)?
+                .accessed()?
+                .to_millis()?)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_updated(&self) -> Result<i64, PathValidationError> {
+        self.with_internal_errors(|| {
+            Ok(fs::metadata(self.meta_path()?)?.modified()?.to_millis()?)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub async fn created_async(&self) -> Result<i64, PathValidationError> {
+        let cloned = self.clone();
+        blocking_io(move || cloned.created()).await
     }
 
-    pub async fn read_metadata_async(&self) -> Result<GraphMetadata, GraphError> {
-        let folder = self.folder.clone();
-        blocking_compute(move || folder.read_metadata()).await
+    pub async fn last_opened_async(&self) -> Result<i64, PathValidationError> {
+        let cloned = self.clone();
+        blocking_io(move || cloned.last_opened()).await
     }
 
-    pub fn get_original_path_str(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.original_path
+    pub async fn last_updated_async(&self) -> Result<i64, PathValidationError> {
+        let cloned = self.clone();
+        blocking_io(move || cloned.last_updated()).await
     }
 
-    pub fn get_original_path(&self) -> &Path {
-        &Path::new(&self.original_path)
+    pub async fn read_metadata_async(&self) -> Result<GraphMetadata, PathValidationError> {
+        let folder: GraphFolder = self.global_path.clone();
+        blocking_compute(move || folder.read_metadata())
+            .await
+            .with_path(self.local_path())
     }
 
     /// This returns the PathBuf used to build multiple GraphError types
     pub fn to_error_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.original_path.to_owned().into()
+        self.local_path.to_owned().into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_graph_name(&self) -> Result<String, PathValidationError> {
+        let path: &Path = self.local_path.as_ref();
+        let name = self.with_internal_errors(|| {
+            let last_component: Component = path
+                .components()
+                .last()
+                .ok_or(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable)?;
+            match last_component {
+                Component::Normal(value) => Ok(value
+                    .to_str()
+                    .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                    .ok_or(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable)?),
+                Component::Prefix(_)
+                | Component::RootDir
+                | Component::CurDir
+                | Component::ParentDir => Err(InvalidPathReason::PathNotParsable)?,
+            }
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(name)
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn as_existing(&self) -> Result<ExistingGraphFolder, PathValidationError> {
+        if self.global_path.is_reserved() {
+            Ok(ExistingGraphFolder(self.clone()))
+        } else {
+            Err(PathValidationError::GraphNotExistsError(
+                self.local_path.clone(),
+            ))
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/mod.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/mod.rs
index 579e6b019e..91b79c9a74 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/mod.rs
@@ -235,11 +235,7 @@ fn inner_collection(value: &Prop) -> String {
         Prop::F64(value) => format!("{{ f64: {} }}", value),
         Prop::Bool(value) => format!("{{ bool: {} }}", value),
         Prop::List(value) => {
-            let vec: Vec<String> = value.iter().map(inner_collection).collect();
-            format!("{{ list: [{}] }}", vec.join(", "))
-        }
-        Prop::Array(value) => {
-            let vec: Vec<String> = value.iter_prop().map(|v| inner_collection(&v)).collect();
+            let vec: Vec<String> = value.iter().map(|p| inner_collection(&p)).collect();
             format!("{{ list: [{}] }}", vec.join(", "))
         }
         Prop::Map(value) => {
@@ -268,15 +264,7 @@ fn to_graphql_valid(key: &String, value: &Prop) -> String {
         Prop::F64(value) => format!("{{ key: \"{}\", value: {{ f64: {} }} }}", key, value),
         Prop::Bool(value) => format!("{{ key: \"{}\", value: {{ bool: {} }} }}", key, value),
         Prop::List(value) => {
-            let vec: Vec<String> = value.iter().map(inner_collection).collect();
-            format!(
-                "{{ key: \"{}\", value: {{ list: [{}] }} }}",
-                key,
-                vec.join(", ")
-            )
-        }
-        Prop::Array(value) => {
-            let vec: Vec<String> = value.iter_prop().map(|v| inner_collection(&v)).collect();
+            let vec: Vec<String> = value.iter().map(|p| inner_collection(&p)).collect();
             format!(
                 "{{ key: \"{}\", value: {{ list: [{}] }} }}",
                 key,
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/raphtory_client.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/raphtory_client.rs
index 9c1f0194ba..f95b2e04af 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/raphtory_client.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/client/raphtory_client.rs
@@ -41,30 +41,39 @@ impl PyRaphtoryClient {
         variables: HashMap<String, JsonValue>,
     ) -> PyResult<HashMap<String, JsonValue>> {
         let client = self.clone();
-        let (graphql_query, graphql_result) = self.execute_async_task(move || async move {
+        let (graphql_query, mut graphql_result) = self.execute_async_task(move || async move {
             client.send_graphql_query(query, variables).await
         })?;
-        let mut graphql_result = graphql_result;
+
+        match graphql_result.remove("errors") {
+            None => {}
+            Some(errors) => {
+                let exception = match errors {
+                    JsonValue::Array(errors) => {
+                        let formatted_errors = errors
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|err| format!("{}", err))
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                            .join("\n\t");
+
+                        PyException::new_err(format!(
+                            "After sending query to the server:\n\t{}\nGot the following errors:\n\t{}",
+                            graphql_query.to_string(),
+                            formatted_errors
+                        ))
+                    }
+                    _ => PyException::new_err(format!(
+                        "Error while reading server response for query:\n\t{graphql_query}"
+                    )),
+                };
+                return Err(exception);
+            }
+        }
         match graphql_result.remove("data") {
             Some(JsonValue::Object(data)) => Ok(data.into_iter().collect()),
-            _ => match graphql_result.remove("errors") {
-                Some(JsonValue::Array(errors)) => {
-                    let formatted_errors = errors
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|err| format!("{}", err))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join("\n\t");
-
-                    Err(PyException::new_err(format!(
-                        "After sending query to the server:\n\t{}\nGot the following errors:\n\t{}",
-                        graphql_query.to_string(),
-                        formatted_errors
-                    )))
-                }
-                _ => Err(PyException::new_err(format!(
-                    "Error while reading server response for query:\n\t{graphql_query}"
-                ))),
-            },
+            _ => Err(PyException::new_err(format!(
+                "Error while reading server response for query:\n\t{graphql_query}"
+            ))),
         }
     }
 
@@ -107,7 +116,7 @@ impl PyRaphtoryClient {
         F: Future<Output = O> + 'static,
         O: Send + 'static,
     {
-        Python::with_gil(|py| py.allow_threads(|| self.runtime.block_on(task())))
+        Python::attach(|py| py.detach(|| self.runtime.block_on(task())))
     }
 }
 
@@ -179,7 +188,7 @@ impl PyRaphtoryClient {
             let json_value = translate_from_python(value)?;
             json_variables.insert(key, json_value);
         }
-        let data = py.allow_threads(|| self.query_with_json_variables(query, json_variables))?;
+        let data = py.detach(|| self.query_with_json_variables(query, json_variables))?;
         translate_map_to_python(py, data)
     }
 
@@ -235,11 +244,11 @@ impl PyRaphtoryClient {
     fn upload_graph(&self, path: String, file_path: String, overwrite: bool) -> PyResult<()> {
         let remote_client = self.clone();
         let client = self.client.clone();
+
         self.execute_async_task(move || async move {
             let folder = GraphFolder::from(file_path.clone());
             let mut buffer = Vec::new();
-            folder.create_zip(Cursor::new(&mut buffer))?;
-
+            folder.zip_from_folder(Cursor::new(&mut buffer))?;
 
             let variables = format!(
                 r#""path": "{}", "overwrite": {}, "graph": null"#,
@@ -401,7 +410,7 @@ impl PyRaphtoryClient {
     /// Receive graph from a path path on the server
     ///
     /// Note:
-    /// This downloads a copy of the graph. Modifications are not persistet to the server.
+    /// This downloads a copy of the graph. Modifications are not persisted to the server.
     ///
     /// Arguments:
     ///     path (str): the path of the graph to be received
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/running_server.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/running_server.rs
index 5d568266df..357dd9332a 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/running_server.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/running_server.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::python::{
     RUNNING_SERVER_CONSUMED_MSG, WAIT_CHECK_INTERVAL_MILLIS,
 };
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
-use pyo3::{exceptions::PyException, pyclass, pymethods, Py, PyObject, PyResult, Python};
+use pyo3::{exceptions::PyException, pyclass, pymethods, Py, PyAny, PyResult, Python};
 use std::{
     thread::{sleep, JoinHandle},
     time::Duration,
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl PyRunningGraphServer {
             Ok(())
         })?;
         let server = &mut self.server_handler;
-        py.allow_threads(|| wait_server(server))
+        py.detach(|| wait_server(server))
     }
 }
 
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ impl PyRunningGraphServer {
     fn __exit__(
         &mut self,
         py: Python,
-        _exc_type: PyObject,
-        _exc_val: PyObject,
-        _exc_tb: PyObject,
+        _exc_type: Py<PyAny>,
+        _exc_val: Py<PyAny>,
+        _exc_tb: Py<PyAny>,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
         self.stop_server(py)
     }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/server.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/server.rs
index 76f5ea69fc..d8e1338ed3 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/server.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/python/server/server.rs
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl PyGraphServer {
             // we need to release the GIL, otherwise the server will deadlock when trying to use python function as the embedding function
             // and wait_for_server_online will never return
             let result =
-                py.allow_threads(|| PyRunningGraphServer::wait_for_server_online(&url, timeout_ms));
+                py.detach(|| PyRunningGraphServer::wait_for_server_online(&url, timeout_ms));
             match result {
                 Ok(_) => return Ok(server),
                 Err(e) => {
@@ -278,6 +278,6 @@ impl PyGraphServer {
     )]
     pub fn run(slf: PyRefMut<Self>, py: Python, port: u16, timeout_ms: u64) -> PyResult<()> {
         let mut server = Self::start(slf, py, port, timeout_ms)?.server_handler;
-        py.allow_threads(|| wait_server(&mut server))
+        py.detach(|| wait_server(&mut server))
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/rayon.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/rayon.rs
index 200992426c..e198a3e2e7 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/rayon.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/rayon.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,13 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 static WRITE_POOL: LazyLock<ThreadPool> =
     LazyLock::new(|| ThreadPoolBuilder::new().build().unwrap());
 
+static COMPUTE_POOL: LazyLock<ThreadPool> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .stack_size(16 * 1024 * 1024)
+        .build()
+        .unwrap()
+});
+
 /// Use the rayon threadpool to execute a task
 ///
 /// Use this for long-running, compute-heavy work
@@ -12,7 +19,7 @@ pub async fn blocking_compute<R: Send + 'static, F: FnOnce() -> R + Send + 'stat
     closure: F,
 ) -> R {
     let (send, recv) = oneshot::channel();
-    rayon::spawn(move || {
+    COMPUTE_POOL.spawn_fifo(move || {
         let _ = send.send(closure()); // this only errors if no-one is listening anymore
     });
 
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/routes.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/routes.rs
index b808f571d6..4e2a42bdea 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/routes.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/routes.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ use poem::{
     Endpoint, IntoResponse, Request, Response,
 };
 use rust_embed::Embed;
-use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[derive(Serialize)]
-struct Health {
-    healthy: bool,
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Health {
+    pub(crate) healthy: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Serialize)]
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/server.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/server.rs
index 892ec45fa4..3ffcb686d8 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/server.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/server.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ use tokio::{
     task,
     task::JoinHandle,
 };
-use tracing::{debug, error, info};
+use tracing::{debug, info};
 use tracing_subscriber::{
     fmt, fmt::format::FmtSpan, layer::SubscriberExt, util::SubscriberInitExt, Registry,
 };
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl GraphServer {
             for graph_name in graph_names {
                 embedding_conf
                     .individual_templates
-                    .insert(graph_name.into(), template.clone());
+                    .insert(graph_name, template.clone());
             }
         }
         self
diff --git a/raphtory-graphql/src/url_encode.rs b/raphtory-graphql/src/url_encode.rs
index 017d3ab886..98f4c09cb5 100644
--- a/raphtory-graphql/src/url_encode.rs
+++ b/raphtory-graphql/src/url_encode.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 use base64::{prelude::BASE64_URL_SAFE, DecodeError, Engine};
 use raphtory::{
-    db::api::view::MaterializedGraph,
+    db::api::{
+        storage::storage::{Extension, PersistentStrategy},
+        view::MaterializedGraph,
+    },
     errors::GraphError,
-    serialise::{InternalStableDecode, StableEncode},
+    prelude::{StableDecode, StableEncode},
+    serialise::GraphPaths,
 };
 
 #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
@@ -21,11 +25,52 @@ pub enum UrlDecodeError {
 
 pub fn url_encode_graph<G: Into<MaterializedGraph>>(graph: G) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
     let g: MaterializedGraph = graph.into();
-    Ok(BASE64_URL_SAFE.encode(g.encode_to_vec()))
+    let bytes = g.encode_to_bytes()?;
+
+    Ok(BASE64_URL_SAFE.encode(bytes))
+}
+
+pub fn url_decode_graph<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(graph: T) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
+    let bytes = BASE64_URL_SAFE.decode(graph.as_ref()).unwrap();
+    MaterializedGraph::decode_from_bytes(&bytes)
 }
 
-pub fn url_decode_graph<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(graph: T) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, UrlDecodeError> {
-    Ok(MaterializedGraph::decode_from_bytes(
-        &BASE64_URL_SAFE.decode(graph)?,
-    )?)
+pub fn url_decode_graph_at<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(
+    graph: T,
+    storage_path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
+    let bytes = BASE64_URL_SAFE.decode(graph.as_ref()).unwrap();
+    if Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+        MaterializedGraph::decode_from_bytes_at(&bytes, storage_path)
+    } else {
+        MaterializedGraph::decode_from_bytes(&bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use raphtory::{db::graph::graph::assert_graph_equal, prelude::*};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_url_encode_decode() {
+        let graph = Graph::new();
+        graph.add_edge(1, 2, 3, [("bla", "blu")], None).unwrap();
+        let edge = graph.add_edge(2, 3, 4, [("foo", 42)], Some("7")).unwrap();
+
+        edge.add_metadata([("14", 15f64)], Some("7")).unwrap();
+
+        let node = graph.add_node(17, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        node.add_metadata([("blerg", "test")]).unwrap();
+
+        let bytes = url_encode_graph(graph.clone()).unwrap();
+        let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let storage_path = tempdir.path().to_path_buf();
+        let decoded_graph = url_decode_graph_at(bytes, &storage_path).unwrap();
+
+        let g2 = decoded_graph.into_events().unwrap();
+
+        assert_graph_equal(&graph, &g2);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/Cargo.toml b/raphtory-storage/Cargo.toml
index 1435f1e309..64e96359bb 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory-storage/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,22 +14,22 @@ edition.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 raphtory-api = { workspace = true }
+raphtory-api-macros = { workspace = true }
 raphtory-core = { workspace = true }
+storage.workspace = true
+db4-graph.workspace = true
+parking_lot.workspace = true
 rayon = { workspace = true }
 iter-enum = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
-pometry-storage = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 bigdecimal = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-parking_lot = { workspace = true }
-arrow-array = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-arrow-schema = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+arrow-array = { workspace = true }
+arrow-schema = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 proptest = { workspace = true }
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
 
-[features]
-storage = ["raphtory-api/storage", "dep:pometry-storage", "dep:bigdecimal", "dep:num-traits", "dep:arrow-array", "dep:arrow-schema"]
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/build.rs b/raphtory-storage/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2500803898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory-storage/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use std::io::Result;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(has_debug_symbols)");
+    if let Ok("true" | "1" | "2") = std::env::var("DEBUG").as_deref() {
+        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=has_debug_symbols");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/core_ops.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/core_ops.rs
index c1ac36621b..c6c1897a23 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/core_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/core_ops.rs
@@ -13,13 +13,11 @@ use raphtory_api::{
         storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
     },
     inherit::Base,
-    iter::{BoxedIter, BoxedLIter},
-};
-use raphtory_core::entities::{nodes::node_ref::NodeRef, properties::graph_meta::GraphMeta};
-use std::{
-    iter,
-    sync::{atomic::Ordering, Arc},
+    iter::{BoxedIter, BoxedLIter, IntoDynBoxed},
 };
+use raphtory_core::entities::nodes::node_ref::NodeRef;
+use std::{iter, sync::Arc};
+use storage::resolver::GIDResolverOps;
 
 /// Check if two Graph views point at the same underlying storage
 pub fn is_view_compatible(g1: &impl CoreGraphOps, g2: &impl CoreGraphOps) -> bool {
@@ -33,29 +31,23 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
             GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => {
                 graph.logical_to_physical.dtype()
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => Some(storage.inner().id_type()),
         }
     }
 
-    fn num_shards(&self) -> usize {
-        match self.core_graph() {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => {
-                graph.storage.num_shards()
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(_) => 1,
-        }
-    }
+    // fn num_shards(&self) -> usize {
+    //     match self.core_graph() {
+    //         GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => {
+    //             graph.storage.num_shards()
+    //         }
+    //     }
+    // }
 
     /// get the current sequence id without incrementing the counter
     fn read_event_id(&self) -> usize {
         match self.core_graph() {
-            GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) | GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) => {
-                graph.event_counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+            GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => {
+                graph.storage().read_event_id()
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.inner.count_temporal_edges(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -105,6 +97,7 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
     fn core_edges(&self) -> EdgesStorage {
         self.core_graph().owned_edges()
     }
+
     #[inline]
     fn core_edge(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeStorageEntry<'_> {
         self.core_graph().edge_entry(eid)
@@ -131,8 +124,8 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn graph_meta(&self) -> &GraphMeta {
-        self.core_graph().graph_meta()
+    fn graph_props_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        self.core_graph().graph_props_meta()
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -156,13 +149,13 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
         let layer_ids = layer_ids.clone();
         match layer_ids {
             LayerIds::None => Box::new(iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => Box::new(self.edge_meta().layer_meta().get_keys().into_iter()),
+            LayerIds::All => Box::new(self.edge_meta().layer_meta().keys().into_iter()), // first layer is static graph and private
             LayerIds::One(id) => {
                 let name = self.edge_meta().layer_meta().get_name(id).clone();
                 Box::new(iter::once(name))
             }
             LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => {
-                let keys = self.edge_meta().layer_meta().get_keys();
+                let keys = self.edge_meta().layer_meta().all_keys();
                 Box::new(ids.into_iter().map(move |id| keys[id].clone()))
             }
         }
@@ -184,9 +177,7 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
     #[inline]
     fn node_name(&self, v: VID) -> String {
         let node = self.core_node(v);
-        node.name()
-            .map(|name| name.to_string())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| node.id().to_str().to_string())
+        node.name().as_ref().to_owned()
     }
 
     /// Returns the type of node
@@ -226,7 +217,7 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
     /// The property value if it exists.
     fn node_metadata(&self, v: VID, id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
         let core_node_entry = self.core_node(v);
-        core_node_entry.prop(id)
+        core_node_entry.constant_prop_layer(0, id)
     }
 
     /// Gets the keys of metadata of a given node
@@ -237,9 +228,8 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
     ///
     /// # Returns
     /// The keys of the metadata.
-    fn node_metadata_ids(&self, v: VID) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
-        let core_node_entry = self.core_node(v);
-        core_node_entry.metadata_ids()
+    fn node_metadata_ids(&self, _v: VID) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
+        self.node_meta().metadata_mapper().ids().into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     /// Returns a vector of all ids of temporal properties within the given node
@@ -250,9 +240,11 @@ pub trait CoreGraphOps: Send + Sync {
     ///
     /// # Returns
     /// The ids of the temporal properties
-    fn temporal_node_prop_ids(&self, v: VID) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = usize> + '_> {
-        let core_node_entry = self.core_node(v);
-        core_node_entry.temporal_prop_ids()
+    fn temporal_node_prop_ids(&self, _v: VID) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = usize> + '_> {
+        self.node_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .ids()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/graph_impl/mod.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/graph_impl/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 72682ff61d..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/graph_impl/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-use pometry_storage::edge::Edge;
-pub mod prop_conversion;
-
-pub type DiskEdge<'a> = Edge<'a>;
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/graph_impl/prop_conversion.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/graph_impl/prop_conversion.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e7547054b2..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/graph_impl/prop_conversion.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, graph::nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps};
-use arrow_array::{
-    builder::BooleanBuilder, ArrayRef, Decimal128Array, Float32Array, Float64Array, Int32Array,
-    Int64Array, LargeStringArray, UInt16Array, UInt32Array, UInt64Array, UInt8Array,
-};
-use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema, DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-use pometry_storage::{
-    chunked_array::array_like::BaseArrayLike,
-    properties::{node_ts, NodePropsBuilder, Properties},
-    RAError,
-};
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
-    properties::{
-        meta::PropMapper,
-        prop::{Prop, PropType, PropUnwrap},
-        tprop::TPropOps,
-    },
-    VID,
-};
-use raphtory_core::utils::iter::GenLockedIter;
-use std::path::Path;
-
-pub fn make_node_properties_from_graph<G: CoreGraphOps>(
-    graph: &G,
-    graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
-) -> Result<Properties<VID>, RAError> {
-    let graph_dir = graph_dir.as_ref();
-    let n = graph.unfiltered_num_nodes();
-
-    let temporal_mapper = graph.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
-    let metadata_mapper = graph.node_meta().metadata_mapper();
-
-    let gs = graph.core_graph();
-
-    let temporal_prop_keys = temporal_mapper
-        .get_keys()
-        .iter()
-        .map(|s| s.to_string())
-        .collect();
-
-    let metadata_keys = metadata_mapper
-        .get_keys()
-        .iter()
-        .map(|s| s.to_string())
-        .collect();
-
-    let builder = NodePropsBuilder::new(n, graph_dir)
-        .with_timestamps(|vid| {
-            let node = gs.core_node(vid);
-            node.as_ref().temp_prop_rows().map(|(ts, _)| ts).collect()
-        })
-        .with_metadata(metadata_keys, |prop_id, prop_key| {
-            let prop_type = metadata_mapper.get_dtype(prop_id).unwrap();
-            let col = arrow_array_from_props(
-                (0..n).map(|vid| {
-                    let node = gs.core_node(VID(vid));
-                    node.prop(prop_id)
-                }),
-                prop_type,
-            );
-            col.map(|col| {
-                let dtype = col.data_type().clone();
-                (Field::new(prop_key, dtype, true), col)
-            })
-        })
-        .with_properties(temporal_prop_keys, |prop_id, prop_key, ts, offsets| {
-            let prop_type = temporal_mapper.get_dtype(prop_id).unwrap();
-            let col = arrow_array_from_props(
-                (0..n).flat_map(|vid| {
-                    let ts = node_ts(VID(vid), offsets, ts);
-                    let node = gs.core_node(VID(vid));
-                    let iter =
-                        GenLockedIter::from(node, |node| Box::new(node.tprop(prop_id).iter()));
-                    iter.merge_join_by(ts, |(t2, _), &t1| t2.cmp(t1))
-                        .map(|result| match result {
-                            itertools::EitherOrBoth::Both((_, t_prop), _) => Some(t_prop),
-                            _ => None,
-                        })
-                }),
-                prop_type,
-            );
-            col.map(|col| {
-                let dtype = col.data_type().clone();
-                (Field::new(prop_key, dtype, true), col)
-            })
-        });
-
-    let props = builder.build()?;
-    Ok(props)
-}
-
-/// Map iterator of prop values to array (returns None if all the props are None)
-pub fn arrow_array_from_props(
-    props: impl Iterator<Item = Option<Prop>>,
-    prop_type: PropType,
-) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
-    match prop_type {
-        PropType::Str => {
-            let array: LargeStringArray = props.map(|prop| prop.into_str()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::U8 => {
-            let array: UInt8Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_u8()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::U16 => {
-            let array: UInt16Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_u16()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::I32 => {
-            let array: Int32Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_i32()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::I64 => {
-            let array: Int64Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_i64()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::U32 => {
-            let array: UInt32Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_u32()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::U64 => {
-            let array: UInt64Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_u64()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::F32 => {
-            let array: Float32Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_f32()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::F64 => {
-            let array: Float64Array = props.map(|prop| prop.into_f64()).collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::Bool => {
-            // direct collect requires known size for the iterator which we do not have
-            let mut builder = BooleanBuilder::new();
-            builder.extend(props.map(|prop| prop.into_bool()));
-            let array = builder.finish();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(array.as_array_ref())
-        }
-        PropType::Decimal { scale } => {
-            let array: Decimal128Array = props
-                .map(|prop| {
-                    prop.into_decimal().and_then(|d| {
-                        let (int, _) = d.as_bigint_and_exponent();
-                        int.to_i128()
-                    })
-                })
-                .collect();
-            (array.null_count() != array.len()).then_some(
-                array
-                    .with_precision_and_scale(DECIMAL128_MAX_PRECISION, scale as i8)
-                    .expect("valid decimal")
-                    .as_array_ref(),
-            )
-        }
-        PropType::Empty
-        | PropType::List(_)
-        | PropType::Map(_)
-        | PropType::NDTime
-        | PropType::Array(_)
-        | PropType::DTime => panic!("{prop_type:?} not supported as disk_graph property"),
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn schema_from_prop_meta(prop_map: &PropMapper) -> Schema {
-    let time_field = Field::new("time", DataType::Int64, false);
-    let mut schema = vec![time_field];
-
-    for (id, key) in prop_map.get_keys().iter().enumerate() {
-        match prop_map.get_dtype(id).unwrap() {
-            PropType::Str => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::LargeUtf8, true));
-            }
-            PropType::U8 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::UInt8, true));
-            }
-            PropType::U16 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::UInt16, true));
-            }
-            PropType::I32 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::Int32, true));
-            }
-            PropType::I64 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::Int64, true));
-            }
-            PropType::U32 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::UInt32, true));
-            }
-            PropType::U64 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::UInt64, true));
-            }
-            PropType::F32 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::Float32, true));
-            }
-            PropType::F64 => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::Float64, true));
-            }
-            PropType::Bool => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::Boolean, true));
-            }
-            PropType::Decimal { scale } => {
-                schema.push(Field::new(key, DataType::Decimal128(38, scale as i8), true));
-            }
-            prop_type @ (PropType::Empty
-            | PropType::List(_)
-            | PropType::Map(_)
-            | PropType::NDTime
-            | PropType::Array(_)
-            | PropType::DTime) => panic!("{:?} not supported as disk_graph property", prop_type),
-        }
-    }
-
-    Schema::new(schema)
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/mod.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 03aeabcfba..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,719 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    core_ops::CoreGraphOps, disk::graph_impl::prop_conversion::make_node_properties_from_graph,
-};
-use arrow_array::{ArrayRef, Float64Array, Int64Array, StructArray, UInt64Array};
-use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field};
-use pometry_storage::{
-    graph::TemporalGraph, graph_fragment::TempColGraphFragment, interop::GraphLike,
-    load::ExternalEdgeList, merge::merge_graph::merge_graphs, RAError,
-};
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{properties::meta::Meta, Layer, LayerIds},
-    storage::timeindex::AsTime,
-};
-use raphtory_core::entities::{graph::tgraph::InvalidLayer, properties::graph_meta::GraphMeta};
-use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelRefIterator, ParallelIterator};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
-use std::{
-    fmt::{Display, Formatter},
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-pub mod graph_impl;
-pub mod storage_interface;
-
-pub type Time = i64;
-
-pub mod prelude {
-    pub use pometry_storage::chunked_array::array_ops::*;
-}
-
-pub use pometry_storage as disk_storage;
-use pometry_storage::chunked_array::array_like::{BaseArrayLike, FromVec};
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ParquetLayerCols<'a> {
-    pub parquet_dir: &'a str,
-    pub layer: &'a str,
-    pub src_col: &'a str,
-    pub dst_col: &'a str,
-    pub time_col: &'a str,
-    pub exclude_edge_props: Vec<&'a str>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct DiskGraphStorage {
-    pub inner: Arc<TemporalGraph>,
-    graph_props: Arc<GraphMeta>,
-}
-
-impl From<TemporalGraph> for DiskGraphStorage {
-    fn from(value: TemporalGraph) -> Self {
-        Self::new(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Serialize for DiskGraphStorage {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: Serializer,
-    {
-        let path = self.graph_dir();
-        path.serialize(serializer)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for DiskGraphStorage {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let path = PathBuf::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        let graph_result = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(&path).map_err(|err| {
-            serde::de::Error::custom(format!("Failed to load Diskgraph: {:?}", err))
-        })?;
-        Ok(graph_result)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for DiskGraphStorage {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "Diskgraph(num_nodes={}, num_temporal_edges={}",
-            self.inner.num_nodes(),
-            self.inner.count_temporal_edges()
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl AsRef<TemporalGraph> for DiskGraphStorage {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &TemporalGraph {
-        &self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-impl DiskGraphStorage {
-    pub fn inner(&self) -> &Arc<TemporalGraph> {
-        &self.inner
-    }
-
-    pub fn graph_dir(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.inner.graph_dir()
-    }
-
-    pub fn valid_layer_ids_from_names(&self, key: Layer) -> LayerIds {
-        match key {
-            Layer::All => LayerIds::All,
-            Layer::Default => LayerIds::One(0),
-            Layer::One(name) => self
-                .inner
-                .find_layer_id(&name)
-                .map(LayerIds::One)
-                .unwrap_or(LayerIds::None),
-            Layer::None => LayerIds::None,
-            Layer::Multiple(names) => {
-                let mut new_layers = names
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|name| self.inner.find_layer_id(name))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-                let num_layers = self.inner.num_layers();
-                let num_new_layers = new_layers.len();
-                if num_new_layers == 0 {
-                    LayerIds::None
-                } else if num_new_layers == 1 {
-                    LayerIds::One(new_layers[0])
-                } else if num_new_layers == num_layers {
-                    LayerIds::All
-                } else {
-                    new_layers.sort_unstable();
-                    new_layers.dedup();
-                    LayerIds::Multiple(new_layers.into())
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn layer_ids_from_names(&self, key: Layer) -> Result<LayerIds, InvalidLayer> {
-        match key {
-            Layer::All => Ok(LayerIds::All),
-            Layer::Default => Ok(LayerIds::One(0)),
-            Layer::One(name) => {
-                let id = self
-                    .inner
-                    .find_layer_id(&name)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| InvalidLayer::new(name, self.inner.get_valid_layers()))?;
-                Ok(LayerIds::One(id))
-            }
-            Layer::None => Ok(LayerIds::None),
-            Layer::Multiple(names) => {
-                let mut new_layers = names
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|name| {
-                        self.inner.find_layer_id(name).ok_or_else(|| {
-                            InvalidLayer::new(name.clone(), self.inner.get_valid_layers())
-                        })
-                    })
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-                let num_layers = self.inner.num_layers();
-                let num_new_layers = new_layers.len();
-                if num_new_layers == 0 {
-                    Ok(LayerIds::None)
-                } else if num_new_layers == 1 {
-                    Ok(LayerIds::One(new_layers[0]))
-                } else if num_new_layers == num_layers {
-                    Ok(LayerIds::All)
-                } else {
-                    new_layers.sort_unstable();
-                    new_layers.dedup();
-                    Ok(LayerIds::Multiple(new_layers.into()))
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn make_simple_graph(
-        graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
-        edges: &[(u64, u64, i64, f64)],
-        chunk_size: usize,
-        t_props_chunk_size: usize,
-    ) -> DiskGraphStorage {
-        // unzip into 4 vectors
-        let (src, (dst, (time, weight))): (Vec<_>, (Vec<_>, (Vec<_>, Vec<_>))) = edges
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(a, b, c, d)| (*a, (*b, (*c, *d))))
-            .unzip();
-
-        let edge_lists = vec![StructArray::new(
-            vec![
-                Field::new("src", DataType::UInt64, false),
-                Field::new("dst", DataType::UInt64, false),
-                Field::new("time", DataType::Int64, false),
-                Field::new("weight", DataType::Float64, false),
-            ]
-            .into(),
-            vec![
-                UInt64Array::from_vec(src).as_array_ref(),
-                UInt64Array::from_vec(dst).as_array_ref(),
-                Int64Array::from_vec(time).as_array_ref(),
-                Float64Array::from_vec(weight).as_array_ref(),
-            ],
-            None,
-        )];
-        DiskGraphStorage::load_from_edge_lists(
-            &edge_lists,
-            chunk_size,
-            t_props_chunk_size,
-            graph_dir.as_ref(),
-            2,
-            0,
-            1,
-        )
-        .expect("failed to create graph")
-    }
-
-    /// Merge this graph with another `DiskGraph`. Note that both graphs should have nodes that are
-    /// sorted by their global ids or the resulting graph will be nonsense!
-    pub fn merge_by_sorted_gids(
-        &self,
-        other: &DiskGraphStorage,
-        new_graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    ) -> Result<DiskGraphStorage, RAError> {
-        let graph_dir = new_graph_dir.as_ref();
-        let inner = merge_graphs(graph_dir, &self.inner, &other.inner)?;
-        Ok(DiskGraphStorage::new(inner))
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(inner_graph: TemporalGraph) -> Self {
-        let graph_meta = GraphMeta::new();
-
-        Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(inner_graph),
-            graph_props: Arc::new(graph_meta),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_graph<T: AsTime, G: GraphLike<T> + CoreGraphOps>(
-        graph: &G,
-        graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, RAError> {
-        let inner_graph = TemporalGraph::from_graph(graph, graph_dir.as_ref(), || {
-            make_node_properties_from_graph(graph, graph_dir.as_ref())
-        })?;
-        let mut storage = Self::new(inner_graph);
-        storage.graph_props = Arc::new(graph.graph_meta().deep_clone());
-        Ok(storage)
-    }
-
-    pub fn load_from_edge_lists(
-        edge_list: &[StructArray],
-        chunk_size: usize,
-        t_props_chunk_size: usize,
-        graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path> + Sync,
-        time_col_idx: usize,
-        src_col_idx: usize,
-        dst_col_idx: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self, RAError> {
-        let inner = TemporalGraph::from_sorted_edge_list(
-            graph_dir,
-            src_col_idx,
-            dst_col_idx,
-            time_col_idx,
-            chunk_size,
-            t_props_chunk_size,
-            edge_list,
-        )?;
-        Ok(Self::new(inner))
-    }
-
-    pub fn load_from_dir(graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<DiskGraphStorage, RAError> {
-        let inner = TemporalGraph::new(graph_dir)?;
-        Ok(Self::new(inner))
-    }
-
-    pub fn load_from_parquets<P: AsRef<Path>>(
-        graph_dir: P,
-        layer_parquet_cols: Vec<ParquetLayerCols>,
-        node_properties: Option<P>,
-        chunk_size: usize,
-        t_props_chunk_size: usize,
-        num_threads: usize,
-        node_type_col: Option<&str>,
-        node_id_col: Option<&str>,
-        num_rows: Option<usize>,
-    ) -> Result<DiskGraphStorage, RAError> {
-        let edge_lists: Vec<ExternalEdgeList<&Path>> = layer_parquet_cols
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(
-                |ParquetLayerCols {
-                     parquet_dir,
-                     layer,
-                     src_col,
-                     dst_col,
-                     time_col,
-                     exclude_edge_props,
-                 }| {
-                    ExternalEdgeList::new(
-                        layer,
-                        parquet_dir.as_ref(),
-                        src_col,
-                        dst_col,
-                        time_col,
-                        exclude_edge_props,
-                    )
-                    .expect("Failed to load events")
-                },
-            )
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let t_graph = TemporalGraph::from_parquets(
-            num_threads,
-            chunk_size,
-            t_props_chunk_size,
-            graph_dir.as_ref(),
-            edge_lists,
-            &[],
-            node_properties.as_ref().map(|p| p.as_ref()),
-            node_type_col,
-            node_id_col,
-            num_rows,
-        )?;
-        Ok(Self::new(t_graph))
-    }
-
-    pub fn load_node_types_from_arrays(
-        &mut self,
-        arrays: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<ArrayRef, RAError>>,
-        chunk_size: usize,
-    ) -> Result<(), RAError> {
-        let inner = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.inner);
-        inner.load_node_types_from_chunks(arrays, chunk_size)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn filtered_layers_par<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        layer_ids: LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = &'a TempColGraphFragment> + 'a {
-        self.inner
-            .layers()
-            .par_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter(move |(l_id, _)| layer_ids.contains(l_id))
-            .map(|(_, layer)| layer)
-    }
-
-    pub fn filtered_layers_iter<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        layer_ids: LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a TempColGraphFragment> + 'a {
-        self.inner
-            .layers()
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter(move |(l_id, _)| layer_ids.contains(l_id))
-            .map(|(_, layer)| layer)
-    }
-
-    pub fn node_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
-        self.inner.node_meta()
-    }
-
-    pub fn edge_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
-        self.inner.edge_meta()
-    }
-
-    pub fn graph_meta(&self) -> &GraphMeta {
-        &self.graph_props
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use arrow_array::{Int64Array, StructArray, UInt64Array};
-    use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use pometry_storage::{
-        chunked_array::array_like::{BaseArrayLike, FromVec},
-        graph::TemporalGraph,
-        RAError,
-    };
-    use proptest::{prelude::*, sample::size_range};
-    use raphtory_api::core::entities::{EID, VID};
-    use std::path::Path;
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-    fn edges_sanity_node_list(edges: &[(u64, u64, i64)]) -> Vec<u64> {
-        edges
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(s, _, _)| *s)
-            .chain(edges.iter().map(|(_, d, _)| *d))
-            .sorted()
-            .dedup()
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn edges_sanity_check_build_graph<P: AsRef<Path>>(
-        test_dir: P,
-        edges: &[(u64, u64, i64)],
-        input_chunk_size: u64,
-        chunk_size: usize,
-        t_props_chunk_size: usize,
-    ) -> Result<TemporalGraph, RAError> {
-        let chunks = edges
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(src, _, _)| *src)
-            .chunks(input_chunk_size as usize);
-        let srcs = chunks
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|chunk| UInt64Array::from_vec(chunk.collect()));
-        let chunks = edges
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(_, dst, _)| *dst)
-            .chunks(input_chunk_size as usize);
-        let dsts = chunks
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|chunk| UInt64Array::from_vec(chunk.collect()));
-        let chunks = edges
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(_, _, times)| *times)
-            .chunks(input_chunk_size as usize);
-        let times = chunks
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|chunk| Int64Array::from_vec(chunk.collect()));
-
-        let schema = Schema::new(vec![
-            Field::new("srcs", DataType::UInt64, false),
-            Field::new("dsts", DataType::UInt64, false),
-            Field::new("time", DataType::Int64, false),
-        ]);
-
-        let triples = srcs
-            .zip(dsts)
-            .zip(times)
-            .map(move |((a, b), c)| {
-                StructArray::new(
-                    schema.fields.clone(),
-                    vec![a.as_array_ref(), b.as_array_ref(), c.as_array_ref()],
-                    None,
-                )
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        TemporalGraph::from_sorted_edge_list(
-            test_dir.as_ref(),
-            0,
-            1,
-            2,
-            chunk_size,
-            t_props_chunk_size,
-            &triples,
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn check_graph_sanity(edges: &[(u64, u64, i64)], nodes: &[u64], graph: &TemporalGraph) {
-        let actual_num_verts = nodes.len();
-        let g_num_verts = graph.num_nodes();
-        assert_eq!(actual_num_verts, g_num_verts);
-        assert!(graph
-            .edges_iter()
-            .map(|edge| (edge.src_id(), edge.dst_id()))
-            .all(|(VID(src), VID(dst))| src < g_num_verts && dst < g_num_verts));
-
-        for v in 0..g_num_verts {
-            let v = VID(v);
-            assert!(graph
-                .node(v, 0)
-                .out_neighbours()
-                .tuple_windows()
-                .all(|(v1, v2)| v1 <= v2));
-            assert!(graph
-                .node(v, 0)
-                .in_neighbours()
-                .tuple_windows()
-                .all(|(v1, v2)| v1 <= v2));
-        }
-
-        let exploded_edges: Vec<_> = graph
-            .exploded_edges()
-            .map(|(src, dst, time)| (nodes[src.0], nodes[dst.0], time))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(exploded_edges, edges);
-
-        let mut expected_inbounds = edges
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(src, dst, _)| (*dst, *src))
-            .into_group_map();
-        for v in expected_inbounds.values_mut() {
-            v.sort();
-            v.dedup();
-        }
-
-        // check incoming edges
-        for (v_id, g_id) in nodes.iter().enumerate() {
-            let expected_inbound = match expected_inbounds.get(g_id) {
-                None => &vec![],
-                Some(res) => res,
-            };
-
-            let actual_inbound = graph
-                .node(VID(v_id), 0)
-                .in_neighbours()
-                .map(|v| nodes[v.0])
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            assert_eq!(&actual_inbound, expected_inbound);
-        }
-
-        let unique_edges = edges.iter().map(|(src, dst, _)| (*src, *dst)).dedup();
-
-        for (e_id, (src, dst)) in unique_edges.enumerate() {
-            let edge = graph.edge(EID(e_id));
-            let VID(src_id) = edge.src_id();
-            let VID(dst_id) = edge.dst_id();
-
-            assert_eq!(nodes[src_id], src);
-            assert_eq!(nodes[dst_id], dst);
-        }
-
-        let mut expected_node_additions = edges
-            .iter()
-            .flat_map(|(src, dst, t)| {
-                if src != dst {
-                    vec![(*src, *t), (*dst, *t)]
-                } else {
-                    vec![(*src, *t)]
-                }
-            })
-            .into_group_map();
-        for v in expected_node_additions.values_mut() {
-            v.sort();
-        }
-
-        for (v_id, node) in nodes.iter().enumerate() {
-            let expected = expected_node_additions.get(node).unwrap();
-            let node = graph.node(VID(v_id), 0);
-            let actual = node.timestamps().into_iter_t().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            assert_eq!(&actual, expected);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn edges_sanity_check_inner(
-        edges: Vec<(u64, u64, i64)>,
-        input_chunk_size: u64,
-        chunk_size: usize,
-        t_props_chunk_size: usize,
-    ) {
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let nodes = edges_sanity_node_list(&edges);
-        match edges_sanity_check_build_graph(
-            test_dir.path(),
-            &edges,
-            input_chunk_size,
-            chunk_size,
-            t_props_chunk_size,
-        ) {
-            Ok(graph) => {
-                // check graph is sane
-                check_graph_sanity(&edges, &nodes, &graph);
-
-                // check that reloading from graph dir works
-                let reloaded_graph = TemporalGraph::new(&test_dir).unwrap();
-                check_graph_sanity(&edges, &nodes, &reloaded_graph)
-            }
-            Err(RAError::NoEdgeLists | RAError::EmptyChunk) => assert!(edges.is_empty()),
-            Err(error) => panic!("{}", error.to_string()),
-        };
-    }
-
-    proptest! {
-        #[test]
-        fn edges_sanity_check(
-            edges in any_with::<Vec<(u8, u8, Vec<i64>)>>(size_range(1..=100).lift()).prop_map(|v| {
-                let mut v: Vec<(u64, u64, i64)> = v.into_iter().flat_map(|(src, dst, times)| {
-                    let src = src as u64;
-                    let dst = dst as u64;
-                    times.into_iter().map(move |t| (src, dst, t))}).collect();
-                v.sort();
-                v}),
-            input_chunk_size in 1..1024u64,
-            chunk_size in 1..1024usize,
-            t_props_chunk_size in 1..128usize
-        ) {
-            edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, input_chunk_size, chunk_size, t_props_chunk_size);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_sanity_fail1() {
-        let edges = vec![(0, 17, 0), (1, 0, -1), (17, 0, 0)];
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, 4, 4, 4)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_sanity_bad() {
-        let edges = vec![
-            (0, 85, -8744527736816607775),
-            (0, 85, -8533859256444633783),
-            (0, 85, -7949123054744509169),
-            (0, 85, -7208573652910411733),
-            (0, 85, -7004677070223473589),
-            (0, 85, -6486844751834401685),
-            (0, 85, -6420653301843451067),
-            (0, 85, -6151481582745013767),
-            (0, 85, -5577061971106014565),
-            (0, 85, -5484794766797320810),
-        ];
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, 3, 5, 12)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_sanity_more_bad() {
-        let edges = vec![
-            (1, 3, -8622734205120758463),
-            (2, 0, -8064563587743129892),
-            (2, 0, 0),
-            (2, 0, 66718116),
-            (2, 0, 733950369757766878),
-            (2, 0, 2044789983495278802),
-            (2, 0, 2403967656666566197),
-            (2, 4, -9199293364914546702),
-            (2, 4, -9104424882442202562),
-            (2, 4, -8942117006530427874),
-            (2, 4, -8805351871358148900),
-            (2, 4, -8237347600058197888),
-        ];
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, 3, 5, 6)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edges_sanity_chunk_1() {
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(vec![(876787706323152993, 0, 0)], 1, 1, 1)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edges_sanity_chunk_2() {
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(vec![(4, 3, 2), (4, 5, 0)], 2, 2, 2)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn one_edge_bounds_chunk_remainder() {
-        let edges = vec![(0u64, 1, 0)];
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, 1, 3, 3);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn same_edge_twice() {
-        let edges = vec![(0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1)];
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, 2, 3, 3);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn node_additions_bounds_to_arrays() {
-        let edges = vec![(0, 0, -2), (0, 0, -1), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)];
-        let len = edges.len();
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, len as u64, 2, 2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn large_failing_edge_sanity_repeated() {
-        let edges = vec![
-            (0, 0, 0),
-            (0, 1, 0),
-            (0, 2, 0),
-            (0, 3, 0),
-            (0, 4, 0),
-            (0, 5, 0),
-            (0, 6, -30),
-            (4, 7, -83),
-            (4, 7, -77),
-            (6, 8, -68),
-            (6, 8, -65),
-            (9, 10, 46),
-            (9, 10, 46),
-            (9, 10, 51),
-            (9, 10, 54),
-            (9, 10, 59),
-            (9, 10, 59),
-            (9, 10, 59),
-            (9, 10, 65),
-            (9, 11, -75),
-        ];
-        let input_chunk_size = 411;
-        let edge_chunk_size = 5;
-        let edge_max_list_size = 7;
-
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, input_chunk_size, edge_chunk_size, edge_max_list_size);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_sanity_chunk_broken_incoming() {
-        let edges = vec![
-            (0, 0, 0),
-            (0, 0, 0),
-            (0, 0, 66),
-            (0, 1, 0),
-            (2, 0, 0),
-            (3, 4, 0),
-            (4, 0, 0),
-            (4, 4, 0),
-            (4, 4, 0),
-            (4, 4, 0),
-            (4, 4, 0),
-            (5, 0, 0),
-            (6, 7, 7274856480798084567),
-            (8, 3, -7707029126214574305),
-        ];
-
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, 853, 122, 98)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_sanity_chunk_broken_something() {
-        let edges = vec![(0, 3, 0), (1, 2, 0), (3, 2, 0)];
-        edges_sanity_check_inner(edges, 1, 1, 1)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edge.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edge.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 399947370e..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edge.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-use crate::graph::edges::edge_storage_ops::{EdgeStorageOps, TimeIndexRef};
-use pometry_storage::{edge::Edge, tprops::DiskTProp};
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{
-        properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-        LayerIds, LayerVariants, EID, VID,
-    },
-    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
-};
-use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndex;
-use rayon::prelude::*;
-use std::{iter, ops::Range};
-
-impl<'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for Edge<'a> {
-    fn added(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds, w: Range<i64>) -> bool {
-        self.has_layer(layer_ids) && {
-            match layer_ids {
-                LayerIds::None => false,
-                LayerIds::All => self
-                    .additions_iter(layer_ids)
-                    .any(|(_, t_index)| t_index.active_t(w.clone())),
-                LayerIds::One(l_id) => self.get_additions::<i64>(*l_id).active_t(w),
-                LayerIds::Multiple(layers) => layers
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|l_id| self.added(&LayerIds::One(l_id), w.clone())),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn has_layer(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
-        match layer_ids {
-            LayerIds::None => false,
-            LayerIds::All => true,
-            LayerIds::One(id) => self.has_layer_inner(*id),
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => ids.iter().any(|id| self.has_layer_inner(id)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn src(self) -> VID {
-        self.src_id()
-    }
-
-    fn dst(self) -> VID {
-        self.dst_id()
-    }
-
-    fn eid(self) -> EID {
-        self.pid()
-    }
-
-    fn layer_ids_iter(self, layer_ids: &'a LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        match layer_ids {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(std::iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(
-                (0..self.internal_num_layers()).filter(move |&l| self.has_layer_inner(l)),
-            ),
-            LayerIds::One(id) => {
-                LayerVariants::One(self.has_layer_inner(*id).then_some(*id).into_iter())
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => {
-                LayerVariants::Multiple(ids.into_iter().filter(move |&id| self.has_layer_inner(id)))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn layer_ids_par_iter(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        match layer_ids {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(rayon::iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(
-                (0..self.internal_num_layers())
-                    .into_par_iter()
-                    .filter(move |&l| self.has_layer_inner(l)),
-            ),
-            LayerIds::One(id) => {
-                LayerVariants::One(self.has_layer_inner(*id).then_some(*id).into_par_iter())
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => {
-                LayerVariants::Multiple(ids.par_iter().filter(move |&id| self.has_layer_inner(id)))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn deletions_iter(
-        self,
-        _layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        Box::new(iter::empty())
-    }
-
-    fn deletions_par_iter(
-        self,
-        _layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        rayon::iter::empty()
-    }
-
-    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
-        TimeIndexRef::External(self.get_additions::<TimeIndexEntry>(layer_id))
-    }
-
-    fn deletions(self, _layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
-        TimeIndexRef::Ref(&TimeIndex::Empty)
-    }
-
-    fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> + 'a {
-        self.graph()
-            .localize_edge_prop_id(layer_id, prop_id)
-            .map(|prop_id| {
-                self.graph()
-                    .layer(layer_id)
-                    .edges_storage()
-                    .prop(self.eid(), prop_id)
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(DiskTProp::empty())
-    }
-
-    fn metadata_layer(self, _layer_id: usize, _prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        // TODO: metadata edge properties not implemented in diskgraph yet
-        None
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edges.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edges.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index df02191471..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edges.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use crate::disk::{
-    graph_impl::DiskEdge, storage_interface::edges_ref::DiskEdgesRef, DiskGraphStorage,
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use raphtory_api::{
-    core::entities::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef, LayerIds, LayerVariants, EID},
-    iter::IntoDynBoxed,
-};
-use raphtory_core::utils::iter::GenLockedIter;
-use rayon::iter::{IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
-use std::{iter, sync::Arc};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct DiskEdges {
-    graph: Arc<DiskGraphStorage>,
-}
-
-impl DiskEdges {
-    pub(crate) fn new(graph: &DiskGraphStorage) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            graph: Arc::new(graph.clone()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> DiskEdgesRef<'_> {
-        DiskEdgesRef {
-            graph: &self.graph.inner,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_iter_refs(self, layer_ids: LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> {
-        match layer_ids {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(GenLockedIter::from(self.graph, |graph| {
-                graph
-                    .inner
-                    .all_edge_ids()
-                    .map(|(eid, src, dst)| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, src, dst))
-                    .into_dyn_boxed()
-            })),
-            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => {
-                LayerVariants::One(GenLockedIter::from(self.graph, move |graph| {
-                    graph
-                        .inner
-                        .layer_edge_ids(layer_id)
-                        .map(|(eid, src, dst)| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, src, dst))
-                        .into_dyn_boxed()
-                }))
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => LayerVariants::Multiple(
-                ids.into_iter()
-                    .map(move |layer_id| {
-                        GenLockedIter::from(self.graph.clone(), move |graph| {
-                            graph.inner.layer_edge_ids(layer_id).into_dyn_boxed()
-                        })
-                    })
-                    .kmerge_by(|(eid1, _, _), (eid2, _, _)| eid1 < eid2)
-                    .dedup()
-                    .map(move |(eid, src, dst)| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, src, dst)),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_par_iter_refs(self, layer_ids: LayerIds) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EID> {
-        match layer_ids {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(rayon::iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => {
-                LayerVariants::One(self.graph.inner.all_edge_ids_par(layer_id))
-            }
-            LayerIds::All => {
-                LayerVariants::All((0..self.graph.inner.num_edges()).into_par_iter().map(EID))
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => LayerVariants::Multiple(
-                (0..self.graph.inner.num_edges())
-                    .into_par_iter()
-                    .map(EID)
-                    .filter(move |e| {
-                        ids.into_iter()
-                            .any(|layer_id| self.graph.inner.edge(*e).has_layer_inner(layer_id))
-                    }),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get(&self, eid: EID) -> DiskEdge<'_> {
-        self.graph.inner.edge(eid)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edges_ref.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edges_ref.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c638bebb6c..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/edges_ref.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{disk::graph_impl::DiskEdge, graph::edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps};
-use pometry_storage::graph::TemporalGraph;
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::{LayerIds, LayerVariants, EID};
-use rayon::prelude::*;
-use std::iter;
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct DiskEdgesRef<'a> {
-    pub(super) graph: &'a TemporalGraph,
-}
-
-impl<'a> DiskEdgesRef<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(storage: &'a TemporalGraph) -> Self {
-        Self { graph: storage }
-    }
-
-    pub fn edge(self, eid: EID) -> DiskEdge<'a> {
-        self.graph.edge(eid)
-    }
-
-    pub fn iter(self, layers: &LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = DiskEdge<'a>> + use<'a, '_> {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(self.graph.edges_iter()),
-            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => LayerVariants::One(self.graph.edges_layer_iter(*layer_id)),
-            layer_ids => LayerVariants::Multiple(
-                self.graph
-                    .edges_iter()
-                    .filter(move |e| e.has_layer(layer_ids)),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn par_iter(
-        self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = DiskEdge<'a>> + use<'a, '_> {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(rayon::iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(self.graph.edges_par_iter()),
-            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => {
-                LayerVariants::One(self.graph.edges_layer_par_iter(*layer_id))
-            }
-            layer_ids => LayerVariants::Multiple(
-                self.graph
-                    .edges_par_iter()
-                    .filter(move |e| e.has_layer(layer_ids)),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn count(self, layers: &LayerIds) -> usize {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::None => 0,
-            LayerIds::All => self.graph.num_edges(),
-            LayerIds::One(id) => self.graph.layer(*id).num_edges(),
-            layer_ids => self
-                .graph
-                .edges_par_iter()
-                .filter(move |e| e.has_layer(layer_ids))
-                .count(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.count(&LayerIds::All)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/mod.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 27f130f009..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-pub mod edge;
-pub mod edges;
-pub mod edges_ref;
-pub mod node;
-pub mod nodes;
-pub mod nodes_ref;
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/node.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/node.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f68d13b063..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/node.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,340 +0,0 @@
-use crate::graph::nodes::{
-    node_additions::NodeAdditions,
-    node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps,
-    row::{DiskRow, Row},
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use pometry_storage::{
-    graph::TemporalGraph, timestamps::LayerAdditions, tprops::DiskTProp, GidRef,
-};
-use raphtory_api::{
-    core::{
-        entities::{
-            edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef,
-            properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-            LayerIds, LayerVariants, VID,
-        },
-        storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
-        Direction, DirectionVariants,
-    },
-    iter::BoxedLIter,
-};
-use std::{borrow::Cow, iter, ops::Range};
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct DiskNode<'a> {
-    graph: &'a TemporalGraph,
-    pub(super) vid: VID,
-}
-
-impl<'a> DiskNode<'a> {
-    pub fn into_rows(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Row<'a>)> {
-        self.graph
-            .node_properties()
-            .temporal_props()
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .flat_map(move |(layer, props)| {
-                let ts = props.timestamps::<TimeIndexEntry>(self.vid);
-                ts.into_iter().zip(0..ts.len()).map(move |(t, row)| {
-                    let row = DiskRow::new(self.graph, ts, row, layer);
-                    (t, Row::Disk(row))
-                })
-            })
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_rows_window(
-        self,
-        window: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Row<'a>)> {
-        self.graph
-            .node_properties()
-            .temporal_props()
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .flat_map(move |(layer, props)| {
-                let ts = props.timestamps::<TimeIndexEntry>(self.vid);
-                let ts = ts.range(window.clone());
-                ts.iter().enumerate().map(move |(row, t)| {
-                    let row = DiskRow::new(self.graph, ts, row, layer);
-                    (t, Row::Disk(row))
-                })
-            })
-    }
-
-    pub fn last_before_row(self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Vec<(usize, Prop)> {
-        self.graph
-            .prop_mapping()
-            .nodes()
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter_map(|(prop_id, &location)| {
-                let (layer, local_prop_id) = location?;
-                let layer = self.graph().node_properties().temporal_props().get(layer)?;
-                let t_prop = layer.prop::<TimeIndexEntry>(self.vid, local_prop_id);
-                t_prop.last_before(t).map(|(_, p)| (prop_id, p))
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn node_metadata_ids(self) -> BoxedLIter<'a, usize> {
-        match &self.graph.node_properties().metadata {
-            None => Box::new(std::iter::empty()),
-            Some(props) => {
-                Box::new((0..props.num_props()).filter(move |id| props.has_prop(self.vid, *id)))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn temporal_node_prop_ids(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        self.graph
-            .prop_mapping()
-            .nodes()
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter(|(_, exists)| exists.is_some())
-            .map(|(id, _)| id)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn new(graph: &'a TemporalGraph, vid: VID) -> Self {
-        Self { graph, vid }
-    }
-
-    pub fn out_edges(self, layers: &LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(
-                self.graph
-                    .layers()
-                    .iter()
-                    .enumerate()
-                    .map(|(layer_id, layer)| {
-                        layer
-                            .nodes_storage()
-                            .out_adj_list(self.vid)
-                            .map(move |(eid, dst)| {
-                                EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, self.vid, dst).at_layer(layer_id)
-                            })
-                    })
-                    .kmerge_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() <= e2.remote()),
-            ),
-            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => {
-                let layer_id = *layer_id;
-                LayerVariants::One(
-                    self.graph.layers()[layer_id]
-                        .nodes_storage()
-                        .out_adj_list(self.vid)
-                        .map(move |(eid, dst)| {
-                            EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, self.vid, dst).at_layer(layer_id)
-                        }),
-                )
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => LayerVariants::Multiple(
-                ids.into_iter()
-                    .map(|layer_id| {
-                        self.graph.layers()[layer_id]
-                            .nodes_storage()
-                            .out_adj_list(self.vid)
-                            .map(move |(eid, dst)| {
-                                EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, self.vid, dst).at_layer(layer_id)
-                            })
-                    })
-                    .kmerge_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() <= e2.remote()),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn in_edges(self, layers: &LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-        match layers {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(
-                self.graph
-                    .layers()
-                    .iter()
-                    .enumerate()
-                    .map(|(layer_id, layer)| {
-                        layer
-                            .nodes_storage()
-                            .in_adj_list(self.vid)
-                            .map(move |(eid, src)| {
-                                EdgeRef::new_incoming(eid, src, self.vid).at_layer(layer_id)
-                            })
-                    })
-                    .kmerge_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() <= e2.remote()),
-            ),
-            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => {
-                let layer_id = *layer_id;
-                LayerVariants::One(
-                    self.graph.layers()[layer_id]
-                        .nodes_storage()
-                        .in_adj_list(self.vid)
-                        .map(move |(eid, src)| {
-                            EdgeRef::new_incoming(eid, src, self.vid).at_layer(layer_id)
-                        }),
-                )
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => LayerVariants::Multiple(
-                ids.into_iter()
-                    .map(|layer_id| {
-                        self.graph.layers()[layer_id]
-                            .nodes_storage()
-                            .in_adj_list(self.vid)
-                            .map(move |(eid, src)| {
-                                EdgeRef::new_incoming(eid, src, self.vid).at_layer(layer_id)
-                            })
-                    })
-                    .kmerge_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() <= e2.remote()),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn edges(self, layers: &LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-        self.in_edges(layers)
-            .merge_by(self.out_edges(layers), |e1, e2| e1.remote() <= e2.remote())
-    }
-
-    pub fn additions_for_layers(self, layer_ids: LayerIds) -> NodeAdditions<'a> {
-        NodeAdditions::Col(LayerAdditions::new(self.graph, self.vid, layer_ids, None))
-    }
-
-    pub fn graph(&self) -> &TemporalGraph {
-        self.graph
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> NodeStorageOps<'a> for DiskNode<'a> {
-    fn degree(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> usize {
-        let single_layer = match &layers {
-            LayerIds::None => return 0,
-            LayerIds::All => match self.graph.layers().len() {
-                0 => return 0,
-                1 => Some(&self.graph.layers()[0]),
-                _ => None,
-            },
-            LayerIds::One(id) => Some(&self.graph.layers()[*id]),
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => match ids.len() {
-                0 => return 0,
-                1 => Some(&self.graph.layers()[ids.get_id_by_index(0).unwrap()]),
-                _ => None,
-            },
-        };
-        match dir {
-            Direction::OUT => match single_layer {
-                None => self
-                    .out_edges(layers)
-                    .dedup_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() == e2.remote())
-                    .count(),
-                Some(layer) => layer.nodes_storage().out_degree(self.vid),
-            },
-            Direction::IN => match single_layer {
-                None => self
-                    .in_edges(layers)
-                    .dedup_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() == e2.remote())
-                    .count(),
-                Some(layer) => layer.nodes_storage().in_degree(self.vid),
-            },
-            Direction::BOTH => match single_layer {
-                None => self
-                    .edges(layers)
-                    .dedup_by(|e1, e2| e1.remote() == e2.remote())
-                    .count(),
-                Some(layer) => layer
-                    .nodes_storage()
-                    .in_neighbours_iter(self.vid)
-                    .merge(layer.nodes_storage().out_neighbours_iter(self.vid))
-                    .dedup()
-                    .count(),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn additions(self) -> NodeAdditions<'a> {
-        self.additions_for_layers(LayerIds::All)
-    }
-
-    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> {
-        self.graph
-            .prop_mapping()
-            .localise_node_prop_id(prop_id)
-            .and_then(|(layer, local_prop_id)| {
-                self.graph
-                    .node_properties()
-                    .temporal_props()
-                    .get(layer)
-                    .map(|t_props| t_props.prop(self.vid, local_prop_id))
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(DiskTProp::empty())
-    }
-
-    fn tprops(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)> {
-        self.graph
-            .node_properties()
-            .temporal_props()
-            .iter()
-            .flat_map(move |t_props| t_props.props(self.vid))
-            .enumerate()
-    }
-
-    fn prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        let cprops = self.graph.node_properties().metadata.as_ref()?;
-        cprops.prop_value(self.vid, prop_id)
-    }
-
-    fn edges_iter(
-        self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
-        dir: Direction,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + 'a {
-        match dir {
-            Direction::OUT => DirectionVariants::Out(self.out_edges(layers)),
-            Direction::IN => DirectionVariants::In(self.in_edges(layers)),
-            Direction::BOTH => DirectionVariants::Both(self.edges(layers)),
-        }
-        .map(|e| e.unexplode())
-        .dedup_by(|l, r| l.pid() == r.pid())
-    }
-
-    fn node_type_id(self) -> usize {
-        self.graph.node_type_id(self.vid)
-    }
-
-    fn vid(self) -> VID {
-        self.vid
-    }
-
-    fn id(self) -> GidRef<'a> {
-        self.graph.node_gid(self.vid).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn name(self) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        match self.graph.node_gid(self.vid).unwrap() {
-            GidRef::U64(_) => None,
-            GidRef::Str(v) => Some(Cow::from(v)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn find_edge(self, dst: VID, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef> {
-        match layer_ids {
-            LayerIds::None => None,
-            LayerIds::All => self
-                .graph
-                .find_edge(self.vid, dst)
-                .map(|e| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(e.pid(), self.vid, dst)),
-            LayerIds::One(id) => {
-                let eid = self.graph.layers()[*id]
-                    .nodes_storage()
-                    .find_edge(self.vid, dst)?;
-                Some(EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, self.vid, dst))
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => ids
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|layer_id| {
-                    self.graph.layers()[layer_id]
-                        .nodes_storage()
-                        .find_edge(self.vid, dst)
-                        .map(|eid| EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, self.vid, dst))
-                })
-                .next(),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/nodes.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/nodes.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 15ec8b731d..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/nodes.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-use crate::disk::storage_interface::{node::DiskNode, nodes_ref::DiskNodesRef};
-use pometry_storage::graph::TemporalGraph;
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::VID;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct DiskNodesOwned {
-    graph: Arc<TemporalGraph>,
-}
-
-impl DiskNodesOwned {
-    pub(crate) fn new(graph: Arc<TemporalGraph>) -> Self {
-        Self { graph }
-    }
-
-    pub fn node(&self, vid: VID) -> DiskNode<'_> {
-        DiskNode::new(&self.graph, vid)
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> DiskNodesRef<'_> {
-        DiskNodesRef::new(&self.graph)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/nodes_ref.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/nodes_ref.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bd5ba75b7c..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/disk/storage_interface/nodes_ref.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-use crate::disk::storage_interface::node::DiskNode;
-use pometry_storage::graph::TemporalGraph;
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::VID;
-use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct DiskNodesRef<'a> {
-    graph: &'a TemporalGraph,
-}
-
-impl<'a> DiskNodesRef<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(graph: &'a TemporalGraph) -> Self {
-        Self { graph }
-    }
-
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.graph.num_nodes()
-    }
-
-    pub fn node(self, vid: VID) -> DiskNode<'a> {
-        DiskNode::new(self.graph, vid)
-    }
-
-    pub fn par_iter(self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = DiskNode<'a>> {
-        (0..self.graph.num_nodes())
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .map(move |vid| self.node(VID(vid)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = DiskNode<'a>> {
-        (0..self.graph.num_nodes()).map(move |vid| self.node(VID(vid)))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_entry.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_entry.rs
index 4fdd421451..bfaf7a0af7 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_entry.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_entry.rs
@@ -1,34 +1,21 @@
-use crate::graph::edges::{
-    edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef,
-    edge_storage_ops::{EdgeStorageOps, TimeIndexRef},
-};
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
-    properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-    LayerIds, EID, VID,
-};
-use raphtory_core::{entities::edges::edge_store::MemEdge, storage::raw_edges::EdgeRGuard};
-use rayon::prelude::*;
+use crate::graph::edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps};
+use raphtory_core::entities::{LayerIds, EID, VID};
 use std::ops::Range;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::disk::graph_impl::DiskEdge;
+use storage::{api::edges::EdgeEntryOps, EdgeEntry, EdgeEntryRef};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum EdgeStorageEntry<'a> {
-    Mem(MemEdge<'a>),
-    Unlocked(EdgeRGuard<'a>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskEdge<'a>),
+    Mem(EdgeEntryRef<'a>),
+    Unlocked(EdgeEntry<'a>),
 }
 
 impl<'a> EdgeStorageEntry<'a> {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> EdgeStorageRef<'_> {
+    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> EdgeEntryRef<'_> {
         match self {
-            EdgeStorageEntry::Mem(edge) => EdgeStorageRef::Mem(*edge),
-            EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked(edge) => EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edge.as_mem_edge()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgeStorageEntry::Disk(edge) => EdgeStorageRef::Disk(*edge),
+            EdgeStorageEntry::Mem(edge) => *edge,
+            EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked(edge) => edge.as_ref(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -58,57 +45,38 @@ impl<'a, 'b: 'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for &'a EdgeStorageEntry<'b> {
         self.as_ref().layer_ids_iter(layer_ids)
     }
 
-    fn layer_ids_par_iter(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        self.as_ref().layer_ids_par_iter(layer_ids)
-    }
-
     fn additions_iter(
         self,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, storage::EdgeAdditions<'a>)> + 'a {
         self.as_ref().additions_iter(layer_ids)
     }
 
-    fn additions_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.as_ref().additions_par_iter(layer_ids)
-    }
-
     fn deletions_iter(
         self,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, storage::EdgeDeletions<'a>)> + 'a {
         self.as_ref().deletions_iter(layer_ids)
     }
 
-    fn deletions_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.as_ref().deletions_par_iter(layer_ids)
-    }
-
     fn updates_iter(
         self,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<
+        Item = (
+            usize,
+            storage::EdgeAdditions<'a>,
+            storage::EdgeDeletions<'a>,
+        ),
+    > + 'a {
         self.as_ref().updates_iter(layer_ids)
     }
 
-    fn updates_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.as_ref().updates_par_iter(layer_ids)
-    }
-
-    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
+    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> storage::EdgeAdditions<'a> {
         self.as_ref().additions(layer_id)
     }
 
-    fn deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
+    fn deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> storage::EdgeDeletions<'a> {
         self.as_ref().deletions(layer_id)
     }
 
@@ -124,14 +92,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b: 'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for &'a EdgeStorageEntry<'b> {
         self.as_ref().temporal_prop_iter(layer_ids, prop_id)
     }
 
-    fn temporal_prop_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-        prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.as_ref().temporal_prop_par_iter(layer_ids, prop_id)
-    }
-
     fn metadata_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
         self.as_ref().metadata_layer(layer_id, prop_id)
     }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_ref.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_ref.rs
index 381f339dd1..05f844d60f 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_ref.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_ref.rs
@@ -1,135 +1 @@
-use crate::graph::edges::edge_storage_ops::{EdgeStorageOps, TimeIndexRef};
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
-    properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-    LayerIds, EID, VID,
-};
-use raphtory_core::entities::edges::edge_store::MemEdge;
-use rayon::prelude::*;
-use std::ops::Range;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::{disk::graph_impl::DiskEdge, graph::variants::storage_variants2::StorageVariants2};
-
-macro_rules! for_all {
-    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
-        match $value {
-            EdgeStorageRef::Mem($pattern) => $result,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgeStorageRef::Disk($pattern) => $result,
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-macro_rules! for_all_iter {
-    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
-        match $value {
-            EdgeStorageRef::Mem($pattern) => StorageVariants2::Mem($result),
-            EdgeStorageRef::Disk($pattern) => StorageVariants2::Disk($result),
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
-macro_rules! for_all_iter {
-    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
-        match $value {
-            EdgeStorageRef::Mem($pattern) => $result,
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub enum EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
-    Mem(MemEdge<'a>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskEdge<'a>),
-}
-
-impl<'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
-    fn added(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds, w: Range<i64>) -> bool {
-        for_all!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::added(edge, layer_ids, w))
-    }
-
-    fn has_layer(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
-        for_all!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::has_layer(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn src(self) -> VID {
-        for_all!(self, edge => edge.src())
-    }
-
-    fn dst(self) -> VID {
-        for_all!(self, edge => edge.dst())
-    }
-
-    fn eid(self) -> EID {
-        for_all!(self, edge => edge.eid())
-    }
-
-    fn layer_ids_iter(self, layer_ids: &'a LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::layer_ids_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn layer_ids_par_iter(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::layer_ids_par_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn additions_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::additions_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn additions_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::additions_par_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn deletions_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::deletions_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn deletions_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::deletions_par_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn updates_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::updates_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn updates_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::updates_par_iter(edge, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
-        for_all!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::additions(edge, layer_id))
-    }
-
-    fn deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
-        for_all!(self, edge => EdgeStorageOps::deletions(edge, layer_id))
-    }
-
-    fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, edge => edge.temporal_prop_layer(layer_id, prop_id))
-    }
-
-    fn metadata_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        for_all!(self, edge => edge.metadata_layer(layer_id, prop_id))
-    }
-}
+pub use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_storage_ops.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_storage_ops.rs
index 09e4cb59c7..25dc647f27 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_storage_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edge_storage_ops.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 use iter_enum::{DoubleEndedIterator, ExactSizeIterator, FusedIterator, Iterator};
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use pometry_storage::timestamps::TimeStamps;
 use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{
         edges::edge_ref::{Dir, EdgeRef},
@@ -9,27 +7,20 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     },
     storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
 };
-use raphtory_core::{
-    entities::{edges::edge_store::MemEdge, properties::tprop::TProp},
-    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndex, TimeIndexWindow},
-};
-use rayon::prelude::*;
+use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::{TimeIndex, TimeIndexWindow};
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::api::edges::EdgeRefOps;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum TimeIndexRef<'a> {
     Ref(&'a TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>),
     Range(TimeIndexWindow<'a, TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndex<TimeIndexEntry>>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    External(TimeStamps<'a, TimeIndexEntry>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Iterator, DoubleEndedIterator, ExactSizeIterator, FusedIterator, Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum TimeIndexRefVariants<Ref, Range, #[cfg(feature = "storage")] External> {
+pub enum TimeIndexRefVariants<Ref, Range> {
     Ref(Ref),
     Range(Range),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    External(External),
 }
 
 impl<'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for TimeIndexRef<'a> {
@@ -40,36 +31,28 @@ impl<'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for TimeIndexRef<'a> {
     fn active(&self, w: Range<TimeIndexEntry>) -> bool {
         match self {
             TimeIndexRef::Ref(t) => t.active(w),
-            TimeIndexRef::Range(ref t) => t.active(w),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            TimeIndexRef::External(ref t) => t.active(w),
+            TimeIndexRef::Range(t) => t.active(w),
         }
     }
 
     fn range(&self, w: Range<TimeIndexEntry>) -> Self {
         match self {
             TimeIndexRef::Ref(t) => TimeIndexRef::Range(t.range(w)),
-            TimeIndexRef::Range(ref t) => TimeIndexRef::Range(t.range(w)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            TimeIndexRef::External(ref t) => TimeIndexRef::External(t.range(w)),
+            TimeIndexRef::Range(t) => TimeIndexRef::Range(t.range(w)),
         }
     }
 
     fn first(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
         match self {
             TimeIndexRef::Ref(t) => t.first(),
-            TimeIndexRef::Range(ref t) => t.first(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            TimeIndexRef::External(ref t) => t.first(),
+            TimeIndexRef::Range(t) => t.first(),
         }
     }
 
     fn last(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
         match self {
             TimeIndexRef::Ref(t) => t.last(),
-            TimeIndexRef::Range(ref t) => t.last(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            TimeIndexRef::External(ref t) => t.last(),
+            TimeIndexRef::Range(t) => t.last(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -77,8 +60,6 @@ impl<'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for TimeIndexRef<'a> {
         match self {
             TimeIndexRef::Ref(t) => TimeIndexRefVariants::Ref(t.iter()),
             TimeIndexRef::Range(t) => TimeIndexRefVariants::Range(t.iter()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            TimeIndexRef::External(t) => TimeIndexRefVariants::External(t.iter()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -86,8 +67,6 @@ impl<'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for TimeIndexRef<'a> {
         match self {
             TimeIndexRef::Ref(t) => TimeIndexRefVariants::Ref(t.iter_rev()),
             TimeIndexRef::Range(t) => TimeIndexRefVariants::Range(t.iter_rev()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            TimeIndexRef::External(t) => TimeIndexRefVariants::External(t.iter_rev()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -95,8 +74,6 @@ impl<'a> TimeIndexOps<'a> for TimeIndexRef<'a> {
         match self {
             TimeIndexRef::Ref(ts) => ts.len(),
             TimeIndexRef::Range(ts) => ts.len(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            TimeIndexRef::External(ref t) => t.len(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -105,6 +82,7 @@ pub trait EdgeStorageOps<'a>: Copy + Sized + Send + Sync + 'a {
     fn edge_ref(self, dir: Dir) -> EdgeRef {
         EdgeRef::new(self.eid(), self.src(), self.dst(), dir)
     }
+
     fn out_ref(self) -> EdgeRef {
         self.edge_ref(Dir::Out)
     }
@@ -119,8 +97,11 @@ pub trait EdgeStorageOps<'a>: Copy + Sized + Send + Sync + 'a {
     }
 
     fn has_layer(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool;
+
     fn src(self) -> VID;
+
     fn dst(self) -> VID;
+
     fn eid(self) -> EID;
 
     fn layer_ids_iter(
@@ -128,58 +109,39 @@ pub trait EdgeStorageOps<'a>: Copy + Sized + Send + Sync + 'a {
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'a;
 
-    fn layer_ids_par_iter(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = usize> + 'a;
-
     fn additions_iter(
         self,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, storage::EdgeAdditions<'a>)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
         self.layer_ids_iter(layer_ids)
             .map(move |id| (id, self.additions(id)))
     }
 
-    fn additions_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.layer_ids_par_iter(layer_ids)
-            .map(move |id| (id, self.additions(id)))
-    }
     fn deletions_iter(
         self,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, storage::EdgeDeletions<'a>)> + 'a {
         self.layer_ids_iter(layer_ids)
             .map(move |id| (id, self.deletions(id)))
     }
 
-    fn deletions_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.layer_ids_par_iter(layer_ids)
-            .map(move |id| (id, self.deletions(id)))
-    }
-
     fn updates_iter(
         self,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<
+        Item = (
+            usize,
+            storage::EdgeAdditions<'a>,
+            storage::EdgeDeletions<'a>,
+        ),
+    > + 'a {
         self.layer_ids_iter(layer_ids)
             .map(move |id| (id, self.additions(id), self.deletions(id)))
     }
 
-    fn updates_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, TimeIndexRef<'a>, TimeIndexRef<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.layer_ids_par_iter(layer_ids)
-            .map(move |id| (id, self.additions(id), self.deletions(id)))
-    }
-
-    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a>;
+    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> storage::EdgeAdditions<'a>;
 
-    fn deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a>;
+    fn deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> storage::EdgeDeletions<'a>;
 
     fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> + 'a;
 
@@ -192,15 +154,6 @@ pub trait EdgeStorageOps<'a>: Copy + Sized + Send + Sync + 'a {
             .map(move |id| (id, self.temporal_prop_layer(id, prop_id)))
     }
 
-    fn temporal_prop_par_iter(
-        self,
-        layer_ids: &LayerIds,
-        prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)> + 'a {
-        self.layer_ids_par_iter(layer_ids)
-            .map(move |id| (id, self.temporal_prop_layer(id, prop_id)))
-    }
-
     fn metadata_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
 
     fn metadata_iter(
@@ -213,17 +166,14 @@ pub trait EdgeStorageOps<'a>: Copy + Sized + Send + Sync + 'a {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for MemEdge<'a> {
+impl<'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for storage::EdgeEntryRef<'a> {
     fn added(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds, w: Range<i64>) -> bool {
         match layer_ids {
             LayerIds::None => false,
             LayerIds::All => self
                 .additions_iter(&LayerIds::All)
                 .any(|(_, t_index)| t_index.active_t(w.clone())),
-            LayerIds::One(l_id) => self
-                .get_additions(*l_id)
-                .filter(|a| a.active_t(w))
-                .is_some(),
+            LayerIds::One(l_id) => self.layer_additions(*l_id).active_t(w),
             LayerIds::Multiple(layers) => layers
                 .iter()
                 .any(|l_id| self.added(&LayerIds::One(l_id), w.clone())),
@@ -233,29 +183,39 @@ impl<'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for MemEdge<'a> {
     fn has_layer(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         match layer_ids {
             LayerIds::None => false,
-            LayerIds::All => true,
-            LayerIds::One(id) => self.has_layer_inner(*id),
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => ids.iter().any(|id| self.has_layer_inner(id)),
+            LayerIds::All => self.edge(0).is_some(),
+            LayerIds::One(id) => self.edge(*id).is_some(),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => self.has_layers(ids),
         }
     }
 
     fn src(self) -> VID {
-        self.edge_store().src
+        EdgeRefOps::src(&self).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!(
+                "EdgeRefOps::src should not return None for eid {:?}",
+                self.eid(),
+            )
+        })
     }
 
     fn dst(self) -> VID {
-        self.edge_store().dst
+        EdgeRefOps::dst(&self).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!(
+                "EdgeRefOps::dst should not return None for eid {:?}",
+                self.eid(),
+            )
+        })
     }
 
     fn eid(self) -> EID {
-        self.eid()
+        EdgeRefOps::edge_id(&self)
     }
 
     fn layer_ids_iter(self, layer_ids: &'a LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
         match layer_ids {
             LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(std::iter::empty()),
             LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(
-                (0..self.internal_num_layers()).filter(move |&l| self.has_layer_inner(l)),
+                (1..self.internal_num_layers()).filter(move |&l| self.has_layer_inner(l)),
             ),
             LayerIds::One(id) => {
                 LayerVariants::One(self.has_layer_inner(*id).then_some(*id).into_iter())
@@ -266,40 +226,20 @@ impl<'a> EdgeStorageOps<'a> for MemEdge<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn layer_ids_par_iter(self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
-        match layer_ids {
-            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(rayon::iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(
-                (0..self.internal_num_layers())
-                    .into_par_iter()
-                    .filter(move |&l| self.has_layer_inner(l)),
-            ),
-            LayerIds::One(id) => {
-                LayerVariants::One(self.has_layer_inner(*id).then_some(*id).into_par_iter())
-            }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => {
-                LayerVariants::Multiple(ids.par_iter().filter(move |&id| self.has_layer_inner(id)))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
-        TimeIndexRef::Ref(self.get_additions(layer_id).unwrap_or(&TimeIndex::Empty))
+    fn additions(self, layer_id: usize) -> storage::EdgeAdditions<'a> {
+        EdgeRefOps::layer_additions(self, layer_id)
     }
 
-    fn deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> TimeIndexRef<'a> {
-        TimeIndexRef::Ref(self.get_deletions(layer_id).unwrap_or(&TimeIndex::Empty))
+    fn deletions(self, layer_id: usize) -> storage::EdgeDeletions<'a> {
+        EdgeRefOps::layer_deletions(self, layer_id)
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> + 'a {
-        self.props(layer_id)
-            .and_then(|props| props.temporal_prop(prop_id))
-            .unwrap_or(&TProp::Empty)
+        EdgeRefOps::layer_t_prop(self, layer_id, prop_id)
     }
 
     fn metadata_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        self.props(layer_id)
-            .and_then(|props| props.metadata(prop_id).cloned())
+        EdgeRefOps::c_prop(self, layer_id, prop_id)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edges.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edges.rs
index 1ea6f8237f..44b362b367 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edges.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/edges.rs
@@ -1,84 +1,46 @@
 use super::{edge_entry::EdgeStorageEntry, unlocked::UnlockedEdges};
-use crate::graph::{
-    edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
-    variants::storage_variants3::StorageVariants3,
-};
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::{LayerIds, EID};
-use raphtory_core::storage::raw_edges::LockedEdges;
 use rayon::iter::ParallelIterator;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use storage::{utils::Iter2, EdgeEntryRef, Extension, ReadLockedEdges};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::disk::storage_interface::{edges::DiskEdges, edges_ref::DiskEdgesRef};
-use crate::graph::variants::storage_variants2::StorageVariants2;
-
-pub enum EdgesStorage {
-    Mem(Arc<LockedEdges>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskEdges),
+pub struct EdgesStorage {
+    storage: Arc<ReadLockedEdges<Extension>>,
 }
 
 impl EdgesStorage {
+    pub fn new(storage: Arc<ReadLockedEdges<Extension>>) -> Self {
+        Self { storage }
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn as_ref(&self) -> EdgesStorageRef<'_> {
-        match self {
-            EdgesStorage::Mem(storage) => EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorage::Disk(storage) => EdgesStorageRef::Disk(storage.as_ref()),
-        }
+        EdgesStorageRef::Mem(self.storage.as_ref())
     }
 
-    pub fn edge(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeStorageRef<'_> {
-        match self {
-            EdgesStorage::Mem(storage) => EdgeStorageRef::Mem(storage.get_mem(eid)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorage::Disk(storage) => EdgeStorageRef::Disk(storage.get(eid)),
-        }
+    pub fn edge(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeEntryRef<'_> {
+        self.storage.edge_ref(eid)
     }
 
     pub fn iter<'a>(
         &'a self,
         layers: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeStorageRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        match self {
-            EdgesStorage::Mem(storage) => {
-                StorageVariants2::Mem((0..storage.len()).map(EID).filter_map(|e| {
-                    let edge = storage.try_get_mem(e)?;
-                    edge.has_layer(layers).then_some(EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edge))
-                }))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorage::Disk(storage) => {
-                StorageVariants2::Disk(storage.as_ref().iter(layers).map(EdgeStorageRef::Disk))
-            }
-        }
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeEntryRef<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.storage.iter(layers)
     }
 
     pub fn par_iter<'a>(
         &'a self,
         layers: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeStorageRef<'a>> + Sync + 'a {
-        match self {
-            EdgesStorage::Mem(storage) => StorageVariants2::Mem(
-                storage
-                    .par_iter()
-                    .filter(|e| e.has_layer(layers))
-                    .map(EdgeStorageRef::Mem),
-            ),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorage::Disk(storage) => {
-                StorageVariants2::Disk(storage.as_ref().par_iter(layers).map(EdgeStorageRef::Disk))
-            }
-        }
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeEntryRef<'a>> + Sync + 'a {
+        self.storage.par_iter(layers)
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum EdgesStorageRef<'a> {
-    Mem(&'a LockedEdges),
+    Mem(&'a ReadLockedEdges<Extension>),
     Unlocked(UnlockedEdges<'a>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskEdgesRef<'a>),
 }
 
 impl<'a> EdgesStorageRef<'a> {
@@ -87,46 +49,32 @@ impl<'a> EdgesStorageRef<'a> {
         layers: &'a LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
         match self {
-            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => StorageVariants3::Mem(
-                storage
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(move |e| e.has_layer(layers))
-                    .map(EdgeStorageEntry::Mem),
-            ),
-            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(edges) => StorageVariants3::Unlocked(
-                edges
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(move |e| e.as_mem_edge().has_layer(layers))
-                    .map(EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked),
-            ),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorageRef::Disk(storage) => {
-                StorageVariants3::Disk(storage.iter(layers).map(EdgeStorageEntry::Disk))
+            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => {
+                Iter2::I1(storage.iter(layers).map(EdgeStorageEntry::Mem))
             }
+            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(edges) => Iter2::I2(edges.iter(layers)),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn par_iter(
         self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + use<'a, '_> {
+        layers: &'a LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + use<'a> {
         match self {
-            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => StorageVariants3::Mem(
-                storage
-                    .par_iter()
-                    .filter(move |e| e.has_layer(layers))
-                    .map(EdgeStorageEntry::Mem),
-            ),
-            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(edges) => StorageVariants3::Unlocked(
-                edges
-                    .par_iter()
-                    .filter(move |e| e.as_mem_edge().has_layer(layers))
-                    .map(EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked),
-            ),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorageRef::Disk(storage) => {
-                StorageVariants3::Disk(storage.par_iter(layers).map(EdgeStorageEntry::Disk))
+            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => {
+                Iter2::I1(storage.par_iter(layers).map(EdgeStorageEntry::Mem))
             }
+            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(edges) => Iter2::I2(edges.par_iter(layers)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn segmented_par_iter(
+        self,
+    ) -> Option<impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl Iterator<Item = EID> + use<'a>)> + 'a>
+    {
+        match self {
+            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => Some(storage.row_groups_par_iter()),
+            _ => None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -135,41 +83,32 @@ impl<'a> EdgesStorageRef<'a> {
         match self {
             EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => match layers {
                 LayerIds::None => 0,
-                LayerIds::All => storage.len(),
-                _ => storage.par_iter().filter(|e| e.has_layer(layers)).count(),
+                LayerIds::All => storage.storage().num_edges(),
+                LayerIds::One(layer_id) => storage.storage().num_edges_layer(*layer_id),
+                _ => self.par_iter(layers).count(),
             },
             EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(edges) => match layers {
                 LayerIds::None => 0,
-                LayerIds::All => edges.len(),
-                _ => edges
-                    .par_iter()
-                    .filter(|e| e.as_mem_edge().has_layer(layers))
-                    .count(),
+                LayerIds::One(layer_id) => edges.storage().num_edges_layer(*layer_id),
+                LayerIds::All => edges.storage().num_edges_layer(0),
+                _ => self.par_iter(layers).count(),
             },
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorageRef::Disk(storage) => storage.count(layers),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn edge(self, edge: EID) -> EdgeStorageEntry<'a> {
         match self {
-            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => EdgeStorageEntry::Mem(storage.get_mem(edge)),
-            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(storage) => {
-                EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked(storage.0.edge_entry(edge))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorageRef::Disk(storage) => EdgeStorageEntry::Disk(storage.edge(edge)),
+            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => EdgeStorageEntry::Mem(storage.edge_ref(edge)),
+            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(storage) => storage.edge(edge),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
-            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => storage.len(),
-            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(storage) => storage.len(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            EdgesStorageRef::Disk(storage) => storage.len(),
+            EdgesStorageRef::Mem(storage) => storage.storage().num_edges(),
+            EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(storage) => storage.storage().num_edges(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/unlocked.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/unlocked.rs
index 53f959a2ae..5889565da9 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/unlocked.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/edges/unlocked.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,67 @@
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::EID;
-use raphtory_core::{
-    entities::graph::tgraph_storage::GraphStorage, storage::raw_edges::EdgeRGuard,
-};
+use raphtory_api_macros::box_on_debug_lifetime;
+use raphtory_core::entities::{LayerIds, EID};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
+use storage::{pages::edge_store::EdgeStorageInner, utils::Iter4, Extension, Layer};
+
+use crate::graph::edges::edge_entry::EdgeStorageEntry;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct UnlockedEdges<'a>(pub(crate) &'a GraphStorage);
+pub struct UnlockedEdges<'a>(pub(crate) &'a Layer<Extension>);
 
 impl<'a> UnlockedEdges<'a> {
-    pub fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRGuard<'a>> + 'a {
-        let storage = self.0;
-        (0..storage.edges_len())
-            .map(EID)
-            .filter_map(|eid| storage.try_edge_entry(eid))
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &'a EdgeStorageInner<storage::ES<Extension>, Extension> {
+        self.0.edges()
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge(&self, e_id: EID) -> EdgeStorageEntry<'a> {
+        EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked(self.0.edges().edge(e_id))
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_layer(self, layer_id: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + 'a {
+        self.0
+            .edges()
+            .iter(layer_id)
+            .map(EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked)
+    }
+
+    #[box_on_debug_lifetime]
+    pub fn iter(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match layer_ids {
+            LayerIds::None => Iter4::I(std::iter::empty()),
+            LayerIds::All => Iter4::J(self.iter_layer(0)),
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => Iter4::K(self.iter_layer(*layer_id)),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(multiple) => Iter4::L(
+                self.iter_layer(0)
+                    .filter(|edge| edge.as_ref().has_layers(multiple)),
+            ),
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn par_iter(self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeRGuard<'a>> + 'a {
-        let storage = self.0;
-        (0..storage.edges_len())
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .map(EID)
-            .filter_map(|eid| storage.try_edge_entry(eid))
+    pub fn par_iter_layer(
+        self,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + 'a {
+        self.0
+            .edges()
+            .par_iter(layer_id)
+            .map(EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked)
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn len(self) -> usize {
-        self.0.edges_len()
+    pub fn par_iter(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeStorageEntry<'a>> + 'a {
+        match layer_ids {
+            LayerIds::None => Iter4::I(rayon::iter::empty()),
+            LayerIds::All => Iter4::J(self.par_iter_layer(0)),
+            LayerIds::One(layer_id) => Iter4::K(self.par_iter_layer(*layer_id)),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(multiple) => Iter4::L(
+                self.par_iter_layer(0)
+                    .filter(|edge| edge.as_ref().has_layers(multiple)),
+            ),
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/graph.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/graph.rs
index 3592ad6f2f..754eccf6ab 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/graph.rs
@@ -2,56 +2,44 @@ use super::{
     edges::{edge_entry::EdgeStorageEntry, unlocked::UnlockedEdges},
     nodes::node_entry::NodeStorageEntry,
 };
-use crate::graph::{
-    edges::edges::{EdgesStorage, EdgesStorageRef},
-    locked::LockedGraph,
-    nodes::{nodes::NodesStorage, nodes_ref::NodesStorageEntry},
+use crate::{
+    graph::{
+        edges::edges::{EdgesStorage, EdgesStorageRef},
+        locked::LockedGraph,
+        nodes::{nodes::NodesStorage, nodes_ref::NodesStorageEntry},
+    },
+    mutation::MutationError,
 };
+use db4_graph::TemporalGraph;
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::{properties::meta::Meta, LayerIds, LayerVariants, EID, VID};
-use raphtory_core::entities::{
-    graph::tgraph::TemporalGraph, nodes::node_ref::NodeRef, properties::graph_meta::GraphMeta,
+use raphtory_core::entities::nodes::node_ref::NodeRef;
+use std::{fmt::Debug, iter, path::Path, sync::Arc};
+use storage::{
+    error::StorageError, pages::SegmentCounts, state::StateIndex, Extension, GraphPropEntry,
 };
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{fmt::Debug, iter, sync::Arc};
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::disk::{
-    storage_interface::{
-        edges::DiskEdges, edges_ref::DiskEdgesRef, node::DiskNode, nodes::DiskNodesOwned,
-        nodes_ref::DiskNodesRef,
-    },
-    DiskGraphStorage,
-};
-use crate::mutation::MutationError;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum GraphStorage {
     Mem(LockedGraph),
     Unlocked(Arc<TemporalGraph>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(Arc<DiskGraphStorage>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 pub enum Immutable {
     #[error("The graph is locked and cannot be mutated")]
     ReadLockedImmutable,
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    #[error("DiskGraph cannot be mutated")]
-    DiskGraphImmutable,
 }
 
-impl From<TemporalGraph> for GraphStorage {
-    fn from(value: TemporalGraph) -> Self {
-        Self::Unlocked(Arc::new(value))
+impl From<Arc<TemporalGraph>> for GraphStorage {
+    fn from(value: Arc<TemporalGraph>) -> Self {
+        Self::Unlocked(value)
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-impl From<DiskGraphStorage> for GraphStorage {
-    fn from(value: DiskGraphStorage) -> Self {
-        Self::Disk(Arc::new(value))
+impl From<TemporalGraph> for GraphStorage {
+    fn from(value: TemporalGraph) -> Self {
+        Self::Unlocked(Arc::new(value))
     }
 }
 
@@ -84,13 +72,6 @@ impl GraphStorage {
                     graph: other_graph, ..
                 })
                 | GraphStorage::Unlocked(other_graph) => Arc::ptr_eq(this_graph, other_graph),
-                #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-                _ => false,
-            },
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(this_graph) => match other {
-                GraphStorage::Disk(other_graph) => Arc::ptr_eq(this_graph, other_graph),
-                _ => false,
             },
         }
     }
@@ -99,8 +80,6 @@ impl GraphStorage {
         match self {
             GraphStorage::Mem(_) => Err(Immutable::ReadLockedImmutable)?,
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => Ok(graph),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(_) => Err(Immutable::DiskGraphImmutable)?,
         }
     }
 
@@ -109,8 +88,6 @@ impl GraphStorage {
         match self {
             GraphStorage::Mem(_) => true,
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(_) => false,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(_) => true,
         }
     }
 
@@ -125,16 +102,26 @@ impl GraphStorage {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        match self {
+            GraphStorage::Mem(graph) => graph.flush(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => graph.flush(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn disk_storage_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        match self {
+            GraphStorage::Mem(graph) => graph.graph.disk_storage_path(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => graph.disk_storage_path(),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn nodes(&self) -> NodesStorageEntry<'_> {
         match self {
             GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => NodesStorageEntry::Mem(&storage.nodes),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => {
-                NodesStorageEntry::Unlocked(storage.storage.nodes.read_lock())
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => {
-                NodesStorageEntry::Disk(DiskNodesRef::new(&storage.inner))
+                NodesStorageEntry::Unlocked(storage.storage().nodes().locked())
             }
         }
     }
@@ -146,11 +133,6 @@ impl GraphStorage {
             node_ref => match self {
                 GraphStorage::Mem(locked) => locked.graph.resolve_node_ref(node_ref),
                 GraphStorage::Unlocked(unlocked) => unlocked.resolve_node_ref(node_ref),
-                #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-                GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => match v {
-                    NodeRef::External(id) => storage.inner.find_node(id),
-                    _ => unreachable!("VID is handled above!"),
-                },
             },
         }
     }
@@ -158,20 +140,16 @@ impl GraphStorage {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn unfiltered_num_nodes(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.nodes.len(),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.internal_num_nodes(),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.internal_num_nodes(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.inner.num_nodes(),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn unfiltered_num_edges(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.edges.len(),
-            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.storage.edges_len(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.inner.count_edges(),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.internal_num_edges(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.internal_num_edges(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -180,21 +158,15 @@ impl GraphStorage {
         match self {
             GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.num_layers(),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.num_layers(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.inner.layers().len(),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn core_nodes(&self) -> NodesStorage {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => NodesStorage::Mem(storage.nodes.clone()),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => NodesStorage::new(storage.nodes.clone()),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => {
-                NodesStorage::Mem(LockedGraph::new(storage.clone()).nodes.clone())
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => {
-                NodesStorage::Disk(DiskNodesOwned::new(storage.inner.clone()))
+                NodesStorage::new(storage.read_locked().nodes.clone())
             }
         }
     }
@@ -202,13 +174,9 @@ impl GraphStorage {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn core_node<'a>(&'a self, vid: VID) -> NodeStorageEntry<'a> {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => NodeStorageEntry::Mem(storage.nodes.get_entry(vid)),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => NodeStorageEntry::Mem(storage.nodes.node_ref(vid)),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => {
-                NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(storage.storage.get_node(vid))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => {
-                NodeStorageEntry::Disk(DiskNode::new(&storage.inner, vid))
+                NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(storage.storage().nodes().node(vid))
             }
         }
     }
@@ -217,21 +185,13 @@ impl GraphStorage {
     pub fn try_core_node<'a>(&'a self, vid: VID) -> Option<NodeStorageEntry<'a>> {
         match self {
             GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => {
-                storage.nodes.try_get_entry(vid).map(NodeStorageEntry::Mem)
+                storage.nodes.try_node_ref(vid).map(NodeStorageEntry::Mem)
             }
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage
-                .storage
-                .nodes
-                .try_entry(vid)
+                .storage()
+                .nodes()
+                .try_node(vid)
                 .map(NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => {
-                if vid.index() < storage.inner().num_nodes() {
-                    Some(NodeStorageEntry::Disk(DiskNode::new(storage.inner(), vid)))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -240,449 +200,96 @@ impl GraphStorage {
         match self {
             GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => EdgesStorageRef::Mem(&storage.edges),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => {
-                EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(UnlockedEdges(&storage.storage))
+                EdgesStorageRef::Unlocked(UnlockedEdges(storage.storage()))
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => EdgesStorageRef::Disk(DiskEdgesRef::new(&storage.inner)),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn owned_edges(&self) -> EdgesStorage {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => EdgesStorage::Mem(storage.edges.clone()),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => EdgesStorage::new(storage.edges.clone()),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => {
-                GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph::new(storage.clone())).owned_edges()
+                EdgesStorage::new(storage.storage().edges().locked().into())
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => EdgesStorage::Disk(DiskEdges::new(storage)),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn edge_entry(&self, eid: EID) -> EdgeStorageEntry<'_> {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => EdgeStorageEntry::Mem(storage.edges.get_mem(eid)),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => EdgeStorageEntry::Mem(storage.edges.edge_ref(eid)),
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => {
-                EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked(storage.storage.edge_entry(eid))
+                EdgeStorageEntry::Unlocked(storage.storage().edges().edge(eid))
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => EdgeStorageEntry::Disk(storage.inner.edge(eid)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Acquired a locked, read-only view of graph properties / metadata.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn graph_entry(&self) -> GraphPropEntry<'_> {
+        match self {
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.storage().graph_props().graph_entry(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.storage().graph_props().graph_entry(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn layer_ids_iter(&self, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
         match layer_ids {
             LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(iter::empty()),
-            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(0..self.unfiltered_num_layers()),
+            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(1..=self.unfiltered_num_layers()),
             LayerIds::One(id) => LayerVariants::One(iter::once(*id)),
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => LayerVariants::Multiple(ids.into_iter()),
+            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => LayerVariants::Multiple(ids.clone().into_iter()),
         }
     }
-    //
-    // pub fn into_nodes_iter<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     self,
-    //     view: G,
-    //     node_list: NodeList,
-    //     type_filter: Option<Arc<[bool]>>,
-    // ) -> BoxedLIter<'graph, VID> {
-    //     node_list
-    //         .into_iter()
-    //         .filter(move |&vid| {
-    //             let node = self.node_entry(vid);
-    //             type_filter
-    //                 .as_ref()
-    //                 .map_or(true, |type_filter| type_filter[node.node_type_id()])
-    //                 && view.filter_node(node.as_ref())
-    //         })
-    //         .into_dyn_boxed()
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn nodes_par<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     &'a self,
-    //     view: &'a G,
-    //     type_filter: Option<&'a Arc<[bool]>>,
-    // ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = VID> + 'a {
-    //     let nodes = self.nodes();
-    //     view.node_list().into_par_iter().filter(move |&vid| {
-    //         let node = nodes.node(vid);
-    //         type_filter.map_or(true, |type_filter| type_filter[node.node_type_id()])
-    //             && view.filter_node(node)
-    //     })
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn into_nodes_par<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     self,
-    //     view: G,
-    //     node_list: NodeList,
-    //     type_filter: Option<Arc<[bool]>>,
-    // ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = VID> + 'graph {
-    //     node_list.into_par_iter().filter(move |&vid| {
-    //         let node = self.node_entry(vid);
-    //         type_filter
-    //             .as_ref()
-    //             .map_or(true, |type_filter| type_filter[node.node_type_id()])
-    //             && view.filter_node(node.as_ref())
-    //     })
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn edges_iter<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     &'graph self,
-    //     view: &'graph G,
-    // ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + 'graph {
-    //     let iter = self.edges().iter(view.layer_ids());
-    //
-    //     let filtered = match view.filter_state() {
-    //         FilterState::Neither => FilterVariants::Neither(iter),
-    //         FilterState::Both => {
-    //             let nodes = self.nodes();
-    //             FilterVariants::Both(iter.filter(move |e| {
-    //                 view.filter_edge(e.as_ref(), view.layer_ids())
-    //                     && view.filter_node(nodes.node(e.src()))
-    //                     && view.filter_node(nodes.node(e.dst()))
-    //             }))
-    //         }
-    //         FilterState::Nodes => {
-    //             let nodes = self.nodes();
-    //             FilterVariants::Nodes(iter.filter(move |e| {
-    //                 view.filter_node(nodes.node(e.src())) && view.filter_node(nodes.node(e.dst()))
-    //             }))
-    //         }
-    //         FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => FilterVariants::Edges(
-    //             iter.filter(|e| view.filter_edge(e.as_ref(), view.layer_ids())),
-    //         ),
-    //     };
-    //     filtered.map(|e| e.out_ref())
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn into_edges_iter<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     self,
-    //     view: G,
-    // ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + 'graph {
-    //     match view.node_list() {
-    //         NodeList::List { elems } => {
-    //             return elems
-    //                 .into_iter()
-    //                 .flat_map(move |v| {
-    //                     self.clone()
-    //                         .into_node_edges_iter(v, Direction::OUT, view.clone())
-    //                 })
-    //                 .into_dyn_boxed()
-    //         }
-    //         _ => {}
-    //     }
-    //     let edges = self.owned_edges();
-    //     let nodes = self.owned_nodes();
-    //
-    //     match edges {
-    //         EdgesStorage::Mem(edges) => {
-    //             let iter = (0..edges.len()).map(EID);
-    //             let filtered = match view.filter_state() {
-    //                 FilterState::Neither => {
-    //                     FilterVariants::Neither(iter.map(move |eid| edges.get_mem(eid).out_ref()))
-    //                 }
-    //                 FilterState::Both => FilterVariants::Both(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                     let e = EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edges.get_mem(e));
-    //                     (view.filter_edge(e, view.layer_ids())
-    //                         && view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.src()))
-    //                         && view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.dst())))
-    //                     .then(|| e.out_ref())
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Nodes => FilterVariants::Nodes(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                     let e = EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edges.get_mem(e));
-    //                     (view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.src()))
-    //                         && view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.dst())))
-    //                     .then(|| e.out_ref())
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => {
-    //                     FilterVariants::Edges(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                         let e = EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edges.get_mem(e));
-    //                         view.filter_edge(e, view.layer_ids()).then(|| e.out_ref())
-    //                     }))
-    //                 }
-    //             };
-    //             filtered.into_dyn_boxed()
-    //         }
-    //         #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    //         EdgesStorage::Disk(edges) => {
-    //             let edges_clone = edges.clone();
-    //             let iter = edges_clone.into_iter_refs(view.layer_ids().clone());
-    //             let filtered = match view.filter_state() {
-    //                 FilterState::Neither => FilterVariants::Neither(iter),
-    //                 FilterState::Both => FilterVariants::Both(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                     let edge = EdgeStorageRef::Disk(edges.get(e.pid()));
-    //                     if !view.filter_edge(edge, view.layer_ids()) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     let src = nodes.node_entry(e.src());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(src) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     let dst = nodes.node_entry(e.dst());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(dst) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     Some(e)
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Nodes => FilterVariants::Nodes(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                     let src = nodes.node_entry(e.src());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(src) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     let dst = nodes.node_entry(e.dst());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(dst) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     Some(e)
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => {
-    //                     FilterVariants::Edges(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                         let edge = EdgeStorageRef::Disk(edges.get(e.pid()));
-    //                         if !view.filter_edge(edge, view.layer_ids()) {
-    //                             return None;
-    //                         }
-    //                         Some(e)
-    //                     }))
-    //                 }
-    //             };
-    //             filtered.into_dyn_boxed()
-    //         }
-    //     }
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn edges_par<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     &'graph self,
-    //     view: &'graph G,
-    // ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'graph {
-    //     self.edges()
-    //         .par_iter(view.layer_ids())
-    //         .filter(|edge| match view.filter_state() {
-    //             FilterState::Neither => true,
-    //             FilterState::Both => {
-    //                 let src = self.node_entry(edge.src());
-    //                 let dst = self.node_entry(edge.dst());
-    //                 view.filter_edge(edge.as_ref(), view.layer_ids())
-    //                     && view.filter_node(src.as_ref())
-    //                     && view.filter_node(dst.as_ref())
-    //             }
-    //             FilterState::Nodes => {
-    //                 let src = self.node_entry(edge.src());
-    //                 let dst = self.node_entry(edge.dst());
-    //                 view.filter_node(src.as_ref()) && view.filter_node(dst.as_ref())
-    //             }
-    //             FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => {
-    //                 view.filter_edge(edge.as_ref(), view.layer_ids())
-    //             }
-    //         })
-    //         .map(|e| e.out_ref())
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn into_edges_par<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     self,
-    //     view: G,
-    // ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'graph {
-    //     let edges = self.owned_edges();
-    //     let nodes = self.owned_nodes();
-    //
-    //     match edges {
-    //         EdgesStorage::Mem(edges) => {
-    //             let iter = (0..edges.len()).into_par_iter().map(EID);
-    //             let filtered = match view.filter_state() {
-    //                 FilterState::Neither => FilterVariants::Neither(
-    //                     iter.map(move |eid| edges.get_mem(eid).as_edge_ref()),
-    //                 ),
-    //                 FilterState::Both => FilterVariants::Both(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                     let e = EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edges.get_mem(e));
-    //                     (view.filter_edge(e, view.layer_ids())
-    //                         && view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.src()))
-    //                         && view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.dst())))
-    //                     .then(|| e.out_ref())
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Nodes => FilterVariants::Nodes(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                     let e = EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edges.get_mem(e));
-    //                     (view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.src()))
-    //                         && view.filter_node(nodes.node_entry(e.dst())))
-    //                     .then(|| e.out_ref())
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => {
-    //                     FilterVariants::Edges(iter.filter_map(move |e| {
-    //                         let e = EdgeStorageRef::Mem(edges.get_mem(e));
-    //                         view.filter_edge(e, view.layer_ids()).then(|| e.out_ref())
-    //                     }))
-    //                 }
-    //             };
-    //             #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    //             {
-    //                 StorageVariants::Mem(filtered)
-    //             }
-    //             #[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
-    //             {
-    //                 filtered
-    //             }
-    //         }
-    //         #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    //         EdgesStorage::Disk(edges) => {
-    //             let edges_clone = edges.clone();
-    //             let iter = edges_clone.into_par_iter_refs(view.layer_ids().clone());
-    //             let filtered = match view.filter_state() {
-    //                 FilterState::Neither => FilterVariants::Neither(
-    //                     iter.map(move |eid| EdgeStorageRef::Disk(edges.get(eid)).out_ref()),
-    //                 ),
-    //                 FilterState::Both => FilterVariants::Both(iter.filter_map(move |eid| {
-    //                     let e = EdgeStorageRef::Disk(edges.get(eid));
-    //                     if !view.filter_edge(e, view.layer_ids()) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     let src = nodes.node_entry(e.src());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(src) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     let dst = nodes.node_entry(e.dst());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(dst) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     Some(e.out_ref())
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Nodes => FilterVariants::Nodes(iter.filter_map(move |eid| {
-    //                     let e = EdgeStorageRef::Disk(edges.get(eid));
-    //                     let src = nodes.node_entry(e.src());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(src) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     let dst = nodes.node_entry(e.dst());
-    //                     if !view.filter_node(dst) {
-    //                         return None;
-    //                     }
-    //                     Some(e.out_ref())
-    //                 })),
-    //                 FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => {
-    //                     FilterVariants::Edges(iter.filter_map(move |eid| {
-    //                         let e = EdgeStorageRef::Disk(edges.get(eid));
-    //                         if !view.filter_edge(e, view.layer_ids()) {
-    //                             return None;
-    //                         }
-    //                         Some(e.out_ref())
-    //                     }))
-    //                 }
-    //             };
-    //             StorageVariants::Disk(filtered)
-    //         }
-    //     }
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn node_neighbours_iter<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     &'a self,
-    //     node: VID,
-    //     dir: Direction,
-    //     view: &'a G,
-    // ) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + Send + 'a {
-    //     self.node_edges_iter(node, dir, view)
-    //         .map(|e| e.remote())
-    //         .dedup()
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn into_node_neighbours_iter<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     self,
-    //     node: VID,
-    //     dir: Direction,
-    //     view: G,
-    // ) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + 'graph {
-    //     self.into_node_edges_iter(node, dir, view)
-    //         .map(|e| e.remote())
-    //         .dedup()
-    // }
-    //
-    // #[inline]
-    // pub fn node_degree<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     &self,
-    //     node: VID,
-    //     dir: Direction,
-    //     view: &G,
-    // ) -> usize {
-    //     if matches!(view.filter_state(), FilterState::Neither) {
-    //         self.node_entry(node).degree(view.layer_ids(), dir)
-    //     } else {
-    //         self.node_neighbours_iter(node, dir, view).count()
-    //     }
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn node_edges_iter<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     &'a self,
-    //     node: VID,
-    //     dir: Direction,
-    //     view: &'a G,
-    // ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-    //     let source = self.node_entry(node);
-    //     let layers = view.layer_ids();
-    //     let iter = source.into_edges_iter(layers, dir);
-    //     match view.filter_state() {
-    //         FilterState::Neither => FilterVariants::Neither(iter),
-    //         FilterState::Both => FilterVariants::Both(iter.filter(|&e| {
-    //             view.filter_edge(self.edge_entry(e.pid()).as_ref(), view.layer_ids())
-    //                 && view.filter_node(self.node_entry(e.remote()).as_ref())
-    //         })),
-    //         FilterState::Nodes => FilterVariants::Nodes(
-    //             iter.filter(|e| view.filter_node(self.node_entry(e.remote()).as_ref())),
-    //         ),
-    //         FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => {
-    //             FilterVariants::Edges(iter.filter(|&e| {
-    //                 view.filter_edge(self.edge_entry(e.pid()).as_ref(), view.layer_ids())
-    //             }))
-    //         }
-    //     }
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub fn into_node_edges_iter<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    //     self,
-    //     node: VID,
-    //     dir: Direction,
-    //     view: G,
-    // ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'graph {
-    //     let layers = view.layer_ids().clone();
-    //     let local = self.owned_node(node);
-    //     let iter = local.into_edges_iter(layers, dir);
-    //
-    //     match view.filter_state() {
-    //         FilterState::Neither => FilterVariants::Neither(iter),
-    //         FilterState::Both => FilterVariants::Both(iter.filter(move |&e| {
-    //             view.filter_edge(self.edge_entry(e.pid()).as_ref(), view.layer_ids())
-    //                 && view.filter_node(self.node_entry(e.remote()).as_ref())
-    //         })),
-    //         FilterState::Nodes => FilterVariants::Nodes(
-    //             iter.filter(move |e| view.filter_node(self.node_entry(e.remote()).as_ref())),
-    //         ),
-    //         FilterState::Edges | FilterState::BothIndependent => {
-    //             FilterVariants::Edges(iter.filter(move |&e| {
-    //                 view.filter_edge(self.edge_entry(e.pid()).as_ref(), view.layer_ids())
-    //             }))
-    //         }
-    //     }
-    // }
+
+    pub fn unfiltered_layer_ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
+        1..=self.unfiltered_num_layers()
+    }
 
     pub fn node_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => &storage.graph.node_meta,
-            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => &storage.node_meta,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.node_meta(),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.node_meta(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.node_meta(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn edge_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => &storage.graph.edge_meta,
-            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => &storage.edge_meta,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.edge_meta(),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.edge_meta(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.edge_meta(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_props_meta(&self) -> &Meta {
+        match self {
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.graph_props_meta(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.graph_props_meta(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn extension(&self) -> &Extension {
+        match self {
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.extension(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.extension(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn graph_meta(&self) -> &GraphMeta {
+    pub fn node_segment_counts(&self) -> SegmentCounts<VID> {
+        match self {
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.storage().node_segment_counts(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.storage().node_segment_counts(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_state_index(&self) -> StateIndex<VID> {
+        self.node_segment_counts().into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn edge_segment_counts(&self) -> SegmentCounts<EID> {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => &storage.graph.graph_meta,
-            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => &storage.graph_meta,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.graph_meta(),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.storage().edge_segment_counts(),
+            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.storage().edge_segment_counts(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/locked.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/locked.rs
index 816c955217..59300e9091 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/locked.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/locked.rs
@@ -1,51 +1,28 @@
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{GidRef, VID},
-    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
-};
-use raphtory_core::{
-    entities::graph::{logical_to_physical::InvalidNodeId, tgraph::TemporalGraph},
-    storage::{
-        raw_edges::{LockedEdges, WriteLockedEdges},
-        ReadLockedStorage, WriteLockedNodes,
-    },
-};
+use db4_graph::TemporalGraph;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use storage::{error::StorageError, Extension, ReadLockedEdges, ReadLockedNodes};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct LockedGraph {
-    pub(crate) nodes: Arc<ReadLockedStorage>,
-    pub(crate) edges: Arc<LockedEdges>,
+    pub(crate) nodes: Arc<ReadLockedNodes<Extension>>,
+    pub(crate) edges: Arc<ReadLockedEdges<Extension>>,
     pub graph: Arc<TemporalGraph>,
 }
 
-impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for LockedGraph {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        TemporalGraph::deserialize(deserializer).map(|graph| LockedGraph::new(Arc::new(graph)))
-    }
-}
-
-impl serde::Serialize for LockedGraph {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        self.graph.serialize(serializer)
-    }
-}
-
 impl LockedGraph {
     pub fn new(graph: Arc<TemporalGraph>) -> Self {
-        let nodes = Arc::new(graph.storage.nodes_read_lock());
-        let edges = Arc::new(graph.storage.edges_read_lock());
+        let nodes = Arc::new(graph.storage().nodes().locked());
+        let edges = Arc::new(graph.storage().edges().locked());
         Self {
             nodes,
             edges,
             graph,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        self.graph.flush()
+    }
 }
 
 impl Clone for LockedGraph {
@@ -57,48 +34,3 @@ impl Clone for LockedGraph {
         }
     }
 }
-
-pub struct WriteLockedGraph<'a> {
-    pub nodes: WriteLockedNodes<'a>,
-    pub edges: WriteLockedEdges<'a>,
-    pub graph: &'a TemporalGraph,
-}
-
-impl<'a> WriteLockedGraph<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(graph: &'a TemporalGraph) -> Self {
-        let nodes = graph.storage.nodes.write_lock();
-        let edges = graph.storage.edges.write_lock();
-        Self {
-            nodes,
-            edges,
-            graph,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn num_nodes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.graph.storage.nodes.len()
-    }
-    pub fn resolve_node(&self, gid: GidRef) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, InvalidNodeId> {
-        self.graph
-            .logical_to_physical
-            .get_or_init(gid, || self.graph.storage.nodes.next_id())
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_node_type(&self, node_type: Option<&str>) -> MaybeNew<usize> {
-        node_type
-            .map(|node_type| self.graph.node_meta.get_or_create_node_type_id(node_type))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| MaybeNew::Existing(0))
-    }
-
-    pub fn num_shards(&self) -> usize {
-        self.nodes.num_shards().max(self.edges.num_shards())
-    }
-
-    pub fn edges_mut(&mut self) -> &mut WriteLockedEdges<'a> {
-        &mut self.edges
-    }
-
-    pub fn graph(&self) -> &TemporalGraph {
-        self.graph
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/mod.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/mod.rs
index 18fcc48daf..155a4f661d 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-pub mod node_additions;
 pub mod node_entry;
 pub mod node_ref;
 pub mod node_storage_ops;
 pub mod nodes;
 pub mod nodes_ref;
-pub mod row;
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_additions.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_additions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c7901af9f..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_additions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-use iter_enum::{DoubleEndedIterator, ExactSizeIterator, FusedIterator, Iterator};
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::ELID,
-    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
-};
-use raphtory_core::{
-    entities::nodes::node_store::NodeTimestamps,
-    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexWindow, TimeIndexWindowVariants},
-};
-use std::{iter, ops::Range};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use {itertools::Itertools, pometry_storage::timestamps::LayerAdditions};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub enum NodeAdditions<'a> {
-    Mem(&'a NodeTimestamps),
-    Range(TimeIndexWindow<'a, TimeIndexEntry, NodeTimestamps>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Col(LayerAdditions<'a>),
-}
-
-#[derive(Iterator, DoubleEndedIterator, ExactSizeIterator, FusedIterator, Debug)]
-pub enum AdditionVariants<Mem, Range, #[cfg(feature = "storage")] Col> {
-    Mem(Mem),
-    Range(Range),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Col(Col),
-}
-
-impl<'a> NodeAdditions<'a> {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn prop_events(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TimeIndexEntry> + use<'a> {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => {
-                AdditionVariants::Mem(index.props_ts.iter().map(|(t, _)| *t))
-            }
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => AdditionVariants::Range(match index {
-                TimeIndexWindow::Empty => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Empty(iter::empty()),
-                TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Range(
-                    timeindex
-                        .props_ts
-                        .iter_window(range.clone())
-                        .map(|(t, _)| *t),
-                ),
-                TimeIndexWindow::All(index) => {
-                    TimeIndexWindowVariants::All(index.props_ts.iter().map(|(t, _)| *t))
-                }
-            }),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => {
-                AdditionVariants::Col(index.clone().prop_events().map(|t| t.into_iter()).kmerge())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn prop_events_rev(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TimeIndexEntry> + use<'a> {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => {
-                AdditionVariants::Mem(index.props_ts.iter().map(|(t, _)| *t).rev())
-            }
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => AdditionVariants::Range(match index {
-                TimeIndexWindow::Empty => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Empty(iter::empty()),
-                TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Range(
-                    timeindex
-                        .props_ts
-                        .iter_window(range.clone())
-                        .map(|(t, _)| *t)
-                        .rev(),
-                ),
-                TimeIndexWindow::All(index) => {
-                    TimeIndexWindowVariants::All(index.props_ts.iter().map(|(t, _)| *t).rev())
-                }
-            }),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => AdditionVariants::Col(
-                index
-                    .clone()
-                    .prop_events()
-                    .map(|t| t.into_iter().rev())
-                    .kmerge_by(|t1, t2| t1 >= t2),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn edge_events(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + use<'a> {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => {
-                AdditionVariants::Mem(index.edge_ts.iter().map(|(t, e)| (*t, *e)))
-            }
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => AdditionVariants::Range(match index {
-                TimeIndexWindow::Empty => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Empty(iter::empty()),
-                TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Range(
-                    timeindex
-                        .edge_ts
-                        .iter_window(range.clone())
-                        .map(|(t, e)| (*t, *e)),
-                ),
-                TimeIndexWindow::All(index) => {
-                    TimeIndexWindowVariants::All(index.edge_ts.iter().map(|(t, e)| (*t, *e)))
-                }
-            }),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => AdditionVariants::Col(index.edge_history()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn edge_events_rev(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, ELID)> + use<'a> {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => {
-                AdditionVariants::Mem(index.edge_ts.iter().map(|(t, e)| (*t, *e)).rev())
-            }
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => AdditionVariants::Range(match index {
-                TimeIndexWindow::Empty => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Empty(iter::empty()),
-                TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => TimeIndexWindowVariants::Range(
-                    timeindex
-                        .edge_ts
-                        .iter_window(range.clone())
-                        .map(|(t, e)| (*t, *e))
-                        .rev(),
-                ),
-                TimeIndexWindow::All(index) => {
-                    TimeIndexWindowVariants::All(index.edge_ts.iter().map(|(t, e)| (*t, *e)).rev())
-                }
-            }),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => AdditionVariants::Col(index.edge_history_rev()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'b> TimeIndexOps<'b> for NodeAdditions<'b> {
-    type IndexType = TimeIndexEntry;
-    type RangeType = Self;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn active(&self, w: Range<TimeIndexEntry>) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => index.active(w),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => index.active(w),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => index.iter().any(|index| index.active(w.clone())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn range(&self, w: Range<TimeIndexEntry>) -> Self {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => NodeAdditions::Range(index.range(w)),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => NodeAdditions::Range(index.range(w)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => NodeAdditions::Col(index.with_range(w)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn first(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => index.first(),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => index.first(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => index.iter().flat_map(|index| index.first()).min(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn last(&self) -> Option<Self::IndexType> {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => index.last(),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => index.last(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => index.iter().flat_map(|index| index.last()).max(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'b {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => AdditionVariants::Mem(index.iter()),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => AdditionVariants::Range(index.iter()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => {
-                AdditionVariants::Col(index.iter().map(|index| index.into_iter()).kmerge())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn iter_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'b {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => AdditionVariants::Mem(index.iter_rev()),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(index) => AdditionVariants::Range(index.iter_rev()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(index) => AdditionVariants::Col(
-                index
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|index| index.into_iter().rev())
-                    .kmerge_by(|lt, rt| lt >= rt),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(index) => index.len(),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(range) => range.len(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(col) => col.len(),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_entry.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_entry.rs
index fb94e85215..6a1a0179f7 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_entry.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_entry.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,25 @@
-use crate::graph::{
-    nodes::{node_ref::NodeStorageRef, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
-    variants::storage_variants3::StorageVariants3,
-};
-use raphtory_api::{
-    core::{
-        entities::{
-            edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef,
-            properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-            GidRef, LayerIds, VID,
-        },
-        Direction,
-    },
-    iter::BoxedLIter,
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use crate::graph::nodes::{node_ref::NodeStorageRef, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps};
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef, properties::prop::Prop, GidRef, LayerIds, VID},
+    Direction,
 };
-use raphtory_core::{
-    storage::{node_entry::NodePtr, NodeEntry},
-    utils::iter::GenLockedIter,
+use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry;
+use storage::{
+    api::nodes::{self, NodeEntryOps},
+    gen_ts::LayerIter,
+    utils::Iter2,
+    NodeEntry, NodeEntryRef,
 };
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::disk::storage_interface::node::DiskNode;
-use crate::graph::nodes::node_additions::NodeAdditions;
 
 pub enum NodeStorageEntry<'a> {
-    Mem(NodePtr<'a>),
+    Mem(NodeEntryRef<'a>),
     Unlocked(NodeEntry<'a>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskNode<'a>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<NodePtr<'a>> for NodeStorageEntry<'a> {
-    fn from(value: NodePtr<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'a> From<NodeEntryRef<'a>> for NodeStorageEntry<'a> {
+    fn from(value: NodeEntryRef<'a>) -> Self {
         NodeStorageEntry::Mem(value)
     }
 }
@@ -42,21 +30,12 @@ impl<'a> From<NodeEntry<'a>> for NodeStorageEntry<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-impl<'a> From<DiskNode<'a>> for NodeStorageEntry<'a> {
-    fn from(value: DiskNode<'a>) -> Self {
-        NodeStorageEntry::Disk(value)
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a> NodeStorageEntry<'a> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn as_ref(&self) -> NodeStorageRef<'_> {
         match self {
-            NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => NodeStorageRef::Mem(*entry),
-            NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => NodeStorageRef::Mem(entry.as_ref()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageEntry::Disk(node) => NodeStorageRef::Disk(*node),
+            NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => *entry,
+            NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => entry.as_ref(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -68,42 +47,36 @@ impl<'a, 'b: 'a> From<&'a NodeStorageEntry<'b>> for NodeStorageRef<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'b> NodeStorageEntry<'b> {
-    pub fn into_edges_iter(
+    pub fn into_edges_iter<'a: 'b>(
         self,
-        layers: &LayerIds,
+        layers: &'a LayerIds,
         dir: Direction,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + use<'b, '_> {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'b {
         match self {
-            NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => StorageVariants3::Mem(entry.edges_iter(layers, dir)),
-            NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => {
-                StorageVariants3::Unlocked(entry.into_edges(layers, dir))
+            NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => {
+                Iter2::I1(nodes::NodeRefOps::edges_iter(entry, layers, dir))
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageEntry::Disk(node) => StorageVariants3::Disk(node.edges_iter(layers, dir)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn metadata_ids(self) -> BoxedLIter<'b, usize> {
-        match self {
-            NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => Box::new(entry.node().metadata_ids()),
-            NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => Box::new(GenLockedIter::from(entry, |e| {
-                Box::new(e.as_ref().node().metadata_ids())
-            })),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageEntry::Disk(node) => Box::new(node.node_metadata_ids()),
+            NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => Iter2::I2(entry.into_edges(layers, dir)),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn temporal_prop_ids(self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = usize> + 'b> {
-        match self {
-            NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => Box::new(entry.temporal_prop_ids()),
-            NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => Box::new(GenLockedIter::from(entry, |e| {
-                Box::new(e.as_ref().temporal_prop_ids())
-            })),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageEntry::Disk(node) => Box::new(node.temporal_node_prop_ids()),
-        }
-    }
+    // pub fn prop_ids(self) -> BoxedLIter<'b, usize> {
+    //     match self {
+    //         NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => Box::new(entry.node().const_prop_ids()),
+    //         NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => Box::new(GenLockedIter::from(entry, |e| {
+    //             Box::new(e.as_ref().node().const_prop_ids())
+    //         })),
+    //     }
+    // }
+
+    // pub fn temporal_prop_ids(self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = usize> + 'b> {
+    //     match self {
+    //         NodeStorageEntry::Mem(entry) => Box::new(entry.temporal_prop_ids()),
+    //         NodeStorageEntry::Unlocked(entry) => Box::new(GenLockedIter::from(entry, |e| {
+    //             Box::new(e.as_ref().temporal_prop_ids())
+    //         })),
+    //     }
+    // }
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b: 'a> NodeStorageOps<'a> for &'a NodeStorageEntry<'b> {
@@ -111,15 +84,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b: 'a> NodeStorageOps<'a> for &'a NodeStorageEntry<'b> {
         self.as_ref().degree(layers, dir)
     }
 
-    fn additions(self) -> NodeAdditions<'a> {
+    fn additions(self) -> storage::NodePropAdditions<'a> {
         self.as_ref().additions()
     }
 
-    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> {
-        self.as_ref().tprop(prop_id)
-    }
-
-    fn edges_iter(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
+    fn edges_iter(
+        self,
+        layers: &LayerIds,
+        dir: Direction,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a {
         self.as_ref().edges_iter(layers, dir)
     }
 
@@ -135,19 +108,44 @@ impl<'a, 'b: 'a> NodeStorageOps<'a> for &'a NodeStorageEntry<'b> {
         self.as_ref().id()
     }
 
-    fn name(self) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        self.as_ref().name()
-    }
-
     fn find_edge(self, dst: VID, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef> {
         self.as_ref().find_edge(dst, layer_ids)
     }
 
-    fn prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        self.as_ref().prop(prop_id)
+    fn layer_ids_iter(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        self.as_ref().layer_ids_iter(layer_ids)
+    }
+
+    fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> storage::NodeTProps<'a> {
+        self.as_ref().temporal_prop_layer(layer_id, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn constant_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        self.as_ref().constant_prop_layer(layer_id, prop_id)
     }
 
-    fn tprops(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)> {
-        self.as_ref().tprops()
+    fn temp_prop_rows_range(
+        self,
+        w: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> {
+        self.as_ref().temp_prop_rows_range(w)
+    }
+
+    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> storage::NodeTProps<'a> {
+        self.as_ref().tprop(prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn node_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(self, layer_id: L) -> storage::NodePropAdditions<'a> {
+        self.as_ref().node_additions(layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn node_edge_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(
+        self,
+        layer_id: L,
+    ) -> storage::NodeEdgeAdditions<'a> {
+        self.as_ref().node_edge_additions(layer_id)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_ref.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_ref.rs
index e0b3186554..a18acdbf44 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_ref.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_ref.rs
@@ -1,160 +1,3 @@
-use super::row::Row;
-use crate::graph::{
-    nodes::{node_additions::NodeAdditions, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
-    variants::storage_variants2::StorageVariants2,
-};
-use raphtory_api::{
-    core::{
-        entities::{
-            edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef,
-            properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-            GidRef, LayerIds, VID,
-        },
-        storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
-        Direction,
-    },
-    iter::IntoDynBoxed,
-};
-use raphtory_core::storage::node_entry::NodePtr;
-use std::{borrow::Cow, ops::Range};
+use storage::NodeEntryRef;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::disk::storage_interface::node::DiskNode;
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub enum NodeStorageRef<'a> {
-    Mem(NodePtr<'a>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskNode<'a>),
-}
-
-impl<'a> NodeStorageRef<'a> {
-    pub fn temp_prop_rows(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Row<'a>)> + 'a {
-        match self {
-            NodeStorageRef::Mem(node_entry) => node_entry
-                .into_rows()
-                .map(|(t, row)| (t, Row::Mem(row)))
-                .into_dyn_boxed(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageRef::Disk(disk_node) => disk_node.into_rows().into_dyn_boxed(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn temp_prop_rows_window(
-        self,
-        window: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Row<'a>)> + 'a {
-        match self {
-            NodeStorageRef::Mem(node_entry) => node_entry
-                .into_rows_window(window)
-                .map(|(t, row)| (t, Row::Mem(row)))
-                .into_dyn_boxed(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageRef::Disk(disk_node) => disk_node.into_rows_window(window).into_dyn_boxed(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn last_before_row(self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Vec<(usize, Prop)> {
-        match self {
-            NodeStorageRef::Mem(node_entry) => node_entry.last_before_row(t),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageRef::Disk(disk_node) => disk_node.last_before_row(t),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<NodePtr<'a>> for NodeStorageRef<'a> {
-    fn from(value: NodePtr<'a>) -> Self {
-        NodeStorageRef::Mem(value)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-impl<'a> From<DiskNode<'a>> for NodeStorageRef<'a> {
-    fn from(value: DiskNode<'a>) -> Self {
-        NodeStorageRef::Disk(value)
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! for_all {
-    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
-        match $value {
-            NodeStorageRef::Mem($pattern) => $result,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageRef::Disk($pattern) => $result,
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-macro_rules! for_all_iter {
-    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {{
-        match $value {
-            NodeStorageRef::Mem($pattern) => StorageVariants2::Mem($result),
-            NodeStorageRef::Disk($pattern) => StorageVariants2::Disk($result),
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
-macro_rules! for_all_iter {
-    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {{
-        match $value {
-            NodeStorageRef::Mem($pattern) => $result,
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
-impl<'a> NodeStorageOps<'a> for NodeStorageRef<'a> {
-    fn degree(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> usize {
-        for_all!(self, node => node.degree(layers, dir))
-    }
-
-    fn additions(self) -> NodeAdditions<'a> {
-        for_all!(self, node => node.additions())
-    }
-
-    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> {
-        for_all_iter!(self, node => node.tprop(prop_id))
-    }
-
-    fn edges_iter(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, node => node.edges_iter(layers, dir))
-    }
-
-    fn node_type_id(self) -> usize {
-        for_all!(self, node => node.node_type_id())
-    }
-
-    fn vid(self) -> VID {
-        for_all!(self, node => node.vid())
-    }
-
-    fn id(self) -> GidRef<'a> {
-        for_all!(self, node => node.id())
-    }
-
-    fn name(self) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        for_all!(self, node => node.name())
-    }
-
-    fn find_edge(self, dst: VID, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef> {
-        for_all!(self, node => NodeStorageOps::find_edge(node, dst, layer_ids))
-    }
-
-    fn prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        for_all!(self, node => node.prop(prop_id))
-    }
-
-    fn tprops(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)> {
-        match self {
-            NodeStorageRef::Mem(node) => {
-                StorageVariants2::Mem(node.tprops().map(|(k, v)| (k, StorageVariants2::Mem(v))))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeStorageRef::Disk(node) => {
-                StorageVariants2::Disk(node.tprops().map(|(k, v)| (k, StorageVariants2::Disk(v))))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub type NodeStorageRef<'a> = NodeEntryRef<'a>;
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_storage_ops.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_storage_ops.rs
index 5eff2dbb58..53f7e80cf5 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_storage_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/node_storage_ops.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,14 @@
-use crate::graph::nodes::node_additions::NodeAdditions;
 use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{
-        edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef,
-        properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
-        GidRef, LayerIds, VID,
-    },
+    entities::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef, properties::prop::Prop, GidRef, LayerIds, VID},
     Direction,
 };
-use raphtory_core::{entities::nodes::node_store::NodeStore, storage::node_entry::NodePtr};
-use std::borrow::Cow;
+use raphtory_core::{entities::LayerVariants, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, ops::Range};
+use storage::{api::nodes::NodeRefOps, gen_ts::LayerIter, NodeEntryRef};
 
-pub trait NodeStorageOps<'a>: Sized {
+pub trait NodeStorageOps<'a>: Copy + Sized + Send + Sync + 'a {
     fn degree(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> usize;
 
-    fn additions(self) -> NodeAdditions<'a>;
-
-    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a>;
-
-    fn tprops(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)>;
-
-    fn prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
-
     fn edges_iter(
         self,
         layers: &LayerIds,
@@ -33,55 +21,141 @@ pub trait NodeStorageOps<'a>: Sized {
 
     fn id(self) -> GidRef<'a>;
 
-    fn name(self) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>>;
+    fn name(self) -> Cow<'a, str> {
+        self.id().to_str()
+    }
 
     fn find_edge(self, dst: VID, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef>;
-}
 
-impl<'a> NodeStorageOps<'a> for NodePtr<'a> {
-    fn degree(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> usize {
-        self.node.degree(layers, dir)
-    }
+    fn layer_ids_iter(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'a;
+
+    fn node_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(self, layer_id: L) -> storage::NodePropAdditions<'a>;
+
+    fn node_edge_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(
+        self,
+        layer_id: L,
+    ) -> storage::NodeEdgeAdditions<'a>;
 
-    fn additions(self) -> NodeAdditions<'a> {
-        NodeAdditions::Mem(self.node.timestamps())
+    fn additions(self) -> storage::NodePropAdditions<'a>;
+
+    fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> storage::NodeTProps<'a>;
+
+    fn temporal_prop_iter(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, storage::NodeTProps<'a>)> + 'a {
+        self.layer_ids_iter(layer_ids)
+            .map(move |id| (id, self.temporal_prop_layer(id, prop_id)))
     }
 
-    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> impl TPropOps<'a> {
-        self.t_prop(prop_id)
+    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> storage::NodeTProps<'a>;
+
+    fn constant_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
+
+    fn constant_prop_iter(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, Prop)> + 'a {
+        self.layer_ids_iter(layer_ids)
+            .filter_map(move |id| Some((id, self.constant_prop_layer(id, prop_id)?)))
     }
 
-    fn tprops(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)> {
-        self.temporal_prop_ids()
-            .map(move |tid| (tid, self.tprop(tid)))
+    fn temp_prop_rows_range(
+        self,
+        w: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)>;
+
+    fn temp_prop_rows(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> {
+        self.temp_prop_rows_range(None)
     }
+}
 
-    fn prop(self, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        self.node.metadata(prop_id).cloned()
+impl<'a> NodeStorageOps<'a> for NodeEntryRef<'a> {
+    fn degree(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> usize {
+        NodeRefOps::degree(self, layers, dir)
     }
 
-    fn edges_iter(self, layers: &LayerIds, dir: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + 'a {
-        self.node.edge_tuples(layers, dir)
+    fn edges_iter(
+        self,
+        layers: &LayerIds,
+        dir: Direction,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = EdgeRef> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        NodeRefOps::edges_iter(self, layers, dir)
     }
 
     fn node_type_id(self) -> usize {
-        self.node.node_type
+        NodeRefOps::node_type_id(&self)
     }
 
     fn vid(self) -> VID {
-        self.node.vid
+        NodeRefOps::vid(&self)
     }
 
     fn id(self) -> GidRef<'a> {
-        (&self.node.global_id).into()
+        NodeRefOps::gid(&self)
     }
 
-    fn name(self) -> Option<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        self.node.global_id.as_str().map(Cow::from)
+    fn find_edge(self, dst: VID, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef> {
+        NodeRefOps::find_edge(&self, dst, layer_ids)
     }
 
-    fn find_edge(self, dst: VID, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> Option<EdgeRef> {
-        let eid = NodeStore::find_edge_eid(self.node, dst, layer_ids)?;
-        Some(EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, self.node.vid, dst))
+    fn layer_ids_iter(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        match layer_ids {
+            LayerIds::None => LayerVariants::None(std::iter::empty()),
+            LayerIds::All => LayerVariants::All(
+                (0..self.internal_num_layers()).filter(move |&l| self.has_layer_inner(l)),
+            ),
+            LayerIds::One(id) => {
+                LayerVariants::One(self.has_layer_inner(*id).then_some(*id).into_iter())
+            }
+            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => {
+                LayerVariants::Multiple(ids.iter().filter(move |&id| self.has_layer_inner(id)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn node_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(
+        self,
+        layer_ids: L,
+    ) -> storage::NodePropAdditions<'a> {
+        NodeRefOps::node_additions(self, layer_ids)
+    }
+
+    fn node_edge_additions<L: Into<LayerIter<'a>>>(
+        self,
+        layer_id: L,
+    ) -> storage::NodeEdgeAdditions<'a> {
+        NodeRefOps::edge_additions(self, layer_id)
+    }
+
+    fn additions(self) -> storage::NodePropAdditions<'a> {
+        NodeRefOps::node_additions(self, 0)
+    }
+
+    fn tprop(self, prop_id: usize) -> storage::NodeTProps<'a> {
+        NodeRefOps::temporal_prop_layer(self, 0, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> storage::NodeTProps<'a> {
+        NodeRefOps::temporal_prop_layer(self, layer_id, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn constant_prop_layer(self, layer_id: usize, prop_id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        NodeRefOps::c_prop(self, layer_id, prop_id)
+    }
+
+    fn temp_prop_rows_range(
+        self,
+        w: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> {
+        NodeRefOps::temp_prop_rows(self, w)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes.rs
index d95f50da47..173edacd4b 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,31 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use super::node_ref::NodeStorageRef;
 use crate::graph::nodes::nodes_ref::NodesStorageEntry;
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::VID;
-use raphtory_core::storage::ReadLockedStorage;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use storage::{Extension, ReadLockedNodes};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::disk::storage_interface::nodes::DiskNodesOwned;
-
-pub enum NodesStorage {
-    Mem(Arc<ReadLockedStorage>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskNodesOwned),
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct NodesStorage {
+    storage: Arc<ReadLockedNodes<Extension>>,
 }
 
 impl NodesStorage {
+    pub fn new(storage: Arc<ReadLockedNodes<Extension>>) -> Self {
+        Self { storage }
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn as_ref(&self) -> NodesStorageEntry<'_> {
-        match self {
-            NodesStorage::Mem(storage) => NodesStorageEntry::Mem(storage),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodesStorage::Disk(storage) => NodesStorageEntry::Disk(storage.as_ref()),
-        }
+        NodesStorageEntry::Mem(self.storage.as_ref())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn node_entry(&self, vid: VID) -> NodeStorageRef<'_> {
-        match self {
-            NodesStorage::Mem(storage) => NodeStorageRef::Mem(storage.get_entry(vid)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodesStorage::Disk(storage) => NodeStorageRef::Disk(storage.node(vid)),
-        }
+        self.storage.node_ref(vid)
     }
 
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.as_ref().len()
+        self.storage.len()
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes_ref.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes_ref.rs
index dfe02fbde2..f170f8dafd 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes_ref.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/nodes_ref.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,13 @@
 use super::node_ref::NodeStorageRef;
 use crate::graph::variants::storage_variants3::StorageVariants3;
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::VID;
-use raphtory_core::storage::ReadLockedStorage;
 use rayon::iter::ParallelIterator;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::disk::storage_interface::nodes_ref::DiskNodesRef;
+use storage::{Extension, ReadLockedNodes};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum NodesStorageEntry<'a> {
-    Mem(&'a ReadLockedStorage),
-    Unlocked(ReadLockedStorage),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskNodesRef<'a>),
+    Mem(&'a ReadLockedNodes<Extension>),
+    Unlocked(ReadLockedNodes<Extension>),
 }
 
 macro_rules! for_all_variants {
@@ -20,8 +15,6 @@ macro_rules! for_all_variants {
         match $value {
             NodesStorageEntry::Mem($pattern) => StorageVariants3::Mem($result),
             NodesStorageEntry::Unlocked($pattern) => StorageVariants3::Unlocked($result),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodesStorageEntry::Disk($pattern) => StorageVariants3::Disk($result),
         }
     };
 }
@@ -29,10 +22,8 @@ macro_rules! for_all_variants {
 impl<'a> NodesStorageEntry<'a> {
     pub fn node(&self, vid: VID) -> NodeStorageRef<'_> {
         match self {
-            NodesStorageEntry::Mem(store) => NodeStorageRef::Mem(store.get_entry(vid)),
-            NodesStorageEntry::Unlocked(store) => NodeStorageRef::Mem(store.get_entry(vid)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodesStorageEntry::Disk(store) => NodeStorageRef::Disk(store.node(vid)),
+            NodesStorageEntry::Mem(store) => store.node_ref(vid),
+            NodesStorageEntry::Unlocked(store) => store.node_ref(vid),
         }
     }
 
@@ -40,16 +31,25 @@ impl<'a> NodesStorageEntry<'a> {
         match self {
             NodesStorageEntry::Mem(store) => store.len(),
             NodesStorageEntry::Unlocked(store) => store.len(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodesStorageEntry::Disk(store) => store.len(),
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
     pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = NodeStorageRef<'_>> {
-        for_all_variants!(self, nodes => nodes.par_iter().map(|n| n.into()))
+        for_all_variants!(self, nodes => nodes.par_iter())
     }
 
     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = NodeStorageRef<'_>> {
-        for_all_variants!(self, nodes => nodes.iter().map(|n| n.into()))
+        for_all_variants!(self, nodes => nodes.iter())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a parallel iterator over nodes row groups
+    /// the (usize) part is the row group not the segment
+    pub fn row_groups_par_iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, impl Iterator<Item = VID> + '_)> {
+        for_all_variants!(self, nodes => nodes.row_groups_par_iter())
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/row.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/row.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2457d0d707..0000000000
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/nodes/row.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
-use raphtory_core::storage::node_entry::MemRow;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use {
-    pometry_storage::{
-        graph::TemporalGraph, properties::TemporalProps, timestamps::TimeStamps, tprops::DiskTProp,
-        tprops::PropCol,
-    },
-    raphtory_api::core::{entities::VID, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub enum Row<'a> {
-    Mem(MemRow<'a>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(DiskRow<'a>),
-}
-
-impl<'a> IntoIterator for Row<'a> {
-    type Item = (usize, Option<Prop>);
-
-    type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Self::Item> + 'a>;
-
-    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        match self {
-            Row::Mem(mem_row) => mem_row.into_iter(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            Row::Disk(disk_row) => disk_row.into_iter(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct DiskRow<'a> {
-    graph: &'a TemporalGraph,
-    ts: TimeStamps<'a, TimeIndexEntry>,
-    layer: usize,
-    row: usize,
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-impl<'a> DiskRow<'a> {
-    pub fn new(
-        graph: &'a TemporalGraph,
-        ts: TimeStamps<'a, TimeIndexEntry>,
-        row: usize,
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            graph,
-            ts,
-            row,
-            layer,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn temporal_props(&'a self) -> &'a TemporalProps<VID> {
-        &self.graph.node_properties().temporal_props()[self.layer]
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-impl<'a> IntoIterator for DiskRow<'a> {
-    type Item = (usize, Option<Prop>);
-
-    type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Self::Item> + 'a>;
-
-    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        let props = self.temporal_props();
-        let iter = (0..props.prop_dtypes().len()).filter_map(move |prop_id| {
-            let global_prop = self
-                .graph
-                .prop_mapping()
-                .globalise_node_prop_id(self.layer, prop_id)?;
-            let props = self.temporal_props();
-            Some((
-                global_prop,
-                get(
-                    &props.prop_for_ts::<TimeIndexEntry>(self.ts, prop_id),
-                    self.row,
-                ),
-            ))
-        });
-        Box::new(iter)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-fn get<'a>(disk_col: &DiskTProp<'a, TimeIndexEntry>, row: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-    disk_col.get_prop_row(row)
-}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants2.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants2.rs
index 8b63fbd3d4..56df6fbf1e 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants2.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants2.rs
@@ -20,20 +20,10 @@ use std::ops::Range;
     IndexedParallelIterator,
     ParallelExtend,
 )]
-pub enum StorageVariants2<Mem, #[cfg(feature = "storage")] Disk> {
+pub enum StorageVariants2<Mem> {
     Mem(Mem),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(Disk),
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-macro_rules! SelfType {
-    ($Mem:ident, $Disk:ident) => {
-        StorageVariants2<$Mem, $Disk>
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
 macro_rules! SelfType {
     ($Mem:ident, $Disk:ident) => {
         StorageVariants2<$Mem>
@@ -44,23 +34,10 @@ macro_rules! for_all {
     ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
         match $value {
             StorageVariants2::Mem($pattern) => $result,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            StorageVariants2::Disk($pattern) => $result,
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-macro_rules! for_all_iter {
-    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
-        match $value {
-            StorageVariants2::Mem($pattern) => StorageVariants2::Mem($result),
-            StorageVariants2::Disk($pattern) => StorageVariants2::Disk($result),
         }
     };
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
 macro_rules! for_all_iter {
     ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
         match $value {
@@ -69,22 +46,23 @@ macro_rules! for_all_iter {
     };
 }
 
-impl<'a, Mem: TPropOps<'a> + 'a, #[cfg(feature = "storage")] Disk: TPropOps<'a> + 'a> TPropOps<'a>
-    for SelfType!(Mem, Disk)
-{
+impl<'a, Mem: TPropOps<'a> + 'a> TPropOps<'a> for SelfType!(Mem, Disk) {
     fn last_before(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         for_all!(self, props => props.last_before(t))
     }
 
-    fn iter(self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter())
+    fn iter_inner(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter_inner(range))
     }
 
-    fn iter_window(
+    fn iter_inner_rev(
         self,
-        r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter_window(r))
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter_inner_rev(range))
     }
 
     fn at(&self, ti: &TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -92,20 +70,10 @@ impl<'a, Mem: TPropOps<'a> + 'a, #[cfg(feature = "storage")] Disk: TPropOps<'a>
     }
 }
 
-impl<
-        'a,
-        Mem: TimeIndexOps<'a>,
-        #[cfg(feature = "storage")] Disk: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = Mem::IndexType>,
-    > TimeIndexOps<'a> for SelfType!(Mem, Disk)
-{
+impl<'a, Mem: TimeIndexOps<'a>> TimeIndexOps<'a> for SelfType!(Mem, Disk) {
     type IndexType = Mem::IndexType;
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
     type RangeType = Mem::RangeType;
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    type RangeType = StorageVariants2<Mem::RangeType, Disk::RangeType>;
-
     fn active(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, props => props.active(w))
     }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants3.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants3.rs
index 7b4e4242f8..dcb32d8b7c 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants3.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/graph/variants/storage_variants3.rs
@@ -19,21 +19,11 @@ use std::ops::Range;
     ParallelIterator,
     IndexedParallelIterator,
 )]
-pub enum StorageVariants3<Mem, Unlocked, #[cfg(feature = "storage")] Disk> {
+pub enum StorageVariants3<Mem, Unlocked> {
     Mem(Mem),
     Unlocked(Unlocked),
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    Disk(Disk),
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-macro_rules! SelfType {
-    ($Mem:ident, $Unlocked:ident, $Disk:ident) => {
-        StorageVariants3<$Mem, $Unlocked, $Disk>
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
 macro_rules! SelfType {
     ($Mem:ident, $Unlocked:ident, $Disk:ident) => {
         StorageVariants3<$Mem, $Unlocked>
@@ -45,8 +35,6 @@ macro_rules! for_all {
         match $value {
             StorageVariants3::Mem($pattern) => $result,
             StorageVariants3::Unlocked($pattern) => $result,
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            StorageVariants3::Disk($pattern) => $result,
         }
     };
 }
@@ -56,32 +44,29 @@ macro_rules! for_all_iter {
         match $value {
             StorageVariants3::Mem($pattern) => StorageVariants3::Mem($result),
             StorageVariants3::Unlocked($pattern) => StorageVariants3::Unlocked($result),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            StorageVariants3::Disk($pattern) => StorageVariants3::Disk($result),
         }
     };
 }
 
-impl<
-        'a,
-        Mem: TPropOps<'a> + 'a,
-        Unlocked: TPropOps<'a> + 'a,
-        #[cfg(feature = "storage")] Disk: TPropOps<'a> + 'a,
-    > TPropOps<'a> for SelfType!(Mem, Unlocked, Disk)
+impl<'a, Mem: TPropOps<'a> + 'a, Unlocked: TPropOps<'a> + 'a> TPropOps<'a>
+    for SelfType!(Mem, Unlocked, Disk)
 {
     fn last_before(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         for_all!(self, props => props.last_before(t))
     }
 
-    fn iter(self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter())
+    fn iter_inner(
+        self,
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter_inner(range))
     }
 
-    fn iter_window(
+    fn iter_inner_rev(
         self,
-        r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter_window(r))
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'a {
+        for_all_iter!(self, props => props.iter_inner_rev(range))
     }
 
     fn at(&self, ti: &TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<Prop> {
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/layer_ops.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/layer_ops.rs
index 6d190a58b7..8780f053ff 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/layer_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/layer_ops.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ pub trait InternalLayerOps: CoreGraphOps {
             GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => {
                 graph.layer_ids(key)
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(graph) => graph.layer_ids_from_names(key),
         }?;
         Ok(layer_ids.intersect(self.layer_ids()))
     }
@@ -31,8 +29,6 @@ pub trait InternalLayerOps: CoreGraphOps {
             GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) | GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) => {
                 graph.valid_layer_ids(key)
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(graph) => graph.valid_layer_ids_from_names(key),
         };
         layer_ids.intersect(self.layer_ids())
     }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/lib.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/lib.rs
index 98b6be3a3b..8fba0f0625 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/lib.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 pub mod core_ops;
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-pub mod disk;
 pub mod graph;
 pub mod layer_ops;
 pub mod mutation;
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/addition_ops.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/addition_ops.rs
index 548fee8ff6..6c399b8598 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/addition_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/addition_ops.rs
@@ -1,153 +1,159 @@
 use crate::{
-    graph::{graph::GraphStorage, locked::WriteLockedGraph},
-    mutation::MutationError,
+    graph::graph::GraphStorage,
+    mutation::{
+        addition_ops_ext::{UnlockedSession, WriteS},
+        MutationError,
+    },
 };
+use db4_graph::{TransactionManager, WriteLockedGraph};
 use raphtory_api::{
     core::{
         entities::{
-            properties::prop::{Prop, PropType},
+            properties::{
+                meta::Meta,
+                prop::{Prop, PropType},
+            },
             GidRef, EID, VID,
         },
         storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
     },
     inherit::Base,
 };
-use raphtory_core::{
-    entities::{graph::tgraph::TemporalGraph, nodes::node_ref::NodeRef},
-    storage::{raw_edges::WriteLockedEdges, WriteLockedNodes},
-};
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use raphtory_core::entities::{nodes::node_ref::NodeRef, ELID};
+use storage::{Extension, WalImpl};
 
 pub trait InternalAdditionOps {
     type Error: From<MutationError>;
-    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_>, Self::Error>;
-    fn write_lock_nodes(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedNodes<'_>, Self::Error>;
-    fn write_lock_edges(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedEdges<'_>, Self::Error>;
-    /// get the sequence id for the next event
-    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error>;
-    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error>;
+    type WS<'a>: SessionAdditionOps<Error = Self::Error>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    type AtomicAddEdge<'a>: EdgeWriteLock
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_, Extension>, Self::Error>;
+
     /// map layer name to id and allocate a new layer if needed
     fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error>;
+
     /// map external node id to internal id, allocating a new empty node if needed
     fn resolve_node(&self, id: NodeRef) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, Self::Error>;
-    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
-    /// resolve a node and corresponding type, outer MaybeNew tracks whether the type assignment is new for the node even if both node and type already existed.
-    fn resolve_node_and_type(
+
+    /// Resolve a node and corresponding type, outer MaybeNew tracks whether the type
+    /// assignment is new for the node even if both node and type already existed.
+    /// updates the storage atomically to set the node type
+    fn resolve_and_update_node_and_type(
         &self,
         id: NodeRef,
-        node_type: &str,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, Self::Error>;
-    /// map property key to internal id, allocating new property if needed
-    fn resolve_graph_property(
+
+    /// resolve node and type without modifying the storage (use in bulk loaders only)
+    fn resolve_node_and_type(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error>;
-    /// map property key to internal id, allocating new property if needed and checking property type.
-    /// returns `None` if the type does not match
-    fn resolve_node_property(
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(VID, usize), Self::Error>;
+
+    /// validate the GidRef is the correct type
+    fn validate_gids<'a>(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error>;
-    fn resolve_edge_property(
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
+    fn write_session(&self) -> Result<Self::WS<'_>, Self::Error>;
+
+    fn atomic_add_edge(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error>;
-    /// add node update
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        e_id: Option<EID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::AtomicAddEdge<'_>, Self::Error>;
+
     fn internal_add_node(
         &self,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         v: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
+    fn validate_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        is_static: bool,
+        meta: &Meta,
+        prop: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, Self::Error>;
+
+    /// Validates props and returns them with their creation status (new vs existing)
+    fn validate_props_with_status<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        is_static: bool,
+        meta: &Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, Self::Error>;
+
+    /// TODO: Not sure the below methods belong here...
+
+    fn transaction_manager(&self) -> &TransactionManager;
+
+    fn wal(&self) -> &WalImpl;
+}
+
+pub trait EdgeWriteLock: Send + Sync {
+    fn internal_add_static_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<EID>;
+
     /// add edge update
     fn internal_add_edge(
-        &self,
+        &mut self,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        src: VID,
-        dst: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<EID>, Self::Error>;
-    /// add update for an existing edge
-    fn internal_add_edge_update(
-        &self,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        eid: MaybeNew<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<ELID>;
+
+    fn internal_delete_edge(
+        &mut self,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        edge: EID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
         layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
-}
+    ) -> MaybeNew<ELID>;
 
-impl InternalAdditionOps for TemporalGraph {
-    type Error = MutationError;
+    fn store_src_node_info(&mut self, id: impl Into<VID>, node_id: Option<GidRef>);
+    fn store_dst_node_info(&mut self, id: impl Into<VID>, node_id: Option<GidRef>);
+}
 
-    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(WriteLockedGraph::new(self))
-    }
+pub trait SessionAdditionOps: Send + Sync {
+    type Error: From<MutationError>;
 
-    fn write_lock_nodes(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedNodes<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.storage.nodes.write_lock())
-    }
+    /// Reads the current event id.
+    fn read_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error>;
 
-    fn write_lock_edges(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedEdges<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.storage.edges.write_lock())
-    }
+    /// Sets the event_id to the provided event_id.
+    fn set_event_id(&self, event_id: usize) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
 
     /// get the sequence id for the next event
-    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.event_counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
-    }
-
-    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.event_counter.fetch_add(num_ids, Ordering::Relaxed))
-    }
-
-    /// map layer name to id and allocate a new layer if needed
-    fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        let id = self
-            .resolve_layer_inner(layer)
-            .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-        Ok(id)
-    }
+    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error>;
 
-    /// map external node id to internal id, allocating a new empty node if needed
-    fn resolve_node(&self, id: NodeRef) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.resolve_node_inner(id)?)
-    }
+    /// Reserve a consecutive block of event_ids with length num_ids.
+    /// Returns the starting event_id of the reserved block.
+    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error>;
 
-    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.logical_to_physical.set(gid, vid)?)
-    }
+    /// Sets the event_id to the maximum of the current event_id and the provided event_id.
+    /// Returns the old value before the update.
+    fn set_max_event_id(&self, event_id: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error>;
 
-    /// resolve a node and corresponding type, outer MaybeNew tracks whether the type assignment is new for the node even if both node and type already existed.
-    fn resolve_node_and_type(
-        &self,
-        id: NodeRef,
-        node_type: &str,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, Self::Error> {
-        let vid = self.resolve_node(id)?;
-        let mut entry = self.storage.get_node_mut(vid.inner());
-        let mut entry_ref = entry.to_mut();
-        let node_store = entry_ref.node_store_mut();
-        if node_store.node_type == 0 {
-            let node_type_id = self.node_meta.get_or_create_node_type_id(node_type);
-            node_store.update_node_type(node_type_id.inner());
-            Ok(MaybeNew::New((vid, node_type_id)))
-        } else {
-            let node_type_id = self
-                .node_meta
-                .get_node_type_id(node_type)
-                .filter(|&node_type| node_type == node_store.node_type)
-                .ok_or(MutationError::NodeTypeError)?;
-            Ok(MaybeNew::Existing((vid, MaybeNew::Existing(node_type_id))))
-        }
-    }
+    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
 
     /// map property key to internal id, allocating new property if needed
     fn resolve_graph_property(
@@ -155,9 +161,7 @@ impl InternalAdditionOps for TemporalGraph {
         prop: &str,
         dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.graph_meta.resolve_property(prop, dtype, is_static)?)
-    }
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error>;
 
     /// map property key to internal id, allocating new property if needed and checking property type.
     /// returns `None` if the type does not match
@@ -166,112 +170,24 @@ impl InternalAdditionOps for TemporalGraph {
         prop: &str,
         dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.node_meta.resolve_prop_id(prop, dtype, is_static)?)
-    }
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error>;
 
     fn resolve_edge_property(
         &self,
         prop: &str,
         dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.edge_meta.resolve_prop_id(prop, dtype, is_static)?)
-    }
-
-    /// add node update
-    fn internal_add_node(
-        &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        v: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.update_time(t);
-        let mut entry = self.storage.get_node_mut(v);
-        let mut node = entry.to_mut();
-        let prop_i = node
-            .t_props_log_mut()
-            .push(props.iter().map(|(prop_id, prop)| {
-                let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-                (*prop_id, prop)
-            }))
-            .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-        node.node_store_mut().update_t_prop_time(t, prop_i);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// add edge update
-    fn internal_add_edge(
-        &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        src: VID,
-        dst: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<EID>, Self::Error> {
-        let edge = self.link_nodes(src, dst, t, layer, false);
-        edge.try_map(|mut edge| {
-            let eid = edge.eid();
-            let mut edge = edge.as_mut();
-            edge.additions_mut(layer).insert(t);
-            if !props.is_empty() {
-                let edge_layer = edge.layer_mut(layer);
-                for (prop_id, prop) in props {
-                    let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-                    edge_layer
-                        .add_prop(t, *prop_id, prop)
-                        .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-                }
-            }
-            Ok(eid)
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// add update for an existing edge
-    fn internal_add_edge_update(
-        &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        edge: EID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        let mut edge = self.link_edge(edge, t, layer, false);
-        let mut edge = edge.as_mut();
-        edge.additions_mut(layer).insert(t);
-        if !props.is_empty() {
-            let edge_layer = edge.layer_mut(layer);
-            for (prop_id, prop) in props {
-                let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-                edge_layer
-                    .add_prop(t, *prop_id, prop)
-                    .map_err(MutationError::from)?
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error>;
 }
 
 impl InternalAdditionOps for GraphStorage {
     type Error = MutationError;
+    type WS<'b> = UnlockedSession<'b>;
 
-    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.write_lock()
-    }
-
-    fn write_lock_nodes(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedNodes<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.write_lock_nodes()
-    }
-
-    fn write_lock_edges(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedEdges<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.write_lock_edges()
-    }
-
-    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.next_event_id()
-    }
+    type AtomicAddEdge<'a> = WriteS<'a, Extension>;
 
-    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.reserve_event_ids(num_ids)
+    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_, Extension>, Self::Error> {
+        self.mutable()?.write_lock()
     }
 
     fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
@@ -282,77 +198,84 @@ impl InternalAdditionOps for GraphStorage {
         self.mutable()?.resolve_node(id)
     }
 
-    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.set_node(gid, vid)
-    }
-
-    fn resolve_node_and_type(
+    fn resolve_and_update_node_and_type(
         &self,
         id: NodeRef,
-        node_type: &str,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.resolve_node_and_type(id, node_type)
+        Ok(self
+            .mutable()?
+            .resolve_and_update_node_and_type(id, node_type)?)
     }
 
-    fn resolve_graph_property(
+    fn write_session(&self) -> Result<Self::WS<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        self.mutable()?.write_session()
+    }
+
+    fn atomic_add_edge(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?
-            .resolve_graph_property(prop, dtype, is_static)
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        e_id: Option<EID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::AtomicAddEdge<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        self.mutable()?.atomic_add_edge(src, dst, e_id, layer_id)
     }
 
-    fn resolve_node_property(
+    fn internal_add_node(
+        &self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        v: VID,
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.mutable()?.internal_add_node(t, v, props)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
+        meta: &Meta,
+        prop: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, Self::Error> {
         self.mutable()?
-            .resolve_node_property(prop, dtype, is_static)
+            .validate_props(is_static, meta, prop)
+            .map_err(MutationError::from)
     }
 
-    fn resolve_edge_property(
+    fn validate_props_with_status<PN: AsRef<str>>(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
+        meta: &Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, Self::Error> {
         self.mutable()?
-            .resolve_edge_property(prop, dtype, is_static)
+            .validate_props_with_status(is_static, meta, props)
+            .map_err(MutationError::from)
     }
 
-    fn internal_add_node(
+    fn validate_gids<'a>(
         &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        v: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.internal_add_node(t, v, props)
+        Ok(self.mutable()?.validate_gids(gids)?)
     }
 
-    fn internal_add_edge(
-        &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        src: VID,
-        dst: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<EID>, Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.internal_add_edge(t, src, dst, props, layer)
+    fn transaction_manager(&self) -> &TransactionManager {
+        self.mutable().unwrap().transaction_manager.as_ref()
     }
 
-    fn internal_add_edge_update(
+    fn wal(&self) -> &WalImpl {
+        self.mutable().unwrap().wal.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_node_and_type(
         &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        edge: EID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(VID, usize), Self::Error> {
         self.mutable()?
-            .internal_add_edge_update(t, edge, props, layer)
+            .resolve_node_and_type(id, node_type)
+            .map_err(MutationError::from)
     }
 }
 
@@ -363,32 +286,23 @@ where
     G::Base: InternalAdditionOps,
 {
     type Error = <G::Base as InternalAdditionOps>::Error;
+    type WS<'a>
+        = <G::Base as InternalAdditionOps>::WS<'a>
+    where
+        <G as Base>::Base: 'a,
+        G: 'a;
+
+    type AtomicAddEdge<'a>
+        = <G::Base as InternalAdditionOps>::AtomicAddEdge<'a>
+    where
+        <G as Base>::Base: 'a,
+        G: 'a;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_>, Self::Error> {
+    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_, Extension>, Self::Error> {
         self.base().write_lock()
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn write_lock_nodes(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedNodes<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().write_lock_nodes()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn write_lock_edges(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedEdges<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().write_lock_edges()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().next_event_id()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().reserve_event_ids(num_ids)
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
         self.base().resolve_layer(layer)
@@ -400,79 +314,84 @@ where
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.base().set_node(gid, vid)
+    fn resolve_and_update_node_and_type(
+        &self,
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, Self::Error> {
+        self.base().resolve_and_update_node_and_type(id, node_type)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn resolve_node_and_type(
+    fn write_session(&self) -> Result<Self::WS<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        self.base().write_session()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn atomic_add_edge(
         &self,
-        id: NodeRef,
-        node_type: &str,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().resolve_node_and_type(id, node_type)
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        e_id: Option<EID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::AtomicAddEdge<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        self.base().atomic_add_edge(src, dst, e_id, layer_id)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn resolve_graph_property(
+    fn internal_add_node(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().resolve_graph_property(prop, dtype, is_static)
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        v: VID,
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.base().internal_add_node(t, v, props)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn resolve_node_property(
+    fn validate_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().resolve_node_property(prop, dtype, is_static)
+        meta: &Meta,
+        prop: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, Self::Error> {
+        self.base().validate_props(is_static, meta, prop)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn resolve_edge_property(
+    fn validate_props_with_status<PN: AsRef<str>>(
         &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().resolve_edge_property(prop, dtype, is_static)
+        meta: &Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, Self::Error> {
+        self.base()
+            .validate_props_with_status(is_static, meta, props)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_add_node(
+    fn validate_gids<'a>(
         &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        v: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.base().internal_add_node(t, v, props)
+        self.base().validate_gids(gids)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_add_edge(
-        &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        src: VID,
-        dst: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<EID>, Self::Error> {
-        self.base().internal_add_edge(t, src, dst, props, layer)
+    fn transaction_manager(&self) -> &TransactionManager {
+        self.base().transaction_manager()
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_add_edge_update(
+    fn wal(&self) -> &WalImpl {
+        self.base().wal()
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_node_and_type(
         &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        edge: EID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.base().internal_add_edge_update(t, edge, props, layer)
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(VID, usize), Self::Error> {
+        self.base().resolve_node_and_type(id, node_type)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/addition_ops_ext.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/addition_ops_ext.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47822bd654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/addition_ops_ext.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+use crate::mutation::{
+    addition_ops::{EdgeWriteLock, InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps},
+    MutationError,
+};
+use db4_graph::{TemporalGraph, TransactionManager, WriteLockedGraph};
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::properties::{
+        meta::{Meta, NODE_ID_IDX, NODE_TYPE_IDX},
+        prop::{Prop, PropType, PropUnwrap},
+    },
+    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
+};
+use raphtory_core::{
+    entities::{
+        graph::tgraph::TooManyLayers,
+        nodes::node_ref::{AsNodeRef, NodeRef},
+        GidRef, EID, ELID, MAX_LAYER, VID,
+    },
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
+};
+use storage::{
+    api::{edges::EdgeSegmentOps, graph_props::GraphPropSegmentOps, nodes::NodeSegmentOps},
+    pages::{node_page::writer::node_info_as_props, session::WriteSession},
+    persist::strategy::{Config, PersistentStrategy},
+    properties::props_meta_writer::PropsMetaWriter,
+    resolver::GIDResolverOps,
+    Extension, WalImpl, ES, GS, NS,
+};
+
+pub struct WriteS<'a, EXT>
+where
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS<EXT>, ES = ES<EXT>, GS = GS<EXT>>,
+    NS<EXT>: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES<EXT>: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS<EXT>: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+{
+    static_session: WriteSession<'a, NS<EXT>, ES<EXT>, GS<EXT>, EXT>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct UnlockedSession<'a> {
+    graph: &'a TemporalGraph<Extension>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, EXT> EdgeWriteLock for WriteS<'a, EXT>
+where
+    EXT: PersistentStrategy<NS = NS<EXT>, ES = ES<EXT>, GS = GS<EXT>>,
+    NS<EXT>: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    ES<EXT>: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+    GS<EXT>: GraphPropSegmentOps<Extension = EXT>,
+{
+    fn internal_add_static_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<EID> {
+        self.static_session.add_static_edge(src, dst, lsn)
+    }
+
+    fn internal_add_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        eid: MaybeNew<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<ELID> {
+        self.static_session
+            .add_edge_into_layer(t, src, dst, eid, lsn, props);
+
+        eid
+    }
+
+    fn internal_delete_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        layer: usize,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<ELID> {
+        let src = src.into();
+        let dst = dst.into();
+        let eid = self
+            .static_session
+            .add_static_edge(src, dst, lsn)
+            .map(|eid| eid.with_layer_deletion(layer));
+
+        self.static_session
+            .delete_edge_from_layer(t, src, dst, eid, lsn);
+
+        eid
+    }
+
+    fn store_src_node_info(&mut self, vid: impl Into<VID>, node_id: Option<GidRef>) {
+        if let Some(id) = node_id {
+            let pos = self.static_session.resolve_node_pos(vid);
+
+            self.static_session
+                .node_writers()
+                .get_mut_src()
+                .update_c_props(pos, 0, [(NODE_ID_IDX, id.into())], 0);
+        };
+    }
+
+    fn store_dst_node_info(&mut self, vid: impl Into<VID>, node_id: Option<GidRef>) {
+        if let Some(id) = node_id {
+            let pos = self.static_session.resolve_node_pos(vid);
+
+            self.static_session
+                .node_writers()
+                .get_mut_dst()
+                .update_c_props(pos, 0, [(NODE_ID_IDX, id.into())], 0);
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> SessionAdditionOps for UnlockedSession<'a> {
+    type Error = MutationError;
+
+    fn read_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.storage().read_event_id())
+    }
+
+    fn set_event_id(&self, event_id: usize) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.storage().set_event_id(event_id))
+    }
+
+    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.storage().next_event_id())
+    }
+
+    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        let event_id = self.graph.storage().reserve_event_ids(num_ids);
+        Ok(event_id)
+    }
+
+    fn set_max_event_id(&self, value: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.storage().set_max_event_id(value))
+    }
+
+    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.logical_to_physical.set(gid, vid)?)
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_graph_property(
+        &self,
+        prop: &str,
+        dtype: PropType,
+        is_static: bool,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self
+            .graph
+            .graph_props_meta()
+            .resolve_prop_id(prop, dtype, is_static)?)
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_node_property(
+        &self,
+        prop: &str,
+        dtype: PropType,
+        is_static: bool,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self
+            .graph
+            .node_meta()
+            .resolve_prop_id(prop, dtype, is_static)?)
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_edge_property(
+        &self,
+        prop: &str,
+        dtype: PropType,
+        is_static: bool,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self
+            .graph
+            .edge_meta()
+            .resolve_prop_id(prop, dtype, is_static)?)
+    }
+}
+
+impl InternalAdditionOps for TemporalGraph {
+    type Error = MutationError;
+
+    type WS<'a> = UnlockedSession<'a>;
+
+    type AtomicAddEdge<'a> = WriteS<'a, Extension>;
+
+    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_, Extension>, Self::Error> {
+        let locked_g = self.write_locked_graph();
+        Ok(locked_g)
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
+        let id = self.edge_meta().get_or_create_layer_id(layer);
+        // TODO: we replicate the layer id in the node meta as well, perhaps layer meta should be common
+        if id.is_new() {
+            self.node_meta().layer_meta().set_id(
+                self.edge_meta().layer_meta().get_name(id.inner()),
+                id.inner(),
+            );
+        }
+        if let MaybeNew::New(id) = id {
+            if id > MAX_LAYER {
+                Err(TooManyLayers)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(id)
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_node(&self, id: NodeRef) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, Self::Error> {
+        match id {
+            NodeRef::External(id) => {
+                let id = self.logical_to_physical.get_or_init(id, || {
+                    let (seg, pos) = self.storage().nodes().reserve_free_pos(
+                        self.event_counter
+                            .fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed),
+                    );
+                    pos.as_vid(seg, self.extension().max_node_page_len())
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(id)
+            }
+            NodeRef::Internal(id) => Ok(MaybeNew::Existing(id)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_and_update_node_and_type(
+        &self,
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, Self::Error> {
+        let vid = self.resolve_node(id)?;
+        let (segment_id, local_pos) = self.storage().nodes().resolve_pos(vid.inner());
+        let mut writer = self.storage().nodes().writer(segment_id);
+        let node_type_id = match node_type {
+            None => {
+                writer.update_c_props(
+                    local_pos,
+                    0,
+                    node_info_as_props(id.as_gid_ref().left(), None),
+                    0,
+                );
+                MaybeNew::Existing(0)
+            }
+            Some(node_type) => {
+                let old_type = writer.get_metadata(local_pos, 0, NODE_TYPE_IDX).into_u64();
+                match old_type {
+                    None => {
+                        let node_type_id = self.node_meta().get_or_create_node_type_id(node_type);
+                        writer.update_c_props(
+                            local_pos,
+                            0,
+                            node_info_as_props(
+                                id.as_gid_ref().left(),
+                                Some(node_type_id.inner()).filter(|&id| id != 0),
+                            ),
+                            0,
+                        );
+                        node_type_id
+                    }
+                    Some(old_type) => MaybeNew::Existing(
+                        self.node_meta()
+                            .get_node_type_id(node_type)
+                            .filter(|&new_id| new_id == old_type as usize)
+                            .ok_or(MutationError::NodeTypeError)?,
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(vid.map(|_| (vid, node_type_id)))
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_node_and_type(
+        &self,
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(VID, usize), Self::Error> {
+        let vid = self.resolve_node(id)?.inner();
+        let node_type_id = match node_type {
+            Some(node_type) => self
+                .node_meta()
+                .get_or_create_node_type_id(node_type)
+                .inner(),
+            None => 0,
+        };
+        Ok((vid, node_type_id))
+    }
+
+    fn validate_gids<'a>(
+        &self,
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.logical_to_physical.validate_gids(gids)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn write_session(&self) -> Result<Self::WS<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(UnlockedSession { graph: self })
+    }
+
+    fn atomic_add_edge(
+        &self,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        e_id: Option<EID>,
+        _layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::AtomicAddEdge<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(WriteS {
+            static_session: self.storage().write_session(src, dst, e_id),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn internal_add_node(
+        &self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        v: VID,
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        let (segment, node_pos) = self.storage().nodes().resolve_pos(v);
+        let mut node_writer = self.storage().node_writer(segment);
+        node_writer.add_props(t, node_pos, 0, props, 0);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn validate_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        is_static: bool,
+        meta: &Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, Self::Error> {
+        if is_static {
+            let prop_ids = PropsMetaWriter::constant(meta, props)
+                .and_then(|pmw| pmw.into_props_const())
+                .map_err(MutationError::StorageError)?;
+            Ok(prop_ids)
+        } else {
+            let prop_ids = PropsMetaWriter::temporal(meta, props)
+                .and_then(|pmw| pmw.into_props_temporal())
+                .map_err(MutationError::StorageError)?;
+            Ok(prop_ids)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn validate_props_with_status<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        is_static: bool,
+        meta: &Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, Self::Error> {
+        if is_static {
+            let prop_ids = PropsMetaWriter::constant(meta, props)
+                .and_then(|pmw| pmw.into_props_const_with_status())
+                .map_err(MutationError::StorageError)?;
+            Ok(prop_ids)
+        } else {
+            let prop_ids = PropsMetaWriter::temporal(meta, props)
+                .and_then(|pmw| pmw.into_props_temporal_with_status())
+                .map_err(MutationError::StorageError)?;
+            Ok(prop_ids)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn transaction_manager(&self) -> &TransactionManager {
+        &self.transaction_manager
+    }
+
+    fn wal(&self) -> &WalImpl {
+        &self.wal
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/deletion_ops.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/deletion_ops.rs
index 7d2f2ddcf6..06b934cc3c 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/deletion_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/deletion_ops.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use raphtory_api::{
     },
     inherit::Base,
 };
-use raphtory_core::entities::graph::tgraph::TemporalGraph;
+use storage::Extension;
 
 pub trait InternalDeletionOps {
     type Error: From<MutationError>;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub trait InternalDeletionOps {
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
 }
 
-impl InternalDeletionOps for TemporalGraph {
+impl InternalDeletionOps for db4_graph::TemporalGraph<Extension> {
     type Error = MutationError;
 
     fn internal_delete_edge(
@@ -35,12 +35,10 @@ impl InternalDeletionOps for TemporalGraph {
         dst: VID,
         layer: usize,
     ) -> Result<MaybeNew<EID>, Self::Error> {
-        let edge = self.link_nodes(src, dst, t, layer, true);
-        Ok(edge.map(|mut edge| {
-            let mut edge = edge.as_mut();
-            edge.deletions_mut(layer).insert(t);
-            edge.eid()
-        }))
+        let mut session = self.storage().write_session(src, dst, None);
+        let edge = session.add_static_edge(src, dst, 0);
+        session.delete_edge_from_layer(t, src, dst, edge.map(|eid| eid.with_layer(layer)), 0);
+        Ok(edge)
     }
 
     fn internal_delete_existing_edge(
@@ -49,9 +47,12 @@ impl InternalDeletionOps for TemporalGraph {
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        let mut edge = self.link_edge(eid, t, layer, true);
-        let mut edge = edge.as_mut();
-        edge.deletions_mut(layer).insert(t);
+        let mut writer = self.storage().edge_writer(eid);
+        let (_, edge_pos) = self.storage().edges().resolve_pos(eid);
+        let (src, dst) = writer.get_edge(0, edge_pos).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Internal Error: Edge {eid:?} not found in storage");
+        });
+        writer.delete_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer, 0);
         Ok(())
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/mod.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/mod.rs
index e93605c42b..44f18037b9 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/mod.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
         property_addition_ops::InheritPropertyAdditionOps,
     },
 };
+use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
 use raphtory_api::{
     core::entities::properties::prop::{InvalidBigDecimal, PropError},
     inherit::Base,
@@ -18,12 +19,22 @@ use raphtory_core::entities::{
     },
 };
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use storage::{
+    error::StorageError,
+    pages::{edge_page::writer::EdgeWriter, node_page::writer::NodeWriter},
+    segments::{edge::segment::MemEdgeSegment, node::segment::MemNodeSegment},
+    Extension, ES, NS,
+};
 use thiserror::Error;
 
 pub mod addition_ops;
+pub mod addition_ops_ext;
 pub mod deletion_ops;
 pub mod property_addition_ops;
 
+pub type NodeWriterT<'a> = NodeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemNodeSegment>, NS<Extension>>;
+pub type EdgeWriterT<'a> = EdgeWriter<'a, RwLockWriteGuard<'a, MemEdgeSegment>, ES<Extension>>;
+
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 pub enum MutationError {
     #[error(transparent)]
@@ -50,6 +61,8 @@ pub enum MutationError {
         src: String,
         dst: String,
     },
+    #[error("Storage error: {0}")]
+    StorageError(#[from] StorageError),
 }
 
 pub trait InheritMutationOps: Base {}
diff --git a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs
index b9bb1c036f..0447d09bf7 100644
--- a/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory-storage/src/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs
@@ -1,176 +1,136 @@
 use crate::{
-    graph::{graph::GraphStorage, nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
-    mutation::MutationError,
+    graph::graph::GraphStorage,
+    mutation::{EdgeWriterT, MutationError, NodeWriterT},
 };
-use parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
 use raphtory_api::{
     core::{
-        entities::{
-            properties::prop::{validate_prop, Prop},
-            EID, VID,
-        },
+        entities::{properties::prop::Prop, EID, VID},
         storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
     },
     inherit::Base,
 };
-use raphtory_core::{
-    entities::graph::tgraph::TemporalGraph,
-    storage::{raw_edges::EdgeWGuard, EntryMut, NodeSlot},
-};
+use storage::Extension;
 
 pub trait InternalPropertyAdditionOps {
     type Error: From<MutationError>;
+
     fn internal_add_properties(
         &self,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         props: &[(usize, Prop)],
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
     fn internal_add_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
     fn internal_update_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
     fn internal_add_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error>;
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error>;
+
     fn internal_update_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error>;
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error>;
+
     fn internal_add_edge_metadata(
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error>;
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error>;
+
     fn internal_update_edge_metadata(
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error>;
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error>;
 }
 
-impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for TemporalGraph {
+impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for db4_graph::TemporalGraph<Extension> {
     type Error = MutationError;
+
+    // FIXME: this can't fail
     fn internal_add_properties(
         &self,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         props: &[(usize, Prop)],
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        if !props.is_empty() {
-            for (prop_id, prop) in props {
-                let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-                let prop = validate_prop(prop).map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-                self.graph_meta
-                    .add_prop(t, *prop_id, prop)
-                    .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-            }
-            self.update_time(t);
-        }
+        let mut writer = self.storage().graph_props().writer();
+        writer.add_properties(t, props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop.clone())), 0);
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn internal_add_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        for (id, prop) in props {
-            let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-            let prop = validate_prop(prop).map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-            self.graph_meta
-                .add_metadata(*id, prop)
-                .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-        }
+        let mut writer = self.storage().graph_props().writer();
+        writer.check_metadata(props)?;
+        writer.update_metadata(props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop.clone())), 0);
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    // FIXME: this can't fail
     fn internal_update_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        for (id, prop) in props {
-            let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-            let prop = validate_prop(prop).map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-            self.graph_meta.update_metadata(*id, prop);
-        }
+        let mut writer = self.storage().graph_props().writer();
+        writer.update_metadata(props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop.clone())), 0);
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn internal_add_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
-        let mut node = self.storage.get_node_mut(vid);
-        for (prop_id, prop) in props {
-            let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-            let prop = validate_prop(prop).map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-            node.as_mut()
-                .add_metadata(*prop_id, prop)
-                .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-        }
-        Ok(node)
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        let (segment_id, node_pos) = self.storage().nodes().resolve_pos(vid);
+        let mut writer = self.storage().nodes().writer(segment_id);
+        writer.check_metadata(node_pos, 0, &props)?;
+        writer.update_c_props(node_pos, 0, props, 0);
+        Ok(writer)
     }
 
     fn internal_update_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
-        let mut node = self.storage.get_node_mut(vid);
-        for (prop_id, prop) in props {
-            let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-            let prop = validate_prop(prop).map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-            node.as_mut()
-                .update_metadata(*prop_id, prop)
-                .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-        }
-        Ok(node)
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        let (segment_id, node_pos) = self.storage().nodes().resolve_pos(vid);
+        let mut writer = self.storage().nodes().writer(segment_id);
+        writer.update_c_props(node_pos, 0, props, 0);
+        Ok(writer)
     }
 
     fn internal_add_edge_metadata(
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        let mut edge = self.storage.get_edge_mut(eid);
-        let mut edge_mut = edge.as_mut();
-        if let Some(edge_layer) = edge_mut.get_layer_mut(layer) {
-            for (prop_id, prop) in props {
-                let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-                let prop = validate_prop(prop).map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-                edge_layer
-                    .add_metadata(*prop_id, prop)
-                    .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-            }
-            Ok(edge)
-        } else {
-            let layer = self.get_layer_name(layer).to_string();
-            let src = self.node(edge.as_ref().src()).as_ref().id().to_string();
-            let dst = self.node(edge.as_ref().dst()).as_ref().id().to_string();
-            Err(MutationError::InvalidEdgeLayer { layer, src, dst })
-        }
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        let (_, edge_pos) = self.storage().edges().resolve_pos(eid);
+        let mut writer = self.storage().edge_writer(eid);
+        let (src, dst) = writer.get_edge(layer, edge_pos).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Edge with EID {eid:?} not found in layer {layer}");
+        });
+        writer.check_metadata(edge_pos, layer, &props)?;
+        writer.update_c_props(edge_pos, src, dst, layer, props);
+        Ok(writer)
     }
 
     fn internal_update_edge_metadata(
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        let mut edge = self.storage.get_edge_mut(eid);
-        let mut edge_mut = edge.as_mut();
-        if let Some(edge_layer) = edge_mut.get_layer_mut(layer) {
-            for (prop_id, prop) in props {
-                let prop = self.process_prop_value(prop);
-                let prop = validate_prop(prop).map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-                edge_layer
-                    .update_metadata(*prop_id, prop)
-                    .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-            }
-            Ok(edge)
-        } else {
-            let layer = self.get_layer_name(layer).to_string();
-            let src = self.node(edge.as_ref().src()).as_ref().id().to_string();
-            let dst = self.node(edge.as_ref().dst()).as_ref().id().to_string();
-            Err(MutationError::InvalidEdgeLayer { layer, src, dst })
-        }
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        let (_, edge_pos) = self.storage().edges().resolve_pos(eid);
+        let mut writer = self.storage().edge_writer(eid);
+        let (src, dst) = writer.get_edge(layer, edge_pos).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Edge with EID {eid:?} not found in layer {layer}");
+        });
+        writer.update_c_props(edge_pos, src, dst, layer, props);
+        Ok(writer)
     }
 }
 
@@ -182,7 +142,7 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for GraphStorage {
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         props: &[(usize, Prop)],
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.mutable()?.internal_add_properties(t, props)
+        Ok(self.mutable()?.internal_add_properties(t, props)?)
     }
 
     fn internal_add_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
@@ -196,16 +156,16 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for GraphStorage {
     fn internal_add_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.mutable()?.internal_add_node_metadata(vid, props)
     }
 
     fn internal_update_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.mutable()?.internal_update_node_metadata(vid, props)
     }
 
@@ -213,8 +173,8 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for GraphStorage {
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.mutable()?
             .internal_add_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props)
     }
@@ -223,8 +183,8 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for GraphStorage {
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.mutable()?
             .internal_update_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props)
     }
@@ -261,8 +221,8 @@ where
     fn internal_add_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.base().internal_add_node_metadata(vid, props)
     }
 
@@ -270,8 +230,8 @@ where
     fn internal_update_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.base().internal_update_node_metadata(vid, props)
     }
 
@@ -280,8 +240,8 @@ where
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.base().internal_add_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props)
     }
 
@@ -290,8 +250,8 @@ where
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
         self.base().internal_update_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/Cargo.toml b/raphtory/Cargo.toml
index 66a566b191..9d13ef6aa8 100644
--- a/raphtory/Cargo.toml
+++ b/raphtory/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ homepage.workspace = true
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-raphtory-api.workspace = true
-raphtory-core.workspace = true
-raphtory-storage.workspace = true
-pometry-storage.workspace = true
+raphtory-api.workspace = true                                #{ path = "../raphtory-api", version = "0.15.1" }
+raphtory-core.workspace = true                               # = { path = "../raphtory-core", version = "0.15.1" }
+raphtory-storage.workspace = true                            # = { path = "../raphtory-storage", version = "0.15.1" }
+db4-graph.workspace = true
+storage.workspace = true
 iter-enum = { workspace = true, features = ["rayon"] }
 hashbrown = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { workspace = true }
@@ -50,6 +51,9 @@ roaring = { workspace = true }
 strsim = { workspace = true }
 walkdir = { workspace = true }
 uuid = { workspace = true }
+parquet = { workspace = true }
+arrow-json = { workspace = true }
+arrow = { workspace = true }
 
 # io optional dependencies
 csv = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -66,14 +70,7 @@ memmap2 = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 prost = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 prost-types = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
-# arrow otional dependencies
-parquet = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-arrow-json = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-#arrow-array = { workspace = true, features = ["chrono-tz"], optional = true }
-#arrow-buffer = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-#arrow-cast = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-#arrow-schema = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-arrow = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["chrono-tz"] }
+
 
 # search optional dependencies
 tantivy = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ minijinja = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 minijinja-contrib = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 arroy = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 heed = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-moka = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+moka = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["future"] }
 
 # python binding optional dependencies
 pyo3 = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -97,7 +94,6 @@ display-error-chain = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 tempfile = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 pyo3-arrow = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
-
 # test utils
 proptest = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 proptest-derive = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -110,7 +106,10 @@ tokio = { workspace = true }                             # for vector testing
 dotenv = { workspace = true }                            # for vector testing
 streaming-stats = { workspace = true }
 indoc = { workspace = true }
-raphtory = { path = ".", features = ["test-utils"] } # enable test-utils for integration tests (version is not set to make cargo publish work)
+raphtory = { workspace = true, features = ["test-utils"] } # enable test-utils for integration tests
+
+[target.'cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))'.dependencies]
+tikv-jemallocator = "0.6.1"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 prost-build = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -125,8 +124,9 @@ io = [
     "dep:csv",
     "dep:reqwest",
     "dep:tokio",
-    "dep:parquet",
-    "proto",
+    "dep:tempfile",
+    "dep:zip",
+    "kdam",
 ]
 
 # search
@@ -149,10 +149,7 @@ vectors = [
 # Enables generating the pyo3 python bindings
 python = [
     "io",
-    "arrow",
-    "search",
     "vectors",
-    "proto",
     "dep:pyo3",
     "dep:numpy",
     "dep:num",
@@ -162,32 +159,17 @@ python = [
     "raphtory-core/python",
     "kdam/notebook",
 ]
-# storage
-storage = [
-    "arrow",
-    "raphtory-api/storage",
-    "raphtory-storage/storage",
-    "dep:memmap2",
-    "dep:tempfile",
-]
-arrow = [
-    "raphtory-api/arrow",
-    "raphtory-core/arrow",
-    "dep:parquet",
-    "dep:arrow-json",
-    "dep:arrow",
-]
+
 
 proto = [
     "dep:prost",
     "dep:prost-types",
-    "dep:zip",
     "dep:prost-build",
     "dep:memmap2",
-    "arrow",
     "io",
 ]
 
 test-utils = [
-    "dep:proptest", "dep:proptest-derive"
+    "dep:proptest",
+    "dep:proptest-derive"
 ]
diff --git a/raphtory/build.rs b/raphtory/build.rs
index be1eda9fde..f424e39b19 100644
--- a/raphtory/build.rs
+++ b/raphtory/build.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,19 @@ use std::io::Result;
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     prost_build::compile_protos(&["src/serialise/graph.proto"], &["src/serialise"])?;
     println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=src/serialise/graph.proto");
+
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(has_debug_symbols)");
+    if let Ok("true" | "1" | "2") = std::env::var("DEBUG").as_deref() {
+        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=has_debug_symbols");
+    }
     Ok(())
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "proto"))]
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(has_debug_symbols)");
+    if let Ok("true" | "1" | "2") = std::env::var("DEBUG").as_deref() {
+        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=has_debug_symbols");
+    }
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/betweenness.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/betweenness.rs
index 4e8865fe3a..fbf79dccd9 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/betweenness.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/betweenness.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
     core::entities::VID,
-    db::{api::state::NodeState, graph::node::NodeView},
+    db::{
+        api::state::{Index, NodeState},
+        graph::node::NodeView,
+    },
     prelude::{GraphViewOps, NodeViewOps},
 };
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
@@ -21,8 +24,9 @@ pub fn betweenness_centrality<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
     k: Option<usize>,
     normalized: bool,
 ) -> NodeState<'graph, f64, G> {
+    let index = Index::for_graph(g);
     // Initialize a hashmap to store betweenness centrality values.
-    let mut betweenness: Vec<f64> = vec![0.0; g.unfiltered_num_nodes()];
+    let mut betweenness: Vec<f64> = vec![0.0; g.count_nodes()];
 
     // Get the nodes and the total number of nodes in the graph.
     let nodes = g.nodes();
@@ -31,49 +35,47 @@ pub fn betweenness_centrality<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
 
     // Main loop over each node to compute betweenness centrality.
     for node in nodes.iter().take(k_sample) {
-        let mut stack = Vec::new();
-        let mut predecessors: HashMap<usize, Vec<usize>> = HashMap::new();
-        let mut sigma: HashMap<usize, f64> = HashMap::new();
-        let mut dist: HashMap<usize, i64> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut stack: Vec<VID> = Vec::new();
+        let mut predecessors: HashMap<VID, Vec<VID>> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut sigma: HashMap<VID, f64> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut dist: HashMap<VID, i64> = HashMap::new();
         let mut queue = VecDeque::new();
 
         // Initialize distance and sigma values for each node.
         for node in nodes.iter() {
-            dist.insert(node.node.0, -1);
-            sigma.insert(node.node.0, 0.0);
+            dist.insert(node.node, -1);
+            sigma.insert(node.node, 0.0);
         }
-        dist.insert(node.node.0, 0);
-        sigma.insert(node.node.0, 1.0);
-        queue.push_back(node.node.0);
+        dist.insert(node.node, 0);
+        sigma.insert(node.node, 1.0);
+        queue.push_back(node.node);
 
         // BFS loop to find shortest paths.
         while let Some(current_node_id) = queue.pop_front() {
             stack.push(current_node_id);
-            for neighbor in
-                NodeView::new_internal(g.clone(), VID::from(current_node_id)).out_neighbours()
-            {
+            for neighbor in NodeView::new_internal(g.clone(), current_node_id).out_neighbours() {
                 // Path discovery
-                if dist[&neighbor.node.0] < 0 {
-                    queue.push_back(neighbor.node.0);
-                    dist.insert(neighbor.node.0, dist[&current_node_id] + 1);
+                if dist[&neighbor.node] < 0 {
+                    queue.push_back(neighbor.node);
+                    dist.insert(neighbor.node, dist[&current_node_id] + 1);
                 }
                 // Path counting
-                if dist[&neighbor.node.0] == dist[&current_node_id] + 1 {
+                if dist[&neighbor.node] == dist[&current_node_id] + 1 {
                     sigma.insert(
-                        neighbor.node.0,
-                        sigma[&neighbor.node.0] + sigma[&current_node_id],
+                        neighbor.node,
+                        sigma[&neighbor.node] + sigma[&current_node_id],
                     );
                     predecessors
-                        .entry(neighbor.node.0)
+                        .entry(neighbor.node)
                         .or_default()
                         .push(current_node_id);
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        let mut delta: HashMap<usize, f64> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut delta: HashMap<VID, f64> = HashMap::new();
         for node in nodes.iter() {
-            delta.insert(node.node.0, 0.0);
+            delta.insert(node.node, 0.0);
         }
 
         // Accumulation
@@ -83,8 +85,9 @@ pub fn betweenness_centrality<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
                 let new_delta_v = delta[v] + coeff;
                 delta.insert(*v, new_delta_v);
             }
-            if w != node.node.0 {
-                betweenness[w] += delta[&w];
+            if w != node.node {
+                let pos = index.index(&w).unwrap();
+                betweenness[pos] += delta[&w];
             }
         }
     }
@@ -93,7 +96,8 @@ pub fn betweenness_centrality<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
     if normalized {
         let factor = 1.0 / ((n as f64 - 1.0) * (n as f64 - 2.0));
         for node in nodes.iter() {
-            betweenness[node.node.index()] *= factor;
+            let pos = index.index(&node.node).unwrap();
+            betweenness[pos] *= factor;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/hits.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/hits.rs
index f93c2fe0e3..6f4d3e251f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/hits.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/hits.rs
@@ -81,6 +81,12 @@ pub fn hits<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(
     let step2 = ATask::new(move |evv: &mut EvalNodeView<G, Hits>| {
         let hub_score = evv.get().hub_score;
         let auth_score = evv.get().auth_score;
+        if evv.graph().base_graph.unfiltered_num_nodes() <= 10 {
+            println!(
+                "DEBUG step2: node={:?}, state_pos={}, hub_score={}, auth_score={}",
+                evv.node, evv.state_pos, hub_score, auth_score
+            );
+        }
         for t in evv.out_neighbours() {
             t.update(&recv_hub_score, hub_score)
         }
@@ -108,6 +114,16 @@ pub fn hits<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(
         evv.get_mut().hub_score =
             recv_auth_score / evv.read_global_state(&total_auth_score).unwrap();
 
+        if evv.graph().base_graph.unfiltered_num_nodes() <= 10 {
+            println!(
+                "DEBUG step4: node={:?}, state_pos={}, new_hub={}, new_auth={}",
+                evv.node,
+                evv.state_pos,
+                evv.get().hub_score,
+                evv.get().auth_score
+            );
+        }
+
         let prev_hub_score = evv.prev().hub_score;
         let curr_hub_score = evv.get().hub_score;
 
@@ -141,8 +157,16 @@ pub fn hits<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(
         vec![],
         vec![Job::new(step2), Job::new(step3), Job::new(step4), step5],
         None,
-        |_, _, _, local| {
-            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped(g.clone(), local, |h| (h.hub_score, h.auth_score))
+        |_, _, _, local, index| {
+            if g.unfiltered_num_nodes() <= 10 {
+                println!("\nDEBUG Final local state (index -> (hub, auth)):");
+                for (i, h) in local.iter().enumerate() {
+                    println!("  local[{}] = ({}, {})", i, h.hub_score, h.auth_score);
+                }
+            }
+            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped_with_index(g.clone(), local, index, |h| {
+                (h.hub_score, h.auth_score)
+            })
         },
         threads,
         iter_count,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/pagerank.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/pagerank.rs
index f9d10842c6..cf762530d5 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/pagerank.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/centrality/pagerank.rs
@@ -161,7 +161,9 @@ pub fn unweighted_page_rank<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         vec![Job::new(step2), Job::new(step3), Job::new(step4), step5],
         Some(vec![PageRankState::new(num_nodes); num_nodes]),
-        |_, _, _, local| NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped(g.clone(), local, |v| v.score),
+        |_, _, _, local, index| {
+            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped_with_index(g.clone(), local, index, |v| v.score)
+        },
         threads,
         iter_count,
         None,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/label_propagation.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/label_propagation.rs
index 6ec28247c9..3db9b8e1a7 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/label_propagation.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/label_propagation.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rand::{rngs::StdRng, seq::SliceRandom, thread_rng, SeedableRng};
+use rand::{rng, rngs::StdRng, seq::SliceRandom, SeedableRng};
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::GID;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ where
         let mut rng = StdRng::from_seed(seed_value);
         shuffled_nodes.shuffle(&mut rng);
     } else {
-        let mut rng = thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rng();
         shuffled_nodes.shuffle(&mut rng);
     }
     let mut changed = true;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/louvain.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/louvain.rs
index e47e178e0d..5fad4dd917 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/louvain.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/community_detection/louvain.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub fn louvain<'graph, M: ModularityFunction, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
     tol: Option<f64>,
 ) -> NodeState<'graph, usize, G> {
     let tol = tol.unwrap_or(1e-8);
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
     let mut modularity_state = M::new(
         g,
         weight_prop,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/connected_components.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/connected_components.rs
index debd2b717e..a853f3571b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/connected_components.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/connected_components.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
     db::{
         api::{
-            state::NodeState,
+            state::{Index, NodeState},
             view::{internal::GraphView, NodeViewOps, StaticGraphViewOps},
         },
         graph::node::NodeView,
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ struct ComponentState<'graph, G> {
     node_labels: Vec<AtomicUsize>,
     next_start: AtomicUsize,
     next_chunk: AtomicUsize,
+    vid_map: Vec<VID>,
+    node_state_index: Index<VID>,
     graph: &'graph G,
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +42,8 @@ impl<'graph, G> Debug for ComponentState<'graph, G> {
 
 impl<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph> ComponentState<'graph, G> {
     fn new(graph: &'graph G) -> Self {
-        let num_nodes = graph.unfiltered_num_nodes();
+        let node_state_index = Index::for_graph(graph);
+        let num_nodes = node_state_index.len();
         let chunk_labels = (0..num_nodes)
             .map(|_| AtomicUsize::new(usize::MAX))
             .collect();
@@ -49,15 +52,29 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph> ComponentState<'graph, G> {
             .collect();
         let next_start = AtomicUsize::new(0);
         let next_chunk = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+        let vid_map: Vec<_> = (0..num_nodes).map(|_| AtomicUsize::new(0)).collect();
+        node_state_index.par_iter().for_each(|(i, vid)| {
+            vid_map[i].store(vid.index(), Ordering::Relaxed);
+        });
+        let vid_map: Vec<VID> = vid_map
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|a| VID(a.load(Ordering::Relaxed)))
+            .collect();
         Self {
             chunk_labels,
             node_labels,
             next_start,
             next_chunk,
             graph,
+            vid_map,
+            node_state_index,
         }
     }
 
+    fn vid(&self, index: usize) -> VID {
+        self.vid_map[index]
+    }
+
     /// Link two chunks `chunk_id_1` and `chunk_id_2` such that they will be part of the same
     /// component in the final result.
     ///
@@ -102,8 +119,9 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph> ComponentState<'graph, G> {
                 .compare_exchange(usize::MAX, chunk_id, Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Relaxed)
                 .is_ok()
             {
-                if self.graph.has_node(VID(next_start)) {
-                    return Some((chunk_id, VID(next_start)));
+                let vid = self.vid(next_start);
+                if self.graph.has_node(vid) {
+                    return Some((chunk_id, vid));
                 }
             }
             next_start = self.next_start.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
@@ -131,8 +149,8 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph> ComponentState<'graph, G> {
             for node_id in frontier.drain(..) {
                 for neighbour in NodeView::new_internal(self.graph, node_id).neighbours() {
                     let node_id = neighbour.node;
-                    let old_label =
-                        self.node_labels[node_id.index()].fetch_min(min_label, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                    let pos = self.node_state_index.index(&node_id).unwrap();
+                    let old_label = self.node_labels[pos].fetch_min(min_label, Ordering::Relaxed);
                     if old_label != usize::MAX {
                         self.link_chunks(chunk_id, old_label);
                         min_label = min_label.min(old_label);
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/in_components.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/in_components.rs
index d2e6925575..71b1effe8a 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/in_components.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/in_components.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct InState {
 ///
 pub fn in_components<G>(g: &G, threads: Option<usize>) -> NodeState<'static, Nodes<'static, G>, G>
 where
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + std::fmt::Debug,
 {
     let ctx: Context<G, ComputeStateVec> = g.into();
     let step1 = ATask::new(move |vv: &mut EvalNodeView<G, InState>| {
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ where
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         vec![],
         None,
-        |_, _, _, local: Vec<InState>| {
-            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped(g.clone(), local, |v| {
+        |_, _, _, local: Vec<InState>, index| {
+            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped_with_index(g.clone(), local, index, |v| {
                 Nodes::new_filtered(
                     g.clone(),
                     g.clone(),
-                    Some(Index::from_iter(v.in_components)),
+                    Index::from_iter(v.in_components),
                     None,
                 )
             })
@@ -127,6 +127,6 @@ pub fn in_component<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         node.base_graph.clone(),
         node.base_graph.clone(),
         distances.into(),
-        Some(Index::new(nodes)),
+        Index::Partial(nodes.into()),
     )
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/out_components.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/out_components.rs
index 3709764c7a..cb2edf0d5f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/out_components.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/out_components.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct OutState {
 ///
 pub fn out_components<G>(g: &G, threads: Option<usize>) -> NodeState<'static, Nodes<'static, G>, G>
 where
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + std::fmt::Debug,
 {
     let ctx: Context<G, ComputeStateVec> = g.into();
     let step1 = ATask::new(move |vv: &mut EvalNodeView<G, OutState>| {
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ where
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         vec![],
         None,
-        |_, _, _, local: Vec<OutState>| {
-            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped(g.clone(), local, |v| {
+        |_, _, _, local: Vec<OutState>, index| {
+            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped_with_index(g.clone(), local, index, |v| {
                 Nodes::new_filtered(
                     g.clone(),
                     g.clone(),
-                    Some(Index::from_iter(v.out_components)),
+                    Index::from_iter(v.out_components),
                     None,
                 )
             })
@@ -127,6 +127,6 @@ pub fn out_component<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         node.base_graph.clone(),
         node.base_graph.clone(),
         distances.into(),
-        Some(Index::new(nodes)),
+        Index::Partial(nodes.into()),
     )
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/scc.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/scc.rs
index 5557d3f73c..49425fec03 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/scc.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/components/scc.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use crate::{
     core::entities::VID,
     db::{
-        api::{state::NodeState, view::StaticGraphViewOps},
+        api::{
+            state::{Index, NodeState},
+            view::StaticGraphViewOps,
+        },
         graph::node::NodeView,
     },
     prelude::*,
@@ -148,12 +151,14 @@ where
     );
      */
     let groups = tarjan_scc(graph);
+    let index = Index::for_graph(graph);
 
-    let mut values = vec![usize::MAX; graph.unfiltered_num_nodes()];
+    let mut values = vec![usize::MAX; graph.count_nodes()];
 
     for (id, group) in groups.into_iter().enumerate() {
-        for VID(node) in group {
-            values[node] = id;
+        for vid in &group {
+            let pos = index.index(vid).unwrap();
+            values[pos] = id;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/cores/k_core.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/cores/k_core.rs
index 4640dbc0e1..e660496b60 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/cores/k_core.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/cores/k_core.rs
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ where
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         vec![Job::read_only(step2)],
         None,
-        |_, _, _, local| {
+        |_, _, _, local, index| {
             g.nodes()
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|node| local[node.node.0].alive)
+                .filter(|node| local[index.index(&node.node).unwrap()].alive)
                 .map(|node| node.node)
                 .collect()
         },
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/dynamics/temporal/epidemics.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/dynamics/temporal/epidemics.rs
index 4ce237cdd1..14e59d0572 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/dynamics/temporal/epidemics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/dynamics/temporal/epidemics.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::*,
 };
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
-use rand::{distributions::Bernoulli, seq::IteratorRandom, Rng};
-use rand_distr::{Distribution, Exp};
+use rand::{
+    distr::{Bernoulli, Distribution},
+    seq::IteratorRandom,
+    Rng,
+};
+use rand_distr::Exp;
 use raphtory_core::utils::time::ParseTimeError;
 use std::{
     cmp::Reverse,
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ pub struct Probability(f64);
 
 impl Probability {
     pub fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(self, rng: &mut R) -> bool {
-        rng.gen_bool(self.0)
+        rng.random_bool(self.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -248,7 +252,7 @@ where
         g.clone(),
         g.clone(),
         values.into(),
-        Some(Index::new(index)),
+        Index::Partial(index.into()),
     ))
 }
 
@@ -258,13 +262,11 @@ mod test {
         algorithms::dynamics::temporal::epidemics::{temporal_SEIR, Number},
         prelude::*,
     };
-    use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, Rng, SeedableRng};
-    use rand_distr::{Distribution, Exp};
+    use rand::{distr::Distribution, rngs::SmallRng, Rng, SeedableRng};
+    use rand_distr::Exp;
     use raphtory_api::core::utils::logging::global_info_logger;
     use rayon::prelude::*;
     use stats::{mean, stddev};
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
     use tracing::info;
 
     fn correct_res(x: f64) -> f64 {
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ mod test {
             .scan(0, |v, _| {
                 let new_v: f64 = dist.sample(rng);
                 let floor_v = new_v.floor();
-                let new_v = if rng.gen_bool(new_v - floor_v) {
+                let new_v = if rng.random_bool(new_v - floor_v) {
                     new_v.ceil() as i64
                 } else {
                     floor_v as i64
@@ -386,36 +388,4 @@ mod test {
 
         inner_test(event_rate, recovery_rate, p);
     }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    #[test]
-    fn compare_disk_with_in_mem() {
-        let event_rate = 0.00000001;
-        let recovery_rate = 0.000000001;
-        let p = 0.3;
-
-        let mut rng = SmallRng::seed_from_u64(0);
-        let g = generate_graph(1000, event_rate, &mut rng);
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let disk_graph = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        let mut rng = SmallRng::seed_from_u64(0);
-        let res_arrow = temporal_SEIR(
-            &disk_graph,
-            Some(recovery_rate),
-            None,
-            p,
-            0,
-            Number(1),
-            &mut rng,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let mut rng = SmallRng::seed_from_u64(0);
-        let res_mem =
-            temporal_SEIR(&g, Some(recovery_rate), None, p, 0, Number(1), &mut rng).unwrap();
-
-        assert!(res_mem
-            .iter()
-            .all(|(key, val)| res_arrow.get_by_node(key.id()).unwrap() == val));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/embeddings/fast_rp.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/embeddings/fast_rp.rs
index 73acf8dc01..1608157857 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/embeddings/fast_rp.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/embeddings/fast_rp.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ where
     let beta = normalization_strength - 1.0;
     let num_iters = iter_weights.len() - 1;
     let weights = Arc::new(iter_weights);
-    let seed = seed.unwrap_or(rand::thread_rng().gen());
+    let seed = seed.unwrap_or(rand::rng().random());
 
     // initialize each vertex with a random vector according to FastRP's construction rules
     let step1 = {
@@ -97,8 +97,10 @@ where
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         vec![Job::read_only(step2)],
         None,
-        |_, _, _, local: Vec<FastRPState>| {
-            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped(g.clone(), local, |v| v.embedding_state)
+        |_, _, _, local: Vec<FastRPState>, index| {
+            NodeState::new_from_eval_mapped_with_index(g.clone(), local, index, |v| {
+                v.embedding_state
+            })
         },
         threads,
         num_iters,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/metrics/clustering_coefficient/local_clustering_coefficient_batch.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/metrics/clustering_coefficient/local_clustering_coefficient_batch.rs
index 8c26674d67..895f1666f4 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/metrics/clustering_coefficient/local_clustering_coefficient_batch.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/metrics/clustering_coefficient/local_clustering_coefficient_batch.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ pub fn local_clustering_coefficient_batch<G: StaticGraphViewOps, V: AsNodeRef>(
             ))
         })
         .unzip();
-    let result: Option<_> = Some(Index::new(index));
-    NodeState::new(graph.clone(), graph.clone(), values.into(), result)
+    NodeState::new(
+        graph.clone(),
+        graph.clone(),
+        values.into(),
+        Index::Partial(index.into()),
+    )
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/global_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/global_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs
index 0be0541854..7e1bb351bf 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/global_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/global_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ where
         vec![Job::new(neighbourhood_update_step)],
         vec![Job::new(intersection_compute_step)],
         None,
-        |egs, _, _, _| {
+        |egs, _, _, _, _| {
             tri_mc.iter().map(|mc| egs.finalize::<[usize; 8], [usize;8], [usize; 8], ArrConst<usize,SumDef<usize>,8>>(mc)).collect_vec()
         },
         threads,
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ where
         vec![],
         vec![Job::new(star_count_step)],
         None,
-        |egs, _ , _ , _ | {
+        |egs, _ , _ , _ ,_| {
             triadic_motifs.iter().enumerate().map(|(i,tri)| {
                 let mut tmp = egs.finalize::<[usize; 32], [usize;32], [usize; 32], ArrConst<usize,SumDef<usize>,32>>(&star_clone[i])
                 .iter().copied()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/local_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/local_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs
index b91f1d9c75..24d18adbc5 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/local_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/local_temporal_three_node_motifs.rs
@@ -212,20 +212,12 @@ where
             for v in u.neighbours() {
                 // Find triangles on the UV edge
                 let intersection_nbs = {
-                    match (
-                        u.entry(&neighbours_set)
-                            .read_ref()
-                            .unwrap_or(&FxHashSet::default()),
-                        v.entry(&neighbours_set)
-                            .read_ref()
-                            .unwrap_or(&FxHashSet::default()),
-                    ) {
-                        (u_set, v_set) => {
-                            let intersection =
-                                u_set.intersection(v_set).cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                            intersection
-                        }
-                    }
+                    let default = FxHashSet::default();
+                    let u_entry = u.entry(&neighbours_set);
+                    let u_set = u_entry.read_ref().unwrap_or(&default);
+                    let v_entry = v.entry(&neighbours_set);
+                    let v_set = v_entry.read_ref().unwrap_or(&default);
+                    u_set.intersection(v_set).cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
                 };
 
                 if intersection_nbs.is_empty() {
@@ -303,11 +295,11 @@ where
         vec![Job::new(neighbourhood_update_step)],
         vec![Job::new(intersection_compute_step)],
         None,
-        |_, _, _els, mut local| {
+        |_, _, _els, mut local, index| {
             let mut tri_motifs = HashMap::new();
-            for node in graph.nodes() {
+            for node in kcore_subgraph.nodes() {
                 let v_gid = node.name();
-                let triangle = mem::take(&mut local[node.node.0].triangle);
+                let triangle = mem::take(&mut local[index.index(&node.node).unwrap()].triangle);
                 if triangle.is_empty() {
                     tri_motifs.insert(v_gid.clone(), vec![[0; 8]; delta_len]);
                 } else {
@@ -365,12 +357,12 @@ where
         vec![Job::new(star_motif_step)],
         vec![],
         None,
-        |_, _, _, local| {
+        |_, _, _, local, index| {
             let values: Vec<_> = g
                 .nodes()
                 .par_iter()
                 .map(|n| {
-                    let mc = &local[n.node.index()];
+                    let mc = &local[index.index(&n.node).unwrap()];
                     let v_gid = n.name();
                     let triangles = triadic_motifs
                         .get(&v_gid)
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triangle_count.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triangle_count.rs
index 2e4381bbd6..de8ad3d6cd 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triangle_count.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triangle_count.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ pub fn triangle_count<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(graph: &G, threads: Option<usize>)
         init_tasks,
         tasks,
         None,
-        |egs, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&count),
+        |egs, _, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&count),
         threads,
         1,
         None,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triplet_count.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triplet_count.rs
index c85a2dc462..590f899224 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triplet_count.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/motifs/triplet_count.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub fn triplet_count<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(g: &G, threads: Option<usize>) -> us
         vec![],
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         None,
-        |egs, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&count),
+        |egs, _, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&count),
         threads,
         1,
         None,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/dijkstra.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/dijkstra.rs
index 27e93a13c5..05ff231695 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/dijkstra.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/dijkstra.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ pub fn dijkstra_single_source_shortest_paths<G: StaticGraphViewOps, T: AsNodeRef
     weight: Option<&str>,
     direction: Direction,
 ) -> Result<NodeState<'static, (f64, Nodes<'static, G>), G>, GraphError> {
+    let index = Index::for_graph(g);
     let source_ref = source.as_node_ref();
     let source_node = match g.node(source_ref) {
         Some(src) => src,
@@ -85,10 +86,11 @@ pub fn dijkstra_single_source_shortest_paths<G: StaticGraphViewOps, T: AsNodeRef
         }
     }
 
-    let mut target_nodes = vec![false; g.unfiltered_num_nodes()];
+    let mut target_nodes = vec![false; g.count_nodes()];
     for target in targets {
         if let Some(target_node) = g.node(target) {
-            target_nodes[target_node.node.index()] = true;
+            let pos = index.index(&target_node.node).unwrap();
+            target_nodes[pos] = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -142,7 +144,8 @@ pub fn dijkstra_single_source_shortest_paths<G: StaticGraphViewOps, T: AsNodeRef
         node: node_vid,
     }) = heap.pop()
     {
-        if target_nodes[node_vid.index()] && !paths.contains_key(&node_vid) {
+        let pos = index.index(&node_vid).unwrap();
+        if target_nodes[pos] && !paths.contains_key(&node_vid) {
             let mut path = IndexSet::default();
             path.insert(node_vid);
             let mut current_node_id = node_vid;
@@ -189,7 +192,8 @@ pub fn dijkstra_single_source_shortest_paths<G: StaticGraphViewOps, T: AsNodeRef
     let (index, values): (IndexSet<_, ahash::RandomState>, Vec<_>) = paths
         .into_iter()
         .map(|(id, (cost, path))| {
-            let nodes = Nodes::new_filtered(g.clone(), g.clone(), Some(Index::new(path)), None);
+            let nodes =
+                Nodes::new_filtered(g.clone(), g.clone(), Index::Partial(path.into()), None);
             (id, (cost, nodes))
         })
         .unzip();
@@ -197,6 +201,6 @@ pub fn dijkstra_single_source_shortest_paths<G: StaticGraphViewOps, T: AsNodeRef
         g.clone(),
         g.clone(),
         values.into(),
-        Some(Index::new(index)),
+        Index::Partial(index.into()),
     ))
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/single_source_shortest_path.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/single_source_shortest_path.rs
index 96ea4a6a31..1b8df528fd 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/single_source_shortest_path.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/single_source_shortest_path.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //!
 //! This module provides an implementation of the Single Source Shortest Path algorithm.
 //! It finds the shortest paths from a given source node to all other nodes in a graph.
+
 use crate::{
     core::entities::{nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef, VID},
     db::{
@@ -58,6 +59,6 @@ pub fn single_source_shortest_path<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, T: AsNodeRef
         }
     }
     NodeState::new_from_map(g.clone(), paths, |v| {
-        Nodes::new_filtered(g.clone(), g.clone(), Some(Index::from_iter(v)), None)
+        Nodes::new_filtered(g.clone(), g.clone(), Index::from_iter(v), None)
     })
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/temporal_reachability.rs b/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/temporal_reachability.rs
index 7368f171e2..391ef70786 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/temporal_reachability.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/algorithms/pathing/temporal_reachability.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ use crate::{
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use num_traits::Zero;
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::VID;
-use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, ops::Add};
+use std::ops::Add;
 
 #[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct TaintMessage {
@@ -181,25 +180,25 @@ pub fn temporally_reachable_nodes<G: StaticGraphViewOps, T: AsNodeRef>(
     }));
 
     let mut runner: TaskRunner<G, _> = TaskRunner::new(ctx);
-    let result: HashMap<usize, Vec<(i64, String)>> = runner.run(
+    let (index, values) = runner.run(
         vec![Job::new(step1)],
         vec![Job::new(step2), step3],
         None,
-        |_, ess, _, _| {
-            ess.finalize(&taint_history, |taint_history| {
+        |_, ess, _, _, index| {
+            let data = ess.finalize_vec(&taint_history, |taint_history| {
                 let mut hist = taint_history
                     .into_iter()
                     .map(|tmsg| (tmsg.event_time, tmsg.src_node))
                     .collect_vec();
                 hist.sort();
                 hist
-            })
+            });
+            (index, data)
         },
         threads,
         max_hops,
         None,
         None,
     );
-    let result: FxHashMap<_, _> = result.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (VID(k), v)).collect();
-    NodeState::new_from_map(g.clone(), result, |v| v)
+    NodeState::new_from_eval_with_index(g.clone(), values, index)
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/core/state/compute_state.rs b/raphtory/src/core/state/compute_state.rs
index f604dd81d3..b4ad7e94d5 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/core/state/compute_state.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/core/state/compute_state.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ pub trait ComputeState: std::fmt::Debug + Clone + Send + Sync {
         i: usize,
     ) -> Option<&A>;
 
-    fn iter<A: StateType>(&self, ss: usize, extend_to: usize) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &A> + '_>;
+    fn iter<A: StateType>(
+        &self,
+        ss: usize,
+        extend_to: usize,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &A> + Send + '_>;
 
     fn agg<A, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(&mut self, ss: usize, a: IN, ki: usize)
     where
@@ -118,7 +122,11 @@ impl ComputeState for ComputeStateVec {
         vec.current(ss).get(i)
     }
 
-    fn iter<A: StateType>(&self, ss: usize, extend_to: usize) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &A> + '_> {
+    fn iter<A: StateType>(
+        &self,
+        ss: usize,
+        extend_to: usize,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &A> + Send + '_> {
         let vec = self
             .current()
             .as_any()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/core/state/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/core/state/mod.rs
index 08a0ac9a5d..89adcc16ba 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/core/state/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/core/state/mod.rs
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ mod state_test {
         let mut state_map: MorcelComputeState<ComputeStateVec> = MorcelComputeState::new(3);
 
         // create random vec of numbers
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let mut vec = vec![];
         let mut actual_min = i32::MAX;
         for _ in 0..100 {
-            let i = rng.gen_range(0..100);
+            let i = rng.random_range(0..100);
             actual_min = actual_min.min(i);
             vec.push(i);
         }
@@ -95,11 +95,11 @@ mod state_test {
         let mut state_map: MorcelComputeState<ComputeStateVec> = MorcelComputeState::new(3);
 
         // create random vec of numbers
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let mut vec = vec![];
         let mut sum = 0;
         for _ in 0..100 {
-            let i = rng.gen_range(0..100);
+            let i = rng.random_range(0..100);
             sum += i;
             vec.push(i);
         }
@@ -157,11 +157,11 @@ mod state_test {
         let mut state: MorcelComputeState<ComputeStateVec> = MorcelComputeState::new(3);
 
         // create random vec of numbers
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let mut vec = vec![];
         let mut actual_sum = 0;
         for _ in 0..100 {
-            let i = rng.gen_range(0..100);
+            let i = rng.random_range(0..100);
             actual_sum += i;
             vec.push(i);
         }
@@ -190,19 +190,19 @@ mod state_test {
             ShuffleComputeState::new(3, 2, 2);
 
         // create random vec of numbers
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let mut vec1 = vec![];
         let mut vec2 = vec![];
         let mut actual_sum_1 = 0;
         let mut actual_sum_2 = 0;
         for _ in 0..3 {
             // data for first partition
-            let i = rng.gen_range(0..100);
+            let i = rng.random_range(0..100);
             actual_sum_1 += i;
             vec1.push(i);
 
             // data for second partition
-            let i = rng.gen_range(0..100);
+            let i = rng.random_range(0..100);
             actual_sum_2 += i;
             vec2.push(i);
         }
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ mod state_test {
             ShuffleComputeState::new(3, 2, 2);
 
         // create random vec of numbers
-        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
         let mut vec1 = vec![];
         let mut vec2 = vec![];
         let mut actual_sum_1 = 0;
@@ -264,13 +264,13 @@ mod state_test {
         let mut actual_min_2 = 100;
         for _ in 0..100 {
             // data for first partition
-            let i = rng.gen_range(0..100);
+            let i = rng.random_range(0..100);
             actual_sum_1 += i;
             actual_min_1 = actual_min_1.min(i);
             vec1.push(i);
 
             // data for second partition
-            let i = rng.gen_range(0..100);
+            let i = rng.random_range(0..100);
             actual_sum_2 += i;
             actual_min_2 = actual_min_2.min(i);
             vec2.push(i);
@@ -295,8 +295,9 @@ mod state_test {
 
         let mut actual = part1_state
             .clone()
-            .finalize(&sum, 0, &g, |c| c)
+            .finalize_vec(&sum, 0, &g, |c| c)
             .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
             .collect_vec();
 
         actual.sort();
@@ -305,8 +306,9 @@ mod state_test {
 
         let mut actual = part1_state
             .clone()
-            .finalize(&min, 0, &g, |c| c)
+            .finalize_vec(&min, 0, &g, |c| c)
             .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
             .collect_vec();
 
         actual.sort();
@@ -318,8 +320,9 @@ mod state_test {
 
         let mut actual = part2_state
             .clone()
-            .finalize(&sum, 0, &g, |c| c)
+            .finalize_vec(&sum, 0, &g, |c| c)
             .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
             .collect_vec();
 
         actual.sort();
@@ -328,8 +331,9 @@ mod state_test {
 
         let mut actual = part2_state
             .clone()
-            .finalize(&min, 0, &g, |c| c)
+            .finalize_vec(&min, 0, &g, |c| c)
             .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
             .collect_vec();
 
         actual.sort();
@@ -342,8 +346,9 @@ mod state_test {
         ShuffleComputeState::merge_mut(&mut part1_state, &part2_state, sum, 0);
         let mut actual = part1_state
             .clone()
-            .finalize(&sum, 0, &g, |c| c)
+            .finalize_vec(&sum, 0, &g, |c| c)
             .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
             .collect_vec();
 
         actual.sort();
@@ -360,8 +365,9 @@ mod state_test {
         ShuffleComputeState::merge_mut(&mut part1_state, &part2_state, min, 0);
         let mut actual = part1_state
             .clone()
-            .finalize(&min, 0, &g, |c| c)
+            .finalize_vec(&min, 0, &g, |c| c)
             .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
             .collect_vec();
 
         actual.sort();
diff --git a/raphtory/src/core/state/morcel_state.rs b/raphtory/src/core/state/morcel_state.rs
index f3a8c59481..6a54db9eed 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/core/state/morcel_state.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/core/state/morcel_state.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ impl<CS: ComputeState + Send + Clone> MorcelComputeState<CS> {
         &self,
         ss: usize,
         agg_ref: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
-    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Option<&A>> + '_>
+    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Option<&A>> + Send + '_>
     where
         A: StateType,
     {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/core/state/shuffle_state.rs b/raphtory/src/core/state/shuffle_state.rs
index 715001395a..440e13ee6a 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/core/state/shuffle_state.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/core/state/shuffle_state.rs
@@ -128,27 +128,27 @@ impl<CS: ComputeState + Send + Sync> ShuffleComputeState<CS> {
     pub fn accumulate_into<A, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(
         &mut self,
         ss: usize,
-        p_id: usize,
+        state_pos: usize,
         a: IN,
         agg_ref: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
     ) where
         A: StateType,
     {
-        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(p_id);
+        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(state_pos);
         self.parts[morcel_id].accumulate_into(ss, offset, a, agg_ref)
     }
 
     pub fn read_with_pid<A, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(
         &self,
         ss: usize,
-        p_id: usize,
+        state_pos: usize,
         agg_ref: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
     ) -> Option<OUT>
     where
         A: StateType,
         OUT: std::fmt::Debug,
     {
-        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(p_id);
+        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(state_pos);
         self.parts[morcel_id].read::<A, IN, OUT, ACC>(offset, agg_ref.id(), ss)
     }
 
@@ -167,27 +167,27 @@ impl<CS: ComputeState + Send + Sync> ShuffleComputeState<CS> {
     pub fn read<A, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(
         &self,
         ss: usize,
-        p_id: usize,
+        state_pos: usize,
         agg_ref: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
     ) -> Option<OUT>
     where
         A: StateType,
         OUT: std::fmt::Debug,
     {
-        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(p_id);
+        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(state_pos);
         self.parts[morcel_id].read::<A, IN, OUT, ACC>(offset, agg_ref.id(), ss)
     }
 
     pub fn read_ref<A, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(
         &self,
         ss: usize,
-        p_id: usize,
+        state_pos: usize,
         agg_ref: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
     ) -> Option<&A>
     where
         A: StateType,
     {
-        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(p_id);
+        let (morcel_id, offset) = self.resolve_pid(state_pos);
         self.parts[morcel_id].read_ref::<A, IN, OUT, ACC>(offset, agg_ref.id(), ss)
     }
 
@@ -204,13 +204,22 @@ impl<CS: ComputeState + Send + Sync> ShuffleComputeState<CS> {
             .read::<A, IN, OUT, ACC>(GLOBAL_STATE_KEY, agg_ref.id(), ss)
     }
 
-    pub fn finalize<A, B, F, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>, G: StaticGraphViewOps>(
+    pub fn finalize<
+        A,
+        B,
+        F,
+        IN,
+        OUT,
+        ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>,
+        G: StaticGraphViewOps,
+        C: FromIterator<(usize, B)>,
+    >(
         &self,
         agg_def: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
         ss: usize,
         _g: &G,
         f: F,
-    ) -> HashMap<usize, B>
+    ) -> C
     where
         OUT: StateType,
         A: StateType,
@@ -225,12 +234,33 @@ impl<CS: ComputeState + Send + Sync> ShuffleComputeState<CS> {
             })
             .collect()
     }
+    pub fn finalize_vec<A, B, F, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>, G: StaticGraphViewOps>(
+        &self,
+        agg_def: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
+        ss: usize,
+        _g: &G,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Vec<B>
+    where
+        OUT: StateType,
+        A: StateType,
+        F: Fn(OUT) -> B + Copy,
+    {
+        self.iter(ss, *agg_def)
+            .map(|(_, a)| {
+                let out = a
+                    .map(|a| ACC::finish(a))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| ACC::finish(&ACC::zero()));
+                f(out)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
 
     pub fn iter<'a, A: StateType, IN: 'a, OUT: 'a, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(
         &'a self,
         ss: usize,
         acc_id: AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, Option<&'a A>)> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, Option<&'a A>)> + Send + 'a {
         self.parts
             .iter()
             .flat_map(move |part| part.iter(ss, &acc_id))
@@ -312,6 +342,24 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState + Send> EvalShardState<G, CS> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn finalize_vec<A, B, F, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(
+        self,
+        agg_def: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Vec<B>
+    where
+        OUT: StateType,
+        A: StateType,
+        F: Fn(OUT) -> B + Copy,
+    {
+        let inner = self.shard_states.consume();
+        if let Ok(inner) = inner {
+            inner.finalize_vec(agg_def, self.ss, &self.g, f)
+        } else {
+            vec![]
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn values(&self) -> &Shard<CS> {
         &self.shard_states
     }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/addition_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/addition_ops.rs
index 92cc0e0d5a..8a9bb590f4 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/addition_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/addition_ops.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use super::time_from_input;
 use crate::{
     core::{
         entities::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef, nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef},
@@ -6,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     db::{
         api::{
-            mutation::{CollectProperties, TryIntoInputTime},
+            mutation::{time_from_input_session, TryIntoInputTime},
             view::StaticGraphViewOps,
         },
         graph::{edge::EdgeView, node::NodeView},
@@ -14,11 +13,12 @@ use crate::{
     errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError},
     prelude::{GraphViewOps, NodeViewOps},
 };
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::properties::prop::Prop,
-    storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew::{Existing, New},
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::{
+    addition_ops::{EdgeWriteLock, InternalAdditionOps},
+    MutationError,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps;
+use storage::wal::{GraphWal, Wal};
 
 pub trait AdditionOps: StaticGraphViewOps + InternalAdditionOps<Error: Into<GraphError>> {
     // TODO: Probably add vector reference here like add
@@ -43,28 +43,47 @@ pub trait AdditionOps: StaticGraphViewOps + InternalAdditionOps<Error: Into<Grap
     /// let v = g.add_node(0, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None);
     /// let v = g.add_node(0, 5, NO_PROPS, None);
     /// ```
-    fn add_node<V: AsNodeRef, T: TryIntoInputTime, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    fn add_node<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: T,
         v: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<NodeView<'static, Self, Self>, GraphError>;
 
-    fn create_node<V: AsNodeRef, T: TryIntoInputTime, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    fn create_node<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PI: ExactSizeIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P), IntoIter = PI>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: T,
         v: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<NodeView<'static, Self, Self>, GraphError>;
 
-    fn add_node_with_custom_time_format<V: AsNodeRef, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    fn add_node_with_custom_time_format<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PI: ExactSizeIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P), IntoIter = PI>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: &str,
         fmt: &str,
         v: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<NodeView<'static, Self, Self>, GraphError> {
         let time: i64 = t.parse_time(fmt)?;
@@ -90,132 +109,272 @@ pub trait AdditionOps: StaticGraphViewOps + InternalAdditionOps<Error: Into<Grap
     /// graph.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
     /// graph.add_node(2, "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
     /// graph.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-    /// ```    
-    fn add_edge<V: AsNodeRef, T: TryIntoInputTime, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    /// ```
+    fn add_edge<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PI: ExactSizeIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P), IntoIter = PI>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: T,
         src: V,
         dst: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         layer: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<EdgeView<Self, Self>, GraphError>;
 
-    fn add_edge_with_custom_time_format<V: AsNodeRef, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    fn add_edge_with_custom_time_format<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PI: ExactSizeIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P), IntoIter = PI>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: &str,
         fmt: &str,
         src: V,
         dst: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         layer: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<EdgeView<Self, Self>, GraphError> {
         let time: i64 = t.parse_time(fmt)?;
         self.add_edge(time, src, dst, props, layer)
     }
+
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
 }
 
 impl<G: InternalAdditionOps<Error: Into<GraphError>> + StaticGraphViewOps> AdditionOps for G {
-    fn add_node<V: AsNodeRef, T: TryIntoInputTime, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    fn add_node<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: T,
         v: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<NodeView<'static, G, G>, GraphError> {
-        let ti = time_from_input(self, t)?;
-        let properties = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
-                .resolve_node_property(name, dtype, false)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner())
-        })?;
-        let v_id = match node_type {
-            None => self
-                .resolve_node(v.as_node_ref())
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner(),
-            Some(node_type) => {
-                let (v_id, _) = self
-                    .resolve_node_and_type(v.as_node_ref(), node_type)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                    .inner();
-                v_id.inner()
-            }
-        };
-        self.internal_add_node(ti, v_id, &properties)
+        let session = self.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+        self.validate_gids(
+            [v.as_node_ref()]
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|node_ref| node_ref.as_gid_ref().left()),
+        )
+        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        let props = self
+            .validate_props(
+                false,
+                self.node_meta(),
+                props.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, v.into())),
+            )
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        let ti = time_from_input_session(&session, t)?;
+        let (node_id, _) = self
+            .resolve_and_update_node_and_type(v.as_node_ref(), node_type)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?
+            .inner();
+
+        self.internal_add_node(ti, node_id.inner(), props)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-        Ok(NodeView::new_internal(self.clone(), v_id))
+
+        Ok(NodeView::new_internal(self.clone(), node_id.inner()))
     }
 
-    fn create_node<V: AsNodeRef, T: TryIntoInputTime, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    fn create_node<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PI: ExactSizeIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P), IntoIter = PI>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: T,
         v: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<NodeView<'static, G, G>, GraphError> {
-        let ti = time_from_input(self, t)?;
-        let v_id = match node_type {
-            None => self.resolve_node(v.as_node_ref()).map_err(into_graph_err)?,
-            Some(node_type) => {
-                let (v_id, _) = self
-                    .resolve_node_and_type(v.as_node_ref(), node_type)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                    .inner();
-                v_id
-            }
-        };
-        match v_id {
-            New(id) => {
-                let properties = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-                    Ok(self
-                        .resolve_node_property(name, dtype, false)
-                        .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                        .inner())
-                })?;
-                self.internal_add_node(ti, id, &properties)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-                Ok(NodeView::new_internal(self.clone(), id))
-            }
-            Existing(id) => {
-                let node_id = self.node(id).unwrap().id();
-                Err(GraphError::NodeExistsError(node_id))
-            }
+        let session = self.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+        self.validate_gids(
+            [v.as_node_ref()]
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|node_ref| node_ref.as_gid_ref().left()),
+        )
+        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        let props = self
+            .validate_props(
+                false,
+                self.node_meta(),
+                props.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, v.into())),
+            )
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        let ti = time_from_input_session(&session, t)?;
+        let (node_id, _) = self
+            .resolve_and_update_node_and_type(v.as_node_ref(), node_type)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?
+            .inner();
+
+        let is_new = node_id.is_new();
+        let node_id = node_id.inner();
+
+        if !is_new {
+            let node_id = self.node(node_id).unwrap().id();
+            return Err(GraphError::NodeExistsError(node_id));
         }
+
+        self.internal_add_node(ti, node_id, props)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        Ok(NodeView::new_internal(self.clone(), node_id))
     }
 
-    fn add_edge<V: AsNodeRef, T: TryIntoInputTime, PI: CollectProperties>(
+    fn add_edge<
+        V: AsNodeRef,
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        P: Into<Prop>,
+        PI: ExactSizeIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P), IntoIter = PI>,
+    >(
         &self,
         t: T,
         src: V,
         dst: V,
-        props: PI,
+        props: PII,
         layer: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<EdgeView<G, G>, GraphError> {
-        let ti = time_from_input(self, t)?;
+        // Log transaction start
+        let transaction_id = self.transaction_manager().begin_transaction();
+        let session = self.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+
+        self.validate_gids(
+            [src.as_node_ref(), dst.as_node_ref()]
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|node_ref| node_ref.as_gid_ref().left()),
+        )
+        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        let props_with_status = self
+            .validate_props_with_status(
+                false,
+                self.edge_meta(),
+                props.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, v.into())),
+            )
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        // Log prop name -> prop id mappings
+        self.wal()
+            .log_temporal_prop_ids(transaction_id, &props_with_status)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let props = props_with_status
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|maybe_new| {
+                let (_, prop_id, prop) = maybe_new.inner();
+                (prop_id, prop)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let ti = time_from_input_session(&session, t)?;
         let src_id = self
             .resolve_node(src.as_node_ref())
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-            .inner();
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
         let dst_id = self
             .resolve_node(dst.as_node_ref())
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-            .inner();
-        let layer_id = self.resolve_layer(layer).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
-
-        let properties: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
-                .resolve_edge_property(name, dtype, false)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner())
-        })?;
-        let eid = self
-            .internal_add_edge(ti, src_id, dst_id, &properties, layer_id)
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-            .inner();
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        let layer_id = self.resolve_layer(layer).map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        // Log node -> node id mappings
+        // FIXME: We are logging node -> node id mappings AFTER they are inserted into the
+        // resolver. Make sure resolver mapping CANNOT get to disk before Wal.
+        if let Some(gid) = src.as_node_ref().as_gid_ref().left() {
+            self.wal()
+                .log_node_id(transaction_id, gid.into(), src_id.inner())
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        if let Some(gid) = dst.as_node_ref().as_gid_ref().left() {
+            self.wal()
+                .log_node_id(transaction_id, gid.into(), dst_id.inner())
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let src_id = src_id.inner();
+        let dst_id = dst_id.inner();
+
+        // Log layer -> layer id mappings
+        if let Some(layer) = layer {
+            self.wal()
+                .log_layer_id(transaction_id, layer, layer_id.inner())
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let layer_id = layer_id.inner();
+
+        // Holds all locks for nodes and edge until add_edge_op goes out of scope
+        let mut add_edge_op = self
+            .atomic_add_edge(src_id, dst_id, None, layer_id)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        // Log edge addition
+        let add_static_edge_lsn = self
+            .wal()
+            .log_add_static_edge(transaction_id, ti, src_id, dst_id)
+            .unwrap();
+        let edge_id = add_edge_op.internal_add_static_edge(src_id, dst_id, add_static_edge_lsn);
+
+        // Log edge -> edge id mappings
+        // NOTE: We log edge id mappings after they are inserted into edge segments.
+        // This is fine as long as we hold onto segment locks for the entire operation.
+        let add_edge_lsn = self
+            .wal()
+            .log_add_edge(
+                transaction_id,
+                ti,
+                src_id,
+                dst_id,
+                edge_id.inner(),
+                layer_id,
+                &props,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let edge_id = add_edge_op.internal_add_edge(
+            ti,
+            src_id,
+            dst_id,
+            edge_id.map(|eid| eid.with_layer(layer_id)),
+            add_edge_lsn,
+            props,
+        );
+
+        add_edge_op.store_src_node_info(src_id, src.as_node_ref().as_gid_ref().left());
+        add_edge_op.store_dst_node_info(dst_id, dst.as_node_ref().as_gid_ref().left());
+
+        // Log transaction end
+        self.transaction_manager().end_transaction(transaction_id);
+
+        // Flush all wal entries to disk.
+        self.wal().sync().unwrap();
+
         Ok(EdgeView::new(
             self.clone(),
-            EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, src_id, dst_id).at_layer(layer_id),
+            EdgeRef::new_outgoing(edge_id.inner().edge, src_id, dst_id).at_layer(layer_id),
         ))
     }
+
+    fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.core_graph()
+            .flush()
+            .map_err(|err| MutationError::from(err).into())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/deletion_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/deletion_ops.rs
index d6e8c79a1a..e25b1ca190 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/deletion_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/deletion_ops.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
-use super::time_from_input;
 use crate::{
     core::{entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef, utils::time::IntoTimeWithFormat},
     db::{
-        api::{mutation::TryIntoInputTime, view::StaticGraphViewOps},
+        api::{
+            mutation::{time_from_input_session, TryIntoInputTime},
+            view::StaticGraphViewOps,
+        },
         graph::edge::EdgeView,
     },
     errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError},
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef;
 use raphtory_storage::mutation::{
-    addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps, deletion_ops::InternalDeletionOps,
+    addition_ops::{EdgeWriteLock, InternalAdditionOps},
+    deletion_ops::InternalDeletionOps,
 };
 
 pub trait DeletionOps:
@@ -25,7 +28,15 @@ pub trait DeletionOps:
         dst: V,
         layer: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<EdgeView<Self>, GraphError> {
-        let ti = time_from_input(self, t).map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        let session = self.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+        self.validate_gids(
+            [src.as_node_ref(), dst.as_node_ref()]
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|node_ref| node_ref.as_gid_ref().left()),
+        )
+        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        let ti = time_from_input_session(&session, t)?;
         let src_id = self
             .resolve_node(src.as_node_ref())
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?
@@ -34,14 +45,20 @@ pub trait DeletionOps:
             .resolve_node(dst.as_node_ref())
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?
             .inner();
-        let layer = self.resolve_layer(layer).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
-        let eid = self
-            .internal_delete_edge(ti, src_id, dst_id, layer)
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-            .inner();
+        let layer_id = self.resolve_layer(layer).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
+
+        let mut add_edge_op = self
+            .atomic_add_edge(src_id, dst_id, None, layer_id)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        let edge_id = add_edge_op.internal_delete_edge(ti, src_id, dst_id, 0, layer_id);
+
+        add_edge_op.store_src_node_info(src_id, src.as_node_ref().as_gid_ref().left());
+        add_edge_op.store_dst_node_info(dst_id, dst.as_node_ref().as_gid_ref().left());
+
         Ok(EdgeView::new(
             self.clone(),
-            EdgeRef::new_outgoing(eid, src_id, dst_id).at_layer(layer),
+            EdgeRef::new_outgoing(edge_id.inner().edge, src_id, dst_id).at_layer(layer_id),
         ))
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/import_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/import_ops.rs
index 27bb1d0d7f..8292f3f9d2 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/import_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/import_ops.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-use super::time_from_input;
 use crate::{
     core::entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef,
     db::{
         api::{
-            properties::internal::InternalTemporalPropertiesOps,
+            mutation::time_from_input_session,
             view::{internal::InternalMaterialize, StaticGraphViewOps},
         },
         graph::{edge::EdgeView, node::NodeView},
@@ -326,38 +325,38 @@ fn import_node_internal<
     merge: bool,
 ) -> Result<NodeView<'static, G, G>, GraphError> {
     let id = id.as_node_ref();
+    let gid_ref = id.as_gid_ref().left();
+    graph.validate_gids(gid_ref).map_err(into_graph_err)?;
     if !merge {
         if let Some(existing_node) = graph.node(id) {
             return Err(GraphError::NodeExistsError(existing_node.id()));
         }
     }
 
-    let node_internal = match node.node_type().as_str() {
-        None => graph.resolve_node(id).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner(),
-        Some(node_type) => {
-            let (node_internal, _) = graph
-                .resolve_node_and_type(id, node_type)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner();
-            node_internal.inner()
-        }
-    };
-    let keys = node.temporal_prop_keys().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let (node_internal, _) = graph
+        .resolve_and_update_node_and_type(id, node.node_type().as_str())
+        .map_err(into_graph_err)?
+        .inner();
+    let node_internal = node_internal.inner();
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+    let keys = node.graph.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().all_keys();
 
     for (t, row) in node.rows() {
-        let t = time_from_input(graph, t)?;
+        let t = time_from_input_session(&session, t)?;
 
-        let props = row
-            .into_iter()
-            .zip(&keys)
-            .map(|((_, prop), key)| {
-                let prop_id = graph.resolve_node_property(key, prop.dtype(), false);
-                prop_id.map(|prop_id| (prop_id.inner(), prop))
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        let props = graph
+            .validate_props(
+                false,
+                graph.node_meta(),
+                row.into_iter().map(|(prop_id, prop)| {
+                    let prop_key = &keys[prop_id];
+                    (prop_key, prop)
+                }),
+            )
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
         graph
-            .internal_add_node(t, node_internal, &props)
+            .internal_add_node(t, node_internal, props)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
     }
 
@@ -394,6 +393,7 @@ fn import_edge_internal<
     }
 
     // Add edges first to ensure associated nodes are present
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
     for ee in edge.explode_layers() {
         let layer_name = ee.layer_name().expect("exploded layers");
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn import_edge_internal<
         }
 
         for (t, _) in edge.deletions_hist() {
-            let ti = time_from_input(graph, t.t())?;
+            let ti = time_from_input_session(&session, t.t())?;
             let src_node = graph.resolve_node(src_id).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
             let dst_node = graph.resolve_node(dst_id).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
             let layer = graph
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/index_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/index_ops.rs
index 0502bd7b29..bce81bf9c1 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/index_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/index_ops.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 use crate::{
-    db::api::view::{IndexSpec, IndexSpecBuilder},
+    db::api::view::{internal::InternalStorageOps, IndexSpec, IndexSpecBuilder},
     errors::GraphError,
     prelude::AdditionOps,
-    serialise::GraphFolder,
+    serialise::{GraphFolder, GraphPaths},
 };
-use std::{fs::File, path::Path};
-use zip::ZipArchive;
+use std::{
+    fs::File,
+    io::{Seek, Write},
+    path::Path,
+};
+use zip::{ZipArchive, ZipWriter};
 
 /// Mutation operations for managing indexes.
 pub trait IndexMutationOps: Sized + AdditionOps {
@@ -55,7 +59,7 @@ pub trait IndexMutationOps: Sized + AdditionOps {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
-    fn persist_index_to_disk(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
+    fn persist_index_to_disk(&self, path: &impl GraphPaths) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
 
     /// Persists the current index to disk as a compressed ZIP file at the specified path.
     ///
@@ -64,7 +68,11 @@ pub trait IndexMutationOps: Sized + AdditionOps {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
-    fn persist_index_to_disk_zip(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
+    fn persist_index_to_disk_zip<W: Write + Seek>(
+        &self,
+        writer: &mut ZipWriter<W>,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
 
     /// Drops (removes) the current index from the database.
     ///
@@ -138,13 +146,13 @@ impl<G: AdditionOps> IndexMutationOps for G {
         self.get_storage()
             .map_or(Err(GraphError::IndexingNotSupported), |storage| {
                 if path.is_zip() {
-                    if has_index(path.get_base_path())? {
+                    if has_index(path.root())? {
                         storage.load_index_if_empty(&path)?;
                     } else {
                         return Ok(()); // Skip if no index in zip
                     }
                 } else {
-                    let index_path = path.get_index_path();
+                    let index_path = path.index_path()?;
                     if index_path.exists() && index_path.read_dir()?.next().is_some() {
                         storage.load_index_if_empty(&path)?;
                     }
@@ -154,20 +162,22 @@ impl<G: AdditionOps> IndexMutationOps for G {
             })
     }
 
-    fn persist_index_to_disk(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    fn persist_index_to_disk(&self, path: &impl GraphPaths) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.get_storage()
             .map_or(Err(GraphError::IndexingNotSupported), |storage| {
-                storage.persist_index_to_disk(&path)?;
+                storage.persist_index_to_disk(path)?;
                 Ok(())
             })
     }
 
-    fn persist_index_to_disk_zip(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    fn persist_index_to_disk_zip<W: Write + Seek>(
+        &self,
+        writer: &mut ZipWriter<W>,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.get_storage()
-            .map_or(Err(GraphError::IndexingNotSupported), |storage| {
-                storage.persist_index_to_disk_zip(&path)?;
-                Ok(())
-            })
+            .ok_or(GraphError::IndexingNotSupported)?
+            .persist_index_to_disk_zip(writer, prefix)
     }
 
     fn drop_index(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/mod.rs
index 9d5c01db67..7a4d09c60e 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/mod.rs
@@ -18,16 +18,43 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::properties::prop::PropType, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
 };
 pub(crate) use raphtory_core::utils::time::{InputTime, TryIntoInputTime};
-use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps;
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps};
 
 pub fn time_from_input<G: InternalAdditionOps<Error: Into<GraphError>>, T: TryIntoInputTime>(
-    g: &G,
-    t: T,
+    graph: &G,
+    time: T,
 ) -> Result<TimeIndexEntry, GraphError> {
-    let t = t.try_into_input_time()?;
-    Ok(match t {
-        InputTime::Simple(t) => TimeIndexEntry::new(t, g.next_event_id().map_err(into_graph_err)?),
-        InputTime::Indexed(t, s) => TimeIndexEntry::new(t, s),
+    let input_time = time.try_into_input_time()?;
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+
+    Ok(match input_time {
+        InputTime::Simple(t) => {
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(t, session.next_event_id().map_err(into_graph_err)?)
+        }
+        InputTime::Indexed(t, secondary_index) => TimeIndexEntry::new(t, secondary_index),
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn time_from_input_session<
+    G: SessionAdditionOps<Error: Into<GraphError>>,
+    T: TryIntoInputTime,
+>(
+    graph: &G,
+    time: T,
+) -> Result<TimeIndexEntry, GraphError> {
+    let input_time = time.try_into_input_time()?;
+
+    Ok(match input_time {
+        InputTime::Simple(t) => {
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(t, graph.next_event_id().map_err(into_graph_err)?)
+        }
+        InputTime::Indexed(t, secondary_index) => {
+            let _ = graph
+                .set_max_event_id(secondary_index)
+                .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(t, secondary_index)
+        }
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs
index 934115f37f..d071805a77 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/mutation/property_addition_ops.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use super::{time_from_input, CollectProperties};
+use super::CollectProperties;
 use crate::{
-    db::api::mutation::TryIntoInputTime,
+    db::api::mutation::{time_from_input_session, TryIntoInputTime},
     errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError},
 };
 use raphtory_storage::mutation::{
-    addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps, property_addition_ops::InternalPropertyAdditionOps,
+    addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps},
+    property_addition_ops::InternalPropertyAdditionOps,
 };
 
 pub trait PropertyAdditionOps:
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ pub trait PropertyAdditionOps:
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
 
     fn add_metadata<PI: CollectProperties>(&self, props: PI) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
+
     fn update_metadata<PI: CollectProperties>(&self, props: PI) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
 }
 
@@ -30,9 +32,10 @@ impl<
         t: T,
         props: PI,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let ti = time_from_input(self, t)?;
+        let session = self.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+        let ti = time_from_input_session(&session, t)?;
         let properties: Vec<_> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
+            Ok(session
                 .resolve_graph_property(name, dtype, false)
                 .map_err(into_graph_err)?
                 .inner())
@@ -43,8 +46,9 @@ impl<
     }
 
     fn add_metadata<PI: CollectProperties>(&self, props: PI) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let session = self.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
         let properties: Vec<_> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
+            Ok(session
                 .resolve_graph_property(name, dtype, true)
                 .map_err(into_graph_err)?
                 .inner())
@@ -55,8 +59,9 @@ impl<
     }
 
     fn update_metadata<PI: CollectProperties>(&self, props: PI) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let session = self.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
         let properties: Vec<_> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
+            Ok(session
                 .resolve_graph_property(name, dtype, true)
                 .map_err(into_graph_err)?
                 .inner())
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/internal.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/internal.rs
index 267a62fc92..c6839cb3d5 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/internal.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/internal.rs
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ use raphtory_api::{
 
 pub trait InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps {
     fn dtype(&self, id: usize) -> PropType;
-    fn temporal_value(&self, id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
 
     fn temporal_iter(&self, id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)>;
 
     fn temporal_iter_rev(&self, id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)>;
+
     fn temporal_history_iter(&self, id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, i64> {
         self.temporal_iter(id).map(|(t, _)| t.t()).into_dyn_boxed()
     }
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ pub trait InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps {
             .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()
     }
 
+    /// Return the latest temporal prop value.
+    fn temporal_value(&self, id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
+
     fn temporal_values_iter(&self, id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, Prop> {
         self.temporal_iter(id).map(|(_, v)| v).into_dyn_boxed()
     }
@@ -40,6 +43,7 @@ pub trait InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps {
         self.temporal_iter_rev(id).map(|(_, v)| v).into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
+    /// Return the temporal prop value at the given time.
     fn temporal_value_at(&self, id: usize, t: i64) -> Option<Prop>;
 }
 
@@ -50,14 +54,19 @@ pub trait TemporalPropertiesRowView {
 pub trait InternalMetadataOps: Send + Sync {
     /// Find id for property name (note this only checks the meta-data, not if the property actually exists for the entity)
     fn get_metadata_id(&self, name: &str) -> Option<usize>;
+
     fn get_metadata_name(&self, id: usize) -> ArcStr;
+
     fn metadata_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize>;
+
     fn metadata_keys(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, ArcStr> {
         Box::new(self.metadata_ids().map(|id| self.get_metadata_name(id)))
     }
+
     fn metadata_values(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, Option<Prop>> {
         Box::new(self.metadata_ids().map(|k| self.get_metadata(k)))
     }
+
     fn get_metadata(&self, id: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/temporal_props.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/temporal_props.rs
index 70e9def86b..cc2fea4b8a 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/temporal_props.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/properties/temporal_props.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::db::api::{properties::internal::InternalPropertiesOps, view::BoxedLIt
 use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
 use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, Utc};
 use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::properties::prop::{Prop, PropType, PropUnwrap},
+    entities::properties::prop::{Prop, PropArray, PropType, PropUnwrap},
     storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
 };
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use std::{
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-use {arrow::array::ArrayRef, raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArrayUnwrap};
+use arrow::array::ArrayRef;
+use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArrayUnwrap;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct TemporalPropertyView<P: InternalPropertiesOps> {
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ impl<P: InternalPropertiesOps> PropUnwrap for TemporalPropertyView<P> {
         self.latest().into_bool()
     }
 
-    fn into_list(self) -> Option<Arc<Vec<Prop>>> {
+    fn into_list(self) -> Option<PropArray> {
         self.latest().into_list()
     }
 
@@ -298,7 +298,6 @@ impl<P: InternalPropertiesOps> PropUnwrap for TemporalPropertyView<P> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
 impl<P: InternalPropertiesOps> PropArrayUnwrap for TemporalPropertyView<P> {
     fn into_array(self) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
         self.latest().into_array()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/group_by.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/group_by.rs
index e2b2361c4c..b5388fd404 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/group_by.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/group_by.rs
@@ -37,12 +37,7 @@ impl<'graph, V: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + Clone, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> NodeGr
         self.groups.iter().map(|(v, nodes)| {
             (
                 v,
-                Nodes::new_filtered(
-                    self.graph.clone(),
-                    self.graph.clone(),
-                    Some(nodes.clone()),
-                    None,
-                ),
+                Nodes::new_filtered(self.graph.clone(), self.graph.clone(), nodes.clone(), None),
             )
         })
     }
@@ -83,12 +78,7 @@ impl<'graph, V: Hash + Eq + Send + Sync + Clone, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> NodeGr
         self.groups.get(index).map(|(v, nodes)| {
             (
                 v,
-                Nodes::new_filtered(
-                    self.graph.clone(),
-                    self.graph.clone(),
-                    Some(nodes.clone()),
-                    None,
-                ),
+                Nodes::new_filtered(self.graph.clone(), self.graph.clone(), nodes.clone(), None),
             )
         })
     }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/lazy_node_state.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/lazy_node_state.rs
index 9ab1632ec8..69458b735f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/lazy_node_state.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/lazy_node_state.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 use crate::{
-    core::entities::{nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef, VID},
+    core::entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef,
     db::{
         api::{
             state::{
                 ops::{node::NodeOp, NodeOpFilter},
                 Index, NodeState, NodeStateOps,
             },
-            view::{
-                internal::{FilterOps, NodeList, OneHopFilter},
-                BoxedLIter, IntoDynBoxed,
-            },
+            view::{internal::OneHopFilter, BoxedLIter, IntoDynBoxed},
         },
         graph::{node::NodeView, nodes::Nodes},
     },
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ impl<'graph, Op: NodeOp + 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'gra
                 self.nodes.base_graph.clone(),
                 self.nodes.graph.clone(),
                 values.into(),
-                Some(Index::new(keys)),
+                Index::Partial(keys.into()),
             )
         } else {
             let values = self.collect_vec();
@@ -170,7 +167,7 @@ impl<'graph, Op: NodeOp + 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'gra
                 self.nodes.base_graph.clone(),
                 self.nodes.graph.clone(),
                 values.into(),
-                None,
+                Index::for_graph(self.nodes.graph.clone()),
             )
         }
     }
@@ -268,34 +265,6 @@ impl<'graph, Op: NodeOp + 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'gra
             .map(move |node| (node, self.op.apply(&storage, node.node)))
     }
 
-    fn get_by_index(
-        &self,
-        index: usize,
-    ) -> Option<(
-        NodeView<'_, &Self::BaseGraph, &Self::Graph>,
-        Self::Value<'_>,
-    )> {
-        if self.graph().filtered() {
-            self.iter().nth(index)
-        } else {
-            let vid = match self.graph().node_list() {
-                NodeList::All { len } => {
-                    if index < len {
-                        VID(index)
-                    } else {
-                        return None;
-                    }
-                }
-                NodeList::List { elems } => elems.key(index)?,
-            };
-            let cg = self.graph().core_graph();
-            Some((
-                NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(self.base_graph(), self.graph(), vid),
-                self.op.apply(cg, vid),
-            ))
-        }
-    }
-
     fn get_by_node<N: AsNodeRef>(&self, node: N) -> Option<Self::Value<'_>> {
         let node = (&self.graph()).node(node);
         node.map(|node| self.op.apply(self.graph().core_graph(), node.node))
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state.rs
index c399f12913..f7868ad5db 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state.rs
@@ -22,96 +22,140 @@ use std::{
     marker::PhantomData,
     sync::Arc,
 };
+use storage::state::StateIndex;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct Index<K> {
-    index: Arc<IndexSet<K, ahash::RandomState>>,
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Index<K> {
+    Full(Arc<StateIndex<K>>),
+    Partial(Arc<IndexSet<K, ahash::RandomState>>),
+}
+
+impl<K> From<StateIndex<K>> for Index<K> {
+    fn from(index: StateIndex<K>) -> Self {
+        Self::Full(index.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K> Default for Index<K> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Partial(Arc::new(Default::default()))
+    }
 }
 
 impl<K> Clone for Index<K> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        let index = self.index.clone();
-        Self { index }
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => Index::Full(index.clone()),
+            Index::Partial(index) => Index::Partial(index.clone()),
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl<K: Copy + Eq + Hash + Into<usize> + From<usize> + Send + Sync> FromIterator<K> for Index<K> {
     fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = K>>(iter: T) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            index: Arc::new(IndexSet::from_iter(iter)),
-        }
+        Self::Partial(Arc::new(IndexSet::from_iter(iter)))
     }
 }
 
 impl Index<VID> {
-    pub fn for_graph<'graph>(graph: impl GraphViewOps<'graph>) -> Option<Self> {
+    pub fn for_graph<'graph>(graph: impl GraphViewOps<'graph>) -> Self {
         if graph.filtered() {
             if graph.node_list_trusted() {
                 match graph.node_list() {
-                    NodeList::All { .. } => None,
-                    NodeList::List { elems } => Some(elems),
+                    NodeList::All { .. } => {
+                        Self::Full(graph.core_graph().node_state_index().into())
+                    }
+                    NodeList::List { elems } => elems,
                 }
             } else {
-                Some(Self::from_iter(graph.nodes().iter().map(|node| node.node)))
+                Self::from_iter(graph.nodes().iter().map(|node| node.node))
             }
         } else {
-            None
+            Self::Full(graph.core_graph().node_state_index().into())
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl<K: Copy + Eq + Hash + Into<usize> + From<usize> + Send + Sync> Index<K> {
     pub fn new(keys: impl Into<Arc<IndexSet<K, ahash::RandomState>>>) -> Self {
-        Self { index: keys.into() }
+        Self::Partial(keys.into())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = K> + '_ {
-        self.index.iter().copied()
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => Either::Left(index.iter()),
+            Index::Partial(index) => Either::Right(index.iter().copied()),
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_par_iter(self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = K> {
-        (0..self.len())
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .map(move |i| *self.index.get_index(i).unwrap())
+    pub fn into_par_iter(self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = K> {
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => Either::Left(index.into_par_iter().map(|(_, k)| k)),
+            Index::Partial(index) => Either::Right(
+                (0..index.len())
+                    .into_par_iter()
+                    .map(move |i| *index.get_index(i).unwrap()),
+            ),
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn into_iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = K> {
-        (0..self.len()).map(move |i| *self.index.get_index(i).unwrap())
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => Either::Left(index.arc_into_iter().map(|(_, k)| k)),
+            Index::Partial(index) => {
+                Either::Right((0..index.len()).map(move |i| *index.get_index(i).unwrap()))
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn index(&self, key: &K) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.index.get_index_of(key)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn key(&self, index: usize) -> Option<K> {
-        self.index.get_index(index).copied()
+        // self.index.get_index_of(key)
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => index.resolve(*key),
+            Index::Partial(index) => index.get_index_of(key),
+        }
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.index.len()
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => index.len(),
+            Index::Partial(index) => index.len(),
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.index.is_empty()
+        self.len() == 0
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn contains(&self, key: &K) -> bool {
-        self.index.contains(key)
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => index.resolve(*key).is_some(),
+            Index::Partial(index) => index.contains(key),
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = K> + '_ {
-        (0..self.len())
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .map(move |i| *self.index.get_index(i).unwrap())
+    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, K)> + '_ {
+        match self {
+            Index::Full(index) => Either::Left(index.par_iter()),
+            Index::Partial(index) => Either::Right(
+                (0..index.len())
+                    .into_par_iter()
+                    .map(move |i| (i, *index.get_index(i).unwrap())),
+            ),
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn intersection(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
-        self.index.intersection(&other.index).copied().collect()
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Self::Full(_), Self::Partial(a)) => Self::Partial(a.clone()),
+            (Self::Partial(a), Self::Full(_)) => Self::Partial(a.clone()),
+            (Self::Partial(a), Self::Partial(b)) => a.intersection(b).copied().collect(),
+            _ => self.clone(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +164,7 @@ pub struct NodeState<'graph, V, G, GH = G> {
     base_graph: G,
     graph: GH,
     values: Arc<[V]>,
-    keys: Option<Index<VID>>,
+    keys: Index<VID>,
     _marker: PhantomData<&'graph ()>,
 }
 
@@ -207,43 +251,70 @@ impl<'graph, V, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> NodeState<'graph, V, G> {
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     /// - `graph`: the graph view
-    /// - `values`: the unfiltered values (i.e., `values.len() == graph.unfiltered_num_nodes()`). This method handles the filtering.
+    /// - `values`: the values indexed by flat position (i.e., `values.len() == index.len()`).
     pub fn new_from_eval(graph: G, values: Vec<V>) -> Self
     where
         V: Clone,
     {
         let index = Index::for_graph(graph.clone());
-        let values = match &index {
-            None => values,
-            Some(index) => index
-                .iter()
-                .map(|vid| values[vid.index()].clone())
-                .collect(),
-        };
+        // Values are already in flat index order from TaskRunner
         Self::new(graph.clone(), graph, values.into(), index)
     }
 
+    /// Construct a node state from an eval result
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// - `graph`: the graph view
+    /// - `values`: the values indexed by flat position (i.e., `values.len() == index.len()`).
+    /// - `index`: the index mapping VID to flat position in values
+    pub fn new_from_eval_with_index(graph: G, values: Vec<V>, index: Index<VID>) -> Self
+    where
+        V: Clone,
+    {
+        // Values are already in flat index order from TaskRunner
+        Self::new(graph.clone(), graph, values.into(), index)
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a node state from an eval result, mapping values
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// - `graph`: the graph view
+    /// - `values`: the values indexed by flat position (i.e., `values.len() == index.len()`).
+    /// - `map`: Closure mapping input to output values
+    pub fn new_from_eval_mapped_with_index<R: Clone>(
+        graph: G,
+        values: Vec<R>,
+        index: Index<VID>,
+        map: impl Fn(R) -> V,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        V: std::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        // Values are already in flat index order from TaskRunner, just map them
+        let values = values.into_iter().map(map).collect();
+        Self::new(graph.clone(), graph, values, index)
+    }
+
     /// Construct a node state from an eval result, mapping values
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     /// - `graph`: the graph view
-    /// - `values`: the unfiltered values (i.e., `values.len() == graph.unfiltered_num_nodes()`). This method handles the filtering.
+    /// - `values`: the values indexed by flat position (i.e., `values.len() == index.len()`).
     /// - `map`: Closure mapping input to output values
-    pub fn new_from_eval_mapped<R: Clone>(graph: G, values: Vec<R>, map: impl Fn(R) -> V) -> Self {
+    pub fn new_from_eval_mapped<R: Clone>(graph: G, values: Vec<R>, map: impl Fn(R) -> V) -> Self
+    where
+        V: std::fmt::Debug,
+    {
         let index = Index::for_graph(graph.clone());
-        let values = match &index {
-            None => values.into_iter().map(map).collect(),
-            Some(index) => index
-                .iter()
-                .map(|vid| map(values[vid.index()].clone()))
-                .collect(),
-        };
+        // Values are already in flat index order from TaskRunner, just map them
+        let values = values.into_iter().map(map).collect();
         Self::new(graph.clone(), graph, values, index)
     }
 
     /// create a new empty NodeState
     pub fn new_empty(graph: G) -> Self {
-        Self::new(graph.clone(), graph, [].into(), Some(Index::default()))
+        let index = Index::for_graph(&graph);
+        Self::new(graph.clone(), graph, [].into(), index)
     }
 
     /// create a new NodeState from a list of values for the node (takes care of creating an index for
@@ -272,13 +343,22 @@ impl<'graph, V, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> NodeState<'graph, V, G> {
                 .iter()
                 .flat_map(|node| Some((node.node, map(values.remove(&node.node)?))))
                 .unzip();
-            Self::new(graph.clone(), graph, values.into(), Some(Index::new(index)))
+            Self::new(
+                graph.clone(),
+                graph,
+                values.into(),
+                Index::Partial(index.into()),
+            )
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> &Index<VID> {
+        &self.keys
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'graph, V, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>> NodeState<'graph, V, G, GH> {
-    pub fn new(base_graph: G, graph: GH, values: Arc<[V]>, keys: Option<Index<VID>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(base_graph: G, graph: GH, values: Arc<[V]>, keys: Index<VID>) -> Self {
         Self {
             base_graph,
             graph,
@@ -288,10 +368,6 @@ impl<'graph, V, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>> NodeState<'gr
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> (Arc<[V]>, Option<Index<VID>>) {
-        (self.values, self.keys)
-    }
-
     pub fn values(&self) -> &Arc<[V]> {
         &self.values
     }
@@ -374,29 +450,12 @@ impl<
     where
         'graph: 'a,
     {
-        match &self.keys {
-            Some(index) => index
-                .iter()
-                .zip(self.values.iter())
-                .map(|(n, v)| {
-                    (
-                        NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, n),
-                        v,
-                    )
-                })
-                .into_dyn_boxed(),
-            None => self
-                .values
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .map(|(i, v)| {
-                    (
-                        NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, VID(i)),
-                        v,
-                    )
-                })
-                .into_dyn_boxed(),
-        }
+        self.keys.iter().zip(self.values.iter()).map(move |(n, v)| {
+            (
+                NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, n),
+                v,
+            )
+        })
     }
 
     fn nodes(&self) -> Nodes<'graph, Self::BaseGraph, Self::Graph> {
@@ -423,53 +482,17 @@ impl<
     where
         'graph: 'a,
     {
-        match &self.keys {
-            Some(index) => {
-                Either::Left(index.par_iter().zip(self.values.par_iter()).map(|(n, v)| {
-                    (
-                        NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, n),
-                        v,
-                    )
-                }))
-            }
-            None => Either::Right(self.values.par_iter().enumerate().map(|(i, v)| {
-                (
-                    NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, VID(i)),
-                    v,
-                )
-            })),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn get_by_index(
-        &self,
-        index: usize,
-    ) -> Option<(
-        NodeView<'_, &Self::BaseGraph, &Self::Graph>,
-        Self::Value<'_>,
-    )> {
-        match &self.keys {
-            Some(node_index) => node_index.key(index).map(|n| {
-                (
-                    NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, n),
-                    &self.values[index],
-                )
-            }),
-            None => self.values.get(index).map(|v| {
-                (
-                    NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, VID(index)),
-                    v,
-                )
-            }),
-        }
+        self.keys.par_iter().map(move |(val_id, n)| {
+            (
+                NodeView::new_one_hop_filtered(&self.base_graph, &self.graph, n),
+                &self.values[val_id],
+            )
+        })
     }
 
     fn get_by_node<N: AsNodeRef>(&self, node: N) -> Option<Self::Value<'_>> {
         let id = self.graph.internalise_node(node.as_node_ref())?;
-        match &self.keys {
-            Some(index) => index.index(&id).map(|i| &self.values[i]),
-            None => Some(&self.values[id.0]),
-        }
+        self.keys.index(&id).map(|i| &self.values[i])
     }
 
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
@@ -488,21 +511,8 @@ mod test {
     fn float_state() {
         let g = Graph::new();
         g.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let float_state = NodeState {
-            base_graph: g.clone(),
-            graph: g.clone(),
-            values: [0.0f64].into(),
-            keys: None,
-            _marker: Default::default(),
-        };
-
-        let int_state = NodeState {
-            base_graph: g.clone(),
-            graph: g.clone(),
-            values: [1i64].into(),
-            keys: None,
-            _marker: Default::default(),
-        };
+        let float_state = NodeState::new_from_values(g.clone(), [0.0f64]);
+        let int_state = NodeState::new_from_values(g.clone(), [1i64]);
         let min_float = float_state.min_item().unwrap().1;
         let min_int = int_state.min_item().unwrap().1;
         assert_eq!(min_float, &0.0);
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ops.rs
index efe2c7a865..bc9b90ced7 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ops.rs
@@ -69,14 +69,6 @@ pub trait NodeStateOps<'graph>:
     where
         'graph: 'a;
 
-    fn get_by_index(
-        &self,
-        index: usize,
-    ) -> Option<(
-        NodeView<'_, &Self::BaseGraph, &Self::Graph>,
-        Self::Value<'_>,
-    )>;
-
     fn get_by_node<N: AsNodeRef>(&self, node: N) -> Option<Self::Value<'_>>;
 
     fn len(&self) -> usize;
@@ -111,7 +103,7 @@ pub trait NodeStateOps<'graph>:
             self.base_graph().clone(),
             self.graph().clone(),
             values.into(),
-            Some(Index::new(keys)),
+            Index::Partial(keys.into()),
         )
     }
 
@@ -171,7 +163,7 @@ pub trait NodeStateOps<'graph>:
             self.base_graph().clone(),
             self.graph().clone(),
             values.into(),
-            Some(Index::new(keys)),
+            Index::Partial(keys.into()),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ord_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ord_ops.rs
index e84f58990e..cbbe32a209 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ord_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/state/node_state_ord_ops.rs
@@ -434,15 +434,16 @@ where
 mod test {
     use crate::db::api::state::node_state_ord_ops::{par_top_k, top_k};
 
-    use rand; // 0.8.5
-
-    use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
+    use rand::{
+        distr::{Distribution, Uniform},
+        Rng,
+    };
     use tokio::time::Instant;
 
     fn gen_x_ints(
         count: u32,
         distribution: impl Distribution<u32>,
-        rng: &mut (impl rand::Rng + ?Sized),
+        rng: &mut (impl Rng + ?Sized),
     ) -> Vec<u32> {
         let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(count as usize);
         let iter = distribution.sample_iter(rng);
@@ -456,8 +457,8 @@ mod test {
     fn test_top_k() {
         let values = gen_x_ints(
             100_000_000,
-            Uniform::new(0, 10000000),
-            &mut rand::thread_rng(),
+            Uniform::new(0, 10000000).unwrap(),
+            &mut rand::rng(),
         ); // [4i32, 2, 3, 100, 4, 2];
         let timer = Instant::now();
         let res1 = top_k(values.clone(), |a, b| a.cmp(b), 100);
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/disk_storage.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/disk_storage.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a217c8bc1..0000000000
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/disk_storage.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    db::{
-        api::view::internal::GraphTimeSemanticsOps, graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph,
-    },
-    errors::GraphError,
-    prelude::{Graph, GraphViewOps, NodeStateOps, NodeViewOps},
-};
-use arrow::array::ArrayRef;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use pometry_storage::interop::GraphLike;
-use raphtory_api::{
-    core::{
-        entities::{properties::tprop::TPropOps, LayerIds, EID, GID, VID},
-        storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
-        Direction,
-    },
-    iter::IntoDynBoxed,
-};
-use raphtory_core::utils::iter::GenLockedIter;
-use raphtory_storage::{
-    core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
-    disk::{graph_impl::prop_conversion::arrow_array_from_props, DiskGraphStorage},
-    graph::{
-        edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, graph::GraphStorage,
-        nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps,
-    },
-};
-use std::{path::Path, sync::Arc};
-
-impl From<DiskGraphStorage> for Graph {
-    fn from(value: DiskGraphStorage) -> Self {
-        Graph::from_internal_graph(GraphStorage::Disk(Arc::new(value)))
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<DiskGraphStorage> for PersistentGraph {
-    fn from(value: DiskGraphStorage) -> Self {
-        PersistentGraph::from_internal_graph(GraphStorage::Disk(Arc::new(value)))
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait IntoGraph {
-    fn into_graph(self) -> Graph;
-
-    fn into_persistent_graph(self) -> PersistentGraph;
-}
-
-impl IntoGraph for DiskGraphStorage {
-    fn into_graph(self) -> Graph {
-        self.into()
-    }
-
-    fn into_persistent_graph(self) -> PersistentGraph {
-        self.into()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Graph {
-    pub fn persist_as_disk_graph(&self, graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Graph, GraphError> {
-        Ok(Graph::from(DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(self, graph_dir)?))
-    }
-}
-
-impl PersistentGraph {
-    pub fn persist_as_disk_graph(
-        &self,
-        graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    ) -> Result<PersistentGraph, GraphError> {
-        Ok(PersistentGraph::from(DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(
-            &self.event_graph(),
-            graph_dir,
-        )?))
-    }
-}
-
-impl GraphLike<TimeIndexEntry> for Graph {
-    fn external_ids(&self) -> Vec<GID> {
-        self.nodes().id().collect()
-    }
-
-    fn node_names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = String> {
-        self.nodes().name().into_iter_values()
-    }
-
-    fn node_type_ids(&self) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = usize>> {
-        if self.core_graph().node_meta().node_type_meta().len() <= 1 {
-            None
-        } else {
-            let core_nodes = self.core_nodes();
-            Some((0..core_nodes.len()).map(move |i| core_nodes.node_entry(VID(i)).node_type_id()))
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn node_types(&self) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = String>> {
-        let meta = self.core_graph().node_meta().node_type_meta();
-        if meta.len() <= 1 {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(meta.get_keys().into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()))
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn layer_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        self.edge_meta()
-            .layer_meta()
-            .get_keys()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map_into()
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    fn num_nodes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.unfiltered_num_nodes()
-    }
-
-    fn num_edges(&self) -> usize {
-        self.count_edges()
-    }
-
-    fn out_degree(&self, vid: VID, layer: usize) -> usize {
-        self.core_node(vid.0.into())
-            .degree(&LayerIds::One(layer), Direction::OUT)
-    }
-
-    fn in_degree(&self, vid: VID, layer: usize) -> usize {
-        self.core_node(vid.0.into())
-            .degree(&LayerIds::One(layer), Direction::IN)
-    }
-
-    fn in_edges<B>(&self, vid: VID, layer: usize, map: impl Fn(VID, EID) -> B) -> Vec<B> {
-        let node = self.core_node(vid.0.into());
-        node.edges_iter(&LayerIds::One(layer), Direction::IN)
-            .map(|edge| map(edge.src(), edge.pid()))
-            .collect()
-    }
-    fn out_edges(&self, vid: VID, layer: usize) -> Vec<(VID, VID, EID)> {
-        let node = self.core_node(vid.0.into());
-        let edges = node
-            .edges_iter(&LayerIds::One(layer), Direction::OUT)
-            .map(|edge| {
-                let src = edge.src();
-                let dst = edge.dst();
-                let eid = edge.pid();
-                (src, dst, eid)
-            })
-            .collect();
-        edges
-    }
-
-    fn edge_additions(&self, eid: EID, layer: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = TimeIndexEntry> + '_ {
-        let edge = self.core_edge(eid);
-        GenLockedIter::from(edge, |edge| edge.additions(layer).iter().into_dyn_boxed())
-    }
-
-    fn edge_prop_keys(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        let props = self.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().get_keys();
-        props.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()
-    }
-
-    fn find_name(&self, vid: VID) -> Option<String> {
-        self.core_node(vid.0.into()).name().map(|s| s.to_string())
-    }
-
-    fn prop_as_arrow<S: AsRef<str>>(
-        &self,
-        disk_edges: &[u64],
-        edge_id_map: &[usize],
-        edge_ts: &[TimeIndexEntry],
-        edge_t_offsets: &[usize],
-        layer: usize,
-        prop_id: usize,
-        _key: S,
-    ) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
-        let prop_type = self
-            .edge_meta()
-            .temporal_prop_mapper()
-            .get_dtype(prop_id)
-            .unwrap();
-        arrow_array_from_props(
-            disk_edges.iter().flat_map(|&disk_eid| {
-                let disk_eid = disk_eid as usize;
-                let eid = edge_id_map[disk_eid];
-                let ts = &edge_ts[edge_t_offsets[disk_eid]..edge_t_offsets[disk_eid + 1]];
-                let edge = self.core_edge(EID(eid));
-                ts.iter()
-                    .map(move |t| edge.temporal_prop_layer(layer, prop_id).at(t))
-            }),
-            prop_type,
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn earliest_time(&self) -> i64 {
-        self.earliest_time_global().unwrap_or(i64::MAX)
-    }
-
-    fn latest_time(&self) -> i64 {
-        self.latest_time_global().unwrap_or(i64::MIN)
-    }
-
-    fn out_neighbours(&self, vid: VID) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VID, EID)> + '_ {
-        self.core_node(vid)
-            .into_edges_iter(&LayerIds::All, Direction::OUT)
-            .map(|e_ref| (e_ref.dst(), e_ref.pid()))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/edge_filter.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/edge_filter.rs
index 94e31b4c58..4cd05af793 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/edge_filter.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/edge_filter.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::{entities::ELID, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry};
-use raphtory_storage::graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 impl InternalEdgeFilterOps for GraphStorage {
     #[inline]
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ impl InternalEdgeFilterOps for GraphStorage {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, _edge: EdgeStorageRef, _layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, _edge: EdgeEntryRef, _layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         true
     }
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps for GraphStorage {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, _edge: EdgeStorageRef, _layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, _edge: EdgeEntryRef, _layer: usize) -> bool {
         true
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/metadata.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/metadata.rs
index 1d89b108a1..64ed590893 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/metadata.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/metadata.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,43 @@
-use raphtory_api::core::storage::arc_str::ArcStr;
-
 use crate::{
     db::api::{properties::internal::InternalMetadataOps, view::BoxedLIter},
     prelude::Prop,
 };
+use raphtory_api::{core::storage::arc_str::ArcStr, iter::IntoDynBoxed};
+use storage::api::graph_props::{GraphPropEntryOps, GraphPropRefOps};
 
 use super::GraphStorage;
 
 impl InternalMetadataOps for GraphStorage {
     fn get_metadata_id(&self, name: &str) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.graph_meta().get_metadata_id(name)
+        self.graph_props_meta().metadata_mapper().get_id(name)
     }
 
     fn get_metadata_name(&self, id: usize) -> ArcStr {
-        self.graph_meta().get_metadata_name(id)
+        self.graph_props_meta()
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .get_name(id)
+            .clone()
     }
 
     fn metadata_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
-        Box::new(self.graph_meta().metadata_ids())
+        self.graph_props_meta()
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .ids()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn get_metadata(&self, id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        self.graph_meta().get_metadata(id)
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        // Return the metadata value for the given property id.
+        graph_entry.as_ref().get_metadata(id)
     }
 
     fn metadata_keys(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, ArcStr> {
-        Box::new(self.graph_meta().metadata_names().into_iter())
+        self.graph_props_meta()
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .keys()
+            .into_iter()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/mod.rs
index f9aa55f052..0410b6edc1 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use crate::db::api::{storage::storage::Storage, view::internal::InternalStorageOps};
 use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
+use std::path::Path;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-pub(crate) mod disk_storage;
 pub mod edge_filter;
 pub mod list_ops;
 pub mod materialize;
@@ -15,4 +14,8 @@ impl InternalStorageOps for GraphStorage {
     fn get_storage(&self) -> Option<&Storage> {
         None
     }
+
+    fn disk_storage_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.disk_storage_path()
+    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_props.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_props.rs
index c8be039235..9dfcd84cc4 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_props.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_props.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::ops::Deref;
-
 use super::GraphStorage;
 use crate::{
     core::utils::iter::GenLockedIter,
@@ -16,61 +14,85 @@ use raphtory_api::{
     },
     iter::IntoDynBoxed,
 };
+use storage::api::graph_props::{GraphPropEntryOps, GraphPropRefOps};
 
 impl InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps for GraphStorage {
     fn dtype(&self, id: usize) -> PropType {
-        self.graph_meta().get_temporal_dtype(id).unwrap()
+        self.graph_props_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .get_dtype(id)
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn temporal_iter(&self, id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        self.graph_meta()
-            .get_temporal_prop(id)
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|prop| GenLockedIter::from(prop, |prop| prop.deref().iter().into_dyn_boxed()))
-            .into_dyn_boxed()
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        // Return a boxed iterator of temporal props over the locked graph entry.
+        let iter = GenLockedIter::from(graph_entry, |entry| {
+            entry.as_ref().get_temporal_prop(id).iter().into_dyn_boxed()
+        });
+
+        iter.into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn temporal_iter_rev(&self, id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        self.graph_meta()
-            .get_temporal_prop(id)
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|prop| {
-                GenLockedIter::from(prop, |prop| prop.deref().iter().rev().into_dyn_boxed())
-            })
-            .into_dyn_boxed()
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        // Return a boxed iterator of temporal props in reverse order over
+        // the locked graph entry.
+        let iter = GenLockedIter::from(graph_entry, |entry| {
+            entry
+                .as_ref()
+                .get_temporal_prop(id)
+                .iter_inner_rev(None)
+                .into_dyn_boxed()
+        });
+
+        iter.into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn temporal_value(&self, id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
-        self.graph_meta().get_temporal_prop(id).and_then(|prop| {
-            prop.deref()
-                .last_before(TimeIndexEntry::MAX)
-                .map(|(_, v)| v)
-        })
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        graph_entry
+            .as_ref()
+            .get_temporal_prop(id)
+            .last_before(TimeIndexEntry::MAX)
+            .map(|(_, prop)| prop)
     }
 
     fn temporal_value_at(&self, id: usize, t: i64) -> Option<Prop> {
-        self.graph_meta().get_temporal_prop(id).and_then(|prop| {
-            prop.deref()
-                .last_before(TimeIndexEntry::start(t.saturating_add(1)))
-                .map(|(_, v)| v)
-        })
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        graph_entry
+            .as_ref()
+            .get_temporal_prop(id)
+            .last_before(TimeIndexEntry::start(t.saturating_add(1)))
+            .map(|(_, prop)| prop)
     }
 }
 
 impl InternalTemporalPropertiesOps for GraphStorage {
     fn get_temporal_prop_id(&self, name: &str) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.graph_meta().get_temporal_id(name)
+        self.graph_props_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().get_id(name)
     }
 
     fn get_temporal_prop_name(&self, id: usize) -> ArcStr {
-        self.graph_meta().get_temporal_name(id)
+        self.graph_props_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().get_name(id)
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
-        Box::new(self.graph_meta().temporal_ids())
+        self.graph_props_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .ids()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_keys(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, ArcStr> {
-        Box::new(self.graph_meta().temporal_names().into_iter())
+        self.graph_props_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .keys()
+            .into_iter()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_semantics.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_semantics.rs
index 53870041b7..4930179fde 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_semantics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/graph/storage_ops/time_semantics.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::GraphStorage;
 use crate::{
-    core::{entities::LayerIds, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps, utils::iter::GenLockedDIter},
+    core::{entities::LayerIds, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps},
     db::api::view::internal::{
         EdgeHistoryFilter, GraphTimeSemanticsOps, NodeHistoryFilter, TimeSemantics,
     },
@@ -11,14 +11,22 @@ use raphtory_api::{
         entities::{properties::tprop::TPropOps, EID, VID},
         storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
     },
-    iter::{BoxedLDIter, IntoDynDBoxed},
+    iter::{BoxedLIter, IntoDynBoxed},
 };
+use raphtory_core::utils::iter::GenLockedIter;
 use raphtory_storage::{
     core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
-    graph::{edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
+    graph::{
+        edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, locked::LockedGraph,
+        nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps,
+    },
 };
 use rayon::iter::ParallelIterator;
-use std::ops::{Deref, Range};
+use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::{
+    api::graph_props::{GraphPropEntryOps, GraphPropRefOps},
+    gen_ts::ALL_LAYERS,
+};
 
 impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for GraphStorage {
     fn node_time_semantics(&self) -> TimeSemantics {
@@ -40,56 +48,78 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for GraphStorage {
     #[inline]
     fn earliest_time_global(&self) -> Option<i64> {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.graph_earliest_time(),
-            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.graph_earliest_time(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.inner.earliest(),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => {
+                graph.graph_earliest_time()
+            }
         }
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn latest_time_global(&self) -> Option<i64> {
         match self {
-            GraphStorage::Mem(storage) => storage.graph.graph_latest_time(),
-            GraphStorage::Unlocked(storage) => storage.graph_latest_time(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            GraphStorage::Disk(storage) => storage.inner.latest(),
+            GraphStorage::Mem(LockedGraph { graph, .. }) | GraphStorage::Unlocked(graph) => {
+                graph.graph_latest_time()
+            }
         }
     }
 
     fn earliest_time_window(&self, start: i64, end: i64) -> Option<i64> {
         self.nodes()
             .par_iter()
-            .flat_map(|node| node.additions().range_t(start..end).first_t())
+            .flat_map_iter(|node| {
+                node.additions()
+                    .range_t(start..end)
+                    .first_t()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .chain(
+                        node.node_edge_additions(ALL_LAYERS)
+                            .range_t(start..end)
+                            .first_t(),
+                    )
+            })
             .min()
     }
 
     fn latest_time_window(&self, start: i64, end: i64) -> Option<i64> {
         self.nodes()
             .par_iter()
-            .flat_map(|node| node.additions().range_t(start..end).last_t())
+            .flat_map_iter(|node| {
+                node.additions()
+                    .range_t(start..end)
+                    .last_t()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .chain(
+                        node.node_edge_additions(ALL_LAYERS)
+                            .range_t(start..end)
+                            .last_t(),
+                    )
+            })
             .max()
     }
 
     fn has_temporal_prop(&self, prop_id: usize) -> bool {
-        prop_id < self.graph_meta().temporal_mapper().len()
+        self.graph_props_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .has_id(prop_id)
     }
 
-    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        self.graph_meta()
-            .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(move |prop| {
-                GenLockedDIter::from(prop, |prop| prop.deref().iter().into_dyn_dboxed())
-            })
-            .into_dyn_dboxed()
+    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        GenLockedIter::from(graph_entry, |entry| {
+            entry
+                .as_ref()
+                .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
+                .iter()
+                .into_dyn_boxed()
+        })
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn has_temporal_prop_window(&self, prop_id: usize, w: Range<i64>) -> bool {
-        self.graph_meta()
-            .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
-            .filter(|p| p.deref().iter_window_t(w).next().is_some())
-            .is_some()
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        graph_entry.as_ref().get_temporal_prop(prop_id).active_t(w)
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_iter_window(
@@ -97,18 +127,35 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for GraphStorage {
         prop_id: usize,
         start: i64,
         end: i64,
-    ) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        self.graph_meta()
-            .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(move |prop| {
-                GenLockedDIter::from(prop, |prop| {
-                    prop.deref()
-                        .iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(start..end))
-                        .into_dyn_dboxed()
-                })
-            })
-            .into_dyn_dboxed()
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        GenLockedIter::from(graph_entry, move |entry| {
+            entry
+                .as_ref()
+                .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
+                .iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(start..end))
+                .into_dyn_boxed()
+        })
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
+    }
+
+    fn temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(
+        &self,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        start: i64,
+        end: i64,
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        GenLockedIter::from(graph_entry, move |entry| {
+            entry
+                .as_ref()
+                .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
+                .iter_window_rev(TimeIndexEntry::range(start..end))
+                .into_dyn_boxed()
+        })
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_last_at(
@@ -116,9 +163,12 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for GraphStorage {
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
     ) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        self.graph_meta()
+        let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+        graph_entry
+            .as_ref()
             .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
-            .and_then(|p| p.deref().last_before(t.next()))
+            .last_before(t.next())
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_last_at_window(
@@ -128,12 +178,15 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for GraphStorage {
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         let w = TimeIndexEntry::range(w);
+
         if w.contains(&t) {
-            self.graph_meta().get_temporal_prop(prop_id).and_then(|p| {
-                p.deref()
-                    .last_before(t.next())
-                    .filter(|(t, _)| w.contains(t))
-            })
+            let graph_entry = self.graph_entry();
+
+            graph_entry
+                .as_ref()
+                .get_temporal_prop(prop_id)
+                .last_before(t.next())
+                .filter(|(prop_time, _)| w.contains(prop_time))
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -768,6 +821,7 @@ mod test_graph_storage {
         };
 
         #[test]
+        #[ignore = "TODO: #2372"]
         fn test_search_edges_latest() {
             let g = Graph::new();
             let g = init_graph_for_edges_tests(g);
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/storage.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/storage.rs
index 6edf8737ca..465660ec55 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/storage.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/storage/storage.rs
@@ -1,63 +1,69 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "search")]
-use crate::search::graph_index::GraphIndex;
 use crate::{
-    core::entities::{graph::tgraph::TemporalGraph, nodes::node_ref::NodeRef},
+    core::entities::nodes::node_ref::NodeRef,
     db::api::view::{
         internal::{InheritEdgeHistoryFilter, InheritNodeHistoryFilter, InternalStorageOps},
         Base, InheritViewOps,
     },
+    errors::GraphError,
 };
-use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use db4_graph::{TemporalGraph, TransactionManager, WriteLockedGraph};
 use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{EID, VID},
+    entities::{
+        properties::{
+            meta::Meta,
+            prop::{Prop, PropType},
+        },
+        GidRef, EID, VID,
+    },
     storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
 };
-use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{
-    fmt::{Display, Formatter},
-    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-use tracing::info;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "search")]
-use crate::search::graph_index::MutableGraphIndex;
-use crate::{db::api::view::IndexSpec, errors::GraphError};
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
-    properties::prop::{Prop, PropType},
-    GidRef,
-};
-use raphtory_core::storage::{
-    raw_edges::{EdgeWGuard, WriteLockedEdges},
-    EntryMut, NodeSlot, WriteLockedNodes,
-};
+use raphtory_core::entities::ELID;
 use raphtory_storage::{
     core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps,
-    graph::{locked::WriteLockedGraph, nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
+    graph::graph::GraphStorage,
     layer_ops::InheritLayerOps,
     mutation::{
-        addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps, deletion_ops::InternalDeletionOps,
+        addition_ops::{EdgeWriteLock, InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps},
+        addition_ops_ext::{UnlockedSession, WriteS},
+        deletion_ops::InternalDeletionOps,
         property_addition_ops::InternalPropertyAdditionOps,
+        EdgeWriterT, NodeWriterT,
     },
 };
-#[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+use std::{
+    fmt::{Display, Formatter},
+    path::Path,
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+pub use storage::{
+    persist::strategy::{Config, PersistentStrategy},
+    Extension, WalImpl,
+};
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
 use {
-    crate::serialise::incremental::{GraphWriter, InternalCache},
-    crate::serialise::GraphFolder,
-    once_cell::sync::OnceCell,
+    crate::{
+        db::api::view::IndexSpec,
+        search::graph_index::{GraphIndex, MutableGraphIndex},
+        serialise::{GraphFolder, GraphPaths},
+    },
+    either::Either,
+    parking_lot::RwLock,
+    raphtory_core::entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef,
+    raphtory_storage::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, graph::nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
+    std::{
+        io::{Seek, Write},
+        ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    },
+    tracing::info,
+    zip::ZipWriter,
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct Storage {
     graph: GraphStorage,
-    #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    pub(crate) cache: OnceCell<GraphWriter>,
     #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-    #[serde(skip)]
     pub(crate) index: RwLock<GraphIndex>,
-    // vector index
 }
 
 impl From<GraphStorage> for Storage {
@@ -88,31 +94,50 @@ impl Base for Storage {
 const IN_MEMORY_INDEX_NOT_PERSISTED: &str = "In-memory index not persisted. Not supported";
 
 impl Storage {
-    pub(crate) fn new(num_locks: usize) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            graph: GraphStorage::Unlocked(Arc::new(TemporalGraph::new(num_locks))),
-            #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-            cache: OnceCell::new(),
+            graph: GraphStorage::Unlocked(Arc::new(TemporalGraph::default())),
             #[cfg(feature = "search")]
             index: RwLock::new(GraphIndex::Empty),
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn from_inner(graph: GraphStorage) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new_at_path(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            graph: GraphStorage::Unlocked(Arc::new(TemporalGraph::new_with_path(
+                path,
+                Extension::default(),
+            )?)),
+            #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+            index: RwLock::new(GraphIndex::Empty),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new_with_path_and_ext(
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        ext: Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            graph: GraphStorage::Unlocked(Arc::new(TemporalGraph::new_with_path(path, ext)?)),
+            #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+            index: RwLock::new(GraphIndex::Empty),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn load_from(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let graph = GraphStorage::Unlocked(Arc::new(TemporalGraph::load_from_path(path)?));
+        Ok(Self {
             graph,
-            #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-            cache: OnceCell::new(),
             #[cfg(feature = "search")]
             index: RwLock::new(GraphIndex::Empty),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-    #[inline]
-    fn if_cache(&self, map_fn: impl FnOnce(&GraphWriter)) {
-        if let Some(cache) = self.cache.get() {
-            map_fn(cache)
+    pub(crate) fn from_inner(graph: GraphStorage) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            graph,
+            #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+            index: RwLock::new(GraphIndex::Empty),
         }
     }
 
@@ -179,8 +204,7 @@ impl Storage {
                     drop(guard);
                     let mut guard = self.index.write();
                     if let e @ GraphIndex::Empty = guard.deref_mut() {
-                        let cached_graph_path = self.get_cache().map(|cache| cache.folder.clone());
-                        let index = GraphIndex::create(&self.graph, false, cached_graph_path)?;
+                        let index = GraphIndex::create(&self.graph, false, None)?;
                         *e = index;
                     }
                 }
@@ -224,7 +248,7 @@ impl Storage {
         self.index.read_recursive().is_indexed()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn persist_index_to_disk(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    pub(crate) fn persist_index_to_disk(&self, path: &impl GraphPaths) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let guard = self.get_index().read_recursive();
         if guard.is_indexed() {
             if guard.path().is_none() {
@@ -236,14 +260,18 @@ impl Storage {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn persist_index_to_disk_zip(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    pub(crate) fn persist_index_to_disk_zip<W: Write + Seek>(
+        &self,
+        writer: &mut ZipWriter<W>,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let guard = self.get_index().read_recursive();
         if guard.is_indexed() {
             if guard.path().is_none() {
                 info!("{}", IN_MEMORY_INDEX_NOT_PERSISTED);
                 return Ok(());
             }
-            self.if_index(|index| index.persist_to_disk_zip(path))?;
+            self.if_index(|index| index.persist_to_disk_zip(writer, prefix))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -259,6 +287,10 @@ impl InternalStorageOps for Storage {
     fn get_storage(&self) -> Option<&Storage> {
         Some(self)
     }
+
+    fn disk_storage_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.graph.disk_storage_path()
+    }
 }
 
 impl InheritNodeHistoryFilter for Storage {}
@@ -266,71 +298,85 @@ impl InheritEdgeHistoryFilter for Storage {}
 
 impl InheritViewOps for Storage {}
 
-impl InternalAdditionOps for Storage {
-    type Error = GraphError;
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct StorageWriteSession<'a> {
+    session: UnlockedSession<'a>,
+    storage: &'a Storage,
+}
 
-    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.graph.write_lock()?)
-    }
+pub struct AtomicAddEdgeSession<'a> {
+    session: WriteS<'a, Extension>,
+    storage: &'a Storage,
+}
 
-    fn write_lock_nodes(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedNodes<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.graph.write_lock_nodes()?)
+impl EdgeWriteLock for AtomicAddEdgeSession<'_> {
+    fn internal_add_static_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<EID> {
+        self.session.internal_add_static_edge(src, dst, lsn)
     }
 
-    fn write_lock_edges(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedEdges<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.graph.write_lock_edges()?)
+    fn internal_add_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        e_id: MaybeNew<ELID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<ELID> {
+        self.session
+            .internal_add_edge(t, src, dst, e_id, lsn, props)
     }
 
-    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.graph.next_event_id()?)
+    fn internal_delete_edge(
+        &mut self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: impl Into<VID>,
+        dst: impl Into<VID>,
+        lsn: u64,
+        layer: usize,
+    ) -> MaybeNew<ELID> {
+        self.session.internal_delete_edge(t, src, dst, lsn, layer)
     }
 
-    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.graph.reserve_event_ids(num_ids)?)
+    fn store_src_node_info(&mut self, id: impl Into<VID>, node_id: Option<GidRef>) {
+        self.session.store_src_node_info(id, node_id);
     }
 
-    fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, GraphError> {
-        let id = self.graph.resolve_layer(layer)?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.resolve_layer(layer, id));
-
-        Ok(id)
+    fn store_dst_node_info(&mut self, id: impl Into<VID>, node_id: Option<GidRef>) {
+        self.session.store_dst_node_info(id, node_id);
     }
+}
 
-    fn resolve_node(&self, id: NodeRef) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, GraphError> {
-        match id {
-            NodeRef::Internal(id) => Ok(MaybeNew::Existing(id)),
-            NodeRef::External(gid) => {
-                let id = self.graph.resolve_node(id)?;
+impl<'a> SessionAdditionOps for StorageWriteSession<'a> {
+    type Error = GraphError;
 
-                #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-                self.if_cache(|cache| cache.resolve_node(id, gid));
+    fn read_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.session.read_event_id()?)
+    }
 
-                Ok(id)
-            }
-        }
+    fn set_event_id(&self, event_id: usize) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.session.set_event_id(event_id)?)
     }
 
-    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        Ok(self.graph.set_node(gid, vid)?)
+    fn next_event_id(&self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.session.next_event_id()?)
     }
 
-    fn resolve_node_and_type(
-        &self,
-        id: NodeRef,
-        node_type: &str,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, GraphError> {
-        let node_and_type = self.graph.resolve_node_and_type(id, node_type)?;
+    fn reserve_event_ids(&self, num_ids: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.session.reserve_event_ids(num_ids)?)
+    }
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| {
-            let (vid, _) = node_and_type.inner();
-            let node_entry = self.graph.core_node(vid.inner());
-            cache.resolve_node_and_type(node_and_type, node_type, node_entry.id())
-        });
+    fn set_max_event_id(&self, value: usize) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.session.set_max_event_id(value)?)
+    }
 
-        Ok(node_and_type)
+    fn set_node(&self, gid: GidRef, vid: VID) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.session.set_node(gid, vid)?)
     }
 
     fn resolve_graph_property(
@@ -338,14 +384,11 @@ impl InternalAdditionOps for Storage {
         prop: &str,
         dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, GraphError> {
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
         let id = self
-            .graph
+            .session
             .resolve_graph_property(prop, dtype.clone(), is_static)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.resolve_graph_property(prop, id, dtype, is_static));
-
         Ok(id)
     }
 
@@ -354,14 +397,11 @@ impl InternalAdditionOps for Storage {
         prop: &str,
         dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, GraphError> {
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
         let id = self
-            .graph
+            .session
             .resolve_node_property(prop, dtype.clone(), is_static)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.resolve_node_property(prop, id, &dtype, is_static));
-
         Ok(id)
     }
 
@@ -370,79 +410,149 @@ impl InternalAdditionOps for Storage {
         prop: &str,
         dtype: PropType,
         is_static: bool,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, GraphError> {
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
         let id = self
-            .graph
+            .session
             .resolve_edge_property(prop, dtype.clone(), is_static)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.resolve_edge_property(prop, id, &dtype, is_static));
+        Ok(id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl InternalAdditionOps for Storage {
+    type Error = GraphError;
+
+    type WS<'a> = StorageWriteSession<'a>;
+    type AtomicAddEdge<'a> = AtomicAddEdgeSession<'a>;
+
+    fn write_lock(&self) -> Result<WriteLockedGraph<'_, Extension>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.write_lock()?)
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, Self::Error> {
+        let id = self.graph.resolve_layer(layer)?;
 
         Ok(id)
     }
 
-    fn internal_add_node(
-        &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        v: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        self.graph.internal_add_node(t, v, props)?;
+    fn resolve_node(&self, id: NodeRef) -> Result<MaybeNew<VID>, Self::Error> {
+        match id {
+            NodeRef::Internal(id) => Ok(MaybeNew::Existing(id)),
+            NodeRef::External(_) => {
+                let id = self.graph.resolve_node(id)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_node_update(t, v, props));
+                Ok(id)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_and_update_node_and_type(
+        &self,
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>, Self::Error> {
+        let node_and_type = self.graph.resolve_and_update_node_and_type(id, node_type)?;
 
         #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_node_update(&self.graph, t, MaybeNew::New(v), props))?;
+        node_and_type
+            .if_new(|(node_id, _)| {
+                let name = match id.as_gid_ref() {
+                    Either::Left(gid) => gid.to_string(),
+                    Either::Right(vid) => self.core_node(vid).name().to_string(),
+                };
+                self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_new_node(node_id.inner(), name, node_type))
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
 
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(node_and_type)
     }
 
-    fn internal_add_edge(
+    fn write_session(&self) -> Result<Self::WS<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        let session = self.graph.write_session()?;
+        Ok(StorageWriteSession {
+            session,
+            storage: self,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn atomic_add_edge(
         &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
         src: VID,
         dst: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<MaybeNew<EID>, GraphError> {
-        let id = self.graph.internal_add_edge(t, src, dst, props, layer)?;
+        e_id: Option<EID>,
+        layer_id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::AtomicAddEdge<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        let session = self.graph.atomic_add_edge(src, dst, e_id, layer_id)?;
+        Ok(AtomicAddEdgeSession {
+            session,
+            storage: self,
+        })
+    }
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| {
-            cache.resolve_edge(id, src, dst);
-            cache.add_edge_update(t, id.inner(), props, layer);
-        });
+    fn internal_add_node(
+        &self,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        v: VID,
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+        let index_res = self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_node_update(t, v, &props));
+        // don't fail early on indexing, actually update the graph even if indexing failed
+        self.graph.internal_add_node(t, v, props)?;
 
         #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_edge_update(&self.graph, id, t, layer, props))?;
+        index_res?;
 
-        Ok(id)
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn internal_add_edge_update(
+    fn validate_props<PN: AsRef<str>>(
         &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        edge: EID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        self.graph.internal_add_edge_update(t, edge, props, layer)?;
+        is_static: bool,
+        meta: &Meta,
+        prop: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.validate_props(is_static, meta, prop)?)
+    }
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_edge_update(t, edge, props, layer));
+    fn validate_props_with_status<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        is_static: bool,
+        meta: &Meta,
+        props: impl Iterator<Item = (PN, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self
+            .graph
+            .validate_props_with_status(is_static, meta, props)?)
+    }
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.if_index_mut(|index| {
-            index.add_edge_update(&self.graph, MaybeNew::Existing(edge), t, layer, props)
-        })?;
+    fn validate_gids<'a>(
+        &self,
+        gids: impl IntoIterator<Item = GidRef<'a>>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.validate_gids(gids)?)
+    }
 
-        Ok(())
+    fn transaction_manager(&self) -> &TransactionManager {
+        self.graph.mutable().unwrap().transaction_manager.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn wal(&self) -> &WalImpl {
+        self.graph.mutable().unwrap().wal.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_node_and_type(
+        &self,
+        id: NodeRef,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(VID, usize), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self.graph.resolve_node_and_type(id, node_type)?)
     }
 }
 
 impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for Storage {
     type Error = GraphError;
+
     fn internal_add_properties(
         &self,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -450,42 +560,33 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for Storage {
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.internal_add_properties(t, props)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_graph_tprops(t, props));
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn internal_add_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.internal_add_metadata(props)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_graph_cprops(props));
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn internal_update_metadata(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.internal_update_metadata(props)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_graph_cprops(props));
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn internal_add_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
-        let lock = self.graph.internal_add_node_metadata(vid, props)?;
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+        let props_for_index = props.clone();
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_node_cprops(vid, props));
+        let lock = self.graph.internal_add_node_metadata(vid, props)?;
 
         #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_node_metadata(vid, props))?;
+        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_node_metadata(vid, &props_for_index))?;
 
         Ok(lock)
     }
@@ -493,15 +594,15 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for Storage {
     fn internal_update_node_metadata(
         &self,
         vid: VID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EntryMut<'_, RwLockWriteGuard<'_, NodeSlot>>, Self::Error> {
-        let lock = self.graph.internal_update_node_metadata(vid, props)?;
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<NodeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+        let props_for_index = props.clone();
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_node_cprops(vid, props));
+        let lock = self.graph.internal_update_node_metadata(vid, props)?;
 
         #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.update_node_metadata(vid, props))?;
+        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.update_node_metadata(vid, &props_for_index))?;
 
         Ok(lock)
     }
@@ -510,15 +611,17 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for Storage {
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
-        let lock = self.graph.internal_add_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props)?;
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        // FIXME: this whole thing is not great
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_edge_cprops(eid, layer, props));
+        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+        let props_for_index = props.clone();
+
+        let lock = self.graph.internal_add_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props)?;
 
         #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props))?;
+        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.add_edge_metadata(eid, layer, &props_for_index))?;
 
         Ok(lock)
     }
@@ -527,17 +630,19 @@ impl InternalPropertyAdditionOps for Storage {
         &self,
         eid: EID,
         layer: usize,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-    ) -> Result<EdgeWGuard<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        props: Vec<(usize, Prop)>,
+    ) -> Result<EdgeWriterT<'_>, Self::Error> {
+        // FIXME: this whole thing is not great
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+        let props_for_index = props.clone();
+
         let lock = self
             .graph
             .internal_update_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.add_edge_cprops(eid, layer, props));
-
         #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.update_edge_metadata(eid, layer, props))?;
+        self.if_index_mut(|index| index.update_edge_metadata(eid, layer, &props_for_index))?;
 
         Ok(lock)
     }
@@ -552,15 +657,7 @@ impl InternalDeletionOps for Storage {
         dst: VID,
         layer: usize,
     ) -> Result<MaybeNew<EID>, GraphError> {
-        let eid = self.graph.internal_delete_edge(t, src, dst, layer)?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| {
-            cache.resolve_edge(eid, src, dst);
-            cache.delete_edge(eid.inner(), t, layer);
-        });
-
-        Ok(eid)
+        Ok(self.graph.internal_delete_edge(t, src, dst, layer)?)
     }
 
     fn internal_delete_existing_edge(
@@ -571,9 +668,6 @@ impl InternalDeletionOps for Storage {
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.internal_delete_existing_edge(t, eid, layer)?;
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-        self.if_cache(|cache| cache.delete_edge(eid, t, layer));
-
         Ok(())
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/edge.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/edge.rs
index 3145fcc355..7ac243961e 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/edge.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/edge.rs
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ impl<'graph, E: BaseEdgeViewOps<'graph>> EdgeViewOps<'graph> for E {
     fn layer_names(&self) -> Self::ValueType<Vec<ArcStr>> {
         self.map(|g, e| {
             if edge_valid_layer(g, e) {
-                let layer_names = g.edge_meta().layer_meta().get_keys();
+                let layer_names = g.edge_meta().layer_meta().all_keys();
                 match e.layer() {
                     None => {
                         let time_semantics = g.edge_time_semantics();
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/graph.rs
index c95d15cc73..280cdcec2a 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/graph.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "search")]
-use crate::search::{fallback_filter_edges, fallback_filter_nodes};
+#[cfg(feature = "io")]
+use crate::serialise::GraphPaths;
 use crate::{
     core::{
-        entities::{graph::tgraph::TemporalGraph, nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef, LayerIds, VID},
+        entities::{nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef, LayerIds, VID},
         storage::timeindex::AsTime,
     },
     db::{
         api::{
             properties::{internal::InternalMetadataOps, Metadata, Properties},
+            state::Index,
             view::{internal::*, *},
         },
         graph::{
@@ -17,13 +18,8 @@ use crate::{
             node::NodeView,
             nodes::Nodes,
             views::{
-                cached_view::CachedView,
-                filter::{
-                    model::{AsEdgeFilter, AsNodeFilter},
-                    node_type_filtered_graph::NodeTypeFilteredGraph,
-                },
-                node_subgraph::NodeSubgraph,
-                valid_graph::ValidGraph,
+                cached_view::CachedView, filter::node_type_filtered_graph::NodeTypeFilteredGraph,
+                node_subgraph::NodeSubgraph, valid_graph::ValidGraph,
             },
         },
     },
@@ -32,10 +28,15 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use ahash::HashSet;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+use db4_graph::TemporalGraph;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use raphtory_api::{
     atomic_extra::atomic_usize_from_mut_slice,
     core::{
-        entities::{properties::meta::PropMapper, EID},
+        entities::{
+            properties::meta::{Meta, PropMapper},
+            EID,
+        },
         storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
         Direction,
     },
@@ -46,17 +47,29 @@ use raphtory_storage::{
         edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, graph::GraphStorage,
         nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps,
     },
-    mutation::{addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps, MutationError},
+    mutation::{
+        addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps},
+        MutationError,
+    },
 };
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
-use std::sync::{atomic::Ordering, Arc};
+use std::{
+    path::Path,
+    sync::{atomic::Ordering, Arc},
+};
+use storage::{persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy, Extension};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
+use crate::{
+    db::graph::views::filter::model::{AsEdgeFilter, AsNodeFilter},
+    search::{fallback_filter_edges, fallback_filter_nodes},
+};
 
 /// This trait GraphViewOps defines operations for accessing
 /// information about a graph. The trait has associated types
 /// that are used to define the type of the nodes, edges
 /// and the corresponding iterators.
-///
 pub trait GraphViewOps<'graph>: BoxableGraphView + Sized + Clone + 'graph {
     /// Return an iterator over all edges in the graph.
     fn edges(&self) -> Edges<'graph, Self, Self>;
@@ -67,10 +80,21 @@ pub trait GraphViewOps<'graph>: BoxableGraphView + Sized + Clone + 'graph {
     /// Return a View of the nodes in the Graph
     fn nodes(&self) -> Nodes<'graph, Self, Self>;
 
-    /// Get a graph clone
+    /// Materializes the view into a new graph.
+    /// If a path is provided, it will be used to store the new graph
+    /// (assuming the storage feature is enabled).
+    ///
+    /// Arguments:
+    ///     path: Option<&Path>: An optional path used to store the new graph.
     ///
     /// Returns:
-    ///     Graph: Returns clone of the graph
+    ///     MaterializedGraph: Returns a new materialized graph.
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    fn materialize_at(
+        &self,
+        path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError>;
+
     fn materialize(&self) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError>;
 
     fn subgraph<I: IntoIterator<Item = V>, V: AsNodeRef>(&self, nodes: I) -> NodeSubgraph<Self>;
@@ -210,231 +234,390 @@ fn edges_inner<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(g: &G, locked: bool) -> Edges<'gra
     }
 }
 
-impl<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph> GraphViewOps<'graph> for G {
-    fn edges(&self) -> Edges<'graph, Self, Self> {
-        edges_inner(self, true)
-    }
+fn materialize_impl(
+    graph: &impl GraphView,
+    path: Option<&Path>,
+) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
+    let storage = graph.core_graph().lock();
+    let mut node_meta = Meta::new_for_nodes();
+    let mut edge_meta = Meta::new_for_edges();
+    let mut graph_props_meta = Meta::new_for_graph_props();
+
+    node_meta.set_metadata_mapper(graph.node_meta().metadata_mapper().deep_clone());
+    node_meta.set_temporal_prop_mapper(graph.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().deep_clone());
+    edge_meta.set_metadata_mapper(graph.edge_meta().metadata_mapper().deep_clone());
+    edge_meta.set_temporal_prop_mapper(graph.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().deep_clone());
+    graph_props_meta.set_metadata_mapper(graph.graph_props_meta().metadata_mapper().deep_clone());
+    graph_props_meta
+        .set_temporal_prop_mapper(graph.graph_props_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().deep_clone());
+
+    let layer_meta = edge_meta.layer_meta();
+
+    // NOTE: layers must be set in layer_meta before the TemporalGraph is initialized to
+    // make sure empty layers are created.
+    let layer_map: Vec<_> = match graph.layer_ids() {
+        LayerIds::None => {
+            // no layers to map
+            vec![]
+        }
+        LayerIds::All => {
+            let layers = storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().keys();
+            let mut layer_map = vec![0; storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().num_all_fields()];
 
-    fn edges_unlocked(&self) -> Edges<'graph, Self, Self> {
-        edges_inner(self, false)
-    }
+            for (id, name) in storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().ids().zip(layers.iter()) {
+                let new_id = layer_meta.get_or_create_id(name).inner();
+                layer_map[id] = new_id;
+            }
 
-    fn nodes(&self) -> Nodes<'graph, Self, Self> {
-        let graph = self.clone();
-        Nodes::new(graph)
-    }
+            layer_map
+        }
+        LayerIds::One(l_id) => {
+            let mut layer_map = vec![0; storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().num_all_fields()];
+            let layer_name = storage.edge_meta().get_layer_name_by_id(*l_id);
+            let new_id = layer_meta.get_or_create_id(&layer_name).inner();
 
-    fn materialize(&self) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
-        let storage = self.core_graph().lock();
-        let mut g = TemporalGraph::default();
-
-        // Copy all graph properties
-        g.graph_meta = self.graph_meta().deep_clone();
-
-        // preserve all property mappings
-        g.node_meta
-            .set_metadata_mapper(self.node_meta().metadata_mapper().deep_clone());
-        g.node_meta
-            .set_temporal_prop_meta(self.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().deep_clone());
-        g.edge_meta
-            .set_metadata_mapper(self.edge_meta().metadata_mapper().deep_clone());
-        g.edge_meta
-            .set_temporal_prop_meta(self.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().deep_clone());
-
-        let layer_map: Vec<_> = match self.layer_ids() {
-            LayerIds::None => {
-                // no layers to map
-                vec![]
-            }
-            LayerIds::All => {
-                let mut layer_map = vec![0; self.unfiltered_num_layers()];
-                let layers = storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().get_keys();
-                for id in 0..layers.len() {
-                    let new_id = g
-                        .resolve_layer_inner(Some(&layers[id]))
-                        .map_err(MutationError::from)?
-                        .inner();
-                    layer_map[id] = new_id;
-                }
-                layer_map
-            }
-            LayerIds::One(l_id) => {
-                let mut layer_map = vec![0; self.unfiltered_num_layers()];
-                let new_id = g
-                    .resolve_layer_inner(Some(&storage.edge_meta().get_layer_name_by_id(*l_id)))
-                    .map_err(MutationError::from)?;
-                layer_map[*l_id] = new_id.inner();
-                layer_map
+            layer_map[*l_id] = new_id;
+            layer_map
+        }
+        LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => {
+            let mut layer_map = vec![0; storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().num_all_fields()];
+            let layers = storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().all_keys();
+
+            for id in ids {
+                let layer_name = &layers[id];
+                let new_id = layer_meta.get_or_create_id(layer_name).inner();
+                layer_map[id] = new_id;
             }
-            LayerIds::Multiple(ids) => {
-                let mut layer_map = vec![0; self.unfiltered_num_layers()];
-                let layers = storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().get_keys();
-                for id in ids {
-                    let new_id = g
-                        .resolve_layer_inner(Some(&layers[id]))
-                        .map_err(MutationError::from)?
-                        .inner();
-                    layer_map[id] = new_id;
-                }
-                layer_map
+
+            layer_map
+        }
+    };
+
+    node_meta.set_layer_mapper(layer_meta.clone());
+
+    let temporal_graph = TemporalGraph::new_with_meta(
+        path.map(|p| p.into()),
+        node_meta,
+        edge_meta,
+        graph_props_meta,
+        storage.extension().clone(),
+    )?;
+
+    if let Some(earliest) = graph.earliest_time() {
+        temporal_graph.update_time(TimeIndexEntry::start(earliest));
+    };
+
+    if let Some(latest) = graph.latest_time() {
+        temporal_graph.update_time(TimeIndexEntry::end(latest));
+    };
+
+    // Set event counter to be the same as old graph to avoid any possibility for duplicate event ids
+    temporal_graph
+        .storage()
+        .set_event_id(storage.read_event_id());
+
+    let temporal_graph = Arc::new(temporal_graph);
+
+    let graph_storage = GraphStorage::from(temporal_graph.clone());
+
+    {
+        // scope for the write lock
+
+        let mut node_map = vec![VID::default(); storage.unfiltered_num_nodes()];
+        let node_map_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(bytemuck::cast_slice_mut(&mut node_map));
+
+        // reverse index pos -> new_vid
+        let index = Index::for_graph(graph);
+        graph.nodes().par_iter().for_each(|node| {
+            let vid = node.node;
+            if let Some(pos) = index.index(&vid) {
+                let new_vid = temporal_graph.storage().nodes().reserve_vid(pos);
+                node_map_shared[pos].store(new_vid.index(), Ordering::Relaxed);
             }
-        };
+        });
 
-        if let Some(earliest) = self.earliest_time() {
-            g.update_time(TimeIndexEntry::start(earliest));
-        } else {
-            return Ok(self.new_base_graph(g.into()));
+        let get_new_vid = |old_vid: VID, index: &Index<VID>, node_map: &[VID]| -> VID {
+            let pos = index
+                .index(&old_vid)
+                .expect("old_vid should exist in index");
+            node_map[pos]
         };
+        let mut new_storage = graph_storage.write_lock()?;
 
-        if let Some(latest) = self.latest_time() {
-            g.update_time(TimeIndexEntry::end(latest));
-        } else {
-            return Ok(self.new_base_graph(g.into()));
-        };
+        for layer_id in &layer_map {
+            new_storage.nodes.ensure_layer(*layer_id);
+        }
 
-        // Set event counter to be the same as old graph to avoid any possibility for duplicate event ids
-        g.event_counter
-            .fetch_max(storage.read_event_id(), Ordering::Relaxed);
+        new_storage.nodes.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|shard| {
+            for node in graph.nodes().iter() {
+                let new_id = get_new_vid(node.node, &index, &node_map);
+                let gid = node.id();
+                if let Some(node_pos) = shard.resolve_pos(new_id) {
+                    let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                    if let Some(node_type) = node.node_type() {
+                        let new_type_id = graph_storage
+                            .node_meta()
+                            .node_type_meta()
+                            .get_or_create_id(&node_type)
+                            .inner();
+                        writer.store_node_id_and_node_type(
+                            node_pos,
+                            0,
+                            gid.as_ref(),
+                            new_type_id,
+                            0,
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        writer.store_node_id(node_pos, 0, gid.clone(), 0);
+                    }
+                    graph_storage
+                        .write_session()?
+                        .set_node(gid.as_ref(), new_id)?;
 
-        let g = GraphStorage::from(g);
+                    for (t, row) in node.rows() {
+                        writer.add_props(t, node_pos, 0, row, 0);
+                    }
 
-        {
-            // scope for the write lock
-            let mut new_storage = g.write_lock()?;
-            new_storage.nodes.resize(self.count_nodes());
-
-            let mut node_map = vec![VID::default(); storage.unfiltered_num_nodes()];
-            let node_map_shared =
-                atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(bytemuck::cast_slice_mut(&mut node_map));
-
-            new_storage.nodes.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|mut shard| {
-                for (index, node) in self.nodes().iter().enumerate() {
-                    let new_id = VID(index);
-                    let gid = node.id();
-                    if let Some(mut new_node) = shard.set(new_id, gid.as_ref()) {
-                        node_map_shared[node.node.index()].store(index, Ordering::Relaxed);
-                        if let Some(node_type) = node.node_type() {
-                            let new_type_id = g
-                                .node_meta()
-                                .node_type_meta()
-                                .get_or_create_id(&node_type)
-                                .inner();
-                            new_node.node_store_mut().node_type = new_type_id;
-                        }
-                        g.set_node(gid.as_ref(), new_id)?;
+                    writer.update_c_props(
+                        node_pos,
+                        0,
+                        node.metadata_ids()
+                            .filter_map(|id| node.get_metadata(id).map(|prop| (id, prop))),
+                        0,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            Ok::<(), MutationError>(())
+        })?;
+
+        let mut new_eids = vec![];
+        let mut max_eid = 0usize;
+        for (row, _) in graph.edges().iter().enumerate() {
+            let new_eid = new_storage.graph().storage().edges().reserve_new_eid(row);
+            new_eids.push(new_eid);
+            max_eid = new_eid.0.max(max_eid);
+        }
+        new_storage.resize_chunks_to_num_edges(EID(max_eid));
 
-                        for (t, rows) in node.rows() {
-                            let prop_offset = new_node.t_props_log_mut().push(rows)?;
-                            new_node.node_store_mut().update_t_prop_time(t, prop_offset);
-                        }
+        for layer_id in &layer_map {
+            new_storage.edges.ensure_layer(*layer_id);
+        }
 
-                        for metadata_id in node.metadata_ids() {
-                            if let Some(prop_value) = node.get_metadata(metadata_id) {
-                                new_node
-                                    .node_store_mut()
-                                    .add_metadata(metadata_id, prop_value)?;
-                            }
+        new_storage.edges.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|shard| {
+            for (row, edge) in graph.edges().iter().enumerate() {
+                let src = get_new_vid(edge.edge.src(), &index, &node_map);
+                let dst = get_new_vid(edge.edge.dst(), &index, &node_map);
+                let eid = new_eids[row];
+                if let Some(edge_pos) = shard.resolve_pos(eid) {
+                    let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                    // make the edge for the first time
+                    writer.add_static_edge(Some(edge_pos), src, dst, 0, false);
+
+                    for edge in edge.explode_layers() {
+                        let layer = layer_map[edge.edge.layer().unwrap()];
+                        for edge in edge.explode() {
+                            let t = edge.edge.time().unwrap();
+                            writer.add_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, [], layer, 0);
                         }
+                        //TODO: move this in edge.row()
+                        for (t, t_props) in edge
+                            .properties()
+                            .temporal()
+                            .values()
+                            .map(|tp| {
+                                let prop_id = tp.id();
+                                tp.iter_indexed()
+                                    .map(|(t, prop)| (t, prop_id, prop))
+                                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                            })
+                            .kmerge_by(|(t, _, _), (t2, _, _)| t <= t2)
+                            .chunk_by(|(t, _, _)| *t)
+                            .into_iter()
+                        {
+                            let props = t_props
+                                .map(|(_, prop_id, prop)| (prop_id, prop))
+                                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                            writer.add_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, props, layer, 0);
+                        }
+                        writer.update_c_props(
+                            edge_pos,
+                            src,
+                            dst,
+                            layer,
+                            edge.metadata_ids().filter_map(move |prop_id| {
+                                edge.get_metadata(prop_id).map(|prop| (prop_id, prop))
+                            }),
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    let time_semantics = graph.edge_time_semantics();
+                    let edge_entry = graph.core_edge(edge.edge.pid());
+                    for (t, layer) in time_semantics.edge_deletion_history(
+                        edge_entry.as_ref(),
+                        graph,
+                        graph.layer_ids(),
+                    ) {
+                        let layer = layer_map[layer];
+                        writer.delete_edge(t, edge_pos, src, dst, layer, 0);
                     }
                 }
-                Ok::<(), MutationError>(())
-            })?;
-
-            new_storage.edges.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|mut shard| {
-                for (eid, edge) in self.edges().iter().enumerate() {
-                    if let Some(mut new_edge) = shard.get_mut(EID(eid)) {
-                        let edge_store = new_edge.edge_store_mut();
-                        edge_store.src = node_map[edge.edge.src().index()];
-                        edge_store.dst = node_map[edge.edge.dst().index()];
-                        edge_store.eid = EID(eid);
-                        for edge in edge.explode_layers() {
-                            let layer = layer_map[edge.edge.layer().unwrap()];
-                            let additions = new_edge.additions_mut(layer);
-                            for edge in edge.explode() {
-                                let t = edge.edge.time().unwrap();
-                                additions.insert(t);
-                            }
-                            for t_prop in edge.properties().temporal().values() {
-                                let prop_id = t_prop.id();
-                                for (t, prop_value) in t_prop.iter_indexed() {
-                                    new_edge.layer_mut(layer).add_prop(t, prop_id, prop_value)?;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            for c_prop in edge.metadata_ids() {
-                                if let Some(prop_value) = edge.get_metadata(c_prop) {
-                                    new_edge.layer_mut(layer).add_metadata(c_prop, prop_value)?;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
+            }
+            Ok::<(), MutationError>(())
+        })?;
+
+        new_storage.nodes.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|shard| {
+            for (row, edge) in graph.edges().iter().enumerate() {
+                let eid = new_eids[row];
+                let src_id = get_new_vid(edge.edge.src(), &index, &node_map);
+                let dst_id = get_new_vid(edge.edge.dst(), &index, &node_map);
+                let maybe_src_pos = shard.resolve_pos(src_id);
+                let maybe_dst_pos = shard.resolve_pos(dst_id);
+
+                if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_src_pos {
+                    let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                    writer.add_static_outbound_edge(node_pos, dst_id, eid, 0);
+                }
 
-                        let time_semantics = self.edge_time_semantics();
-                        let edge_entry = self.core_edge(edge.edge.pid());
-                        for (t, layer) in time_semantics.edge_deletion_history(
-                            edge_entry.as_ref(),
-                            self,
-                            self.layer_ids(),
-                        ) {
-                            new_edge.deletions_mut(layer_map[layer]).insert(t);
-                        }
+                if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_dst_pos {
+                    let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                    writer.add_static_inbound_edge(node_pos, src_id, eid, 0);
+                }
+
+                for e in edge.explode_layers() {
+                    let layer = layer_map[e.edge.layer().unwrap()];
+                    if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_src_pos {
+                        let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                        writer.add_outbound_edge::<i64>(
+                            None,
+                            node_pos,
+                            dst_id,
+                            eid.with_layer(layer),
+                            0,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_dst_pos {
+                        let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                        writer.add_inbound_edge::<i64>(
+                            None,
+                            node_pos,
+                            src_id,
+                            eid.with_layer(layer),
+                            0,
+                        );
                     }
                 }
-                Ok::<(), MutationError>(())
-            })?;
-
-            new_storage.nodes.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|mut shard| {
-                for (eid, edge) in self.edges().iter().enumerate() {
-                    if let Some(src_node) = shard.get_mut(node_map[edge.edge.src().index()]) {
-                        for e in edge.explode() {
-                            let t = e.time_and_index().expect("exploded edge should have time");
-                            let l = layer_map[e.edge.layer().unwrap()];
-                            src_node.update_time(t, EID(eid).with_layer(l));
-                        }
-                        for ee in edge.explode_layers() {
-                            src_node.add_edge(
-                                node_map[edge.edge.dst().index()],
-                                Direction::OUT,
-                                layer_map[ee.edge.layer().unwrap()],
-                                EID(eid),
-                            );
-                        }
+
+                for e in edge.explode() {
+                    if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_src_pos {
+                        let mut writer = shard.writer();
+
+                        let t = e.time_and_index().expect("exploded edge should have time");
+                        let l = layer_map[e.edge.layer().unwrap()];
+                        writer.update_timestamp(t, node_pos, eid.with_layer(l), 0);
                     }
-                    if let Some(dst_node) = shard.get_mut(node_map[edge.edge.dst().index()]) {
-                        for e in edge.explode() {
-                            let t = e.time_and_index().expect("exploded edge should have time");
-                            let l = layer_map[e.edge.layer().unwrap()];
-                            dst_node.update_time(t, EID(eid).with_layer(l));
-                        }
-                        for ee in edge.explode_layers() {
-                            dst_node.add_edge(
-                                node_map[edge.edge.src().index()],
-                                Direction::IN,
-                                layer_map[ee.edge.layer().unwrap()],
-                                EID(eid),
-                            );
-                        }
+                    if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_dst_pos {
+                        let mut writer = shard.writer();
+
+                        let t = e.time_and_index().expect("exploded edge should have time");
+                        let l = layer_map[e.edge.layer().unwrap()];
+                        writer.update_timestamp(t, node_pos, eid.with_layer(l), 0);
                     }
+                }
 
-                    let edge_time_semantics = self.edge_time_semantics();
-                    let edge_entry = self.core_edge(edge.edge.pid());
-                    for (t, layer) in edge_time_semantics.edge_deletion_history(
-                        edge_entry.as_ref(),
-                        self,
-                        self.layer_ids(),
-                    ) {
-                        if let Some(src_node) = shard.get_mut(node_map[edge.edge.src().index()]) {
-                            src_node.update_time(t, EID(eid).with_layer_deletion(layer_map[layer]));
-                        }
-                        if let Some(dst_node) = shard.get_mut(node_map[edge.edge.dst().index()]) {
-                            dst_node.update_time(t, EID(eid).with_layer_deletion(layer_map[layer]));
-                        }
+                let edge_time_semantics = graph.edge_time_semantics();
+                let edge_entry = graph.core_edge(edge.edge.pid());
+                for (t, layer) in edge_time_semantics.edge_deletion_history(
+                    edge_entry.as_ref(),
+                    graph,
+                    graph.layer_ids(),
+                ) {
+                    let layer = layer_map[layer];
+                    if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_src_pos {
+                        let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                        writer.update_timestamp(t, node_pos, eid.with_layer_deletion(layer), 0);
+                    }
+                    if let Some(node_pos) = maybe_dst_pos {
+                        let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                        writer.update_timestamp(t, node_pos, eid.with_layer_deletion(layer), 0);
                     }
                 }
+            }
 
-                Ok::<(), MutationError>(())
-            })?;
+            Ok::<(), MutationError>(())
+        })?;
+
+        // Copy over graph properties
+        if let Some(graph_writer) = new_storage.graph_props.writer() {
+            // Copy temporal properties
+            for (prop_name, temporal_prop) in graph.properties().temporal().iter() {
+                let prop_id = graph_storage
+                    .graph_props_meta()
+                    .temporal_prop_mapper()
+                    .get_or_create_id(&prop_name)
+                    .inner();
+
+                for (t, prop_value) in temporal_prop.iter_indexed() {
+                    let lsn = 0;
+                    graph_writer.add_properties(t, [(prop_id, prop_value)], lsn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Copy metadata (constant properties)
+            let metadata_props: Vec<_> = graph
+                .metadata()
+                .iter_filtered()
+                .map(|(prop_name, prop_value)| {
+                    let prop_id = graph_storage
+                        .graph_props_meta()
+                        .metadata_mapper()
+                        .get_or_create_id(&prop_name)
+                        .inner();
+                    (prop_id, prop_value)
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            if !metadata_props.is_empty() {
+                let lsn = 0;
+                graph_writer.update_metadata(metadata_props, lsn);
+            }
         }
+    }
+
+    Ok(graph.new_base_graph(graph_storage))
+}
 
-        Ok(self.new_base_graph(g))
+impl<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph> GraphViewOps<'graph> for G {
+    fn edges(&self) -> Edges<'graph, Self, Self> {
+        edges_inner(self, true)
+    }
+
+    fn edges_unlocked(&self) -> Edges<'graph, Self, Self> {
+        edges_inner(self, false)
+    }
+
+    fn nodes(&self) -> Nodes<'graph, Self, Self> {
+        let graph = self.clone();
+        Nodes::new(graph)
+    }
+
+    fn materialize(&self) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
+        materialize_impl(self, None)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    fn materialize_at(
+        &self,
+        path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
+        if Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            path.init()?;
+            let graph_path = path.graph_path()?;
+            let graph = materialize_impl(self, Some(graph_path.as_ref()))?;
+            path.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+            Ok(graph)
+        } else {
+            Err(GraphError::DiskGraphNotEnabled)
+        }
     }
 
     fn subgraph<I: IntoIterator<Item = V>, V: AsNodeRef>(&self, nodes: I) -> NodeSubgraph<G> {
@@ -480,7 +663,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph> GraphViewOps<'graph> for G {
         self.get_layer_names_from_ids(self.layer_ids())
     }
 
-    #[inline]
+    // #[inline]
     fn earliest_time(&self) -> Option<i64> {
         match self.filter_state() {
             FilterState::Neither => self.earliest_time_global(),
@@ -887,7 +1070,7 @@ impl<G: BoxableGraphView + Sized + Clone + 'static> IndexSpecBuilder<G> {
 
     /// Extract properties or metadata.
     fn extract_props(meta: &PropMapper) -> HashSet<usize> {
-        (0..meta.len()).collect()
+        meta.ids().collect()
     }
 
     /// Extract specified named properties or metadata.
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/edge_filter_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/edge_filter_ops.rs
index 6c15af6fd8..17accda5bd 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/edge_filter_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/edge_filter_ops.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use raphtory_api::{
     core::{entities::ELID, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
     inherit::Base,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 pub trait InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps {
     /// Set to true when filtering, used for optimisations
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub trait InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps {
     fn internal_layer_filter_edge_list_trusted(&self) -> bool;
 
     /// Filter a layer for an edge
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool;
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool;
 
     fn node_filter_includes_edge_layer_filter(&self) -> bool {
         false
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub trait InternalEdgeFilterOps {
     /// If true, all edges returned by `self.edge_list()` exist, otherwise it needs further filtering
     fn internal_edge_list_trusted(&self) -> bool;
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool;
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool;
 
     fn node_filter_includes_edge_filter(&self) -> bool {
         false
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl<G: InheritEdgeFilterOps<Base: InternalEdgeFilterOps>> InternalEdgeFilterOps
         self.base().internal_edge_list_trusted()
     }
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         self.base().internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids)
     }
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<G: InheritEdgeLayerFilterOps<Base: InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps>> InternalEdg
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.base().internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/filter_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/filter_ops.rs
index e54d54c190..332e02db22 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/filter_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/filter_ops.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
 };
 use raphtory_storage::graph::{
-    edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
+    edges::{edge_ref::EdgeEntryRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
     nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef,
 };
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum FilterState {
     Neither,
     Both,
@@ -44,16 +45,16 @@ pub trait FilterOps {
 
     fn node_list_trusted(&self) -> bool;
 
-    fn filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef) -> bool;
+    fn filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef) -> bool;
 
-    fn filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool;
+    fn filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool;
 
     fn filter_exploded_edge(&self, eid: ELID, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> bool;
 
     fn edge_list_trusted(&self) -> bool;
 
     fn exploded_filter_independent(&self) -> bool;
-    fn filter_edge_from_nodes(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef) -> bool;
+    fn filter_edge_from_nodes(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef) -> bool;
 }
 
 /// Implements all the filtering except for time semantics as it is used to define the time semantics
@@ -62,10 +63,10 @@ pub trait InnerFilterOps {
 
     fn filtered_inner(&self) -> bool;
 
-    fn filter_edge_inner(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef) -> bool;
+    fn filter_edge_inner(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef) -> bool;
 
     /// handles edge and edge layer filter (not exploded edge filter or windows)
-    fn filter_edge_layer_inner(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool;
+    fn filter_edge_layer_inner(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool;
 
     fn filter_exploded_edge_inner(&self, eid: ELID, t: TimeIndexEntry) -> bool;
 }
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> InnerFilterOps for G {
             || self.internal_exploded_edge_filtered()
     }
 
-    fn filter_edge_inner(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef) -> bool {
+    fn filter_edge_inner(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef) -> bool {
         self.internal_filter_edge(edge, self.layer_ids())
             && (self.edge_filter_includes_edge_layer_filter()
                 || edge
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> InnerFilterOps for G {
             && self.filter_edge_from_nodes(edge)
     }
 
-    fn filter_edge_layer_inner(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn filter_edge_layer_inner(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.layer_ids().contains(&layer)
             && self.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
             && (self.edge_layer_filter_includes_edge_filter()
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> FilterOps for G {
             && self.node_filter_includes_exploded_edge_filter()
     }
 
-    fn filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef) -> bool {
+    fn filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef) -> bool {
         self.internal_filter_edge(edge, self.layer_ids()) && self.filter_edge_from_nodes(edge) && {
             let time_semantics = self.edge_time_semantics();
             edge.layer_ids_iter(self.layer_ids()).any(|layer_id| {
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> FilterOps for G {
         }
     }
 
-    fn filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
             && (self.edge_layer_filter_includes_edge_filter()
                 || self.internal_filter_edge(edge, self.layer_ids()))
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> FilterOps for G {
             && self.exploded_edge_filter_includes_edge_layer_filter()
     }
 
-    fn filter_edge_from_nodes(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef) -> bool {
+    fn filter_edge_from_nodes(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef) -> bool {
         self.exploded_edge_filter_includes_node_filter()
             || self.edge_layer_filter_includes_node_filter()
             || self.edge_filter_includes_node_filter()
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> FilterOps for G {
     }
 }
 
-fn filter_edge_from_exploded_filter<G: GraphView>(view: &G, edge: EdgeStorageRef) -> bool {
+fn filter_edge_from_exploded_filter<G: GraphView>(view: &G, edge: EdgeEntryRef) -> bool {
     view.edge_filter_includes_exploded_edge_filter()
         || view.edge_layer_filter_includes_exploded_edge_filter()
         || {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/list_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/list_ops.rs
index 7f56c5852d..a3da49bbb0 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/list_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/list_ops.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::{
     core::entities::{EID, VID},
     db::api::{state::Index, view::Base},
 };
+use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
 use rayon::{iter::Either, prelude::*};
 use std::hash::Hash;
 
@@ -62,45 +63,36 @@ impl<I: Copy + Eq + Hash + Into<usize> + From<usize> + Send + Sync> List<I> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = I> + '_ {
-        match self {
-            List::All { len } => Either::Left((0..*len).into_par_iter().map(From::from)),
-            List::List { elems } => Either::Right(elems.par_iter()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_par_iter(self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = I> {
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
-            List::All { len } => Either::Left((0..len).into_par_iter().map(From::from)),
-            List::List { elems } => Either::Right(elems.into_par_iter()),
+            List::All { len } => *len,
+            List::List { elems } => elems.len(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = I> + '_ {
-        match self {
-            List::All { len } => Either::Left((0..*len).map(From::from)),
-            List::List { elems } => Either::Right(elems.iter()),
-        }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+impl List<VID> {
+    pub fn nodes_iter(self, g: &GraphStorage) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> {
         match self {
-            List::All { len } => *len,
-            List::List { elems } => elems.len(),
+            List::All { .. } => {
+                let sc = g.node_segment_counts();
+                Either::Left(sc.into_iter())
+            }
+            List::List { elems } => Either::Right(elems.into_iter()),
         }
     }
-}
-
-impl<I: Copy + Eq + Hash + Into<usize> + From<usize> + Send + Sync + 'static> IntoIterator
-    for List<I>
-{
-    type Item = I;
-    type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Self::Item> + Send + Sync>;
 
-    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+    pub fn nodes_par_iter(self, g: &GraphStorage) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = VID> {
         match self {
-            List::All { len } => Box::new((0..len).map(From::from)),
-            List::List { elems } => Box::new(elems.into_iter()),
+            List::All { .. } => {
+                let sc = g.node_segment_counts();
+                Either::Left(sc.into_par_iter())
+            }
+            List::List { elems } => Either::Right(elems.into_par_iter()),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/materialize.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/materialize.rs
index 48da6a413a..9fb808750e 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/materialize.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/materialize.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,17 @@ use crate::{
         api::view::internal::*,
         graph::{graph::Graph, views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph},
     },
+    errors::GraphError,
     prelude::*,
 };
-use raphtory_api::{iter::BoxedLDIter, GraphType};
+use raphtory_api::{iter::BoxedLIter, GraphType};
 use raphtory_storage::{graph::graph::GraphStorage, mutation::InheritMutationOps};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::ops::Range;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+#[cfg(feature = "io")]
+use crate::serialise::GraphPaths;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum MaterializedGraph {
     EventGraph(Graph),
     PersistentGraph(PersistentGraph),
@@ -94,12 +97,31 @@ impl MaterializedGraph {
             MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(g) => Some(g),
         }
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    pub fn load_from_path(path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized)) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let meta = path.read_metadata()?;
+        if meta.is_diskgraph {
+            match meta.graph_type {
+                GraphType::EventGraph => Ok(Self::EventGraph(Graph::load_from_path(path)?)),
+                GraphType::PersistentGraph => Ok(Self::PersistentGraph(
+                    PersistentGraph::load_from_path(path)?,
+                )),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(GraphError::NotADiskGraph)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl InternalStorageOps for MaterializedGraph {
     fn get_storage(&self) -> Option<&Storage> {
         for_all!(self, g => g.get_storage())
     }
+
+    fn disk_storage_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        for_all!(self, g => g.disk_storage_path())
+    }
 }
 
 impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for MaterializedGraph {
@@ -139,7 +161,7 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for MaterializedGraph {
         for_all!(self, g => g.has_temporal_prop(prop_id))
     }
 
-    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         for_all!(self, g => g.temporal_prop_iter(prop_id))
     }
 
@@ -152,10 +174,19 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for MaterializedGraph {
         prop_id: usize,
         start: i64,
         end: i64,
-    ) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         for_all!(self, g => g.temporal_prop_iter_window(prop_id, start, end))
     }
 
+    fn temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(
+        &self,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        start: i64,
+        end: i64,
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        for_all!(self, g => g.temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(prop_id, start, end))
+    }
+
     fn temporal_prop_last_at(
         &self,
         prop_id: usize,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/mod.rs
index d14808737e..89dd8c40e3 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/mod.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use std::{
     fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
+    path::Path,
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
@@ -103,6 +104,10 @@ pub trait InheritStorageOps: Base {}
 
 pub trait InternalStorageOps {
     fn get_storage(&self) -> Option<&Storage>;
+
+    /// Returns the path if the underlying storage saves data to disk,
+    /// or `None` if the storage is in-memory only.
+    fn disk_storage_path(&self) -> Option<&Path>;
 }
 
 impl<G: InheritStorageOps> InternalStorageOps for G
@@ -112,6 +117,10 @@ where
     fn get_storage(&self) -> Option<&Storage> {
         self.base().get_storage()
     }
+
+    fn disk_storage_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.base().disk_storage_path()
+    }
 }
 
 /// Trait for marking a struct as not dynamically dispatched.
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/base_time_semantics.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/base_time_semantics.rs
index 357378dbfa..4d1e71b4bd 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/base_time_semantics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/base_time_semantics.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{properties::prop::Prop, LayerIds, ELID},
     storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::graph::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::graph::nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum BaseTimeSemantics {
@@ -204,10 +205,20 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter(node, view, prop_id))
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn node_tprop_iter_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter_rev(node, view, prop_id))
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     fn node_tprop_iter_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
@@ -215,10 +226,21 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter_window(node, view, prop_id, w))
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn node_tprop_iter_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        w: Range<i64>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter_window_rev(node, view, prop_id, w))
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     fn node_tprop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
@@ -253,14 +275,14 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.handle_edge_update_filter(t, eid, view))
     }
 
-    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.include_edge(edge, view, layer_id))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn include_edge_window<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         layer_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -285,7 +307,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -295,7 +317,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -306,7 +328,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_count<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> usize {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_exploded_count(edge, view))
@@ -315,7 +337,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_count_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> usize {
@@ -325,7 +347,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -335,7 +357,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -345,7 +367,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_window_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -356,7 +378,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_window_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -367,7 +389,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_earliest_time(e, view))
@@ -376,7 +398,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -386,7 +408,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -397,7 +419,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -409,7 +431,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_latest_time(e, view))
@@ -418,7 +440,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -428,7 +450,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -439,7 +461,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -451,7 +473,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_deletion_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -461,7 +483,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_deletion_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -472,7 +494,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_is_valid(e, view))
@@ -481,7 +503,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         r: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -491,7 +513,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_deleted<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_is_deleted(e, view))
@@ -500,7 +522,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_deleted_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -510,7 +532,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_is_active(e, view))
@@ -519,7 +541,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -529,7 +551,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -540,7 +562,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -552,7 +574,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -563,7 +585,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -575,7 +597,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_deletion<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -586,7 +608,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_deletion_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -598,7 +620,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -610,7 +632,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -623,7 +645,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -637,7 +659,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -648,7 +670,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -660,7 +682,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -671,7 +693,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -682,7 +704,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -694,7 +716,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -706,7 +728,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
     ) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -716,7 +738,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for BaseTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_metadata_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/event_semantics.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/event_semantics.rs
index c72c94e540..3a3e3c9ef2 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/event_semantics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/event_semantics.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
 };
 use raphtory_storage::graph::{
-    edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
+    edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps,
     nodes::{node_ref::NodeStorageRef, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
 };
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct EventSemantics;
@@ -131,14 +132,7 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
-        node.temp_prop_rows().map(|(t, row)| {
-            (
-                t,
-                row.into_iter()
-                    .filter_map(|(id, prop)| Some((id, prop?)))
-                    .collect(),
-            )
-        })
+        node.temp_prop_rows().map(|(t, _, row)| (t, row))
     }
 
     fn node_updates_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
@@ -147,15 +141,8 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
         _view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
-        node.temp_prop_rows_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(w))
-            .map(|(t, row)| {
-                (
-                    t,
-                    row.into_iter()
-                        .filter_map(|(id, prop)| Some((id, prop?)))
-                        .collect(),
-                )
-            })
+        node.temp_prop_rows_range(Some(TimeIndexEntry::range(w)))
+            .map(|(t, _, row)| (t, row))
     }
 
     fn node_valid<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
@@ -180,20 +167,40 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         node.tprop(prop_id).iter()
     }
 
+    fn node_tprop_iter_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        _view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        node.tprop(prop_id).iter_rev()
+    }
+
     fn node_tprop_iter_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         node.tprop(prop_id).iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(w))
     }
 
+    fn node_tprop_iter_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        _view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        w: Range<i64>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        node.tprop(prop_id)
+            .iter_window_rev(TimeIndexEntry::range(w))
+    }
+
     fn node_tprop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
@@ -233,14 +240,14 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
         view.filter_exploded_edge_inner(eid, t).then_some((t, eid))
     }
 
-    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
         !edge.filtered_additions(layer_id, &view).is_empty()
             || !edge.filtered_deletions(layer_id, &view).is_empty()
     }
 
     fn include_edge_window<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         layer_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -275,7 +282,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -286,7 +293,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -303,7 +310,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_count<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> usize {
         edge.filtered_additions_iter(&view, view.layer_ids())
@@ -313,7 +320,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_count_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> usize {
@@ -324,7 +331,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -333,7 +340,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_window_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -364,7 +371,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_window_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -378,7 +385,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         e.filtered_additions_iter(&view, view.layer_ids())
@@ -392,7 +399,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -407,7 +414,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -418,7 +425,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -432,7 +439,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         e.filtered_additions_iter(&view, view.layer_ids())
@@ -446,7 +453,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -461,7 +468,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -471,7 +478,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -482,7 +489,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_deletion_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -493,7 +500,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_deletion_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -511,7 +518,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// An edge is valid with event semantics if it has at least one addition event in the current view
     fn edge_is_valid<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         e.filtered_additions_iter(&view, view.layer_ids())
@@ -521,7 +528,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// An edge is valid in a window with event semantics if it has at least one addition event in the current view in the window
     fn edge_is_valid_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -532,7 +539,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// An edge is deleted with event semantics if it has at least one deletion event in the current view
     fn edge_is_deleted<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         e.filtered_deletions_iter(&view, view.layer_ids())
@@ -542,7 +549,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// An edge is deleted in a window with event semantics if it has at least one deletion event in the current view in the window
     fn edge_is_deleted_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -553,7 +560,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// An edge is valid with event semantics if it has at least one event in the current view
     fn edge_is_active<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         self.edge_is_valid(e, &view) || self.edge_is_deleted(e, &view)
@@ -562,7 +569,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// An edge is active in a window with event semantics if it has at least one event in the current view in the window
     fn edge_is_active_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -571,7 +578,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -581,7 +588,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -595,7 +602,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// (i.e., it's corresponding event is part of the view)
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -607,7 +614,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     /// (i.e., it's corresponding event is part of the view)
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -618,7 +625,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        _e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        _e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
         _t: TimeIndexEntry,
         _layer: usize,
@@ -628,7 +635,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        _e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        _e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
         _t: TimeIndexEntry,
         _layer: usize,
@@ -639,7 +646,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -655,7 +662,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -671,7 +678,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -688,7 +695,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -701,7 +708,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -722,7 +729,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -734,19 +741,22 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         e.filtered_temporal_prop_iter(prop_id, view, layer_ids)
-            .map(|(layer_id, prop)| prop.iter().rev().map(move |(t, v)| (t, layer_id, v)))
+            .map(|(layer_id, prop)| {
+                prop.iter_inner_rev(None)
+                    .map(move |(t, v)| (t, layer_id, v))
+            })
             .kmerge_by(|(t1, _, _), (t2, _, _)| t1 >= t2)
     }
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -762,7 +772,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -770,8 +780,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         e.filtered_temporal_prop_iter(prop_id, view, layer_ids)
             .map(move |(layer_id, prop)| {
-                prop.iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(w.clone()))
-                    .rev()
+                prop.iter_inner_rev(Some(TimeIndexEntry::range(w.clone())))
                     .map(move |(t, v)| (t, layer_id, v))
             })
             .kmerge_by(|(t1, _, _), (t2, _, _)| t1 >= t2)
@@ -779,7 +788,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
     ) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -792,7 +801,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for EventSemantics {
 
     fn edge_metadata_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_edge.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_edge.rs
index d664766fb2..7d9f106159 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_edge.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_edge.rs
@@ -10,37 +10,38 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     },
     storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
 };
-use raphtory_storage::graph::edges::{
-    edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef,
-    edge_storage_ops::{EdgeStorageOps, TimeIndexRef},
-    edges::EdgesStorage,
-};
+use raphtory_storage::graph::edges::{edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, edges::EdgesStorage};
 use rayon::iter::ParallelIterator;
-use std::{iter, ops::Range};
+use std::{iter, marker::PhantomData, ops::Range};
+use storage::{EdgeAdditions, EdgeDeletions, EdgeEntryRef};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G> {
+pub struct FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G, TS> {
     eid: ELID,
-    time_index: TimeIndexRef<'graph>,
+    time_index: TS,
     view: G,
+    _marker: PhantomData<&'graph ()>,
 }
 
-impl<'graph, G> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G> {
-    pub fn invert(self) -> InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G> {
+impl<'a, TS: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TS>, G: GraphView + 'a>
+    FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TS>
+{
+    pub fn invert(self) -> InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TS> {
         InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex {
             eid: self.eid,
             time_index: self.time_index,
             view: self.view,
+            _marker: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn unfiltered(&self) -> TimeIndexRef<'graph> {
+    pub fn unfiltered(&self) -> TS {
         self.time_index.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> TimeIndexOps<'a>
-    for FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G>
+impl<'a, TS: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TS>, G: GraphView + 'a>
+    TimeIndexOps<'a> for FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TS>
 {
     type IndexType = TimeIndexEntry;
     type RangeType = Self;
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ impl<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> TimeIndexOps<'a>
             eid: self.eid,
             time_index: self.time_index.range(w),
             view: self.view.clone(),
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ impl<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> TimeIndexOps<'a>
 
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
         if self.view.internal_exploded_edge_filtered() {
-            self.iter().count()
+            self.clone().iter().count()
         } else {
             self.time_index.len()
         }
@@ -107,14 +109,15 @@ impl<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> TimeIndexOps<'a>
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G> {
+pub struct InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G, TS> {
     eid: ELID,
-    time_index: TimeIndexRef<'graph>,
+    time_index: TS,
     view: G,
+    _marker: PhantomData<&'graph ()>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> TimeIndexOps<'a>
-    for InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G>
+impl<'a, G: GraphView + 'a, TS: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TS>>
+    TimeIndexOps<'a> for InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TS>
 {
     type IndexType = TimeIndexEntry;
     type RangeType = Self;
@@ -141,6 +144,7 @@ impl<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> TimeIndexOps<'a>
             eid: self.eid,
             time_index: self.time_index.range(w),
             view: self.view.clone(),
+            _marker: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ impl<'a, 'graph: 'a, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> TimeIndexOps<'a>
 
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
         if self.view.internal_exploded_edge_filtered() {
-            self.iter().count()
+            self.clone().iter().count()
         } else {
             0
         }
@@ -191,37 +195,59 @@ pub struct FilteredEdgeTProp<G, P> {
 impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, P: TPropOps<'graph>> TPropOps<'graph>
     for FilteredEdgeTProp<G, P>
 {
-    fn iter(
+    // fn iter(
+    //     self,
+    // ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    //     let view = self.view.clone();
+    //     let eid = self.eid;
+    //     self.props
+    //         .iter()
+    //         .filter(move |(t, _)| view.filter_edge_history(eid, *t, view.layer_ids()))
+    // }
+
+    // fn iter_window(
+    //     self,
+    //     r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
+    // ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    //     let view = self.view.clone();
+    //     let eid = self.eid;
+    //     self.props
+    //         .iter_window(r)
+    //         .filter(move |(t, _)| view.filter_edge_history(eid, *t, view.layer_ids()))
+    // }
+
+    fn at(&self, ti: &TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<Prop> {
+        if self
+            .view
+            .internal_filter_exploded_edge(self.eid, *ti, self.view.layer_ids())
+        {
+            self.props.at(ti)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn iter_inner(
         self,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         let view = self.view.clone();
         let eid = self.eid;
         self.props
-            .iter()
+            .iter_inner(range)
             .filter(move |(t, _)| view.internal_filter_exploded_edge(eid, *t, view.layer_ids()))
     }
 
-    fn iter_window(
+    fn iter_inner_rev(
         self,
-        r: Range<TimeIndexEntry>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        range: Option<Range<TimeIndexEntry>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         let view = self.view.clone();
         let eid = self.eid;
         self.props
-            .iter_window(r)
+            .iter_inner_rev(range)
             .filter(move |(t, _)| view.internal_filter_exploded_edge(eid, *t, view.layer_ids()))
     }
-
-    fn at(&self, ti: &TimeIndexEntry) -> Option<Prop> {
-        if self
-            .view
-            .internal_filter_exploded_edge(self.eid, *ti, self.view.layer_ids())
-        {
-            self.props.at(ti)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 pub trait FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> {
@@ -235,39 +261,39 @@ pub trait FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> {
         self,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>)>;
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeAdditions<'a>>)>;
 
-    fn filtered_deletions_iter<G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
+    fn filtered_deletions_iter<G: GraphView + 'a>(
         self,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>)>;
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeDeletions<'a>>)>;
 
-    fn filtered_updates_iter<G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
+    fn filtered_updates_iter<G: GraphView + 'a>(
         self,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<
         Item = (
             usize,
-            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
-            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
+            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeAdditions<'a>>,
+            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeDeletions<'a>>,
         ),
     > + 'a;
 
-    fn filtered_additions<G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
+    fn filtered_additions<G: GraphView + 'a>(
         self,
         layer_id: usize,
         view: G,
-    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>;
+    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeAdditions<'a>>;
 
-    fn filtered_deletions<G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
+    fn filtered_deletions<G: GraphView + 'a>(
         self,
         layer_id: usize,
         view: G,
-    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>;
+    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeDeletions<'a>>;
 
-    fn filtered_temporal_prop_layer<G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
+    fn filtered_temporal_prop_layer<G: GraphView + 'a>(
         self,
         layer_id: usize,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -281,7 +307,7 @@ pub trait FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> {
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, impl TPropOps<'a>)> + 'a;
 
-    fn filtered_edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+    fn filtered_edge_metadata<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -289,7 +315,7 @@ pub trait FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> {
     ) -> Option<Prop>;
 }
 
-impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
+impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeEntryRef<'a> {
     fn filtered_layer_ids_iter<G: GraphView + 'a>(
         self,
         view: G,
@@ -303,7 +329,7 @@ impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
         self,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>)> {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeAdditions<'a>>)> {
         self.filtered_layer_ids_iter(view.clone(), layer_ids)
             .map(move |layer_id| (layer_id, self.filtered_additions(layer_id, view.clone())))
     }
@@ -312,7 +338,7 @@ impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
         self,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>)> {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeDeletions<'a>>)> {
         self.filtered_layer_ids_iter(view.clone(), layer_ids)
             .map(move |layer| (layer, self.filtered_deletions(layer, view.clone())))
     }
@@ -324,8 +350,8 @@ impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
     ) -> impl Iterator<
         Item = (
             usize,
-            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
-            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
+            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, storage::EdgeAdditions<'a>>,
+            FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, storage::EdgeDeletions<'a>>,
         ),
     > + 'a {
         self.filtered_layer_ids_iter(view.clone(), layer_ids)
@@ -342,11 +368,12 @@ impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
         self,
         layer_id: usize,
         view: G,
-    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G> {
+    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeAdditions<'a>> {
         FilteredEdgeTimeIndex {
             eid: self.eid().with_layer(layer_id),
             time_index: self.additions(layer_id),
             view,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -354,11 +381,12 @@ impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
         self,
         layer_id: usize,
         view: G,
-    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G> {
+    ) -> FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, storage::EdgeDeletions<'a>> {
         FilteredEdgeTimeIndex {
             eid: self.eid().with_layer_deletion(layer_id),
             time_index: self.deletions(layer_id),
             view,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -390,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'a> FilteredEdgeStorageOps<'a> for EdgeStorageRef<'a> {
             })
     }
 
-    fn filtered_edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+    fn filtered_edge_metadata<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -420,7 +448,7 @@ pub trait FilteredEdgesStorageOps {
         &'a self,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeStorageRef<'a>> + 'a;
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeEntryRef<'a>> + 'a;
 }
 
 impl FilteredEdgesStorageOps for EdgesStorage {
@@ -428,7 +456,7 @@ impl FilteredEdgesStorageOps for EdgesStorage {
         &'a self,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'a LayerIds,
-    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeStorageRef<'a>> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl ParallelIterator<Item = EdgeEntryRef<'a>> + 'a {
         let par_iter = self.par_iter(layer_ids);
         match view.filter_state() {
             FilterState::Neither => FilterVariants::Neither(par_iter),
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_node.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_node.rs
index f392e7b997..1ad3734a6b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_node.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/filtered_node.rs
@@ -11,42 +11,40 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
     Direction,
 };
-use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndexWindow;
-use raphtory_storage::{
-    core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
-    graph::nodes::{node_additions::NodeAdditions, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
-};
+use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, graph::nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps};
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::gen_ts::ALL_LAYERS;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct NodeHistory<'a, G> {
-    pub(crate) additions: NodeAdditions<'a>,
+    pub(crate) edge_history: storage::NodeEdgeAdditions<'a>,
+    pub(crate) additions: storage::NodePropAdditions<'a>,
     pub(crate) view: G,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct NodeEdgeHistory<'a, G> {
-    pub(crate) additions: NodeAdditions<'a>,
+    pub(crate) additions: storage::NodeEdgeAdditions<'a>,
     pub(crate) view: G,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct NodePropHistory<'a, G> {
-    pub(crate) additions: NodeAdditions<'a>,
+    pub(crate) additions: storage::NodePropAdditions<'a>,
     pub(crate) view: G,
 }
 
 impl<'a, G: Clone> NodeHistory<'a, G> {
     pub fn edge_history(&self) -> NodeEdgeHistory<'a, G> {
         NodeEdgeHistory {
-            additions: self.additions.clone(),
+            additions: self.edge_history,
             view: self.view.clone(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn prop_history(&self) -> NodePropHistory<'a, G> {
         NodePropHistory {
-            additions: self.additions.clone(),
+            additions: self.additions,
             view: self.view.clone(),
         }
     }
@@ -81,21 +79,7 @@ impl<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>> TimeIndexOps<'a> for NodePropHistory<'a, G> {
     type RangeType = Self;
 
     fn active(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> bool {
-        let history = &self.additions;
-        match history {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(h) => h.props_ts().active(w),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(h) => match h {
-                TimeIndexWindow::Empty => false,
-                TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => {
-                    let start = range.start.max(w.start);
-                    let end = range.end.min(w.end).max(start);
-                    timeindex.props_ts().active(start..end)
-                }
-                TimeIndexWindow::All(h) => h.props_ts().active(w),
-            },
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(h) => h.with_range(w).prop_events().any(|t| !t.is_empty()),
-        }
+        self.additions.active(w)
     }
 
     fn range(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> Self::RangeType {
@@ -107,41 +91,19 @@ impl<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>> TimeIndexOps<'a> for NodePropHistory<'a, G> {
     }
 
     fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        self.additions.prop_events()
+        self.additions.iter()
     }
 
     fn iter_rev(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'a {
-        self.additions.prop_events_rev()
+        self.additions.iter_rev()
     }
 
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        match &self.additions {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(additions) => additions.props_ts.len(),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(additions) => match additions {
-                TimeIndexWindow::Empty => 0,
-                TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => {
-                    (&timeindex.props_ts).range(range.clone()).len()
-                }
-                TimeIndexWindow::All(timeindex) => timeindex.props_ts.len(),
-            },
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(additions) => additions.clone().prop_events().map(|t| t.len()).sum(),
-        }
+        self.additions.len()
     }
 
     fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        match &self.additions {
-            NodeAdditions::Mem(additions) => additions.props_ts.is_empty(),
-            NodeAdditions::Range(additions) => match additions {
-                TimeIndexWindow::Empty => true,
-                TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => {
-                    (&timeindex.props_ts).range(range.clone()).is_empty()
-                }
-                TimeIndexWindow::All(timeindex) => timeindex.props_ts.is_empty(),
-            },
-            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-            NodeAdditions::Col(additions) => additions.clone().prop_events().all(|t| t.is_empty()),
-        }
+        self.additions.is_empty()
     }
 }
 
@@ -171,18 +133,7 @@ impl<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>> TimeIndexOps<'a> for NodeEdgeHistory<'a, G> {
 
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
         if matches!(self.view.filter_state(), FilterState::Neither) {
-            match &self.additions {
-                NodeAdditions::Mem(additions) => additions.edge_ts.len(),
-                NodeAdditions::Range(additions) => match additions {
-                    TimeIndexWindow::Empty => 0,
-                    TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => {
-                        (&timeindex.edge_ts).range(range.clone()).len()
-                    }
-                    TimeIndexWindow::All(timeindex) => timeindex.edge_ts.len(),
-                },
-                #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-                NodeAdditions::Col(additions) => additions.edge_history().count(),
-            }
+            self.additions.len()
         } else {
             self.history().count()
         }
@@ -190,20 +141,7 @@ impl<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>> TimeIndexOps<'a> for NodeEdgeHistory<'a, G> {
 
     fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         if matches!(self.view.filter_state(), FilterState::Neither) {
-            match &self.additions {
-                NodeAdditions::Mem(additions) => additions.edge_ts.is_empty(),
-                NodeAdditions::Range(additions) => match additions {
-                    TimeIndexWindow::Empty => true,
-                    TimeIndexWindow::Range { timeindex, range } => {
-                        (&timeindex.edge_ts).range(range.clone()).is_empty()
-                    }
-                    TimeIndexWindow::All(timeindex) => timeindex.edge_ts.is_empty(),
-                },
-                #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-                NodeAdditions::Col(additions) => {
-                    additions.clone().edge_events().all(|t| t.is_empty())
-                }
-            }
+            self.additions.is_empty()
         } else {
             self.history().next().is_none()
         }
@@ -219,9 +157,14 @@ impl<'b, G: GraphViewOps<'b>> TimeIndexOps<'b> for NodeHistory<'b, G> {
     }
 
     fn range(&self, w: Range<Self::IndexType>) -> Self {
+        let edge_history = self.edge_history.range(w.clone());
         let additions = self.additions.range(w);
         let view = self.view.clone();
-        NodeHistory { additions, view }
+        NodeHistory {
+            edge_history,
+            additions,
+            view,
+        }
     }
 
     fn iter(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::IndexType> + Send + Sync + 'b {
@@ -248,8 +191,14 @@ pub trait FilteredNodeStorageOps<'a>: NodeStorageOps<'a> {
     ///
     /// Note that this is an internal API that does not apply the window filtering!
     fn history<G: GraphView + 'a>(self, view: G) -> NodeHistory<'a, G> {
-        let additions = self.additions();
-        NodeHistory { additions, view }
+        // FIXME: new storage supports multiple layers, we can be specific about the layers here once NodeStorageOps is updated
+        let additions = self.node_additions(ALL_LAYERS);
+        let edge_history = self.node_edge_additions(ALL_LAYERS);
+        NodeHistory {
+            edge_history,
+            additions,
+            view,
+        }
     }
 
     fn edge_history<G: GraphView + 'a>(self, view: G) -> NodeEdgeHistory<'a, G> {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/mod.rs
index 38fab2e5cf..9b66c9b025 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use crate::db::api::view::BoxedLDIter;
 use raphtory_api::{
     core::{entities::properties::prop::Prop, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
     inherit::Base,
+    iter::BoxedLIter,
 };
 use std::ops::Range;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub trait GraphTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// A vector of tuples representing the temporal values of the property
     /// that fall within the specified time window, where the first element of each tuple is the timestamp
     /// and the second element is the property value.
-    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)>;
+    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)>;
     /// Check if graph has temporal property with the given id in the window
     ///
     /// # Arguments
@@ -87,7 +87,28 @@ pub trait GraphTimeSemanticsOps {
         prop_id: usize,
         start: i64,
         end: i64,
-    ) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)>;
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)>;
+
+    /// Returns all temporal values of the graph property with the given name
+    /// that fall within the specified time window in reverse order.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `name` - The name of the property to retrieve.
+    /// * `start` - The start time of the window to consider.
+    /// * `end` - The end time of the window to consider.
+    ///
+    /// Returns:
+    ///
+    /// Iterator of tuples representing the temporal values of the property in reverse order
+    /// that fall within the specified time window, where the first element of each tuple is the timestamp
+    /// and the second element is the property value.
+    fn temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(
+        &self,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        start: i64,
+        end: i64,
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)>;
 
     /// Returns the value and update time for the temporal graph property at or before a given timestamp
     fn temporal_prop_last_at(
@@ -165,7 +186,7 @@ impl<G: DelegateTimeSemantics + ?Sized> GraphTimeSemanticsOps for G {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         self.graph().temporal_prop_iter(prop_id)
     }
 
@@ -180,10 +201,21 @@ impl<G: DelegateTimeSemantics + ?Sized> GraphTimeSemanticsOps for G {
         prop_id: usize,
         start: i64,
         end: i64,
-    ) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         self.graph().temporal_prop_iter_window(prop_id, start, end)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(
+        &self,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        start: i64,
+        end: i64,
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        self.graph()
+            .temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(prop_id, start, end)
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_prop_last_at(
         &self,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/persistent_semantics.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/persistent_semantics.rs
index 42819aef9e..c3108241b3 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/persistent_semantics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/persistent_semantics.rs
@@ -21,22 +21,33 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     storage::timeindex::{AsTime, MergedTimeIndex, TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
 };
 use raphtory_storage::graph::{
-    edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
+    edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps,
     nodes::{node_ref::NodeStorageRef, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
 };
 use std::{iter, ops::Range};
-
-fn alive_before<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
-    additions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
-    deletions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
+use storage::{EdgeAdditions, EdgeDeletions, EdgeEntryRef};
+
+fn alive_before<
+    'a,
+    G: GraphViewOps<'a>,
+    TSA: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TSA>,
+    TSD: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TSD>,
+>(
+    additions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TSA>,
+    deletions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TSD>,
     t: i64,
 ) -> bool {
     last_before(additions, deletions, t).is_some()
 }
 
-fn last_before<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
-    additions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
-    deletions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
+fn last_before<
+    'a,
+    G: GraphViewOps<'a>,
+    TSA: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TSA>,
+    TSD: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TSD>,
+>(
+    additions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TSA>,
+    deletions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TSD>,
     t: i64,
 ) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
     let last_addition_before_start = additions.range_t(i64::MIN..t).last();
@@ -51,9 +62,14 @@ fn last_before<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
     }
 }
 
-fn persisted_event<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
-    additions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
-    deletions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G>,
+fn persisted_event<
+    'a,
+    G: GraphViewOps<'a>,
+    TSA: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TSA>,
+    TSD: TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry, RangeType = TSD>,
+>(
+    additions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TSA>,
+    deletions: FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, TSD>,
     t: i64,
 ) -> Option<TimeIndexEntry> {
     let active_at_start = deletions.active_t(t..t.saturating_add(1))
@@ -66,7 +82,7 @@ fn persisted_event<'a, G: GraphViewOps<'a>>(
 }
 
 fn edge_alive_at_end<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+    e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
     t: i64,
     view: G,
 ) -> bool {
@@ -75,7 +91,7 @@ fn edge_alive_at_end<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
 }
 
 fn edge_alive_at_start<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+    e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
     t: i64,
     view: G,
 ) -> bool {
@@ -105,11 +121,14 @@ fn node_has_valid_edges<'graph, G: GraphView>(
         })
 }
 
-fn merged_deletions<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
-    e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+fn merged_deletions<'a, G: GraphView + 'a>(
+    e: EdgeEntryRef<'a>,
     view: G,
     layer: usize,
-) -> MergedTimeIndex<FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G>, InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'graph, G>> {
+) -> MergedTimeIndex<
+    FilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeDeletions<'a>>,
+    InvertedFilteredEdgeTimeIndex<'a, G, EdgeAdditions<'a>>,
+> {
     e.filtered_deletions(layer, view.clone())
         .merge(e.filtered_additions(layer, view).invert())
 }
@@ -132,23 +151,37 @@ fn last_prop_value_before<'a, 'b>(
 fn persisted_prop_value_at<'a, 'b>(
     t: i64,
     props: impl TPropOps<'a>,
+    additions: impl TimeIndexOps<'b, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>,
     deletions: impl TimeIndexOps<'b, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>,
-) -> Option<Prop> {
+) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
     if props.active_t(t..t.saturating_add(1)) || deletions.active_t(t..t.saturating_add(1)) {
         None
     } else {
-        last_prop_value_before(TimeIndexEntry::start(t), props, deletions).map(|(_, v)| v)
+        persisted_secondary_index(t, additions).and_then(|index| {
+            last_prop_value_before(TimeIndexEntry::start(t), props, deletions)
+                .map(|(_, v)| (TimeIndexEntry(t, index), v))
+        })
     }
 }
 
+fn persisted_secondary_index<'a>(
+    t: i64,
+    additions: impl TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>,
+) -> Option<usize> {
+    additions
+        .range_t(t..t.saturating_add(1))
+        .first()
+        .or_else(|| additions.range_t(i64::MIN..t).last())
+        .map(|t| t.i())
+}
+
 /// Exclude anything from the window that happens before the last deletion at the start of the window
 fn interior_window<'a>(
     w: Range<i64>,
     deletions: &impl TimeIndexOps<'a, IndexType = TimeIndexEntry>,
 ) -> Range<TimeIndexEntry> {
-    let start = deletions
-        .range_t(w.start..w.start.saturating_add(1))
-        .last()
+    let last: Option<TimeIndexEntry> = deletions.range_t(w.start..w.start.saturating_add(1)).last();
+    let start = last
         .map(|t| t.next())
         .unwrap_or(TimeIndexEntry::start(w.start));
     start..TimeIndexEntry::start(w.end)
@@ -292,30 +325,28 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
-        node.temp_prop_rows().map(|(t, row)| {
-            (
-                t,
-                row.into_iter().filter_map(|(i, v)| Some((i, v?))).collect(),
-            )
-        })
+        node.temp_prop_rows().map(|(t, _, row)| (t, row))
     }
 
     fn node_updates_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
-        _view: G,
+        view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Vec<(usize, Prop)>)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         let start = w.start;
         let first_row = if node
             .additions()
             .range(TimeIndexEntry::range(i64::MIN..start))
-            .prop_events()
+            .iter()
             .next()
             .is_some()
         {
             Some(
-                node.tprops()
+                view.node_meta()
+                    .temporal_prop_mapper()
+                    .ids()
+                    .map(|prop_id| (prop_id, node.tprop(prop_id)))
                     .filter_map(|(i, tprop)| {
                         if tprop.active_t(start..start.saturating_add(1)) {
                             None
@@ -334,13 +365,8 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
             .into_iter()
             .map(move |row| (TimeIndexEntry::start(start), row))
             .chain(
-                node.temp_prop_rows_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(w))
-                    .map(|(t, row)| {
-                        (
-                            t,
-                            row.into_iter().filter_map(|(i, v)| Some((i, v?))).collect(),
-                        )
-                    }),
+                node.temp_prop_rows_range(Some(TimeIndexEntry::range(w)))
+                    .map(|(t, _, row)| (t, row)),
             )
     }
 
@@ -375,17 +401,26 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         node.tprop(prop_id).iter()
     }
 
+    fn node_tprop_iter_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        _view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        node.tprop(prop_id).iter_rev()
+    }
+
     fn node_tprop_iter_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         _view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         let prop = node.tprop(prop_id);
         let first = if prop.active_t(w.start..w.start.saturating_add(1)) {
             None
@@ -398,6 +433,23 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
             .chain(prop.iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(w)))
     }
 
+    fn node_tprop_iter_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        _view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        w: Range<i64>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        let prop = node.tprop(prop_id);
+        let first = if prop.active_t(w.start..w.start.saturating_add(1)) {
+            None
+        } else {
+            prop.last_before(TimeIndexEntry::start(w.start))
+                .map(|(t, v)| (t.max(TimeIndexEntry::start(w.start)), v))
+        };
+        prop.iter_window_rev(TimeIndexEntry::range(w)).chain(first)
+    }
+
     fn node_tprop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
@@ -467,19 +519,14 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
         }
     }
 
-    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(
-        &self,
-        _edge: EdgeStorageRef,
-        _view: G,
-        _layer_id: usize,
-    ) -> bool {
+    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, _edge: EdgeEntryRef, _view: G, _layer_id: usize) -> bool {
         // history filtering only maps additions to deletions and thus doesn't filter edges
         true
     }
 
     fn include_edge_window<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         layer_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -535,7 +582,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_history<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -544,7 +591,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_history_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -559,7 +606,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_count<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> usize {
         EventSemantics.edge_exploded_count(edge, view)
@@ -567,7 +614,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_count_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> usize {
@@ -585,7 +632,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -594,7 +641,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_layers<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -603,7 +650,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_window_exploded<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -628,7 +675,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_window_layers<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -649,7 +696,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         e.filtered_additions_iter(&view, view.layer_ids())
@@ -663,7 +710,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -687,7 +734,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -697,7 +744,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -728,7 +775,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         e.filtered_additions_iter(&view, view.layer_ids())
@@ -742,7 +789,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -770,7 +817,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -788,7 +835,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -820,7 +867,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_deletion_history<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -836,7 +883,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_deletion_history_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -856,7 +903,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_valid<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         edge_alive_at_end(e, i64::MAX, view)
@@ -864,7 +911,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_valid_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         r: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -873,7 +920,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_deleted<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         !edge_alive_at_end(e, i64::MAX, view)
@@ -881,7 +928,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_deleted_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -890,7 +937,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         e.additions_iter(view.layer_ids())
@@ -901,7 +948,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -917,7 +964,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -927,7 +974,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -939,7 +986,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
     /// An exploded edge is valid if it is the last exploded view and the edge is not deleted (i.e., there are no additions or deletions for the edge after t in the layer)
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -956,7 +1003,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
     /// (i.e., there are no additions or deletions for the edge after t in the layer in the window)
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -971,7 +1018,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -995,7 +1042,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -1022,7 +1069,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -1033,14 +1080,14 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
             .last()
             .unwrap_or(TimeIndexEntry::MIN);
         e.filtered_temporal_prop_layer(layer_id, prop_id, &view)
-            .iter_window(search_start..t.next())
-            .next_back()
+            .iter_inner_rev(Some(search_start..t.next()))
+            .next()
             .map(|(_, v)| v)
     }
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -1063,7 +1110,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -1080,7 +1127,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -1090,7 +1137,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -1107,8 +1154,8 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
                         .map(|t| t.next())
                         .unwrap_or(TimeIndexEntry::MIN);
                     e.filtered_temporal_prop_layer(layer, prop_id, &view)
-                        .iter_window(start..t.next())
-                        .next_back()
+                        .iter_inner_rev(Some(start..t.next()))
+                        .next()
                 })
                 .max_by(|(t1, _), (t2, _)| t1.cmp(t2))
                 .map(|(_, v)| v)
@@ -1119,7 +1166,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -1129,7 +1176,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_rev<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -1139,7 +1186,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -1147,14 +1194,15 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         e.filtered_temporal_prop_iter(prop_id, view.clone(), layer_ids)
             .map(|(layer, props)| {
-                let deletions = e
-                    .filtered_deletions(layer, &view)
-                    .merge(e.filtered_additions(layer, &view).invert());
-                let first_prop = persisted_prop_value_at(w.start, props.clone(), &deletions)
-                    .map(|v| (TimeIndexEntry::start(w.start), layer, v));
+                let additions = e.filtered_additions(layer, &view);
+                let deletions = e.filtered_deletions(layer, &view);
+                let merged_deletions = deletions.clone().merge(additions.clone().invert());
+                let first_prop =
+                    persisted_prop_value_at(w.start, props.clone(), additions, &merged_deletions)
+                        .map(|(ts, v)| (ts, layer, v));
                 first_prop.into_iter().chain(
                     props
-                        .iter_window(interior_window(w.clone(), &deletions))
+                        .iter_window(interior_window(w.clone(), &merged_deletions))
                         .map(move |(t, v)| (t, layer, v)),
                 )
             })
@@ -1163,7 +1211,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -1171,24 +1219,23 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         e.filtered_temporal_prop_iter(prop_id, view.clone(), layer_ids)
             .map(|(layer, props)| {
-                let deletions = merged_deletions(e, &view, layer);
-                let first_prop = persisted_prop_value_at(w.start, props.clone(), &deletions)
-                    .map(|v| (TimeIndexEntry::start(w.start), layer, v));
-                first_prop
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .chain(
-                        props
-                            .iter_window(interior_window(w.clone(), &deletions))
-                            .map(move |(t, v)| (t, layer, v)),
-                    )
-                    .rev()
+                let additions = e.filtered_additions(layer, &view);
+                let deletions = e.filtered_deletions(layer, &view);
+                let merged_deletions = deletions.clone().merge(additions.clone().invert());
+                let first_prop =
+                    persisted_prop_value_at(w.start, props.clone(), additions, &merged_deletions)
+                        .map(|(ts, v)| (ts, layer, v));
+                props
+                    .iter_inner_rev(Some(interior_window(w.clone(), &merged_deletions)))
+                    .map(move |(t, v)| (t, layer, v))
+                    .chain(first_prop.into_iter())
             })
             .kmerge_by(|(t1, _, _), (t2, _, _)| t1 >= t2)
     }
 
     fn edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
     ) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -1202,7 +1249,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentSemantics {
 
     fn edge_metadata_window<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics.rs
index ca941e0428..b22e8e9a1c 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{properties::prop::Prop, LayerIds, ELID},
     storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::graph::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::graph::nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum TimeSemantics {
@@ -135,20 +136,39 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter(node, view, prop_id))
     }
 
+    fn node_tprop_iter_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter_rev(node, view, prop_id))
+    }
+
     fn node_tprop_iter_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter_window(node, view, prop_id, w))
     }
 
+    fn node_tprop_iter_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        w: Range<i64>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        for_all_iter!(self, semantics => semantics.node_tprop_iter_window_rev(node, view, prop_id, w))
+    }
+
     fn node_tprop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
@@ -232,13 +252,13 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.handle_edge_update_filter(t, eid, view))
     }
 
-    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.include_edge(edge, view, layer_id))
     }
 
     fn include_edge_window<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         layer_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -262,7 +282,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -271,7 +291,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -281,7 +301,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_count<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> usize {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_exploded_count(edge, view))
@@ -289,7 +309,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_count_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> usize {
@@ -298,7 +318,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -307,7 +327,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -316,7 +336,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_window_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -326,7 +346,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_window_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -336,7 +356,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_earliest_time(e, view))
@@ -344,7 +364,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -353,7 +373,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -363,7 +383,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -374,7 +394,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_latest_time(e, view))
@@ -382,7 +402,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -391,7 +411,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -401,7 +421,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -412,7 +432,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_deletion_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -421,7 +441,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_deletion_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -431,7 +451,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_valid<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_is_valid(e, view))
@@ -439,7 +459,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_valid_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         r: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -448,7 +468,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_deleted<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_is_deleted(e, view))
@@ -456,7 +476,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_deleted_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -465,7 +485,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         for_all!(self, semantics => semantics.edge_is_active(e, view))
@@ -473,7 +493,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -482,7 +502,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -492,7 +512,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -503,7 +523,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -513,7 +533,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -524,7 +544,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -534,7 +554,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -545,7 +565,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -556,7 +576,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -568,7 +588,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -581,7 +601,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -591,7 +611,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -602,7 +622,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -612,7 +632,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -622,7 +642,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -633,7 +653,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -648,7 +668,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
     ///     PropValue:
     fn edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
     ) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -657,7 +677,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for TimeSemantics {
 
     fn edge_metadata_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics_ops.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics_ops.rs
index 797cd237d1..006efa913e 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics_ops.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/time_semantics_ops.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{properties::prop::Prop, LayerIds, ELID},
     storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::graph::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::graph::nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 pub trait NodeTimeSemanticsOps {
     fn node_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
@@ -117,7 +118,14 @@ pub trait NodeTimeSemanticsOps {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
+
+    fn node_tprop_iter_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
 
     fn node_tprop_iter_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
@@ -125,7 +133,15 @@ pub trait NodeTimeSemanticsOps {
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
+
+    fn node_tprop_iter_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        w: Range<i64>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
 
     fn node_tprop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
@@ -153,12 +169,12 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<(TimeIndexEntry, ELID)>;
 
-    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool;
+    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool;
 
     /// check if edge `e` should be included in window `w`
     fn include_edge_window<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         layer_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -183,7 +199,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// An iterator over timestamp and layer pairs
     fn edge_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
@@ -195,7 +211,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// An iterator over timestamp and layer pairs
     fn edge_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -204,14 +220,14 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// The number of exploded edge events for the `edge`
     fn edge_exploded_count<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> usize;
 
     /// The number of exploded edge events for the edge in the window `w`
     fn edge_exploded_count_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> usize;
@@ -219,7 +235,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Exploded edge iterator for edge `e`
     fn edge_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
@@ -227,7 +243,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Explode edge iterator for edge `e` for every layer
     fn edge_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
@@ -235,7 +251,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Exploded edge iterator for edge`e` over window `w`
     fn edge_window_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -244,7 +260,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Exploded edge iterator for edge `e` over window `w` for every layer
     fn edge_window_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -253,21 +269,21 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Get the time of the earliest activity of an edge
     fn edge_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64>;
 
     /// Get the time of the earliest activity of an edge `e` in window `w`
     fn edge_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64>;
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -275,7 +291,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -285,21 +301,21 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Get the time of the latest activity of an edge
     fn edge_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64>;
 
     /// Get the time of the latest activity of an edge `e` in window `w`
     fn edge_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64>;
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -307,7 +323,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -317,7 +333,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Get the edge deletions for use with materialize
     fn edge_deletion_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph;
@@ -325,7 +341,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Get the edge deletions for use with materialize restricted to window `w`
     fn edge_deletion_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -334,7 +350,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Check if  edge `e` is currently valid in any layer included in the view
     fn edge_is_valid<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool;
 
@@ -342,40 +358,40 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// in any layer included in the view
     fn edge_is_valid_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         r: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool;
 
     fn edge_is_deleted<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool;
 
     fn edge_is_deleted_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool;
 
     fn edge_is_active<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool;
 
     fn edge_is_active_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool;
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -383,7 +399,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_is_active_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -392,7 +408,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -400,7 +416,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -409,7 +425,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -417,7 +433,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_exploded_deletion_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -426,7 +442,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_is_deleted_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -436,7 +452,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn edge_is_deleted_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -449,7 +465,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Return the value of an edge temporal property at a given point in time and layer if it exists
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -458,7 +474,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -468,7 +484,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -480,7 +496,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Return the last value of a temporal edge property at or before a given point in time
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -488,7 +504,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
 
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -500,7 +516,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Items are (timestamp, layer_id, property value)
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -511,7 +527,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Items are (timestamp, layer_id, property value)
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -530,7 +546,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Items are (timestamp, layer_id, property value)
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -542,7 +558,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Items are (timestamp, layer_id, property value)
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -555,7 +571,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     ///     PropValue:
     fn edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
     ) -> Option<Prop>;
@@ -565,7 +581,7 @@ pub trait EdgeTimeSemanticsOps {
     /// Should only return the property for a layer if the edge exists in the window in that layer
     fn edge_metadata_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/window_time_semantics.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/window_time_semantics.rs
index 7cb469ef5e..f663d6d8ed 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/window_time_semantics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/time_semantics/window_time_semantics.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{properties::prop::Prop, LayerIds, ELID},
     storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::graph::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::graph::nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct WindowTimeSemantics {
@@ -192,11 +193,22 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
         node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         self.semantics
             .node_tprop_iter_window(node, view, prop_id, self.window.clone())
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn node_tprop_iter_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        self.semantics
+            .node_tprop_iter_window_rev(node, view, prop_id, self.window.clone())
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     fn node_tprop_iter_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
@@ -204,11 +216,23 @@ impl NodeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         self.semantics
             .node_tprop_iter_window(node, view, prop_id, w)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn node_tprop_iter_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
+        &self,
+        node: NodeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        view: G,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        w: Range<i64>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
+        self.semantics
+            .node_tprop_iter_window_rev(node, view, prop_id, w)
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     fn node_tprop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
@@ -245,7 +269,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
         self.semantics.handle_edge_update_filter(t, eid, view)
     }
 
-    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
+    fn include_edge<G: GraphView>(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, view: G, layer_id: usize) -> bool {
         self.semantics
             .include_edge_window(edge, view, layer_id, self.window.clone())
     }
@@ -253,7 +277,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn include_edge_window<G: GraphView>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         layer_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -280,7 +304,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -291,7 +315,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -302,7 +326,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_count<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> usize {
         self.semantics
@@ -312,7 +336,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_count_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> usize {
@@ -322,7 +346,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -333,7 +357,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -344,7 +368,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_window_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -355,7 +379,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_window_layers<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -366,7 +390,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         self.semantics
@@ -376,7 +400,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -386,7 +410,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -398,7 +422,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_earliest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -411,7 +435,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         self.semantics
@@ -421,7 +445,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
@@ -431,7 +455,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -443,7 +467,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_latest_time_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -456,7 +480,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_deletion_history<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TimeIndexEntry, usize)> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
@@ -467,7 +491,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_deletion_history_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         w: Range<i64>,
@@ -479,7 +503,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         self.semantics
@@ -489,7 +513,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         r: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -499,7 +523,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_deleted<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         self.semantics
@@ -509,7 +533,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_deleted_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -519,7 +543,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
     ) -> bool {
         self.semantics
@@ -529,7 +553,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         w: Range<i64>,
     ) -> bool {
@@ -539,7 +563,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -551,7 +575,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_active_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -564,7 +588,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -576,7 +600,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_is_valid_exploded_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -589,7 +613,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_deletion<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -601,7 +625,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_exploded_deletion_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer: usize,
@@ -614,7 +638,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -627,7 +651,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -648,7 +672,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_exploded_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         edge_time: TimeIndexEntry,
         layer_id: usize,
@@ -664,7 +688,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -676,7 +700,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_last_at_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
@@ -689,7 +713,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -701,7 +725,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -713,7 +737,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -726,7 +750,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn temporal_edge_prop_hist_window_rev<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         layer_ids: &'graph LayerIds,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -739,7 +763,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_metadata<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
     ) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -750,7 +774,7 @@ impl EdgeTimeSemanticsOps for WindowTimeSemantics {
     #[inline]
     fn edge_metadata_window<'graph, G: GraphView + 'graph>(
         &self,
-        e: EdgeStorageRef<'graph>,
+        e: EdgeEntryRef<'graph>,
         view: G,
         prop_id: usize,
         w: Range<i64>,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/wrapped_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/wrapped_graph.rs
index 6b7e7b64c4..afe97d45af 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/wrapped_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/internal/wrapped_graph.rs
@@ -11,25 +11,3 @@ impl<T: BoxableGraphView + ?Sized> InheritStorageOps for Arc<T> {}
 impl<T: BoxableGraphView + ?Sized> InheritNodeHistoryFilter for Arc<T> {}
 
 impl<T: BoxableGraphView + ?Sized> InheritEdgeHistoryFilter for Arc<T> {}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "proto")]
-mod serialise {
-    use crate::{
-        errors::GraphError,
-        serialise::{
-            incremental::{GraphWriter, InternalCache},
-            GraphFolder,
-        },
-    };
-    use std::{ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
-
-    impl<T: InternalCache> InternalCache for Arc<T> {
-        fn init_cache(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-            self.deref().init_cache(path)
-        }
-
-        fn get_cache(&self) -> Option<&GraphWriter> {
-            self.deref().get_cache()
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/node.rs b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/node.rs
index 6c0ff692c3..3f17a89c71 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/api/view/node.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/api/view/node.rs
@@ -366,3 +366,82 @@ impl<'graph, V: BaseNodeViewOps<'graph> + 'graph> NodeViewOps<'graph> for V {
 }
 
 impl<'graph, V: BaseNodeViewOps<'graph> + OneHopFilter<'graph>> ResetFilter<'graph> for V {}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::prelude::*;
+
+    const EDGES: [(i64, u64, u64); 6] = [
+        (1, 0, 1),
+        (2, 0, 2),
+        (-1, 1, 0),
+        (0, 0, 0),
+        (7, 2, 1),
+        (1, 0, 0),
+    ];
+
+    fn create_graph() -> Graph {
+        let g = Graph::new();
+
+        g.add_node(
+            0,
+            0,
+            [("type", Prop::from("wallet")), ("cost", Prop::from(99.5))],
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        g.add_node(
+            -1,
+            1,
+            [("type", Prop::from("wallet")), ("cost", Prop::from(10.0))],
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        g.add_node(
+            6,
+            2,
+            [("type", Prop::from("wallet")), ("cost", Prop::from(76.0))],
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        for edge in EDGES {
+            let (t, src, dst) = edge;
+
+            g.add_edge(
+                t,
+                src,
+                dst,
+                [
+                    ("prop1", Prop::from(1)),
+                    ("prop2", Prop::from(9.8)),
+                    ("prop3", Prop::from("test")),
+                ],
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        g
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_degree_iterable() {
+        let g = create_graph();
+
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().degree().min(), Some(2));
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().degree().max(), Some(3));
+
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().in_degree().min(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().in_degree().max(), Some(2));
+
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().out_degree().min(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().out_degree().max(), Some(3));
+
+        assert_eq!(g.nodes().degree().sum::<usize>(), 7);
+
+        let mut degrees = g.nodes().degree().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        degrees.sort();
+        assert_eq!(degrees, [2, 2, 3]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/assertions.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/assertions.rs
index 54b75c6380..ef151a919b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/assertions.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/assertions.rs
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@ use crate::{
 #[cfg(feature = "search")]
 use crate::prelude::IndexMutationOps;
 use raphtory_api::core::Direction;
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use {
-    crate::db::api::storage::graph::storage_ops::disk_storage::IntoGraph,
-    raphtory_storage::disk::DiskGraphStorage, tempfile::TempDir,
-};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "search")]
 pub use crate::db::api::view::SearchableGraphOps;
@@ -101,26 +96,6 @@ impl<F: AsNodeFilter + CreateNodeFilter + Clone> ApplyFilter for FilterNeighbour
     }
 }
 
-pub struct SearchNodes<F: AsNodeFilter + CreateNodeFilter + Clone>(F);
-
-impl<F: AsNodeFilter + CreateNodeFilter + Clone> ApplyFilter for SearchNodes<F> {
-    fn apply<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(&self, graph: G) -> Vec<String> {
-        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        {
-            let mut results = graph
-                .search_nodes(self.0.clone(), 20, 0)
-                .unwrap()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|nv| nv.name())
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            results.sort();
-            return results;
-        }
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "search"))]
-        Vec::<String>::new()
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct FilterEdges<F: AsEdgeFilter + CreateEdgeFilter + Clone>(F);
 
 impl<F: AsEdgeFilter + CreateEdgeFilter + Clone> ApplyFilter for FilterEdges<F> {
@@ -137,26 +112,7 @@ impl<F: AsEdgeFilter + CreateEdgeFilter + Clone> ApplyFilter for FilterEdges<F>
     }
 }
 
-pub struct SearchEdges<F: AsEdgeFilter + CreateEdgeFilter + Clone>(F);
-
-impl<F: AsEdgeFilter + CreateEdgeFilter + Clone> ApplyFilter for SearchEdges<F> {
-    fn apply<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(&self, graph: G) -> Vec<String> {
-        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        {
-            let mut results = graph
-                .search_edges(self.0.clone(), 20, 0)
-                .unwrap()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|ev| format!("{}->{}", ev.src().name(), ev.dst().name()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            results.sort();
-            return results;
-        }
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "search"))]
-        Vec::<String>::new()
-    }
-}
-
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_filter_nodes_results(
     init_graph: impl FnOnce(Graph) -> Graph,
     transform: impl GraphTransformer,
@@ -174,6 +130,7 @@ pub fn assert_filter_nodes_results(
     )
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_filter_neighbours_results(
     init_graph: impl FnOnce(Graph) -> Graph,
     transform: impl GraphTransformer,
@@ -193,6 +150,7 @@ pub fn assert_filter_neighbours_results(
     )
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_search_nodes_results(
     init_graph: impl FnOnce(Graph) -> Graph,
     transform: impl GraphTransformer,
@@ -213,6 +171,7 @@ pub fn assert_search_nodes_results(
     }
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_filter_edges_results(
     init_graph: impl FnOnce(Graph) -> Graph,
     transform: impl GraphTransformer,
@@ -230,6 +189,7 @@ pub fn assert_filter_edges_results(
     )
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_search_edges_results(
     init_graph: impl FnOnce(Graph) -> Graph,
     transform: impl GraphTransformer,
@@ -250,6 +210,7 @@ pub fn assert_search_edges_results(
     }
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 fn assert_results(
     init_graph: impl FnOnce(Graph) -> Graph,
     pre_transform: impl Fn(&Graph) -> (),
@@ -274,30 +235,8 @@ fn assert_results(
                 let result = apply.apply(graph);
                 assert_eq!(expected, result);
             }
-            TestGraphVariants::EventDiskGraph => {
-                #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-                {
-                    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-                    let graph = graph.persist_as_disk_graph(tmp.path()).unwrap();
-                    pre_transform(&graph);
-                    let graph = transform.apply(graph);
-                    let result = apply.apply(graph);
-                    assert_eq!(expected, result);
-                }
-            }
-            TestGraphVariants::PersistentDiskGraph => {
-                #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-                {
-                    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-                    let graph = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&graph, &tmp).unwrap();
-                    let graph = graph.into_graph();
-                    pre_transform(&graph);
-                    let graph = graph.persistent_graph();
-                    let graph = transform.apply(graph);
-                    let result = apply.apply(graph);
-                    assert_eq!(expected, result);
-                }
-            }
+            TestGraphVariants::EventDiskGraph => {}
+            TestGraphVariants::PersistentDiskGraph => {}
         }
     }
 }
@@ -314,18 +253,6 @@ pub fn filter_nodes(graph: &Graph, filter: impl CreateNodeFilter) -> Vec<String>
     results
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "search")]
-pub fn search_nodes(graph: &Graph, filter: impl AsNodeFilter) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut results = graph
-        .search_nodes(filter, 10, 0)
-        .expect("Failed to search nodes")
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|v| v.name())
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    results.sort();
-    results
-}
-
 pub fn filter_edges(graph: &Graph, filter: impl CreateEdgeFilter) -> Vec<String> {
     let mut results = graph
         .filter_edges(filter)
@@ -339,13 +266,61 @@ pub fn filter_edges(graph: &Graph, filter: impl CreateEdgeFilter) -> Vec<String>
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-pub fn search_edges(graph: &Graph, filter: impl AsEdgeFilter) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut results = graph
-        .search_edges(filter, 10, 0)
-        .expect("Failed to filter edges")
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|e| format!("{}->{}", e.src().name(), e.dst().name()))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    results.sort();
-    results
+mod search {
+    use super::*;
+
+    pub struct SearchNodes<F: AsNodeFilter + CreateNodeFilter + Clone>(pub F);
+
+    impl<F: AsNodeFilter + CreateNodeFilter + Clone> ApplyFilter for SearchNodes<F> {
+        fn apply<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(&self, graph: G) -> Vec<String> {
+            let mut results = graph
+                .search_nodes(self.0.clone(), 20, 0)
+                .unwrap()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|nv| nv.name())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            results.sort();
+            results
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct SearchEdges<F: AsEdgeFilter + CreateEdgeFilter + Clone>(pub F);
+
+    impl<F: AsEdgeFilter + CreateEdgeFilter + Clone> ApplyFilter for SearchEdges<F> {
+        fn apply<G: StaticGraphViewOps>(&self, graph: G) -> Vec<String> {
+            let mut results = graph
+                .search_edges(self.0.clone(), 20, 0)
+                .unwrap()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|ev| format!("{}->{}", ev.src().name(), ev.dst().name()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            results.sort();
+            results
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn search_nodes(graph: &Graph, filter: impl AsNodeFilter) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut results = graph
+            .search_nodes(filter, 10, 0)
+            .expect("Failed to search nodes")
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|v| v.name())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        results.sort();
+        results
+    }
+
+    pub fn search_edges(graph: &Graph, filter: impl AsEdgeFilter) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut results = graph
+            .search_edges(filter, 10, 0)
+            .expect("Failed to filter edges")
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|e| format!("{}->{}", e.src().name(), e.dst().name()))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        results.sort();
+        results
+    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
+pub use search::*;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/edge.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/edge.rs
index 45328e1c89..6e4add574f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/edge.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/edge.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     db::{
         api::{
-            mutation::{time_from_input, CollectProperties, TryIntoInputTime},
+            mutation::{time_from_input, time_from_input_session, TryIntoInputTime},
             properties::{
                 internal::{
                     InternalMetadataOps, InternalTemporalPropertiesOps,
@@ -33,13 +33,14 @@ use crate::{
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::properties::prop::PropType,
-    storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
+    storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
 };
 use raphtory_core::entities::graph::tgraph::InvalidLayer;
 use raphtory_storage::{
     graph::edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps,
     mutation::{
-        addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps, deletion_ops::InternalDeletionOps,
+        addition_ops::{EdgeWriteLock, InternalAdditionOps},
+        deletion_ops::InternalDeletionOps,
         property_addition_ops::InternalPropertyAdditionOps,
     },
 };
@@ -333,6 +334,26 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps> EdgeView<G, G> {
         Ok(layer_id)
     }
 
+    fn resolve_and_check_layer_for_metadata(
+        &self,
+        layer: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<usize, GraphError> {
+        let layer_id = self.resolve_layer(layer, false)?;
+        if self
+            .graph
+            .core_edge(self.edge.pid())
+            .has_layer(&LayerIds::One(layer_id))
+        {
+            Ok(layer_id)
+        } else {
+            Err(GraphError::InvalidEdgeLayer {
+                layer: layer.unwrap_or("_default").to_string(),
+                src: self.src().name(),
+                dst: self.dst().name(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Add metadata for the edge
     ///
     /// # Arguments
@@ -347,76 +368,86 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps> EdgeView<G, G> {
     /// Returns:
     ///     Ok(()) if metadata added successfully.
     ///     Err(GraphError) if the operation fails.
-    pub fn add_metadata<C: CollectProperties>(
+    pub fn add_metadata<PN: AsRef<str>, P: Into<Prop>>(
         &self,
-        properties: C,
+        properties: impl IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
         layer: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let input_layer_id = self.resolve_layer(layer, false)?;
-        if !self
-            .graph
-            .core_edge(self.edge.pid())
-            .has_layer(&LayerIds::One(input_layer_id))
-        {
-            return Err(GraphError::InvalidEdgeLayer {
-                layer: layer.unwrap_or("_default").to_string(),
-                src: self.src().name(),
-                dst: self.dst().name(),
-            });
-        }
-        let properties: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = properties.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
-                .graph
-                .resolve_edge_property(name, dtype, true)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner())
-        })?;
+        let input_layer_id = self.resolve_and_check_layer_for_metadata(layer)?;
+        let properties = self.graph.core_graph().validate_props(
+            true,
+            self.graph.edge_meta(),
+            properties.into_iter().map(|(n, p)| (n, p.into())),
+        )?;
 
         self.graph
-            .internal_add_edge_metadata(self.edge.pid(), input_layer_id, &properties)
+            .internal_add_edge_metadata(self.edge.pid(), input_layer_id, properties)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn update_metadata<C: CollectProperties>(
+    pub fn update_metadata<PN: AsRef<str>, P: Into<Prop>>(
         &self,
-        props: C,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
         layer: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let input_layer_id = self.resolve_layer(layer, false).map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-        let properties: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
-                .graph
-                .resolve_edge_property(name, dtype, true)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner())
-        })?;
+        let input_layer_id = self.resolve_and_check_layer_for_metadata(layer)?;
+
+        let properties = self.graph.core_graph().validate_props(
+            true,
+            self.graph.edge_meta(),
+            props.into_iter().map(|(n, p)| (n, p.into())),
+        )?;
 
         self.graph
-            .internal_update_edge_metadata(self.edge.pid(), input_layer_id, &properties)
+            .internal_update_edge_metadata(self.edge.pid(), input_layer_id, properties)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn add_updates<C: CollectProperties, T: TryIntoInputTime>(
+    pub fn add_updates<
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        PI: Into<Prop>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, PI)>,
+    >(
         &self,
         time: T,
-        props: C,
+        props: PII,
         layer: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let t = time_from_input(&self.graph, time)?;
+        let session = self.graph.write_session().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        let t = time_from_input_session(&session, time)?;
         let layer_id = self.resolve_layer(layer, true)?;
-        let properties: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
-                .graph
-                .resolve_edge_property(name, dtype, false)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner())
-        })?;
 
-        self.graph
-            .internal_add_edge_update(t, self.edge.pid(), &properties, layer_id)
+        let props = self
+            .graph
+            .validate_props(
+                false,
+                self.graph.edge_meta(),
+                props.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, v.into())),
+            )
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        let src = self.src().node;
+        let dst = self.dst().node;
+
+        let e_id = self.edge.pid();
+        let mut writer = self
+            .graph
+            .atomic_add_edge(src, dst, Some(e_id), layer_id)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        writer.internal_add_edge(
+            t,
+            src,
+            dst,
+            MaybeNew::New(e_id.with_layer(layer_id)),
+            0,
+            props,
+        );
+
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -437,12 +468,20 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalMetadata
     }
 
     fn metadata_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
-        Box::new(0..self.graph.edge_meta().metadata_mapper().len())
+        self.graph
+            .edge_meta()
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .ids()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn metadata_keys(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, ArcStr> {
-        let reverse_map = self.graph.edge_meta().metadata_mapper().get_keys();
-        Box::new(self.metadata_ids().map(move |id| reverse_map[id].clone()))
+        self.graph
+            .edge_meta()
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .keys()
+            .into_iter()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn get_metadata(&self, id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -654,15 +693,20 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalTemporal
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
-        Box::new(0..self.graph.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().len())
+        self.graph
+            .edge_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .ids()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_keys(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, ArcStr> {
-        let reverse_map = self.graph.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().get_keys();
-        Box::new(
-            self.temporal_prop_ids()
-                .map(move |id| reverse_map[id].clone()),
-        )
+        self.graph
+            .edge_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .keys()
+            .into_iter()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/graph.rs
index ca7797df90..d2e5a1a81f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/graph.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 //! ```
 //!
 use super::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph;
+#[cfg(feature = "io")]
+use crate::serialise::GraphPaths;
 use crate::{
     db::{
         api::{
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ use crate::{
         },
         graph::{edges::Edges, node::NodeView, nodes::Nodes},
     },
+    errors::GraphError,
     prelude::*,
 };
 use raphtory_api::inherit::Base;
@@ -38,7 +41,6 @@ use raphtory_storage::{
     mutation::InheritMutationOps,
 };
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
     collections::HashSet,
     fmt::{Display, Formatter},
@@ -46,9 +48,10 @@ use std::{
     ops::Deref,
     sync::Arc,
 };
+use storage::{persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy, Extension};
 
 #[repr(transparent)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct Graph {
     pub(crate) inner: Arc<Storage>,
 }
@@ -89,6 +92,7 @@ pub fn graph_equal<'graph1, 'graph2, G1: GraphViewOps<'graph1>, G2: GraphViewOps
     }
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_node_equal<
     'graph,
     G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>,
@@ -102,6 +106,7 @@ pub fn assert_node_equal<
     assert_node_equal_layer(n1, n2, "", false)
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_node_equal_layer<
     'graph,
     G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>,
@@ -248,6 +253,7 @@ pub fn assert_node_equal_layer<
     }
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_nodes_equal<
     'graph,
     G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>,
@@ -261,6 +267,7 @@ pub fn assert_nodes_equal<
     assert_nodes_equal_layer(nodes1, nodes2, "", false);
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_nodes_equal_layer<
     'graph,
     G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>,
@@ -287,6 +294,7 @@ pub fn assert_nodes_equal_layer<
     }
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_edges_equal<
     'graph1,
     'graph2,
@@ -301,6 +309,7 @@ pub fn assert_edges_equal<
     assert_edges_equal_layer(edges1, edges2, "", false);
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_edges_equal_layer<
     'graph1,
     'graph2,
@@ -408,6 +417,7 @@ pub fn assert_edges_equal_layer<
     }
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 fn assert_graph_equal_layer<'graph, G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>, G2: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
     g1: &G1,
     g2: &G2,
@@ -457,6 +467,7 @@ fn assert_graph_equal_layer<'graph, G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>, G2: GraphViewOps<'
     assert_edges_equal_layer(&g1.edges(), &g2.edges(), layer_tag, persistent);
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 fn assert_graph_equal_inner<'graph, G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>, G2: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
     g1: &G1,
     g2: &G2,
@@ -485,6 +496,7 @@ fn assert_graph_equal_inner<'graph, G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>, G2: GraphViewOps<'
     })
 }
 
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_graph_equal<'graph, G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>, G2: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
     g1: &G1,
     g2: &G2,
@@ -493,6 +505,7 @@ pub fn assert_graph_equal<'graph, G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>, G2: GraphViewOps<'gr
 }
 
 /// Equality check for materialized persistent graph that ignores the updates generated by the materialise at graph.earliest_time()
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn assert_persistent_materialize_graph_equal<
     'graph,
     G1: GraphViewOps<'graph>,
@@ -557,15 +570,62 @@ impl Graph {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Create a new graph with specified number of shards
+    /// Create a new graph at a specific path
     ///
-    /// Returns:
-    ///
-    /// A raphtory graph
-    pub fn new_with_shards(num_shards: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(Storage::new(num_shards)),
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `path` - The path to the storage location
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A raphtory graph with storage at the specified path
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use raphtory::prelude::Graph;
+    /// let g = Graph::new_at_path("/path/to/storage");
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    pub fn new_at_path(path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized)) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        if !Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            return Err(GraphError::DiskGraphNotEnabled);
         }
+        path.init()?;
+        let graph = Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Storage::new_at_path(path.graph_path()?)?),
+        };
+        path.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+        Ok(graph)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    pub fn new_at_path_with_config(
+        path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+        config: Extension,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        if !Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            return Err(GraphError::DiskGraphNotEnabled);
+        }
+        path.init()?;
+        let graph = Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Storage::new_with_path_and_ext(path.graph_path()?, config)?),
+        };
+        path.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+        Ok(graph)
+    }
+
+    /// Load a graph from a specific path
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `path` - The path to the storage location
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A raphtory graph loaded from the specified path
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use raphtory::prelude::Graph;
+    /// let g = Graph::load_from_path("/path/to/storage");
+    ///
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    pub fn load_from_path(path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized)) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        //TODO: add support for loading indexes and vectors
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Storage::load_from(path.graph_path()?)?),
+        })
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn from_storage(inner: Arc<Storage>) -> Self {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/mod.rs
index 6d19a7eb3e..8d393764e3 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/mod.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@ pub(crate) fn create_node_type_filter<I: IntoIterator<Item = V>, V: AsRef<str>>(
     dict_mapper: &DictMapper,
     node_types: I,
 ) -> Arc<[bool]> {
-    let len = dict_mapper.len();
-    let mut bool_arr = vec![false; len];
+    let mut bool_arr = vec![false; dict_mapper.num_all_fields()];
 
     for nt in node_types {
         let nt = nt.as_ref();
         if nt.is_empty() {
-            bool_arr[0] = true;
+            bool_arr[0] = true; // FIXME: "" treated as default?
         } else if let Some(id) = dict_mapper.get_id(nt) {
             bool_arr[id] = true;
         }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/node.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/node.rs
index 6064b00900..8fe6fec0c4 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/node.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/node.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     core::entities::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeRef, nodes::node_ref::NodeRef, VID},
     db::{
         api::{
-            mutation::{time_from_input, CollectProperties, TryIntoInputTime},
+            mutation::{time_from_input_session, CollectProperties, TryIntoInputTime},
             properties::internal::{
                 InternalMetadataOps, InternalTemporalPropertiesOps, InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps,
             },
@@ -33,11 +33,17 @@ use crate::{
     errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError},
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::properties::prop::PropType,
-    storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
+    entities::{properties::prop::PropType, ELID},
+    storage::{
+        arc_str::ArcStr,
+        timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
+    },
+};
+use raphtory_storage::{
+    core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
+    graph::graph::GraphStorage,
+    mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps},
 };
-use raphtory_core::{entities::ELID, storage::timeindex::AsTime};
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, graph::graph::GraphStorage};
 use std::{
     fmt,
     hash::{Hash, Hasher},
@@ -273,7 +279,11 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphView, GH: GraphView> InternalTemporalPropertiesOps
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
-        Box::new(0..self.graph.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().len())
+        self.graph
+            .node_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .ids()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 }
 
@@ -292,8 +302,8 @@ impl<'graph, G, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps
         let semantics = self.graph.node_time_semantics();
         let node = self.graph.core_node(self.node);
         let res = semantics
-            .node_tprop_iter(node.as_ref(), &self.graph, id)
-            .next_back()
+            .node_tprop_iter_rev(node.as_ref(), &self.graph, id)
+            .next()
             .map(|(_, v)| v);
         res
     }
@@ -314,8 +324,7 @@ impl<'graph, G, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps
         let node = self.graph.core_node(self.node);
         GenLockedIter::from(node, |node| {
             semantics
-                .node_tprop_iter(node.as_ref(), &self.graph, id)
-                .rev()
+                .node_tprop_iter_rev(node.as_ref(), &self.graph, id)
                 .into_dyn_boxed()
         })
         .into_dyn_boxed()
@@ -361,8 +370,11 @@ impl<'graph, G: Send + Sync, GH: CoreGraphOps> InternalMetadataOps for NodeView<
     }
 
     fn metadata_ids(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, usize> {
-        Box::new(0..self.graph.node_meta().metadata_mapper().len())
-        // self.graph.node_metadata_ids(self.node)
+        self.graph
+            .node_meta()
+            .metadata_mapper()
+            .ids()
+            .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn get_metadata(&self, id: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
@@ -434,23 +446,24 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>> BaseNodeViewOps<
 }
 
 impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps> NodeView<'static, G, G> {
-    pub fn add_metadata<C: CollectProperties>(&self, properties: C) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let properties: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = properties.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
-                .graph
-                .resolve_node_property(name, dtype, true)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner())
-        })?;
+    pub fn add_metadata<PN: AsRef<str>, P: Into<Prop>>(
+        &self,
+        props: impl IntoIterator<Item = (PN, P)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let properties = self.graph.core_graph().validate_props(
+            true,
+            self.graph.node_meta(),
+            props.into_iter().map(|(n, p)| (n, p.into())),
+        )?;
         self.graph
-            .internal_add_node_metadata(self.node, &properties)
+            .internal_add_node_metadata(self.node, properties)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn set_node_type(&self, new_type: &str) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph
-            .resolve_node_and_type(NodeRef::Internal(self.node), new_type)
+            .resolve_and_update_node_and_type(NodeRef::Internal(self.node), Some(new_type))
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -459,31 +472,40 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps> NodeView<'static
         let properties: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
             Ok(self
                 .graph
-                .resolve_node_property(name, dtype, true)
+                .write_session()
+                .and_then(|s| s.resolve_node_property(name, dtype, true))
                 .map_err(into_graph_err)?
                 .inner())
         })?;
         self.graph
-            .internal_update_node_metadata(self.node, &properties)
+            .internal_update_node_metadata(self.node, properties)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn add_updates<C: CollectProperties, T: TryIntoInputTime>(
+    pub fn add_updates<
+        T: TryIntoInputTime,
+        PN: AsRef<str>,
+        PI: Into<Prop>,
+        PII: IntoIterator<Item = (PN, PI)>,
+    >(
         &self,
         time: T,
-        props: C,
+        props: PII,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let t = time_from_input(&self.graph, time)?;
-        let properties: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = props.collect_properties(|name, dtype| {
-            Ok(self
-                .graph
-                .resolve_node_property(name, dtype, false)
-                .map_err(into_graph_err)?
-                .inner())
-        })?;
+        let session = self.graph.write_session().map_err(|err| err.into())?;
+        let t = time_from_input_session(&session, time)?;
+        let props = self
+            .graph
+            .validate_props(
+                false,
+                self.graph.node_meta(),
+                props.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, v.into())),
+            )
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        let vid = self.node;
         self.graph
-            .internal_add_node(t, self.node, &properties)
+            .internal_add_node(t, vid, props)
             .map_err(into_graph_err)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/nodes.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/nodes.rs
index 0682300881..7be0cb75a2 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/nodes.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/nodes.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ use std::{
 pub struct Nodes<'graph, G, GH = G> {
     pub(crate) base_graph: G,
     pub(crate) graph: GH,
-    pub(crate) nodes: Option<Index<VID>>,
+    pub(crate) nodes: Index<VID>,
     pub(crate) node_types_filter: Option<Arc<[bool]>>,
     _marker: PhantomData<&'graph ()>,
 }
@@ -113,10 +113,11 @@ where
 {
     pub fn new(graph: G) -> Self {
         let base_graph = graph.clone();
+        let node_index = base_graph.core_graph().node_state_index();
         Self {
             base_graph,
             graph,
-            nodes: None,
+            nodes: node_index.into(),
             node_types_filter: None,
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ where
     pub fn new_filtered(
         base_graph: G,
         graph: GH,
-        nodes: Option<Index<VID>>,
+        nodes: Index<VID>,
         node_types_filter: Option<Arc<[bool]>>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -162,8 +163,8 @@ where
 
     pub fn node_list(&self) -> NodeList {
         match self.nodes.clone() {
-            None => self.graph.node_list(),
-            Some(elems) => NodeList::List { elems },
+            elems @ Index::Partial(_) => NodeList::List { elems },
+            _ => self.graph.node_list(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ where
         let g = self.graph.core_graph().lock();
         let view = self.graph.clone();
         let node_types_filter = self.node_types_filter.clone();
-        self.node_list().into_par_iter().filter(move |&vid| {
+        self.node_list().nodes_par_iter(&g).filter(move |&vid| {
             g.try_core_node(vid).is_some_and(|node| {
                 node_types_filter
                     .as_ref()
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ where
         Nodes::new_filtered(
             self.base_graph.clone(),
             self.graph.clone(),
-            Some(index),
+            index,
             self.node_types_filter.clone(),
         )
     }
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ where
     fn iter_vids(&self, g: GraphStorage) -> impl Iterator<Item = VID> + Send + Sync + 'graph {
         let node_types_filter = self.node_types_filter.clone();
         let view = self.graph.clone();
-        self.node_list().into_iter().filter(move |&vid| {
+        self.node_list().nodes_iter(&g).filter(move |&vid| {
             g.try_core_node(vid).is_some_and(|node| {
                 node_types_filter
                     .as_ref()
@@ -259,15 +260,15 @@ where
     /// Returns the number of nodes in the graph.
     #[inline]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self.nodes.as_ref() {
-            None => {
+        match &self.nodes {
+            Index::Full(_) => {
                 if self.is_list_filtered() {
                     self.par_iter_refs().count()
                 } else {
                     self.graph.node_list().len()
                 }
             }
-            Some(nodes) => {
+            Index::Partial(nodes) => {
                 if self.is_filtered() {
                     self.par_iter_refs().count()
                 } else {
@@ -346,11 +347,7 @@ where
                     .as_ref()
                     .map(|filter| filter[node.node_type_id()])
                     .unwrap_or(true)
-                    && self
-                        .nodes
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .map(|nodes| nodes.contains(&node.node))
-                        .unwrap_or(true)
+                    && self.nodes.contains(&node.node)
             })
             .is_some()
     }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/cached_view.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/cached_view.rs
index 789e669c63..9b358bde51 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/cached_view.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/cached_view.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use raphtory_api::{
 use raphtory_storage::{
     core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
     graph::{
-        edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
+        edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps,
         nodes::{node_ref::NodeStorageRef, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
     },
 };
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ use std::{
     fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
     sync::Arc,
 };
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct CachedView<G> {
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps for CachedView<
         self.graph.internal_layer_filter_edge_list_trusted()
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.layered_mask
             .get(layer)
             .is_some_and(|(_, edge_filter, _)| edge_filter.contains(edge.eid().as_u64()))
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalEdgeFilterOps for CachedView<G> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         let filter_fn =
             |(_, edges, _): &(RoaringTreemap, RoaringTreemap, Option<RoaringTreemap>)| {
                 edges.contains(edge.eid().as_u64())
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/deletion_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/deletion_graph.rs
index 726f5cc5b4..332b08f878 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/deletion_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/deletion_graph.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "io")]
+use crate::serialise::GraphPaths;
 use crate::{
     core::{
         entities::LayerIds,
         storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndex, TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
-        utils::iter::GenLockedDIter,
     },
     db::{
         api::{
@@ -11,14 +12,16 @@ use crate::{
         },
         graph::graph::graph_equal,
     },
+    errors::GraphError,
     prelude::*,
 };
 use raphtory_api::{
     core::entities::{properties::tprop::TPropOps, EID, VID},
     inherit::Base,
-    iter::{BoxedLDIter, IntoDynDBoxed},
+    iter::{BoxedLIter, IntoDynBoxed},
     GraphType,
 };
+use raphtory_core::utils::iter::GenLockedIter;
 use raphtory_storage::{
     graph::{
         edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, graph::GraphStorage,
@@ -26,13 +29,16 @@ use raphtory_storage::{
     },
     mutation::InheritMutationOps,
 };
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
     fmt::{Display, Formatter},
-    iter,
-    ops::{Deref, Range},
+    ops::Range,
     sync::Arc,
 };
+use storage::{
+    api::graph_props::{GraphPropEntryOps, GraphPropRefOps},
+    persist::strategy::PersistentStrategy,
+    Extension,
+};
 
 /// A graph view where an edge remains active from the time it is added until it is explicitly marked as deleted.
 ///
@@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ use std::{
 /// the edge is not considered active at the start of the window, even if there are simultaneous addition events.
 ///
 ///
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct PersistentGraph(pub(crate) Arc<Storage>);
 
 impl Static for PersistentGraph {}
@@ -98,6 +104,43 @@ impl PersistentGraph {
         Self::default()
     }
 
+    /// Create a new persistent graph at a specific path
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `path` - The path to the storage location
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A raphtory graph with storage at the specified path
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use raphtory::prelude::PersistentGraph;
+    /// let g = PersistentGraph::new_at_path("/path/to/storage");
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    pub fn new_at_path(path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized)) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        if !Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            return Err(GraphError::DiskGraphNotEnabled);
+        }
+        path.init()?;
+        let graph = Self(Arc::new(Storage::new_at_path(path.graph_path()?)?));
+        path.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+        Ok(graph)
+    }
+
+    /// Load a graph from a specific path
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `path` - The path to the storage location
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A raphtory graph loaded from the specified path
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use raphtory::prelude::Graph;
+    /// let g = Graph::load_from_path("/path/to/storage");
+    ///
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
+    pub fn load_from_path(path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized)) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        Ok(Self(Arc::new(Storage::load_from(path.graph_path()?)?)))
+    }
+
     pub fn from_storage(storage: Arc<Storage>) -> Self {
         Self(storage)
     }
@@ -123,6 +166,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> PartialEq<G> for PersistentGraph {
 
 impl Base for PersistentGraph {
     type Base = Storage;
+
     #[inline(always)]
     fn base(&self) -> &Self::Base {
         &self.0
@@ -195,7 +239,7 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentGraph {
         self.0.has_temporal_prop(prop_id)
     }
 
-    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         self.0.temporal_prop_iter(prop_id)
     }
 
@@ -206,26 +250,58 @@ impl GraphTimeSemanticsOps for PersistentGraph {
             .is_some()
     }
 
+    /// Iterates over temporal property values within a time window `[start, end)`.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A boxed iterator yielding `(TimeIndexEntry, Prop)` tuples.
     fn temporal_prop_iter_window(
         &self,
         prop_id: usize,
         start: i64,
         end: i64,
-    ) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
-        if let Some(prop) = self.graph_meta().get_temporal_prop(prop_id) {
-            let first = persisted_prop_value_at(start, &*prop, &TimeIndex::Empty)
-                .map(|v| (TimeIndexEntry::start(start), v));
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        let graph_entry = self.core_graph().graph_entry();
+
+        GenLockedIter::from(graph_entry, move |entry| {
+            let tprop = entry.as_ref().get_temporal_prop(prop_id);
+
+            // Get the property value that was active at the start of the window.
+            let first = persisted_prop_value_at(start, tprop, &TimeIndex::Empty)
+                .map(|prop_value| (TimeIndexEntry::start(start), prop_value));
+
+            // Chain the initial prop with the rest of the props that occur
+            // within the window.
             first
                 .into_iter()
-                .chain(GenLockedDIter::from(prop, |prop| {
-                    prop.deref()
-                        .iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(start..end))
-                        .into_dyn_dboxed()
-                }))
-                .into_dyn_dboxed()
-        } else {
-            iter::empty().into_dyn_dboxed()
-        }
+                .chain(tprop.iter_window(TimeIndexEntry::range(start..end)))
+                .into_dyn_boxed()
+        })
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
+    }
+
+    fn temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(
+        &self,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        start: i64,
+        end: i64,
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        let graph_entry = self.core_graph().graph_entry();
+
+        GenLockedIter::from(graph_entry, move |entry| {
+            let tprop = entry.as_ref().get_temporal_prop(prop_id);
+
+            // Get the property value that was active at the start of the window.
+            let first = persisted_prop_value_at(start, tprop, &TimeIndex::Empty)
+                .map(|prop_value| (TimeIndexEntry::start(start), prop_value));
+
+            // Chain the initial prop with the rest of the props that occur
+            // within the window, in reverse order.
+            tprop
+                .iter_window_rev(TimeIndexEntry::range(start..end))
+                .chain(first)
+                .into_dyn_boxed()
+        })
+        .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
     fn temporal_prop_last_at(
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_and_filtered_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_and_filtered_graph.rs
index 497324692c..6b17ac0176 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_and_filtered_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_and_filtered_graph.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ use raphtory_api::{
     },
     inherit::Base,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EdgeAndFilteredGraph<G, L, R> {
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ impl<G, L: InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps, R: InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps> InternalEd
             && self.right.internal_layer_filter_edge_list_trusted()
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.left.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
             && self.right.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
     }
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ impl<G, L: InternalEdgeFilterOps, R: InternalEdgeFilterOps> InternalEdgeFilterOp
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         self.left.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids)
             && self.right.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids)
     }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_field_filtered_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_field_filtered_graph.rs
index e84d7a7e78..60896e9558 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_field_filtered_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_field_filtered_graph.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::GraphViewOps,
 };
 use raphtory_api::{core::entities::LayerIds, inherit::Base};
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeEntryRef};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EdgeFieldFilteredGraph<G> {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalEdgeFilterOps for EdgeFieldFiltere
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         if self.graph.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids) {
             self.filter.matches_edge(&self.graph, edge)
         } else {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_not_filtered_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_not_filtered_graph.rs
index e6e17c2c58..bc46c31d67 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_not_filtered_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_not_filtered_graph.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use raphtory_api::{
     },
     inherit::Base,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeEntryRef};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EdgeNotFilteredGraph<G, T> {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, T: FilterOps> InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps
         false
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.graph.filter_edge_layer(edge, layer) && !self.filter.filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
     }
 }
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, T: FilterOps> InternalEdgeFilterOps
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, _layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, _layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         self.graph.filter_edge(edge) && !self.filter.filter_edge(edge)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_or_filtered_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_or_filtered_graph.rs
index c5b78f9ed1..30defcfb3b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_or_filtered_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_or_filtered_graph.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ use raphtory_api::{
     },
     inherit::Base,
 };
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EdgeOrFilteredGraph<G, L, R> {
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ impl<G, L: InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps, R: InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps> InternalEd
             && self.right.internal_layer_filter_edge_list_trusted()
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.left.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
             || self.right.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
     }
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ impl<G, L: InternalEdgeFilterOps, R: InternalEdgeFilterOps> InternalEdgeFilterOp
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         self.left.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids)
             || self.right.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids)
     }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_property_filtered_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_property_filtered_graph.rs
index 2c34d44d28..5d16f32669 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_property_filtered_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/edge_property_filtered_graph.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::{GraphViewOps, LayerOps},
 };
 use raphtory_api::inherit::Base;
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps;
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EdgePropertyFilteredGraph<G> {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalEdgeFilterOps for EdgePropertyFilt
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         if self.graph.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids) {
             self.filter.matches_edge(&self.graph, self.prop_id, edge)
         } else {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/mod.rs
index 110dd05115..44b6abddcc 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/mod.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::{GraphViewOps, NodeViewOps},
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
-use raphtory_storage::graph::edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps};
+use raphtory_storage::graph::edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps;
 use std::{collections::HashSet, fmt, fmt::Display, ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 pub mod edge_filter;
 pub mod filter_operator;
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ impl Filter {
     pub fn matches_edge<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(
         &self,
         graph: &G,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
     ) -> bool {
         match self.field_name.as_str() {
             "src" => self.matches(graph.node(edge.src()).map(|n| n.name()).as_deref()),
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/property_filter.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/property_filter.rs
index 78c26eedd5..e6d3297e07 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/property_filter.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/model/property_filter.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,11 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
 };
 use raphtory_storage::graph::{
-    edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
+    edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps,
     nodes::{node_ref::NodeStorageRef, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
 };
 use std::{collections::HashSet, fmt, fmt::Display, sync::Arc};
+use storage::EdgeEntryRef;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum Temporal {
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ impl PropertyFilter {
         &self,
         graph: &G,
         prop_id: Option<usize>,
-        edge: EdgeStorageRef,
+        edge: EdgeEntryRef,
     ) -> bool {
         let edge = EdgeView::new(graph, edge.out_ref());
         match self.prop_ref {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/node_type_filtered_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/node_type_filtered_graph.rs
index 3bd1a554e3..03880841c6 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/node_type_filtered_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/filter/node_type_filtered_graph.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl CreateNodeFilter for NodeTypeFilter {
         let node_types_filter = graph
             .node_meta()
             .node_type_meta()
-            .get_keys()
+            .all_keys()
             .iter()
             .map(|k| self.0.matches(Some(k))) // TODO: _default check
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/layer_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/layer_graph.rs
index bd4d716aba..344d200d3b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/layer_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/layer_graph.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::GraphViewOps,
 };
 use raphtory_api::inherit::Base;
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeEntryRef};
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps for LayeredGraph<G> {
         matches!(self.layers, LayerIds::All) && self.graph.internal_layer_filter_edge_list_trusted()
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.graph.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer) // actual layer filter handled upstream for optimisation
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/node_subgraph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/node_subgraph.rs
index 852ca56665..3178686317 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/node_subgraph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/node_subgraph.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use raphtory_api::{
 use raphtory_storage::{
     core_ops::{CoreGraphOps, InheritCoreGraphOps},
     graph::{
-        edges::{edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
+        edges::{edge_ref::EdgeEntryRef, edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps},
         nodes::{node_ref::NodeStorageRef, node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps},
     },
 };
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps for NodeSubgrap
         false
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.graph.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
     }
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalEdgeFilterOps for NodeSubgraph<G>
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         self.nodes.contains(&edge.src())
             && self.nodes.contains(&edge.dst())
             && self.graph.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids)
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/valid_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/valid_graph.rs
index 2602dbcd48..76ae3fc921 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/valid_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/valid_graph.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::GraphViewOps,
 };
 use raphtory_api::{core::entities::LayerIds, inherit::Base};
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef};
+use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::InheritCoreGraphOps, graph::edges::edge_ref::EdgeEntryRef};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ValidGraph<G> {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps for ValidGraph<
         false
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         let time_semantics = self.graph.edge_time_semantics();
         time_semantics.edge_is_valid(edge, LayeredGraph::new(&self.graph, LayerIds::One(layer)))
             && self.graph.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/window_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/window_graph.rs
index 0776afa09b..e29de9898b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/window_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/graph/views/window_graph.rs
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ use raphtory_api::{
         storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
     },
     inherit::Base,
-    iter::{BoxedLDIter, IntoDynDBoxed},
+    iter::IntoDynDBoxed,
 };
 use raphtory_storage::{
     core_ops::{CoreGraphOps, InheritCoreGraphOps},
-    graph::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeStorageRef, nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef},
+    graph::{edges::edge_ref::EdgeEntryRef, nodes::node_ref::NodeStorageRef},
 };
 use std::{
     fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
@@ -343,8 +343,8 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalNodeFilterOps for WindowedGraph<G>
 impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps for WindowedGraph<G> {
     fn dtype(&self, id: usize) -> PropType {
         self.graph
-            .graph_meta()
-            .temporal_mapper()
+            .graph_props_meta()
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
             .get_dtype(id)
             .unwrap()
     }
@@ -364,8 +364,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps for Window
 
     fn temporal_iter_rev(&self, id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         self.graph
-            .temporal_prop_iter_window(id, self.start_bound(), self.end_bound())
-            .rev()
+            .temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(id, self.start_bound(), self.end_bound())
             .into_dyn_boxed()
     }
 
@@ -456,7 +455,7 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> GraphTimeSemanticsOps for WindowedGraph<G>
             .has_temporal_prop_window(prop_id, self.start_bound()..self.end_bound())
     }
 
-    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+    fn temporal_prop_iter(&self, prop_id: usize) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         if self.window_is_empty() {
             return iter::empty().into_dyn_dboxed();
         }
@@ -473,10 +472,20 @@ impl<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>> GraphTimeSemanticsOps for WindowedGraph<G>
         prop_id: usize,
         start: i64,
         end: i64,
-    ) -> BoxedLDIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
         self.graph.temporal_prop_iter_window(prop_id, start, end)
     }
 
+    fn temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(
+        &self,
+        prop_id: usize,
+        start: i64,
+        end: i64,
+    ) -> BoxedLIter<'_, (TimeIndexEntry, Prop)> {
+        self.graph
+            .temporal_prop_iter_window_rev(prop_id, start, end)
+    }
+
     fn temporal_prop_last_at(
         &self,
         prop_id: usize,
@@ -508,7 +517,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> InternalEdgeFilterOps for WindowedGraph<G> {
             || (!self.window_is_bounding() && self.graph.internal_edge_list_trusted())
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer_ids: &LayerIds) -> bool {
         self.graph.internal_filter_edge(edge, layer_ids)
     }
 
@@ -526,7 +535,7 @@ impl<G: GraphView> InternalEdgeLayerFilterOps for WindowedGraph<G> {
             || (!self.window_is_bounding() && self.graph.internal_layer_filter_edge_list_trusted())
     }
 
-    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeStorageRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
+    fn internal_filter_edge_layer(&self, edge: EdgeEntryRef, layer: usize) -> bool {
         self.graph.internal_filter_edge_layer(edge, layer)
     }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/mod.rs
index 63e711afda..54e9c74f6c 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 pub mod api;
 pub mod graph;
+pub mod replay;
 pub mod task;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/replay/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/replay/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c356faa3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/replay/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use db4_graph::TemporalGraph;
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::{properties::prop::Prop, EID, GID, VID},
+    storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
+};
+use storage::{
+    api::edges::EdgeSegmentOps,
+    error::StorageError,
+    wal::{GraphReplayer, TransactionID, LSN},
+    Extension,
+};
+
+/// Wrapper struct for implementing GraphReplayer for a TemporalGraph.
+/// This is needed to workaround Rust's orphan rule since both ReplayGraph and TemporalGraph
+/// are foreign to this crate.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReplayGraph {
+    graph: TemporalGraph<Extension>,
+}
+
+impl ReplayGraph {
+    pub fn new(graph: TemporalGraph<Extension>) -> Self {
+        Self { graph }
+    }
+}
+
+impl GraphReplayer for ReplayGraph {
+    fn replay_begin_transaction(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay_end_transaction(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay_add_static_edge(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay_add_edge(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        t: TimeIndexEntry,
+        src: VID,
+        dst: VID,
+        eid: EID,
+        layer_id: usize,
+        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        let edge_segment = self.graph.storage().edges().get_edge_segment(eid);
+
+        match edge_segment {
+            Some(edge_segment) => {
+                edge_segment.head().lsn();
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay_node_id(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        gid: GID,
+        vid: VID,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay_const_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay_temporal_prop_ids<PN: AsRef<str>>(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        props: &[MaybeNew<(PN, usize, Prop)>],
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn replay_layer_id(
+        &self,
+        lsn: LSN,
+        transaction_id: TransactionID,
+        name: &str,
+        id: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edge.rs b/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edge.rs
index bf2629af81..1e64bfb09d 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edge.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edge.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     db::{
         api::{
             properties::Properties,
+            state::Index,
             view::{internal::OneHopFilter, *},
         },
         graph::edge::EdgeView,
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ pub struct EvalEdgeView<'graph, 'a, G, GH, CS: Clone, S> {
     pub(crate) ss: usize,
     pub(crate) edge: EdgeView<&'graph G, GH>,
     pub(crate) storage: &'graph GraphStorage,
+    pub(crate) index: &'graph Index<VID>,
     pub(crate) node_state: Rc<RefCell<EVState<'a, CS>>>,
     pub(crate) local_state_prev: &'graph PrevLocalState<'a, S>,
 }
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ impl<
         ss: usize,
         edge: EdgeView<&'graph G, GH>,
         storage: &'graph GraphStorage,
+        index: &'graph Index<VID>,
         node_state: Rc<RefCell<EVState<'a, CS>>>,
         local_state_prev: &'graph PrevLocalState<'a, S>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ impl<
             ss,
             edge,
             storage,
+            index,
             node_state,
             local_state_prev,
         }
@@ -117,9 +121,15 @@ impl<
             storage,
             local_state_prev,
             node_state,
+            index: self.index,
         };
+        let state_pos = self
+            .index
+            .index(&node.node)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Internal Error, node {:?} needs to be in index", node.node));
         EvalNodeView {
             node: node.node,
+            state_pos,
             graph: node.base_graph,
             eval_graph,
             local_state: None,
@@ -138,10 +148,12 @@ impl<
         let node_state = self.node_state.clone();
         let local_state_prev = self.local_state_prev;
         let storage = self.storage;
+        let index = self.index;
         EvalEdges {
             ss,
             edges,
             storage,
+            index,
             node_state,
             local_state_prev,
         }
@@ -162,6 +174,7 @@ impl<
             ss: self.ss,
             edge: self.edge.clone(),
             storage: self.storage,
+            index: self.index,
             node_state: self.node_state.clone(),
             local_state_prev: self.local_state_prev,
         }
@@ -198,6 +211,7 @@ impl<
             self.ss,
             edge,
             self.storage,
+            self.index,
             self.node_state.clone(),
             self.local_state_prev,
         )
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edges.rs b/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edges.rs
index 1addb8798a..5f22847b1f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edges.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/task/edge/eval_edges.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     db::{
         api::{
             properties::{Metadata, Properties},
+            state::Index,
             view::{internal::OneHopFilter, BaseEdgeViewOps, BoxedLIter},
         },
         graph::edges::Edges,
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ pub struct EvalEdges<'graph, 'a, G, GH, CS: Clone, S> {
     pub(crate) ss: usize,
     pub(crate) edges: Edges<'graph, &'graph G, GH>,
     pub(crate) storage: &'graph GraphStorage,
+    pub(crate) index: &'graph Index<VID>,
     pub(crate) node_state: Rc<RefCell<EVState<'a, CS>>>,
     pub(crate) local_state_prev: &'graph PrevLocalState<'a, S>,
 }
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ impl<'graph, 'a: 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>, CS:
             ss: self.ss,
             edges: self.edges.clone(),
             storage: self.storage,
+            index: self.index,
             node_state: self.node_state.clone(),
             local_state_prev: self.local_state_prev,
         }
@@ -67,10 +70,12 @@ impl<'graph, 'a: 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, GH: GraphViewOps<'graph>, CS:
         let node_state = self.node_state.clone();
         let local_state_prev = self.local_state_prev;
         let storage = self.storage;
+        let index = self.index;
         EvalEdges {
             ss,
             edges,
             storage,
+            index,
             node_state,
             local_state_prev,
         }
@@ -91,6 +96,7 @@ impl<
         let ss = self.ss;
         let local_state_prev = self.local_state_prev;
         let storage = self.storage;
+        let index = self.index;
         self.edges
             .clone()
             .into_iter()
@@ -98,6 +104,7 @@ impl<
                 ss,
                 edge,
                 storage,
+                index,
                 node_state: node_state.clone(),
                 local_state_prev,
             })
@@ -121,10 +128,12 @@ impl<
         let ss = self.ss;
         let local_state_prev = self.local_state_prev;
         let storage = self.storage;
+        let index = self.index;
         Box::new(self.edges.into_iter().map(move |edge| EvalEdgeView {
             ss,
             edge,
             storage,
+            index,
             node_state: node_state.clone(),
             local_state_prev,
         }))
@@ -186,10 +195,12 @@ impl<
         let path = self.edges.map_nodes(op);
         let base_graph = self.edges.base_graph;
         let storage = self.storage;
+        let index = self.index;
         let eval_graph = EvalGraph {
             ss,
             base_graph,
             storage,
+            index,
             local_state_prev,
             node_state,
         };
@@ -212,9 +223,11 @@ impl<
         let local_state_prev = self.local_state_prev;
         let edges = self.edges.map_exploded(op);
         let storage = self.storage;
+        let index = self.index;
         Self {
             ss,
             storage,
+            index,
             node_state,
             local_state_prev,
             edges,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/task/eval_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/db/task/eval_graph.rs
index fa4742910d..8b6d0ac071 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/task/eval_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/task/eval_graph.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,17 @@ use crate::{
         entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef,
         state::compute_state::{ComputeState, ComputeStateVec},
     },
-    db::task::{
-        edge::eval_edge::EvalEdgeView,
-        node::{eval_node::EvalNodeView, eval_node_state::EVState},
-        task_state::PrevLocalState,
+    db::{
+        api::state::Index,
+        task::{
+            edge::eval_edge::EvalEdgeView,
+            node::{eval_node::EvalNodeView, eval_node_state::EVState},
+            task_state::PrevLocalState,
+        },
     },
     prelude::GraphViewOps,
 };
+use raphtory_core::entities::VID;
 use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
 use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
 
@@ -20,6 +24,7 @@ pub struct EvalGraph<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS: Clone = ComputeStateVec> {
     pub(crate) storage: &'graph GraphStorage,
     pub(crate) local_state_prev: &'graph PrevLocalState<'a, S>,
     pub(crate) node_state: Rc<RefCell<EVState<'a, CS>>>,
+    pub(crate) index: &'graph Index<VID>,
 }
 
 impl<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS: Clone> Clone for EvalGraph<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS> {
@@ -30,6 +35,7 @@ impl<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS: Clone> Clone for EvalGraph<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS> {
             storage: self.storage,
             local_state_prev: self.local_state_prev,
             node_state: self.node_state.clone(),
+            index: self.index,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -39,7 +45,15 @@ impl<'graph, 'a: 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, S: 'static, CS: ComputeState +
 {
     pub fn node(&self, n: impl AsNodeRef) -> Option<EvalNodeView<'graph, 'a, G, S, &'graph G, CS>> {
         let node = (&self.base_graph).node(n)?;
-        Some(EvalNodeView::new_local(node.node, self.clone(), None))
+        let state_pos = self.index.index(&node.node).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Internal Error, node {:?} needs to be in index", node.node);
+        });
+        Some(EvalNodeView::new_local(
+            node.node,
+            state_pos,
+            self.clone(),
+            None,
+        ))
     }
 
     pub fn edge<N: AsNodeRef>(
@@ -52,6 +66,7 @@ impl<'graph, 'a: 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, S: 'static, CS: ComputeState +
             self.ss,
             edge,
             self.storage,
+            self.index,
             self.node_state.clone(),
             self.local_state_prev,
         ))
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/task/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/db/task/mod.rs
index 141ef726e9..025a1544ae 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/task/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/task/mod.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ mod task_tests {
             vec![],
             vec![Job::new(step1)],
             None,
-            |egs, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&count),
+            |egs, _, _, _, _| egs.finalize(&count),
             Some(2),
             1,
             None,
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/task/node/eval_node.rs b/raphtory/src/db/task/node/eval_node.rs
index f5830ab1c2..e516cdc597 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/task/node/eval_node.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/task/node/eval_node.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use std::{
 
 pub struct EvalNodeView<'graph, 'a: 'graph, G, S, GH = &'graph G, CS: Clone = ComputeStateVec> {
     pub node: VID,
+    pub(crate) state_pos: usize,
     pub(crate) eval_graph: EvalGraph<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS>,
     pub(crate) graph: GH,
     pub(crate) local_state: Option<&'graph mut S>,
@@ -38,12 +39,14 @@ impl<'graph, 'a: 'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>, CS: ComputeState + 'a, S>
 {
     pub(crate) fn new_local(
         node: VID,
+        state_pos: usize,
         eval_graph: EvalGraph<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS>,
         local_state: Option<&'graph mut S>,
     ) -> Self {
         let graph = eval_graph.base_graph;
         Self {
             node,
+            state_pos,
             eval_graph,
             graph,
             local_state,
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@ impl<
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
             node: self.node,
+            state_pos: self.state_pos,
             eval_graph: self.eval_graph.clone(),
             graph: self.graph.clone(),
             local_state: None,
@@ -83,8 +87,7 @@ impl<
         self.eval_graph.clone()
     }
     pub fn prev(&self) -> &S {
-        let VID(i) = self.node;
-        &self.eval_graph.local_state_prev.state[i]
+        &self.eval_graph.local_state_prev.state[self.state_pos]
     }
 
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut S {
@@ -103,23 +106,20 @@ impl<
 
     pub(crate) fn new_filtered(
         node: VID,
+        state_pos: usize,
         eval_graph: EvalGraph<'graph, 'a, G, S, CS>,
         graph: GH,
         local_state: Option<&'graph mut S>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             node,
+            state_pos,
             eval_graph,
             graph,
             local_state,
         }
     }
 
-    fn pid(&self) -> usize {
-        let VID(i) = self.node;
-        i
-    }
-
     fn node_state(&self) -> Ref<'_, EVState<'a, CS>> {
         RefCell::borrow(&self.eval_graph.node_state)
     }
@@ -133,9 +133,12 @@ impl<
         id: &AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
         a: IN,
     ) {
-        self.node_state_mut()
-            .shard_mut()
-            .accumulate_into(self.eval_graph.ss, self.pid(), a, id);
+        self.node_state_mut().shard_mut().accumulate_into(
+            self.eval_graph.ss,
+            self.state_pos,
+            a,
+            id,
+        );
     }
 
     pub fn global_update<A: StateType, IN: 'static, OUT: 'static, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>>(
@@ -190,7 +193,7 @@ impl<
     {
         self.node_state()
             .shard()
-            .read_with_pid(self.eval_graph.ss, self.pid(), agg_r)
+            .read_with_pid(self.eval_graph.ss, self.state_pos, agg_r)
             .unwrap_or(ACC::finish(&ACC::zero()))
     }
 
@@ -204,7 +207,12 @@ impl<
         A: StateType,
         OUT: std::fmt::Debug,
     {
-        Entry::new(self.node_state(), *agg_r, &self.node, self.eval_graph.ss)
+        Entry::new(
+            self.node_state(),
+            *agg_r,
+            self.state_pos,
+            self.eval_graph.ss,
+        )
     }
 
     /// Read the prev value of the node state using the given accumulator.
@@ -219,7 +227,7 @@ impl<
     {
         self.node_state()
             .shard()
-            .read_with_pid(self.eval_graph.ss + 1, self.pid(), agg_r)
+            .read_with_pid(self.eval_graph.ss + 1, self.state_pos, agg_r)
             .unwrap_or(ACC::finish(&ACC::zero()))
     }
 
@@ -267,8 +275,11 @@ impl<
     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = EvalNodeView<'graph, 'a, G, S, GH, CS>> + 'graph {
         let base_graph = self.base_graph.clone();
         let graph = self.graph.clone();
-        self.iter_refs()
-            .map(move |v| EvalNodeView::new_filtered(v, base_graph.clone(), graph.clone(), None))
+        let index = self.base_graph.index;
+        self.iter_refs().map(move |v| {
+            let state_pos = index.index(&v).expect("VID not found in index");
+            EvalNodeView::new_filtered(v, state_pos, base_graph.clone(), graph.clone(), None)
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn type_filter<I: IntoIterator<Item = V>, V: AsRef<str>>(&self, node_types: I) -> Self {
@@ -374,6 +385,7 @@ impl<
             self.graph.clone(),
             self.op.clone(),
         );
+        let index = self.base_graph.index;
         let edges = path.map_edges(op);
         EvalEdges {
             ss,
@@ -381,6 +393,7 @@ impl<
             node_state,
             local_state_prev,
             storage,
+            index,
         }
     }
 
@@ -470,7 +483,7 @@ impl<
         filtered_graph: GHH,
     ) -> Self::Filtered<GHH> {
         let eval_graph = self.eval_graph.clone();
-        EvalNodeView::new_filtered(self.node, eval_graph, filtered_graph, None)
+        EvalNodeView::new_filtered(self.node, self.state_pos, eval_graph, filtered_graph, None)
     }
 }
 
@@ -523,12 +536,14 @@ impl<
             graph: self.graph.clone(),
             edges,
         };
+        let index = self.eval_graph.index;
         EvalEdges {
             ss,
             edges,
             node_state,
             local_state_prev,
             storage,
+            index,
         }
     }
 
@@ -560,7 +575,7 @@ impl<
 pub struct Entry<'a, 'b, A: StateType, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>, CS: ComputeState> {
     state: Ref<'a, EVState<'b, CS>>,
     acc_id: AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
-    v_ref: &'a VID,
+    state_pos: usize,
     ss: usize,
 }
 
@@ -579,13 +594,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, A: StateType, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>, CS: ComputeSta
     pub(crate) fn new(
         state: Ref<'a, EVState<'b, CS>>,
         acc_id: AccId<A, IN, OUT, ACC>,
-        v_ref: &'a VID,
+        state_pos: usize,
         ss: usize,
     ) -> Entry<'a, 'b, A, IN, OUT, ACC, CS> {
         Entry {
             state,
             acc_id,
-            v_ref,
+            state_pos,
             ss,
         }
     }
@@ -594,6 +609,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b, A: StateType, IN, OUT, ACC: Accumulator<A, IN, OUT>, CS: ComputeSta
     pub fn read_ref(&self) -> Option<&A> {
         self.state
             .shard()
-            .read_ref(self.ss, (*self.v_ref).into(), &self.acc_id)
+            .read_ref(self.ss, self.state_pos, &self.acc_id)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/db/task/task_runner.rs b/raphtory/src/db/task/task_runner.rs
index 90cec1a44a..fb71fbae04 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/db/task/task_runner.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/db/task/task_runner.rs
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ use crate::{
         },
     },
     db::{
-        api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
+        api::{state::Index, view::StaticGraphViewOps},
         task::{
             eval_graph::EvalGraph,
             node::{eval_node::EvalNodeView, eval_node_state::EVState},
         },
     },
-    prelude::GraphViewOps,
 };
+use raphtory_api::atomic_extra::atomic_vid_from_mut_slice;
 use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
 use rayon::{prelude::*, ThreadPool};
 use std::{
@@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
         global_state: &Global<CS>,
         morcel: &mut [S],
         prev_local_state: &Vec<S>,
+        reverse_vids: &Vec<VID>,
         storage: &GraphStorage,
+        index: &Index<VID>,
         atomic_done: &AtomicBool,
         morcel_size: usize,
         morcel_id: usize,
@@ -72,23 +74,25 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
         let mut v_ref = morcel_id * morcel_size;
 
         for local_state in morcel {
-            if g.has_node(VID(v_ref)) {
-                let eval_graph = EvalGraph {
-                    ss: self.ctx.ss(),
-                    base_graph: &g,
-                    storage,
-                    local_state_prev: &local,
-                    node_state: node_state.clone(),
-                };
-                let mut vv = EvalNodeView::new_local(v_ref.into(), eval_graph, Some(local_state));
+            let node = reverse_vids[v_ref];
+            // if g.has_node(VID(v_ref)) {
+            let eval_graph = EvalGraph {
+                ss: self.ctx.ss(),
+                base_graph: &g,
+                storage,
+                index,
+                local_state_prev: &local,
+                node_state: node_state.clone(),
+            };
+            let mut vv = EvalNodeView::new_local(node, v_ref, eval_graph, Some(local_state));
 
-                match task.run(&mut vv) {
-                    Step::Continue => {
-                        done = false;
-                    }
-                    Step::Done => {}
+            match task.run(&mut vv) {
+                Step::Continue => {
+                    done = false;
                 }
+                Step::Done => {}
             }
+            // }
             v_ref += 1;
         }
 
@@ -128,7 +132,9 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
         global_state: Global<CS>,
         mut local_state: Vec<S>,
         prev_local_state: &Vec<S>,
+        reverse_vids: &Vec<VID>,
         storage: &GraphStorage,
+        index: &Index<VID>,
     ) -> (bool, Shard<CS>, Global<CS>, Vec<S>) {
         pool.install(move || {
             let mut new_shard_state = shard_state;
@@ -149,7 +155,9 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
                                 &new_global_state,
                                 morcel,
                                 prev_local_state,
+                                reverse_vids,
                                 storage,
+                                index,
                                 &atomic_done,
                                 morcel_size,
                                 morcel_id,
@@ -167,7 +175,9 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
                                     &new_global_state,
                                     morcel,
                                     prev_local_state,
+                                    reverse_vids,
                                     storage,
+                                    index,
                                     &atomic_done,
                                     morcel_size,
                                     morcel_id,
@@ -202,16 +212,25 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
         })
     }
 
-    fn make_cur_and_prev_states<S: Clone + Default>(&self, mut init: Vec<S>) -> (Vec<S>, Vec<S>) {
-        let g = self.ctx.graph();
-        init.resize(g.unfiltered_num_nodes(), S::default());
+    fn make_cur_and_prev_states<S: Clone + Default>(
+        &self,
+        mut init: Vec<S>,
+        num_nodes: usize,
+    ) -> (Vec<S>, Vec<S>) {
+        init.resize(num_nodes, S::default());
 
         (init.clone(), init)
     }
 
     pub fn run<
         B,
-        F: FnOnce(GlobalState<CS>, EvalShardState<G, CS>, EvalLocalState<G, CS>, Vec<S>) -> B,
+        F: FnOnce(
+            GlobalState<CS>,
+            EvalShardState<G, CS>,
+            EvalLocalState<G, CS>,
+            Vec<S>,
+            Index<VID>,
+        ) -> B,
         S: Send + Sync + Clone + 'static + std::fmt::Debug + Default,
     >(
         &mut self,
@@ -226,8 +245,9 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
     ) -> B {
         let pool = num_threads.map(custom_pool).unwrap_or_else(|| POOL.clone());
 
-        let num_nodes = self.ctx.graph().unfiltered_num_nodes();
         let graph = self.ctx.graph();
+        let node_index = Index::for_graph(graph.clone());
+        let num_nodes = node_index.len();
         let storage = graph.core_graph();
         let morcel_size = num_nodes.min(16_000);
         let num_chunks = if morcel_size == 0 {
@@ -236,16 +256,27 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
             (num_nodes + morcel_size - 1) / morcel_size
         };
 
+        let index = Index::for_graph(graph.clone());
+
         let mut shard_state =
             shard_initial_state.unwrap_or_else(|| Shard::new(num_nodes, num_chunks, morcel_size));
 
         let mut global_state = global_initial_state.unwrap_or_else(|| Global::new());
 
         let (mut cur_local_state, mut prev_local_state) =
-            self.make_cur_and_prev_states::<S>(init.unwrap_or_default());
+            self.make_cur_and_prev_states::<S>(init.unwrap_or_default(), num_nodes);
 
         let mut _done = false;
 
+        let mut reverse_vids = vec![VID(0); node_index.len()];
+        {
+            let atom_vids = atomic_vid_from_mut_slice(&mut reverse_vids);
+
+            node_index.par_iter().for_each(|(i, vid)| {
+                atom_vids[i].store(vid.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            });
+        }
+
         (_done, shard_state, global_state, cur_local_state) = self.run_task_list(
             &init_tasks,
             &pool,
@@ -254,7 +285,9 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
             global_state,
             cur_local_state,
             &prev_local_state,
+            &reverse_vids,
             storage,
+            &index,
         );
 
         // To allow the init step to cache stuff we will copy everything from cur_local_state to prev_local_state
@@ -269,7 +302,9 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
                 global_state,
                 cur_local_state,
                 &prev_local_state,
+                &reverse_vids,
                 storage,
+                &index,
             );
 
             // copy and reset the state from the step that just ended
@@ -295,6 +330,7 @@ impl<G: StaticGraphViewOps, CS: ComputeState> TaskRunner<G, CS> {
             EvalShardState::new(ss, self.ctx.graph(), shard_state),
             EvalLocalState::new(ss, self.ctx.graph(), vec![]),
             last_local_state,
+            index,
         );
         self.ctx.reset_ss();
         to_return
diff --git a/raphtory/src/errors.rs b/raphtory/src/errors.rs
index 0570632543..02acc5bb52 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/errors.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/errors.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ use crate::{
     core::storage::lazy_vec::IllegalSet,
     db::graph::views::filter::model::filter_operator::FilterOperator, prelude::GraphViewOps,
 };
+use arrow::{datatypes::DataType, error::ArrowError};
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use parquet::errors::ParquetError;
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
     properties::prop::{PropError, PropType},
-    GID,
+    GidType, GID, VID,
 };
 use raphtory_core::{
     entities::{
@@ -18,19 +20,11 @@ use raphtory_storage::mutation::MutationError;
 use std::{
     fmt::Debug,
     io,
+    panic::Location,
     path::{PathBuf, StripPrefixError},
+    sync::Arc,
     time::SystemTimeError,
 };
-use tracing::error;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use pometry_storage::RAError;
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-use {
-    arrow::{datatypes::DataType, error::ArrowError},
-    parquet::errors::ParquetError,
-    raphtory_api::core::entities::{properties::prop::DeserialisationError, GidType, VID},
-};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "python")]
 use pyo3::PyErr;
@@ -38,38 +32,38 @@ use pyo3::PyErr;
 #[cfg(feature = "search")]
 use {tantivy, tantivy::query::QueryParserError};
 
+use storage::error::StorageError;
+#[cfg(feature = "io")]
+use zip::result::ZipError;
+
 #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
 pub enum InvalidPathReason {
-    #[error("Backslash not allowed in path: {0}")]
-    BackslashError(PathBuf),
-    #[error("Double forward slashes are not allowed in path: {0}")]
-    DoubleForwardSlash(PathBuf),
-    #[error("Only relative paths are allowed to be used within the working_dir: {0}")]
-    RootNotAllowed(PathBuf),
-    #[error("References to the current dir are not allowed within the path: {0}")]
-    CurDirNotAllowed(PathBuf),
-    #[error("References to the parent dir are not allowed within the path: {0}")]
-    ParentDirNotAllowed(PathBuf),
-    #[error("A component of the given path was a symlink: {0}")]
-    SymlinkNotAllowed(PathBuf),
-    #[error("The give path does not exist: {0}")]
-    PathDoesNotExist(PathBuf),
-    #[error("Could not parse Path: {0}")]
-    PathNotParsable(PathBuf),
-    #[error("The path to the graph contains a subpath to an existing graph: {0}")]
-    ParentIsGraph(PathBuf),
-    #[error("The path provided does not exists as a namespace: {0}")]
-    NamespaceDoesNotExist(String),
-    #[error("The path provided contains non-UTF8 characters.")]
-    NonUTFCharacters,
-    #[error("Failed to strip prefix")]
-    StripPrefix {
-        #[from]
-        source: StripPrefixError,
-    },
+    #[error("Backslash not allowed in path")]
+    BackslashError,
+    #[error("Double forward slashes are not allowed in path")]
+    DoubleForwardSlash,
+    #[error("Only relative paths are allowed to be used within the working_dir")]
+    RootNotAllowed,
+    #[error("References to the current dir are not allowed within the path")]
+    CurDirNotAllowed,
+    #[error("References to the parent dir are not allowed within the path")]
+    ParentDirNotAllowed,
+    #[error("A component of the given path was a symlink")]
+    SymlinkNotAllowed,
+    #[error("Could not parse Path")]
+    PathNotParsable,
+    #[error("The path to the graph contains a subpath to an existing graph")]
+    ParentIsGraph,
+    #[error("Graph name cannot start with _")]
+    GraphNamePrefix,
+    #[error("The path provided already exists as a namespace")]
+    GraphIsNamespace,
+    #[error("The path provided already exists as a graph")]
+    NamespaceIsGraph,
+    #[error("Failed to strip prefix: {source}")]
+    StripPrefix { source: StripPrefixError },
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
 #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
 pub enum LoadError {
     #[error("Only str columns are supported for layers, got {0:?}")]
@@ -90,12 +84,12 @@ pub enum LoadError {
     MissingNodeError,
     #[error("Missing value for timestamp")]
     MissingTimeError,
+    #[error("Missing value for secondary index")]
+    MissingSecondaryIndexError,
     #[error("Missing value for edge id {0:?} -> {1:?}")]
     MissingEdgeError(VID, VID),
     #[error("Node IDs have the wrong type, expected {existing}, got {new}")]
     NodeIdTypeError { existing: GidType, new: GidType },
-    #[error("Fatal load error, graph may be in a dirty state.")]
-    FatalError,
     #[error("Arrow error: {0:?}")]
     Arrow(#[from] ArrowError),
 }
@@ -120,6 +114,9 @@ pub fn into_graph_err(err: impl Into<GraphError>) -> GraphError {
 
 #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
 pub enum GraphError {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ExternalError(#[from] Arc<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>),
+
     #[error(transparent)]
     MutationError(#[from] MutationError),
 
@@ -129,11 +126,9 @@ pub enum GraphError {
     #[error("You cannot set ‘{0}’ and ‘{1}’ at the same time. Please pick one or the other.")]
     WrongNumOfArgs(String, String),
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
     #[error("Arrow-rs error: {0}")]
     ArrowRs(#[from] ArrowError),
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
     #[error("Arrow-rs parquet error: {0}")]
     ParquetError(#[from] ParquetError),
 
@@ -143,14 +138,17 @@ pub enum GraphError {
         source: InvalidPathReason,
     },
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
     #[error("{source}")]
     LoadError {
         #[from]
         source: LoadError,
     },
+
+    #[error("Path {0} does not exist")]
+    PathDoesNotExist(PathBuf),
+
     #[error("Storage feature not enabled")]
-    DiskGraphNotFound,
+    DiskGraphNotEnabled,
 
     #[error("Missing graph index. You need to create an index first.")]
     IndexNotCreated,
@@ -211,6 +209,7 @@ pub enum GraphError {
 
     #[error("Property {0} does not exist")]
     PropertyMissingError(String),
+
     // wasm
     #[error(transparent)]
     InvalidLayer(#[from] InvalidLayer),
@@ -224,13 +223,14 @@ pub enum GraphError {
         src: String,
         dst: String,
     },
+
     #[error("The loaded graph is of the wrong type. Did you mean Graph / PersistentGraph?")]
     GraphLoadError,
 
-    #[error("IO operation failed")]
+    #[error("{source} at {location}")]
     IOError {
-        #[from]
         source: io::Error,
+        location: &'static Location<'static>,
     },
 
     #[error("IO operation failed: {0}")]
@@ -248,27 +248,30 @@ pub enum GraphError {
     #[error("The path {0} does not contain a vector DB")]
     VectorDbDoesntExist(String),
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
     #[error("zip operation failed")]
     ZipError {
-        #[from]
         source: zip::result::ZipError,
+        location: &'static Location<'static>,
     },
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
+    #[error("Not a zip archive")]
+    NotAZip,
+
+    #[error("Not a disk graph")]
+    NotADiskGraph,
+
+    #[error("Graph folder is not initialised for writing")]
+    NoWriteInProgress,
+
     #[error("Failed to load graph: {0}")]
     LoadFailure(String),
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
     #[error(
         "Failed to load graph as the following columns are not present within the dataframe: {0}"
     )]
     ColumnDoesNotExist(String),
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    #[error("Raphtory Arrow Error: {0}")]
-    DiskGraphError(#[from] RAError),
-
     #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     #[error("Index operation failed: {source}")]
     IndexError {
@@ -324,14 +327,10 @@ pub enum GraphError {
     #[error("Protobuf decode error{0}")]
     EncodeError(#[from] prost::EncodeError),
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
     #[error("Cannot write graph into non empty folder {0}")]
     NonEmptyGraphFolder(PathBuf),
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    DeserialisationError(#[from] DeserialisationError),
-
     #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
     #[error("Cache is not initialised")]
     CacheNotInnitialised,
@@ -433,8 +432,19 @@ pub enum GraphError {
     #[error("Your window and step must be of the same type: duration (string) or epoch (int)")]
     MismatchedIntervalTypes,
 
-    #[error("Cannot initialize cache for zipped graph. Unzip the graph to initialize the cache.")]
-    ZippedGraphCannotBeCached,
+    #[error("Cannot swap zipped graph data")]
+    ZippedGraphCannotBeSwapped,
+
+    #[error("{source} at {location}")]
+    StripPrefixError {
+        source: StripPrefixError,
+        location: &'static Location<'static>,
+    },
+    #[error("Path {0} is not a valid relative data path")]
+    InvalidRelativePath(String),
+
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    StorageError(#[from] StorageError),
 }
 
 impl From<MetadataError> for GraphError {
@@ -473,3 +483,45 @@ impl From<GraphError> for io::Error {
         io::Error::other(error)
     }
 }
+
+impl From<io::Error> for GraphError {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn from(source: io::Error) -> Self {
+        let location = Location::caller();
+        GraphError::IOError { source, location }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "io")]
+impl From<ZipError> for GraphError {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn from(source: ZipError) -> Self {
+        let location = Location::caller();
+        GraphError::ZipError { source, location }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<StripPrefixError> for GraphError {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn from(source: StripPrefixError) -> Self {
+        let location = Location::caller();
+        GraphError::StripPrefixError { source, location }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::errors::GraphError;
+    use std::io;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_location_capture() {
+        fn inner() -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+            Err(io::Error::other(GraphError::IllegalSet("hi".to_string())))?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        let res = inner().err().unwrap();
+        println!("{}", res);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/graphgen/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/graphgen/mod.rs
index c7021c5e2b..2f17a0b166 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/graphgen/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/graphgen/mod.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ pub(crate) fn next_id<'graph, G: GraphViewOps<'graph>>(g: &G, max_gid: Option<GI
     match max_gid {
         GID::U64(id) => GID::U64(id + 1),
         GID::Str(_) => {
-            let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+            let mut rng = rand::rng();
             loop {
-                let new_id = GID::Str(rng.gen::<u64>().to_string());
+                let new_id = GID::Str(rng.random::<u64>().to_string());
                 if g.node(&new_id).is_none() {
                     break new_id;
                 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/graphgen/preferential_attachment.rs b/raphtory/src/graphgen/preferential_attachment.rs
index 534704cc6f..e40147794e 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/graphgen/preferential_attachment.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/graphgen/preferential_attachment.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub fn ba_preferential_attachment(
     if let Some(seed_value) = seed {
         rng = StdRng::from_seed(seed_value);
     } else {
-        rng = StdRng::from_entropy();
+        rng = StdRng::from_os_rng();
     }
     let mut latest_time = graph.latest_time().unwrap_or(0);
     let view = graph;
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ pub fn ba_preferential_attachment(
 
         for _ in 0..edges_per_step {
             let mut sum = 0;
-            let rand_num = rng.gen_range(1..=normalisation);
+            let rand_num = rng.random_range(1..=normalisation);
             for pos in 0..ids.len() {
                 if !positions_to_skip.contains(&pos) {
                     sum += degrees[pos];
diff --git a/raphtory/src/graphgen/random_attachment.rs b/raphtory/src/graphgen/random_attachment.rs
index e821e27054..8fb6fcf932 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/graphgen/random_attachment.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/graphgen/random_attachment.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     prelude::{NodeStateOps, NO_PROPS},
 };
-use rand::{rngs::StdRng, seq::SliceRandom, SeedableRng};
+use rand::{prelude::IndexedRandom, rngs::StdRng, SeedableRng};
 use tracing::error;
 
 use super::next_id;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn random_attachment(
     if let Some(seed_value) = seed {
         rng = StdRng::from_seed(seed_value);
     } else {
-        rng = StdRng::from_entropy();
+        rng = StdRng::from_os_rng();
     }
     let mut latest_time = graph.latest_time().unwrap_or(0);
     let mut ids = graph.nodes().id().iter_values().collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/dataframe.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/dataframe.rs
index 6d122c990c..45ced043cc 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/dataframe.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/dataframe.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,15 @@ use crate::{
 use arrow::{
     array::{cast::AsArray, Array, ArrayRef, PrimitiveArray},
     compute::cast,
-    datatypes::{DataType, Int64Type, TimeUnit, TimestampMillisecondType},
+    datatypes::{DataType, Int64Type, TimeUnit, TimestampMillisecondType, UInt64Type},
 };
+use either::Either;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
+use std::{
+    fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
+    ops::{Deref, Range},
+};
 
 pub struct DFView<I> {
     pub names: Vec<String>,
@@ -26,10 +30,7 @@ impl<I> Debug for DFView<I> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<I, E> DFView<I>
-where
-    I: Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, E>>,
-{
+impl<I> DFView<I> {
     pub fn check_cols_exist(&self, cols: &[&str]) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let non_cols: Vec<&&str> = cols
             .iter()
@@ -43,12 +44,14 @@ where
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_index(&self, name: &str) -> Result<usize, GraphError> {
-        self.names
-            .iter()
-            .position(|n| n == name)
+        self.get_index_opt(name)
             .ok_or_else(|| GraphError::ColumnDoesNotExist(name.to_string()))
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn get_index_opt(&self, name: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.names.iter().position(|n| n == name)
+    }
+
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.num_rows == 0
     }
@@ -95,6 +98,74 @@ impl TimeCol {
     pub fn get(&self, i: usize) -> Option<i64> {
         (i < self.0.len()).then(|| self.0.value(i))
     }
+
+    pub fn values(&self) -> &[i64] {
+        self.0.values()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for TimeCol {
+    type Target = [i64];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0.values()
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum SecondaryIndexCol {
+    DataFrame(PrimitiveArray<UInt64Type>),
+    Range(Range<usize>),
+}
+
+impl SecondaryIndexCol {
+    /// Load a secondary index column from a dataframe.
+    pub fn new_from_df(arr: &dyn Array) -> Result<Self, LoadError> {
+        if arr.null_count() > 0 {
+            return Err(LoadError::MissingSecondaryIndexError);
+        }
+
+        Ok(SecondaryIndexCol::DataFrame(
+            arr.as_primitive::<UInt64Type>().clone(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a secondary index column with values from `start` to `end` (not inclusive).
+    pub fn new_from_range(start: usize, end: usize) -> Self {
+        let start = start;
+        let end = end;
+        SecondaryIndexCol::Range(start..end)
+    }
+
+    pub fn par_iter(&self) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = usize> + '_ {
+        match self {
+            SecondaryIndexCol::DataFrame(arr) => {
+                rayon::iter::Either::Left(arr.values().par_iter().copied().map(|v| v as usize))
+            }
+            SecondaryIndexCol::Range(range) => {
+                rayon::iter::Either::Right(range.clone().into_par_iter())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + '_ {
+        match self {
+            SecondaryIndexCol::DataFrame(arr) => {
+                Either::Left(arr.values().iter().copied().map(|v| v as usize))
+            }
+            SecondaryIndexCol::Range(range) => Either::Right(range.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn max(&self) -> usize {
+        self.iter().max().unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            SecondaryIndexCol::DataFrame(arr) => arr.len(),
+            SecondaryIndexCol::Range(range) => range.len(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -111,6 +182,10 @@ impl DFChunk {
         self.chunk.first().map(|c| c.len()).unwrap_or(0)
     }
 
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
     pub fn node_col(&self, index: usize) -> Result<NodeCol, LoadError> {
         lift_node_col(index, self)
     }
@@ -118,4 +193,8 @@ impl DFChunk {
     pub fn time_col(&self, index: usize) -> Result<TimeCol, LoadError> {
         TimeCol::new(self.chunk[index].as_ref())
     }
+
+    pub fn secondary_index_col(&self, index: usize) -> Result<SecondaryIndexCol, LoadError> {
+        SecondaryIndexCol::new_from_df(self.chunk[index].as_ref())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d83987c49b..0000000000
--- a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,902 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    core::entities::{nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef, LayerIds},
-    db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
-    errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError, LoadError},
-    io::arrow::{
-        dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView},
-        layer_col::{lift_layer_col, lift_node_type_col},
-        prop_handler::*,
-    },
-    prelude::*,
-    serialise::incremental::InternalCache,
-};
-use bytemuck::checked::cast_slice_mut;
-#[cfg(feature = "python")]
-use kdam::{Bar, BarBuilder, BarExt};
-use raphtory_api::{
-    atomic_extra::atomic_usize_from_mut_slice,
-    core::{
-        entities::{properties::prop::PropType, EID},
-        storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
-        Direction,
-    },
-};
-use rayon::prelude::*;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::atomic::Ordering};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "python")]
-fn build_progress_bar(des: String, num_rows: usize) -> Result<Bar, GraphError> {
-    BarBuilder::default()
-        .desc(des)
-        .animation(kdam::Animation::FillUp)
-        .total(num_rows)
-        .unit_scale(true)
-        .build()
-        .map_err(|_| GraphError::TqdmError)
-}
-
-fn process_shared_properties(
-    props: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
-    resolver: impl Fn(&str, PropType) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, GraphError>,
-) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, GraphError> {
-    match props {
-        None => Ok(vec![]),
-        Some(props) => props
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(key, prop)| Ok((resolver(key, prop.dtype())?.inner(), prop.clone())))
-            .collect(),
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn load_nodes_from_df<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
->(
-    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
-    time: &str,
-    node_id: &str,
-    properties: &[&str],
-    metadata: &[&str],
-    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
-    node_type: Option<&str>,
-    node_type_col: Option<&str>,
-    graph: &G,
-) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    if df_view.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let properties_indices = properties
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-    let metadata_indices = metadata
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-
-    let node_type_index =
-        node_type_col.map(|node_type_col| df_view.get_index(node_type_col.as_ref()));
-    let node_type_index = node_type_index.transpose()?;
-
-    let node_id_index = df_view.get_index(node_id)?;
-    let time_index = df_view.get_index(time)?;
-
-    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
-        graph
-            .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)
-    })?;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading nodes".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
-
-    let mut node_col_resolved = vec![];
-    let mut node_type_col_resolved = vec![];
-
-    let cache = graph.get_cache();
-    let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-    let cache_shards = cache.map(|cache| {
-        (0..write_locked_graph.num_shards())
-            .map(|_| cache.fork())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    });
-
-    let mut start_id = graph
-        .reserve_event_ids(df_view.num_rows)
-        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
-        let df = chunk?;
-        let prop_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(properties, &properties_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, false)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-        let metadata_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-        let node_type_col = lift_node_type_col(node_type, node_type_index, &df)?;
-
-        let time_col = df.time_col(time_index)?;
-        let node_col = df.node_col(node_id_index)?;
-
-        node_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        node_type_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-
-        node_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(node_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .zip(node_type_col.par_iter())
-            .zip(node_type_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .try_for_each(|(((gid, resolved), node_type), node_type_resolved)| {
-                let gid = gid.ok_or(LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let vid = write_locked_graph
-                    .resolve_node(gid)
-                    .map_err(|_| LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let node_type_res = write_locked_graph.resolve_node_type(node_type).inner();
-                *node_type_resolved = node_type_res;
-                if let Some(cache) = cache {
-                    cache.resolve_node(vid, gid);
-                }
-                *resolved = vid.inner();
-                Ok::<(), LoadError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        let g = write_locked_graph.graph;
-        let update_time = |time| g.update_time(time);
-
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .resize(write_locked_graph.num_nodes());
-
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .par_iter_mut()
-            .try_for_each(|mut shard| {
-                let mut t_props = vec![];
-                let mut c_props = vec![];
-
-                for (idx, (((vid, time), node_type), gid)) in node_col_resolved
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(time_col.iter())
-                    .zip(node_type_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .zip(node_col.iter())
-                    .enumerate()
-                {
-                    let shard_id = shard.shard_id();
-                    let node_exists = if let Some(mut_node) = shard.get_mut(*vid) {
-                        mut_node.init(*vid, gid);
-                        mut_node.node_type = *node_type;
-                        t_props.clear();
-                        t_props.extend(prop_cols.iter_row(idx));
-
-                        c_props.clear();
-                        c_props.extend(metadata_cols.iter_row(idx));
-                        c_props.extend_from_slice(&shared_metadata);
-
-                        if let Some(caches) = cache_shards.as_ref() {
-                            let cache = &caches[shard_id];
-                            cache.add_node_update(
-                                TimeIndexEntry(time, start_id + idx),
-                                *vid,
-                                &t_props,
-                            );
-                            cache.add_node_cprops(*vid, &c_props);
-                        }
-
-                        for (id, prop) in c_props.drain(..) {
-                            mut_node.add_metadata(id, prop)?;
-                        }
-
-                        true
-                    } else {
-                        false
-                    };
-
-                    if node_exists {
-                        let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, start_id + idx);
-                        update_time(t);
-                        let prop_i = shard.t_prop_log_mut().push(t_props.drain(..))?;
-                        if let Some(mut_node) = shard.get_mut(*vid) {
-                            mut_node.update_t_prop_time(t, prop_i);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
-        start_id += df.len();
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn load_edges_from_df<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
->(
-    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
-    time: &str,
-    src: &str,
-    dst: &str,
-    properties: &[&str],
-    metadata: &[&str],
-    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
-    layer: Option<&str>,
-    layer_col: Option<&str>,
-    graph: &G,
-) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    if df_view.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let properties_indices = properties
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-    let metadata_indices = metadata
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-
-    let src_index = df_view.get_index(src)?;
-    let dst_index = df_view.get_index(dst)?;
-    let time_index = df_view.get_index(time)?;
-    let layer_index = if let Some(layer_col) = layer_col {
-        Some(df_view.get_index(layer_col.as_ref())?)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
-        graph
-            .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)
-    })?;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading edges".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let _ = pb.update(0);
-    let mut start_idx = graph
-        .reserve_event_ids(df_view.num_rows)
-        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-
-    let mut src_col_resolved = vec![];
-    let mut dst_col_resolved = vec![];
-    let mut eid_col_resolved: Vec<EID> = vec![];
-
-    let cache = graph.get_cache();
-    let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-    let cache_shards = cache.map(|cache| {
-        (0..write_locked_graph.num_shards())
-            .map(|_| cache.fork())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    });
-
-    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
-        let df = chunk?;
-        let prop_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(properties, &properties_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, false)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-        let metadata_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-
-        src_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        dst_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-
-        // let src_col_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(cast_slice_mut(&mut src_col_resolved));
-        // let dst_col_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(cast_slice_mut(&mut dst_col_resolved));
-
-        let layer = lift_layer_col(layer, layer_index, &df)?;
-        let layer_col_resolved = layer.resolve(graph)?;
-
-        let src_col = df.node_col(src_index)?;
-        src_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingSrcError)?;
-
-        let dst_col = df.node_col(dst_index)?;
-        dst_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingDstError)?;
-
-        let time_col = df.time_col(time_index)?;
-
-        // It's our graph, no one else can change it
-        src_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        src_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(src_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .try_for_each(|(gid, resolved)| {
-                let gid = gid.ok_or(LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let vid = write_locked_graph
-                    .resolve_node(gid)
-                    .map_err(|_| LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                if let Some(cache) = cache {
-                    cache.resolve_node(vid, gid);
-                }
-                *resolved = vid.inner();
-                Ok::<(), LoadError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        dst_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        dst_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(dst_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .try_for_each(|(gid, resolved)| {
-                let gid = gid.ok_or(LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let vid = write_locked_graph
-                    .resolve_node(gid)
-                    .map_err(|_| LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                if let Some(cache) = cache {
-                    cache.resolve_node(vid, gid);
-                }
-                *resolved = vid.inner();
-                Ok::<(), LoadError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .resize(write_locked_graph.num_nodes());
-
-        // resolve all the edges
-        eid_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        let eid_col_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(cast_slice_mut(&mut eid_col_resolved));
-        let g = write_locked_graph.graph;
-        let next_edge_id = || g.storage.edges.next_id();
-        let update_time = |time| g.update_time(time);
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .par_iter_mut()
-            .for_each(|mut shard| {
-                for (row, ((((src, src_gid), dst), time), layer)) in src_col_resolved
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(src_col.iter())
-                    .zip(dst_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .zip(time_col.iter())
-                    .zip(layer_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .enumerate()
-                {
-                    let shard_id = shard.shard_id();
-                    if let Some(src_node) = shard.get_mut(*src) {
-                        src_node.init(*src, src_gid);
-                        update_time(TimeIndexEntry(time, start_idx + row));
-                        let eid = match src_node.find_edge_eid(*dst, &LayerIds::All) {
-                            None => {
-                                let eid = next_edge_id();
-                                if let Some(cache_shards) = cache_shards.as_ref() {
-                                    cache_shards[shard_id].resolve_edge(
-                                        MaybeNew::New(eid),
-                                        *src,
-                                        *dst,
-                                    );
-                                }
-                                eid
-                            }
-                            Some(eid) => eid,
-                        };
-                        src_node.update_time(
-                            TimeIndexEntry(time, start_idx + row),
-                            eid.with_layer(*layer),
-                        );
-                        src_node.add_edge(*dst, Direction::OUT, *layer, eid);
-                        eid_col_shared[row].store(eid.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-
-        // link the destinations
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .par_iter_mut()
-            .for_each(|mut shard| {
-                for (row, ((((src, (dst, dst_gid)), eid), time), layer)) in src_col_resolved
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(dst_col_resolved.iter().zip(dst_col.iter()))
-                    .zip(eid_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .zip(time_col.iter())
-                    .zip(layer_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .enumerate()
-                {
-                    if let Some(node) = shard.get_mut(*dst) {
-                        node.init(*dst, dst_gid);
-                        node.update_time(
-                            TimeIndexEntry(time, row + start_idx),
-                            eid.with_layer(*layer),
-                        );
-                        node.add_edge(*src, Direction::IN, *layer, *eid)
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-
-        write_locked_graph
-            .edges
-            .par_iter_mut()
-            .try_for_each(|mut shard| {
-                let mut t_props = vec![];
-                let mut c_props = vec![];
-                for (idx, ((((src, dst), time), eid), layer)) in src_col_resolved
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(dst_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .zip(time_col.iter())
-                    .zip(eid_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .zip(layer_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .enumerate()
-                {
-                    let shard_id = shard.shard_id();
-                    if let Some(mut edge) = shard.get_mut(*eid) {
-                        let edge_store = edge.edge_store_mut();
-                        if !edge_store.initialised() {
-                            edge_store.src = *src;
-                            edge_store.dst = *dst;
-                            edge_store.eid = *eid;
-                        }
-                        let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, start_idx + idx);
-                        edge.additions_mut(*layer).insert(t);
-                        t_props.clear();
-                        t_props.extend(prop_cols.iter_row(idx));
-
-                        c_props.clear();
-                        c_props.extend(metadata_cols.iter_row(idx));
-                        c_props.extend_from_slice(&shared_metadata);
-
-                        if let Some(caches) = cache_shards.as_ref() {
-                            let cache = &caches[shard_id];
-                            cache.add_edge_update(t, *eid, &t_props, *layer);
-                            cache.add_edge_cprops(*eid, *layer, &c_props);
-                        }
-
-                        if !t_props.is_empty() || !c_props.is_empty() {
-                            let edge_layer = edge.layer_mut(*layer);
-
-                            for (id, prop) in t_props.drain(..) {
-                                edge_layer.add_prop(t, id, prop)?;
-                            }
-
-                            for (id, prop) in c_props.drain(..) {
-                                edge_layer.update_metadata(id, prop)?;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
-            })?;
-        if let Some(cache) = cache {
-            cache.write()?;
-        }
-        if let Some(cache_shards) = cache_shards.as_ref() {
-            for cache in cache_shards {
-                cache.write()?;
-            }
-        }
-
-        start_idx += df.len();
-        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn load_edge_deletions_from_df<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + DeletionOps,
->(
-    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
-    time: &str,
-    src: &str,
-    dst: &str,
-    layer: Option<&str>,
-    layer_col: Option<&str>,
-    graph: &G,
-) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    if df_view.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let src_index = df_view.get_index(src)?;
-    let dst_index = df_view.get_index(dst)?;
-    let time_index = df_view.get_index(time)?;
-    let layer_index = layer_col.map(|layer_col| df_view.get_index(layer_col.as_ref()));
-    let layer_index = layer_index.transpose()?;
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading edge deletions".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
-    let mut start_idx = graph
-        .reserve_event_ids(df_view.num_rows)
-        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-
-    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
-        let df = chunk?;
-        let layer = lift_layer_col(layer, layer_index, &df)?;
-        let src_col = df.node_col(src_index)?;
-        let dst_col = df.node_col(dst_index)?;
-        let time_col = df.time_col(time_index)?;
-        src_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(dst_col.par_iter())
-            .zip(time_col.par_iter())
-            .zip(layer.par_iter())
-            .enumerate()
-            .try_for_each(|(idx, (((src, dst), time), layer))| {
-                let src = src.ok_or(LoadError::MissingSrcError)?;
-                let dst = dst.ok_or(LoadError::MissingDstError)?;
-                graph.delete_edge((time, start_idx + idx), src, dst, layer)?;
-                Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
-            })?;
-        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
-        start_idx += df.len();
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn load_node_props_from_df<
-    'a,
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
->(
-    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
-    node_id: &str,
-    node_type: Option<&str>,
-    node_type_col: Option<&str>,
-    metadata: &[&str],
-    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
-    graph: &G,
-) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    if df_view.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let metadata_indices = metadata
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-
-    let node_type_index =
-        node_type_col.map(|node_type_col| df_view.get_index(node_type_col.as_ref()));
-    let node_type_index = node_type_index.transpose()?;
-
-    let node_id_index = df_view.get_index(node_id)?;
-
-    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
-        graph
-            .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)
-    })?;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading node properties".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
-
-    let mut node_col_resolved = vec![];
-    let mut node_type_col_resolved = vec![];
-
-    let cache = graph.get_cache();
-    let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-    let cache_shards = cache.map(|cache| {
-        (0..write_locked_graph.num_shards())
-            .map(|_| cache.fork())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    });
-
-    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
-        let df = chunk?;
-        let metadata_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-        let node_type_col = lift_node_type_col(node_type, node_type_index, &df)?;
-        let node_col = df.node_col(node_id_index)?;
-
-        node_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        node_type_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-
-        node_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(node_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .zip(node_type_col.par_iter())
-            .zip(node_type_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .try_for_each(|(((gid, resolved), node_type), node_type_resolved)| {
-                let gid = gid.ok_or(LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let vid = write_locked_graph
-                    .resolve_node(gid)
-                    .map_err(|_| LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let node_type_res = write_locked_graph.resolve_node_type(node_type).inner();
-                *node_type_resolved = node_type_res;
-                if let Some(cache) = cache {
-                    cache.resolve_node(vid, gid);
-                }
-                *resolved = vid.inner();
-                Ok::<(), LoadError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .resize(write_locked_graph.num_nodes());
-
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .par_iter_mut()
-            .try_for_each(|mut shard| {
-                let mut c_props = vec![];
-
-                for (idx, ((vid, node_type), gid)) in node_col_resolved
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(node_type_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .zip(node_col.iter())
-                    .enumerate()
-                {
-                    let shard_id = shard.shard_id();
-                    if let Some(mut_node) = shard.get_mut(*vid) {
-                        mut_node.init(*vid, gid);
-                        mut_node.node_type = *node_type;
-
-                        c_props.clear();
-                        c_props.extend(metadata_cols.iter_row(idx));
-                        c_props.extend_from_slice(&shared_metadata);
-
-                        if let Some(caches) = cache_shards.as_ref() {
-                            let cache = &caches[shard_id];
-                            cache.add_node_cprops(*vid, &c_props);
-                        }
-
-                        for (id, prop) in c_props.drain(..) {
-                            mut_node.add_metadata(id, prop)?;
-                        }
-                    };
-                }
-                Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn load_edges_props_from_df<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
->(
-    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
-    src: &str,
-    dst: &str,
-    metadata: &[&str],
-    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
-    layer: Option<&str>,
-    layer_col: Option<&str>,
-    graph: &G,
-) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    if df_view.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let metadata_indices = metadata
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-
-    let src_index = df_view.get_index(src)?;
-    let dst_index = df_view.get_index(dst)?;
-    let layer_index = if let Some(layer_col) = layer_col {
-        Some(df_view.get_index(layer_col.as_ref())?)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
-        graph
-            .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
-            .map_err(into_graph_err)
-    })?;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading edge properties".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let _ = pb.update(0);
-
-    let mut src_col_resolved = vec![];
-    let mut dst_col_resolved = vec![];
-    let mut eid_col_resolved = vec![];
-
-    let cache = graph.get_cache();
-    let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-    let cache_shards = cache.map(|cache| {
-        (0..write_locked_graph.num_shards())
-            .map(|_| cache.fork())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    });
-
-    let g = write_locked_graph.graph;
-
-    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
-        let df = chunk?;
-        let metadata_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-        let layer = lift_layer_col(layer, layer_index, &df)?;
-        let layer_col_resolved = layer.resolve(graph)?;
-
-        let src_col = df.node_col(src_index)?;
-        src_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingSrcError)?;
-
-        let dst_col = df.node_col(dst_index)?;
-        dst_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingDstError)?;
-
-        // It's our graph, no one else can change it
-        src_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        src_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(src_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .try_for_each(|(gid, resolved)| {
-                let gid = gid.ok_or(LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let vid = g
-                    .resolve_node_ref(gid.as_node_ref())
-                    .ok_or(LoadError::MissingNodeError)?;
-                *resolved = vid;
-                Ok::<(), LoadError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        dst_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        dst_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(dst_col_resolved.par_iter_mut())
-            .try_for_each(|(gid, resolved)| {
-                let gid = gid.ok_or(LoadError::FatalError)?;
-                let vid = g
-                    .resolve_node_ref(gid.as_node_ref())
-                    .ok_or(LoadError::MissingNodeError)?;
-                *resolved = vid;
-                Ok::<(), LoadError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        // resolve all the edges
-        eid_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
-        let eid_col_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(cast_slice_mut(&mut eid_col_resolved));
-        write_locked_graph
-            .nodes
-            .par_iter_mut()
-            .try_for_each(|shard| {
-                for (row, (src, dst)) in src_col_resolved
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(dst_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .enumerate()
-                {
-                    if let Some(src_node) = shard.get(*src) {
-                        // we know this is here
-                        let EID(eid) = src_node
-                            .find_edge_eid(*dst, &LayerIds::All)
-                            .ok_or(LoadError::MissingEdgeError(*src, *dst))?;
-                        eid_col_shared[row].store(eid, Ordering::Relaxed);
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok::<_, LoadError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        write_locked_graph
-            .edges
-            .par_iter_mut()
-            .try_for_each(|mut shard| {
-                let mut c_props = vec![];
-                for (idx, (eid, layer)) in eid_col_resolved
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(layer_col_resolved.iter())
-                    .enumerate()
-                {
-                    let shard_id = shard.shard_id();
-                    if let Some(mut edge) = shard.get_mut(*eid) {
-                        c_props.clear();
-                        c_props.extend(metadata_cols.iter_row(idx));
-                        c_props.extend_from_slice(&shared_metadata);
-
-                        if let Some(caches) = cache_shards.as_ref() {
-                            let cache = &caches[shard_id];
-                            cache.add_edge_cprops(*eid, *layer, &c_props);
-                        }
-
-                        if !c_props.is_empty() {
-                            let edge_layer = edge.layer_mut(*layer);
-
-                            for (id, prop) in c_props.drain(..) {
-                                edge_layer.update_metadata(id, prop)?;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
-            })?;
-
-        if let Some(cache) = cache {
-            cache.write()?;
-        }
-        if let Some(cache_shards) = cache_shards.as_ref() {
-            for cache in cache_shards {
-                cache.write()?;
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn load_graph_props_from_df<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
->(
-    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
-    time: &str,
-    properties: Option<&[&str]>,
-    metadata: Option<&[&str]>,
-    graph: &G,
-) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    if df_view.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let properties = properties.unwrap_or(&[]);
-    let metadata = metadata.unwrap_or(&[]);
-
-    let properties_indices = properties
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-    let metadata_indices = metadata
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-
-    let time_index = df_view.get_index(time)?;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading graph properties".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
-
-    let mut start_id = graph
-        .reserve_event_ids(df_view.num_rows)
-        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-
-    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
-        let df = chunk?;
-        let prop_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(properties, &properties_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_graph_property(key, dtype, false)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-        let metadata_cols =
-            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
-                graph
-                    .resolve_graph_property(key, dtype, true)
-                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
-            })?;
-        let time_col = df.time_col(time_index)?;
-
-        time_col
-            .par_iter()
-            .zip(prop_cols.par_rows())
-            .zip(metadata_cols.par_rows())
-            .enumerate()
-            .try_for_each(|(id, ((time, t_props), c_props))| {
-                let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, start_id + id);
-                let t_props: Vec<_> = t_props.collect();
-                if !t_props.is_empty() {
-                    graph
-                        .internal_add_properties(t, &t_props)
-                        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-                }
-
-                let c_props: Vec<_> = c_props.collect();
-
-                if !c_props.is_empty() {
-                    graph
-                        .internal_add_metadata(&c_props)
-                        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
-                }
-                Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
-            })?;
-        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
-        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
-        start_id += df.len();
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/edge_props.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/edge_props.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..429ab19901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/edge_props.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+use crate::{
+    db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
+    errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError, LoadError},
+    io::arrow::{
+        dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView},
+        df_loaders::{
+            build_progress_bar,
+            edges::{get_or_resolve_node_vids, store_node_ids, ColumnNames},
+            process_shared_properties,
+        },
+        layer_col::lift_layer_col,
+        prop_handler::*,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+};
+use arrow::{array::AsArray, datatypes::UInt64Type};
+use bytemuck::checked::cast_slice_mut;
+use db4_graph::WriteLockedGraph;
+use itertools::izip;
+use kdam::BarExt;
+use raphtory_api::{atomic_extra::atomic_usize_from_mut_slice, core::entities::EID};
+use raphtory_core::entities::VID;
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::SessionAdditionOps;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+        mpsc,
+    },
+};
+use storage::{
+    api::{edges::EdgeSegmentOps, nodes::NodeSegmentOps},
+    pages::locked::{edges::LockedEdgePage, nodes::LockedNodePage},
+    Extension,
+};
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn load_edges_from_df_inner<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
+    chunks: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>,
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = ()>>,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    if df_view.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let ColumnNames {
+        src,
+        dst,
+        layer_col,
+        layer_id_col,
+        ..
+    } = column_names;
+
+    let metadata_indices = metadata
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+
+    let src_index = df_view.get_index(src)?;
+    let dst_index = df_view.get_index(dst)?;
+    let layer_id_index = layer_id_col.and_then(|name| df_view.get_index_opt(name));
+    let layer_index = layer_col.map(|name| df_view.get_index(name)).transpose()?;
+
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
+        session
+            .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)
+    })?;
+
+    // #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading edges metadata".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
+
+    let mut src_col_resolved: Vec<VID> = vec![];
+    let mut dst_col_resolved: Vec<VID> = vec![];
+    let mut eid_col_resolved: Vec<EID> = vec![];
+
+    for chunk in chunks {
+        let df = chunk?;
+        let metadata_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        // validate src and dst columns
+        let src_col = df.node_col(src_index)?;
+        let dst_col = df.node_col(dst_index)?;
+        if resolve_nodes {
+            src_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingSrcError)?;
+            dst_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingDstError)?;
+        }
+        let layer = lift_layer_col(layer, layer_index, &df)?;
+        let layer_id_values = layer_id_index
+            .map(|idx| {
+                df.chunk[idx]
+                    .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| LoadError::InvalidLayerType(df.chunk[idx].data_type().clone()))
+                    .map(|array| array.values().as_ref())
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+        let layer_col_resolved = layer.resolve_layer(layer_id_values, graph)?;
+
+        let (src_vids, dst_vids, gid_str_cache) = get_or_resolve_node_vids(
+            graph,
+            src_index,
+            dst_index,
+            &mut src_col_resolved,
+            &mut dst_col_resolved,
+            resolve_nodes,
+            &df,
+            &src_col,
+            &dst_col,
+        )?;
+
+        let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        eid_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+        let eid_col_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(cast_slice_mut(&mut eid_col_resolved));
+
+        let WriteLockedGraph { nodes, .. } = &mut write_locked_graph;
+
+        // Generate all edge_ids + add outbound edges
+        nodes.par_iter_mut().try_for_each(|locked_page| {
+            // Zip all columns for iteration.
+            let zip = izip!(src_vids.iter(), dst_vids.iter());
+            add_and_resolve_outbound_edges(&eid_col_shared, locked_page, zip)?;
+            // resolve_nodes=false
+            // assumes we are loading our own graph, via the parquet loaders,
+            // so previous calls have already stored the node ids and types
+            if resolve_nodes {
+                store_node_ids(&gid_str_cache, locked_page);
+            }
+            Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
+        })?;
+
+        drop(write_locked_graph);
+
+        let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        write_locked_graph.edges.par_iter_mut().for_each(|shard| {
+            let zip = izip!(
+                src_vids.iter(),
+                dst_vids.iter(),
+                eid_col_resolved.iter(),
+                layer_col_resolved.iter(),
+            );
+            update_edge_metadata(&shared_metadata, &metadata_cols, shard, zip);
+        });
+
+        // #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
+    }
+    Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn load_edges_from_df_pandas<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    let DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks,
+        num_rows,
+    } = df_view;
+    let df_view_meta = DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks: std::iter::empty(),
+        num_rows,
+    };
+
+    load_edges_from_df_inner(
+        chunks,
+        df_view_meta,
+        column_names,
+        resolve_nodes,
+        metadata,
+        shared_metadata,
+        layer,
+        graph,
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn load_edges_from_df<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>> + Send>,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    let DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks,
+        num_rows,
+    } = df_view;
+    let df_view_meta = DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks: std::iter::empty(),
+        num_rows,
+    };
+    rayon::scope(|s| {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(2);
+
+        s.spawn(move |_| {
+            let sender = tx;
+            for chunk in chunks {
+                if let Err(e) = sender.send(chunk) {
+                    eprintln!("Error pre-fetching chunk for loading edges, possibly receiver has been dropped {e}");
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        load_edges_from_df_inner(
+            rx,
+            df_view_meta,
+            column_names,
+            resolve_nodes,
+            metadata,
+            shared_metadata,
+            layer,
+            graph,
+        )?;
+        Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn add_and_resolve_outbound_edges<'a, NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>>(
+    eid_col_shared: &&mut [AtomicUsize],
+    locked_page: &mut LockedNodePage<'_, NS>,
+    zip: impl Iterator<Item = (&'a VID, &'a VID)>,
+) -> Result<(), LoadError> {
+    for (row, (src, dst)) in zip.enumerate() {
+        if let Some(src_pos) = locked_page.resolve_pos(*src) {
+            let writer = locked_page.writer();
+            // find the original EID in the static graph if it exists
+            // otherwise create a new one
+            if let Some(edge_id) = writer.get_out_edge(src_pos, *dst, 0) {
+                eid_col_shared[row].store(edge_id.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            } else {
+                return Err(LoadError::MissingEdgeError(*src, *dst));
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn update_edge_metadata<'a, ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>>(
+    shared_metadata: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    metadata_cols: &PropCols,
+    shard: &mut LockedEdgePage<'_, ES>,
+    zip: impl Iterator<Item = (&'a VID, &'a VID, &'a EID, &'a usize)>,
+) {
+    let mut c_props: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = Vec::new();
+    for (row, (src, dst, eid, layer)) in zip.enumerate() {
+        if let Some(eid_pos) = shard.resolve_pos(*eid) {
+            let mut writer = shard.writer();
+
+            c_props.clear();
+            c_props.extend(metadata_cols.iter_row(row));
+            c_props.extend_from_slice(shared_metadata);
+
+            writer.update_c_props(eid_pos, *src, *dst, *layer, c_props.drain(..));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/edges.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/edges.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0824349de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/edges.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+use crate::{
+    db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
+    errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError, LoadError},
+    io::arrow::{
+        dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView},
+        df_loaders::{
+            build_progress_bar, extract_secondary_index_col, process_shared_properties,
+            resolve_nodes_with_cache, GidKey,
+        },
+        layer_col::lift_layer_col,
+        node_col::NodeCol,
+        prop_handler::*,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+};
+use arrow::{array::AsArray, datatypes::UInt64Type};
+use bytemuck::checked::cast_slice_mut;
+use db4_graph::WriteLockedGraph;
+use itertools::izip;
+use kdam::BarExt;
+use raphtory_api::{
+    atomic_extra::{atomic_usize_from_mut_slice, atomic_vid_from_mut_slice},
+    core::{
+        entities::EID,
+        storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry, FxDashMap},
+    },
+};
+use raphtory_core::entities::VID;
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::SessionAdditionOps;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+        mpsc,
+    },
+};
+use storage::{
+    api::{edges::EdgeSegmentOps, nodes::NodeSegmentOps},
+    pages::locked::{
+        edges::{LockedEdgePage, WriteLockedEdgePages},
+        nodes::LockedNodePage,
+    },
+    Extension,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct ColumnNames<'a> {
+    pub time: &'a str,
+    pub secondary_index: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub src: &'a str,
+    pub dst: &'a str,
+    pub edge_id: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub layer_col: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub layer_id_col: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ColumnNames<'a> {
+    pub fn new(
+        time: &'a str,
+        secondary_index: Option<&'a str>,
+
+        src: &'a str,
+        dst: &'a str,
+
+        layer_col: Option<&'a str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            time,
+            secondary_index,
+            src,
+            dst,
+            layer_col,
+            edge_id: None,
+            layer_id_col: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_layer_id_col(mut self, layer_id_col: &'a str) -> Self {
+        self.layer_id_col = Some(layer_id_col);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_edge_id_col(mut self, edge_id: &'a str) -> Self {
+        self.edge_id = Some(edge_id);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn load_edges_from_df_pandas<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+    I2: Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<I2>,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool, // this is reserved for internal parquet encoders, this cannot be exposed to users
+    properties: &[&str],
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+    delete: bool, // whether to update edge deletions or additions
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    let DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks,
+        num_rows,
+    } = df_view;
+    let df_view_meta = DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks: std::iter::empty(),
+        num_rows,
+    };
+    load_edges_from_df_inner(
+        chunks,
+        df_view_meta,
+        column_names,
+        resolve_nodes,
+        properties,
+        metadata,
+        shared_metadata,
+        layer,
+        graph,
+        delete,
+    )
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn load_edges_from_df<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+    I1: Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>> + Send,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<I1>,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool, // this is reserved for internal parquet encoders, this cannot be exposed to users
+    properties: &[&str],
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+    delete: bool, // whether to update edge deletions or additions
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    let DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks,
+        num_rows,
+    } = df_view;
+    let df_view_meta = DFView {
+        names,
+        chunks: std::iter::empty(),
+        num_rows,
+    };
+    rayon::scope(|s| {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(2);
+
+        s.spawn(move |_| {
+            let sender = tx;
+            for chunk in chunks {
+                if let Err(e) = sender.send(chunk) {
+                    eprintln!("Error sending chunk to loader: {}", e);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        load_edges_from_df_inner(
+            rx,
+            df_view_meta,
+            column_names,
+            resolve_nodes,
+            properties,
+            metadata,
+            shared_metadata,
+            layer,
+            graph,
+            delete,
+        )?;
+        Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn load_edges_from_df_inner<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
+    chunks: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>,
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = ()>>, // for metadata only
+
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool, // this is reserved for internal parquet encoders, this cannot be exposed to users
+    properties: &[&str],
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+    delete: bool, // whether to update edge deletions or additions
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    if df_view.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let ColumnNames {
+        time,
+        secondary_index,
+        src,
+        dst,
+        edge_id,
+        layer_col,
+        layer_id_col,
+    } = column_names;
+
+    let properties_indices = properties
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+    let metadata_indices = metadata
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+
+    let src_index = df_view.get_index(src)?;
+    let dst_index = df_view.get_index(dst)?;
+    let time_index = df_view.get_index(time)?;
+    let edge_index = edge_id.and_then(|name| df_view.get_index_opt(name));
+    let layer_id_index = layer_id_col.and_then(|name| df_view.get_index_opt(name));
+    let secondary_index_index = secondary_index
+        .map(|col| df_view.get_index(col))
+        .transpose()?;
+    let layer_index = layer_col.map(|name| df_view.get_index(name)).transpose()?;
+
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
+        session
+            .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)
+    })?;
+
+    assert!(
+        (resolve_nodes ^ edge_index.is_some()),
+        "resolve_nodes must be false when edge_id is provided or true when edge_id is None, {{resolve_nodes:{resolve_nodes:?}, edge_id:{edge_index:?}}}"
+    );
+
+    assert!(
+        (resolve_nodes ^ layer_id_index.is_some()),
+        "resolve_nodes must be false when layer_id is provided or true when layer_id is None, {{resolve_nodes:{resolve_nodes:?}, layer_id:{layer_id_index:?}}}"
+    );
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading edges".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
+
+    let mut src_col_resolved: Vec<VID> = vec![];
+    let mut dst_col_resolved: Vec<VID> = vec![];
+    let mut eid_col_resolved: Vec<EID> = vec![];
+    let mut eids_exist: Vec<AtomicBool> = vec![]; // exists or needs to be created
+    let mut layer_eids_exist: Vec<AtomicBool> = vec![]; // exists or needs to be created
+
+    for chunk in chunks {
+        let df = chunk?;
+        let prop_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(properties, &properties_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, false)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        let metadata_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_edge_property(key, dtype, true)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        // validate src and dst columns
+        let src_col = df.node_col(src_index)?;
+        let dst_col = df.node_col(dst_index)?;
+        if resolve_nodes {
+            src_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingSrcError)?;
+            dst_col.validate(graph, LoadError::MissingDstError)?;
+        }
+        let layer = lift_layer_col(layer, layer_index, &df)?;
+        let layer_id_values = layer_id_index
+            .map(|idx| {
+                df.chunk[idx]
+                    .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| LoadError::InvalidLayerType(df.chunk[idx].data_type().clone()))
+                    .map(|array| array.values().as_ref())
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+        let layer_col_resolved = layer.resolve_layer(layer_id_values, graph)?;
+
+        let (src_vids, dst_vids, gid_str_cache) = get_or_resolve_node_vids(
+            graph,
+            src_index,
+            dst_index,
+            &mut src_col_resolved,
+            &mut dst_col_resolved,
+            resolve_nodes,
+            &df,
+            &src_col,
+            &dst_col,
+        )?;
+
+        let time_col = df.time_col(time_index)?;
+
+        // Load the secondary index column if it exists, otherwise generate from start_id.
+        let secondary_index_col =
+            extract_secondary_index_col::<G>(secondary_index_index, &session, &df)?;
+
+        let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        eid_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+        eids_exist.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+        layer_eids_exist.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+        let eid_col_shared = atomic_usize_from_mut_slice(cast_slice_mut(&mut eid_col_resolved));
+
+        let arc_edges = write_locked_graph.graph().storage().edges().clone();
+        let next_edge_id = |row: usize| {
+            let (page, pos) = arc_edges.reserve_free_pos(row);
+            pos.as_eid(page, arc_edges.max_page_len())
+        };
+
+        let WriteLockedGraph {
+            nodes, ref edges, ..
+        } = &mut write_locked_graph;
+
+        let eids = edge_index.and_then(|edge_id_col| {
+            Some(
+                df.chunk[edge_id_col]
+                    .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()?
+                    .values()
+                    .as_ref(),
+            )
+        });
+
+        // Generate all edge_ids + add outbound edges
+        nodes.par_iter_mut().for_each(|locked_page| {
+            // Zip all columns for iteration.
+            let zip = izip!(
+                src_vids.iter(),
+                dst_vids.iter(),
+                time_col.iter(),
+                secondary_index_col.iter(),
+                layer_col_resolved.iter()
+            );
+
+            // resolve_nodes=false
+            // assumes we are loading our own graph, via the parquet loaders,
+            // so previous calls have already stored the node ids and types
+            if resolve_nodes {
+                store_node_ids(&gid_str_cache, locked_page);
+            }
+
+            if resolve_nodes {
+                add_and_resolve_outbound_edges(
+                    &eids_exist,
+                    &layer_eids_exist,
+                    &eid_col_shared,
+                    next_edge_id,
+                    edges,
+                    locked_page,
+                    zip,
+                    delete,
+                );
+            } else if let Some(edge_ids) = eids {
+                add_and_resolve_outbound_edges(
+                    &eids_exist,
+                    &layer_eids_exist,
+                    &eid_col_shared,
+                    |row| {
+                        let eid = EID(edge_ids[row] as usize);
+                        arc_edges.increment_edge_segment_count(eid);
+                        eid
+                    },
+                    edges,
+                    locked_page,
+                    zip,
+                    delete,
+                );
+            }
+        });
+
+        write_locked_graph.nodes.par_iter_mut().for_each(|shard| {
+            let zip = izip!(
+                src_vids.iter(),
+                dst_vids.iter(),
+                eid_col_resolved.iter(),
+                time_col.iter(),
+                secondary_index_col.iter(),
+                layer_col_resolved.iter(),
+                layer_eids_exist.iter().map(|a| a.load(Ordering::Relaxed)),
+                eids_exist.iter().map(|b| b.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+            );
+
+            update_inbound_edges(shard, zip, delete);
+        });
+
+        drop(write_locked_graph);
+
+        let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+        write_locked_graph.edges.par_iter_mut().for_each(|shard| {
+            let zip = izip!(
+                src_vids.iter(),
+                dst_vids.iter(),
+                time_col.iter(),
+                secondary_index_col.iter(),
+                eid_col_resolved.iter(),
+                layer_col_resolved.iter(),
+                eids_exist
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|exists| exists.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+            );
+            update_edge_properties(
+                &shared_metadata,
+                &prop_cols,
+                &metadata_cols,
+                shard,
+                zip,
+                delete,
+            );
+        });
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
+    }
+    Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub fn get_or_resolve_node_vids<
+    'a: 'c,
+    'b: 'c,
+    'c,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    graph: &G,
+    src_index: usize,
+    dst_index: usize,
+    src_col_resolved: &'a mut Vec<VID>,
+    dst_col_resolved: &'a mut Vec<VID>,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+    df: &'b DFChunk,
+    src_col: &'a NodeCol,
+    dst_col: &'a NodeCol,
+) -> Result<
+    (
+        &'c [VID],
+        &'c [VID],
+        FxDashMap<GidKey<'a>, (GID, MaybeNew<VID>)>,
+    ),
+    GraphError,
+> {
+    let (src_vids, dst_vids, gid_str_cache) = if resolve_nodes {
+        src_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+        dst_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+
+        let atomic_src_col = atomic_vid_from_mut_slice(src_col_resolved);
+        let atomic_dst_col = atomic_vid_from_mut_slice(dst_col_resolved);
+
+        let gid_str_cache = resolve_nodes_with_cache::<G>(
+            graph,
+            [(src_col), (dst_col)].as_ref(),
+            [atomic_src_col, atomic_dst_col].as_ref(),
+        )?;
+        (
+            src_col_resolved.as_slice(),
+            dst_col_resolved.as_slice(),
+            gid_str_cache,
+        )
+    } else {
+        let srcs = df.chunk[src_index]
+            .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()
+            .ok_or_else(|| LoadError::InvalidNodeIdType(df.chunk[src_index].data_type().clone()))?
+            .values()
+            .as_ref();
+        let dsts = df.chunk[dst_index]
+            .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()
+            .ok_or_else(|| LoadError::InvalidNodeIdType(df.chunk[dst_index].data_type().clone()))?
+            .values()
+            .as_ref();
+        (
+            bytemuck::cast_slice(srcs),
+            bytemuck::cast_slice(dsts),
+            FxDashMap::default(),
+        )
+    };
+    Ok((src_vids, dst_vids, gid_str_cache))
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn update_edge_properties<'a, ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>>(
+    shared_metadata: &[(usize, Prop)],
+    prop_cols: &PropCols,
+    metadata_cols: &PropCols,
+    shard: &mut LockedEdgePage<'_, ES>,
+    zip: impl Iterator<Item = (&'a VID, &'a VID, i64, usize, &'a EID, &'a usize, bool)>,
+    delete: bool,
+) {
+    let mut t_props: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = vec![];
+    let mut c_props: Vec<(usize, Prop)> = vec![];
+
+    for (row, (src, dst, time, secondary_index, eid, layer, exists)) in zip.enumerate() {
+        if let Some(eid_pos) = shard.resolve_pos(*eid) {
+            let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, secondary_index);
+            let mut writer = shard.writer();
+
+            t_props.clear();
+            t_props.extend(prop_cols.iter_row(row));
+
+            c_props.clear();
+            c_props.extend(metadata_cols.iter_row(row));
+            c_props.extend_from_slice(shared_metadata);
+
+            if !delete {
+                writer.bulk_add_edge(
+                    t,
+                    eid_pos,
+                    *src,
+                    *dst,
+                    exists,
+                    *layer,
+                    c_props.drain(..),
+                    t_props.drain(..),
+                    0,
+                );
+            } else {
+                writer.bulk_delete_edge(t, eid_pos, *src, *dst, exists, *layer, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn update_inbound_edges<'a, NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>>(
+    shard: &mut LockedNodePage<'_, NS>,
+    zip: impl Iterator<Item = (&'a VID, &'a VID, &'a EID, i64, usize, &'a usize, bool, bool)>,
+    delete: bool,
+) {
+    for (
+        src,
+        dst,
+        eid,
+        time,
+        secondary_index,
+        layer,
+        edge_exists_in_layer,
+        edge_exists_in_static_graph,
+    ) in zip
+    {
+        if let Some(dst_pos) = shard.resolve_pos(*dst) {
+            let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, secondary_index);
+            let mut writer = shard.writer();
+
+            if !edge_exists_in_static_graph {
+                writer.add_static_inbound_edge(dst_pos, *src, *eid, 0);
+            }
+            let elid = if delete {
+                eid.with_layer_deletion(*layer)
+            } else {
+                eid.with_layer(*layer)
+            };
+
+            if src != dst {
+                if edge_exists_in_layer {
+                    writer.update_timestamp(t, dst_pos, elid, 0);
+                } else {
+                    writer.add_inbound_edge(Some(t), dst_pos, *src, elid, 0);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // self-loop edge, only add once
+                if !edge_exists_in_layer {
+                    writer.add_inbound_edge::<i64>(None, dst_pos, *src, elid, 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn add_and_resolve_outbound_edges<
+    'a,
+    NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>,
+    ES: EdgeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>,
+>(
+    eids_exist: &[AtomicBool],
+    layer_eids_exist: &[AtomicBool],
+    eid_col_shared: &&mut [AtomicUsize],
+    next_edge_id: impl Fn(usize) -> EID,
+    edges: &WriteLockedEdgePages<'_, ES>,
+    locked_page: &mut LockedNodePage<'_, NS>,
+    zip: impl Iterator<Item = (&'a VID, &'a VID, i64, usize, &'a usize)>,
+    delete: bool,
+) {
+    for (row, (src, dst, time, secondary_index, layer)) in zip.enumerate() {
+        if let Some(src_pos) = locked_page.resolve_pos(*src) {
+            let mut writer = locked_page.writer();
+            let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, secondary_index);
+            // find the original EID in the static graph if it exists
+            // otherwise create a new one
+
+            let edge_id = if let Some(edge_id) = writer.get_out_edge(src_pos, *dst, 0) {
+                eid_col_shared[row].store(edge_id.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                eids_exist[row].store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                MaybeNew::Existing(edge_id)
+            } else {
+                let edge_id = next_edge_id(row);
+                writer.add_static_outbound_edge(src_pos, *dst, edge_id, 0);
+                eid_col_shared[row].store(edge_id.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                eids_exist[row].store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                MaybeNew::New(edge_id)
+            };
+
+            let edge_id = edge_id.map(|eid| {
+                if delete {
+                    eid.with_layer_deletion(*layer)
+                } else {
+                    eid.with_layer(*layer)
+                }
+            });
+
+            let exists = !edge_id.is_new()
+                && (edges.exists(edge_id.inner())
+                    || writer
+                        .get_out_edge(src_pos, *dst, edge_id.inner().layer())
+                        .is_some());
+
+            layer_eids_exist[row].store(exists, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+            if exists {
+                writer.update_timestamp(t, src_pos, edge_id.inner(), 0);
+            } else {
+                writer.add_outbound_edge(Some(t), src_pos, *dst, edge_id.inner(), 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn store_node_ids<K: Eq + std::hash::Hash, NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>>(
+    gid_str_cache: &FxDashMap<K, (GID, MaybeNew<VID>)>,
+    locked_page: &mut LockedNodePage<'_, NS>,
+) {
+    for entry in gid_str_cache.iter() {
+        let (src_gid, vid) = entry.value();
+
+        if let Some(src_pos) = locked_page.resolve_pos(vid.inner()) {
+            let mut writer = locked_page.writer();
+            writer.store_node_id(src_pos, 0, src_gid.clone(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d78dc186c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+use crate::{
+    core::entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef,
+    db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
+    errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError},
+    io::arrow::{
+        dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView, SecondaryIndexCol},
+        df_loaders::edges::ColumnNames,
+        layer_col::LayerCol,
+        node_col::NodeCol,
+        prop_handler::*,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+};
+use kdam::{Bar, BarBuilder, BarExt};
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::properties::prop::PropType,
+    storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry, FxDashMap},
+};
+use raphtory_core::entities::{GidRef, VID};
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+};
+
+pub mod edge_props;
+pub mod edges;
+pub mod nodes;
+
+fn build_progress_bar(des: String, num_rows: usize) -> Result<Bar, GraphError> {
+    BarBuilder::default()
+        .desc(des)
+        .animation(kdam::Animation::FillUp)
+        .total(num_rows)
+        .unit_scale(true)
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|_| GraphError::TqdmError)
+}
+
+fn process_shared_properties(
+    props: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    resolver: impl Fn(&str, PropType) -> Result<MaybeNew<usize>, GraphError>,
+) -> Result<Vec<(usize, Prop)>, GraphError> {
+    match props {
+        None => Ok(vec![]),
+        Some(props) => props
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(key, prop)| Ok((resolver(key, prop.dtype())?.inner(), prop.clone())))
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn load_edge_deletions_from_df<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + DeletionOps,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>> + Send>,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    edges::load_edges_from_df(
+        df_view,
+        column_names,
+        resolve_nodes,
+        &[],
+        &[],
+        None,
+        layer,
+        graph,
+        true,
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn load_edge_deletions_from_df_pandas<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + DeletionOps,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    edges::load_edges_from_df_pandas(
+        df_view,
+        column_names,
+        resolve_nodes,
+        &[],
+        &[],
+        None,
+        layer,
+        graph,
+        true,
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn load_edges_props_from_df<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>> + Send>,
+    src: &str,
+    dst: &str,
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    layer_col: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    edge_props::load_edges_from_df(
+        df_view,
+        ColumnNames::new("", None, src, dst, layer_col),
+        resolve_nodes,
+        metadata,
+        shared_metadata,
+        layer,
+        graph,
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn load_edges_props_from_df_pandas<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
+    src: &str,
+    dst: &str,
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    layer: Option<&str>,
+    layer_col: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    edge_props::load_edges_from_df_pandas(
+        df_view,
+        ColumnNames::new("", None, src, dst, layer_col),
+        resolve_nodes,
+        metadata,
+        shared_metadata,
+        layer,
+        graph,
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn load_graph_props_from_df<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
+    time: &str,
+    secondary_index: Option<&str>,
+    properties: Option<&[&str]>,
+    metadata: Option<&[&str]>,
+    graph: &G,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    if df_view.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let properties = properties.unwrap_or(&[]);
+    let metadata = metadata.unwrap_or(&[]);
+
+    let properties_indices = properties
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+    let metadata_indices = metadata
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+
+    let time_index = df_view.get_index(time)?;
+    let secondary_index_index = secondary_index
+        .map(|col| df_view.get_index(col))
+        .transpose()?;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading graph properties".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
+        let df = chunk?;
+        let prop_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(properties, &properties_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_graph_property(key, dtype, false)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        let metadata_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_graph_property(key, dtype, true)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        let time_col = df.time_col(time_index)?;
+
+        // Load the secondary index column if it exists, otherwise generate from start_id.
+        let secondary_index_col = match secondary_index_index {
+            Some(col_index) => {
+                // Update the event_id to reflect ingesting new secondary indices.
+                let col = df.secondary_index_col(col_index)?;
+                session
+                    .set_max_event_id(col.max())
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+                col
+            }
+            None => {
+                let start_id = session
+                    .reserve_event_ids(df.len())
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+                let col = SecondaryIndexCol::new_from_range(start_id, start_id + df.len());
+                col
+            }
+        };
+
+        time_col
+            .par_iter()
+            .zip(secondary_index_col.par_iter())
+            .zip(prop_cols.par_rows())
+            .zip(metadata_cols.par_rows())
+            .try_for_each(|(((time, secondary_index), t_props), c_props)| {
+                let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, secondary_index);
+                let t_props: Vec<_> = t_props.collect();
+
+                if !t_props.is_empty() {
+                    graph
+                        .internal_add_properties(t, &t_props)
+                        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+                }
+
+                let c_props: Vec<_> = c_props.collect();
+
+                if !c_props.is_empty() {
+                    graph
+                        .internal_add_metadata(&c_props)
+                        .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+                }
+
+                Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
+            })?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+pub(crate) fn extract_secondary_index_col<G: InternalAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
+    secondary_index_index: Option<usize>,
+    session: &<G as InternalAdditionOps>::WS<'_>,
+    df: &DFChunk,
+) -> Result<SecondaryIndexCol, GraphError> {
+    let secondary_index_col = match secondary_index_index {
+        Some(col_index) => {
+            // Update the event_id to reflect ingesting new secondary indices.
+            let col = df.secondary_index_col(col_index)?;
+            session
+                .set_max_event_id(col.max())
+                .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+            col
+        }
+        None => {
+            let start_id = session
+                .reserve_event_ids(df.len())
+                .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+            SecondaryIndexCol::new_from_range(start_id, start_id + df.len())
+        }
+    };
+    Ok(secondary_index_col)
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn resolve_nodes_with_cache<'a, G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
+    graph: &G,
+    cols_to_resolve: &[&'a NodeCol],
+    resolved_cols: &[&mut [AtomicUsize]],
+) -> Result<FxDashMap<GidKey<'a>, (GID, MaybeNew<VID>)>, GraphError> {
+    let node_type_col = vec![None; cols_to_resolve.len()];
+    resolve_nodes_with_cache_generic(
+        cols_to_resolve,
+        &node_type_col,
+        |v: &(GID, MaybeNew<VID>), idx, col_idx| {
+            let (_, vid) = v;
+            resolved_cols[col_idx][idx].store(vid.inner().0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        },
+        |gid, _idx| {
+            let GidKey { gid, .. } = gid;
+            let vid = graph
+                .resolve_node(gid.as_node_ref())
+                .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+            Ok((GID::from(gid), vid))
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn resolve_nodes_and_type_with_cache<
+    'a,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    graph: &G,
+    cols_to_resolve: &[&'a NodeCol],
+    resolved_cols: &[&mut [AtomicUsize]],
+    node_type_col: LayerCol<'a>,
+) -> Result<FxDashMap<GidKey<'a>, (VID, usize)>, GraphError> {
+    let node_type_cols = vec![Some(node_type_col); cols_to_resolve.len()];
+    resolve_nodes_with_cache_generic(
+        cols_to_resolve,
+        &node_type_cols,
+        |v: &(VID, usize), row, col_idx| {
+            let (vid, _) = v;
+            resolved_cols[col_idx][row].store(vid.index(), Ordering::Relaxed);
+        },
+        |gid, _| {
+            let GidKey { gid, node_type } = gid;
+            let (vid, node_type) = graph
+                .resolve_node_and_type(gid.as_node_ref(), node_type)
+                .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+            Ok((vid, node_type))
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Copy)]
+pub struct GidKey<'a> {
+    gid: GidRef<'a>,
+    node_type: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> GidKey<'a> {
+    pub fn new(gid: GidRef<'a>, node_type: Option<&'a str>) -> Self {
+        Self { gid, node_type }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn resolve_nodes_with_cache_generic<'a, V: Send + Sync>(
+    cols_to_resolve: &[&'a NodeCol],
+    node_type_cols: &[Option<LayerCol<'a>>],
+    update_fn: impl Fn(&V, usize, usize) + Send + Sync,
+    new_fn: impl Fn(GidKey<'a>, usize) -> Result<V, GraphError> + Send + Sync,
+) -> Result<FxDashMap<GidKey<'a>, V>, GraphError> {
+    assert_eq!(cols_to_resolve.len(), node_type_cols.len());
+    let gid_str_cache: dashmap::DashMap<GidKey<'_>, V, _> = FxDashMap::default();
+    let hasher_factory = gid_str_cache.hasher().clone();
+    gid_str_cache
+        .shards()
+        .par_iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .try_for_each(|(shard_idx, shard)| {
+            let mut shard_guard = shard.write();
+            use dashmap::SharedValue;
+            use std::hash::BuildHasher;
+
+            // Create hasher function for this shard
+            let hash_key = |key: &GidKey<'_>| -> u64 { hasher_factory.hash_one(key) };
+
+            let hasher_fn =
+                |tuple: &(GidKey<'_>, SharedValue<V>)| -> u64 { hasher_factory.hash_one(tuple.0) };
+
+            for (col_id, (node_col, layer_col)) in
+                cols_to_resolve.iter().zip(node_type_cols).enumerate()
+            {
+                // Process src_col sequentially for this shard
+                for (idx, gid) in node_col.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let node_type = layer_col.as_ref().and_then(|lc| lc.get(idx));
+                    let gid = GidKey::new(gid, node_type);
+                    // Check if this key belongs to this shard
+                    if gid_str_cache.determine_map(&gid) != shard_idx {
+                        continue; // Skip, not our shard
+                    }
+
+                    let hash = hash_key(&gid);
+
+                    // Check if exists in this shard
+                    if let Some((_, value)) = shard_guard.get(hash, |(g, _)| g == &gid) {
+                        let v = value.get();
+                        update_fn(&v, idx, col_id);
+                    } else {
+                        let v = new_fn(gid, idx)?;
+
+                        update_fn(&v, idx, col_id);
+                        let data = (gid, SharedValue::new(v));
+                        shard_guard.insert(hash, data, hasher_fn);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
+        })?;
+    Ok(gid_str_cache)
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/nodes.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/nodes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06d0176b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/df_loaders/nodes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "python")]
+use crate::io::arrow::df_loaders::build_progress_bar;
+use crate::{
+    core::entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef,
+    db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
+    errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError, LoadError},
+    io::arrow::{
+        dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView},
+        df_loaders::{
+            extract_secondary_index_col, process_shared_properties,
+            resolve_nodes_and_type_with_cache, GidKey,
+        },
+        layer_col::{lift_node_type_col, LayerCol},
+        node_col::NodeCol,
+        prop_handler::*,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+};
+use arrow::{array::AsArray, datatypes::UInt64Type};
+use itertools::izip;
+#[cfg(feature = "python")]
+use kdam::BarExt;
+use raphtory_api::{
+    atomic_extra::atomic_vid_from_mut_slice,
+    core::{
+        entities::properties::meta::STATIC_GRAPH_LAYER_ID,
+        storage::{timeindex::TimeIndexEntry, FxDashMap},
+    },
+};
+use raphtory_core::{entities::VID, storage::timeindex::AsTime};
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use storage::{api::nodes::NodeSegmentOps, pages::locked::nodes::LockedNodePage, Extension};
+
+pub fn load_nodes_from_df<
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + std::fmt::Debug,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
+    time: &str,
+    secondary_index: Option<&str>,
+    node_id: &str,
+    properties: &[&str],
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    node_type: Option<&str>,
+    node_type_col: Option<&str>,
+    graph: &G,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    if df_view.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let properties_indices = properties
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+    let metadata_indices = metadata
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+
+    let node_type_index =
+        node_type_col.map(|node_type_col| df_view.get_index(node_type_col.as_ref()));
+    let node_type_index = node_type_index.transpose()?;
+
+    let node_id_index = df_view.get_index(node_id)?;
+    let time_index = df_view.get_index(time)?;
+    let secondary_index_index = secondary_index
+        .map(|col| df_view.get_index(col))
+        .transpose()?;
+
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
+        session
+            .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)
+    })?;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading nodes".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
+
+    let mut node_col_resolved = vec![];
+
+    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
+        let df = chunk?;
+        let prop_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(properties, &properties_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, false)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        let metadata_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        let node_type_col = lift_node_type_col(node_type, node_type_index, &df)?;
+
+        let time_col = df.time_col(time_index)?;
+        let node_col = df.node_col(node_id_index)?;
+
+        // Load the secondary index column if it exists, otherwise generate from start_id.
+        let secondary_index_col =
+            extract_secondary_index_col::<G>(secondary_index_index, &session, &df)?;
+        node_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+
+        let (src_vids, gid_str_cache) = get_or_resolve_node_vids::<G>(
+            graph,
+            node_id_index,
+            &mut node_col_resolved,
+            resolve_nodes,
+            &df,
+            &node_col,
+            node_type_col,
+        )?;
+
+        let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        let node_stats = write_locked_graph.node_stats().clone();
+        let update_time = |time: TimeIndexEntry| {
+            let time = time.t();
+            node_stats.update_time(time);
+        };
+
+        write_locked_graph
+            .nodes
+            .par_iter_mut()
+            .try_for_each(|shard| {
+                // Zip all columns for iteration.
+                let zip = izip!(src_vids.iter(), time_col.iter(), secondary_index_col.iter(),);
+
+                // resolve_nodes=false
+                // assumes we are loading our own graph, via the parquet loaders,
+                // so previous calls have already stored the node ids and types
+                if resolve_nodes {
+                    store_node_ids_and_type(&gid_str_cache, shard);
+                }
+
+                for (row, (vid, time, secondary_index)) in zip.enumerate() {
+                    if let Some(mut_node) = shard.resolve_pos(*vid) {
+                        let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                        let t = TimeIndexEntry(time, secondary_index);
+                        let layer_id = STATIC_GRAPH_LAYER_ID;
+                        let lsn = 0;
+
+                        update_time(t);
+
+                        let t_props = prop_cols.iter_row(row);
+                        let c_props = metadata_cols
+                            .iter_row(row)
+                            .chain(shared_metadata.iter().cloned());
+
+                        writer.add_props(t, mut_node, layer_id, t_props, lsn);
+                        writer.update_c_props(mut_node, layer_id, c_props, lsn);
+                    };
+                }
+
+                Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
+            })?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn load_node_props_from_df<
+    'a,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + std::fmt::Debug,
+>(
+    df_view: DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>,
+    node_id: &str,
+    node_type: Option<&str>,
+    node_type_col: Option<&str>,
+    node_id_col: Option<&str>,      // provided by our parquet encoder
+    node_type_id_col: Option<&str>, // provided by our parquet encoder
+    metadata: &[&str],
+    shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+    graph: &G,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    if df_view.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let metadata_indices = metadata
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| df_view.get_index(name))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
+
+    let node_type_index =
+        node_type_col.map(|node_type_col| df_view.get_index(node_type_col.as_ref()));
+    let node_type_index = node_type_index.transpose()?;
+    let node_type_ids_col = node_type_id_col
+        .map(|node_type_id_col| df_view.get_index(node_type_id_col.as_ref()))
+        .transpose()?;
+
+    let node_id_index = node_id_col
+        .map(|node_col| df_view.get_index(node_col.as_ref()))
+        .transpose()?;
+
+    let node_gid_index = df_view.get_index(node_id)?;
+    let session = graph.write_session().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+
+    let shared_metadata = process_shared_properties(shared_metadata, |key, dtype| {
+        session
+            .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)
+    })?;
+
+    let resolve_nodes = node_type_ids_col.is_some() && node_id_index.is_some();
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+    let mut pb = build_progress_bar("Loading node properties".to_string(), df_view.num_rows)?;
+
+    let mut node_col_resolved = vec![];
+    let mut node_type_resolved = vec![];
+
+    for chunk in df_view.chunks {
+        let df = chunk?;
+        if df.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let metadata_cols =
+            combine_properties_arrow(metadata, &metadata_indices, &df, |key, dtype| {
+                session
+                    .resolve_node_property(key, dtype, true)
+                    .map_err(into_graph_err)
+            })?;
+        let node_type_col = lift_node_type_col(node_type, node_type_index, &df)?;
+        let node_col = df.node_col(node_gid_index)?;
+
+        let (node_col_resolved, node_type_col_resolved) = get_or_resolve_node_vids_no_events::<G>(
+            graph,
+            &session,
+            &mut node_col_resolved,
+            &mut node_type_resolved,
+            node_type_ids_col,
+            node_id_index,
+            &df,
+            &node_col,
+            node_type_col,
+        )?;
+
+        // We assume this is fast enough
+        let max_id = node_col_resolved.iter().map(|VID(i)| *i).max().map(VID);
+        let mut write_locked_graph = graph.write_lock().map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        write_locked_graph.resize_chunks_to_num_nodes(max_id);
+
+        write_locked_graph.nodes.iter_mut().try_for_each(|shard| {
+            let mut c_props = vec![];
+
+            for (idx, ((vid, node_type), gid)) in node_col_resolved
+                .iter()
+                .zip(node_type_col_resolved.iter())
+                .zip(node_col.iter())
+                .enumerate()
+            {
+                if let Some(mut_node) = shard.resolve_pos(*vid) {
+                    let mut writer = shard.writer();
+                    writer.store_node_id_and_node_type(mut_node, 0, gid, *node_type, 0);
+
+                    if resolve_nodes {
+                        // because we don't call resolve_node above
+                        writer.increment_seg_num_nodes()
+                    }
+
+                    c_props.clear();
+                    c_props.extend(metadata_cols.iter_row(idx));
+                    c_props.extend_from_slice(&shared_metadata);
+                    if !c_props.is_empty() {
+                        writer.update_c_props(mut_node, 0, c_props.drain(..), 0);
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+
+            Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
+        })?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "python")]
+        let _ = pb.update(df.len());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, clippy::type_complexity)]
+fn get_or_resolve_node_vids<
+    'a: 'c,
+    'b: 'c,
+    'c,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    graph: &G,
+    src_index: usize,
+    src_col_resolved: &'a mut Vec<VID>,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
+    df: &'b DFChunk,
+    src_col: &'a NodeCol,
+    node_type_col: LayerCol<'a>,
+) -> Result<(&'c [VID], FxDashMap<GidKey<'a>, (VID, usize)>), GraphError> {
+    let (src_vids, gid_str_cache) = if resolve_nodes {
+        src_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+
+        let atomic_src_col = atomic_vid_from_mut_slice(src_col_resolved);
+
+        let gid_str_cache = resolve_nodes_and_type_with_cache::<G>(
+            graph,
+            [src_col].as_ref(),
+            [atomic_src_col].as_ref(),
+            node_type_col,
+        )?;
+        (src_col_resolved.as_slice(), gid_str_cache)
+    } else {
+        let srcs = df.chunk[src_index]
+            .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()
+            .ok_or_else(|| LoadError::InvalidNodeIdType(df.chunk[src_index].data_type().clone()))?
+            .values()
+            .as_ref();
+        (bytemuck::cast_slice(srcs), FxDashMap::default())
+    };
+    Ok((src_vids, gid_str_cache))
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, clippy::type_complexity)]
+fn get_or_resolve_node_vids_no_events<
+    'a: 'c,
+    'b: 'c,
+    'c,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    graph: &G,
+    session: &<G as InternalAdditionOps>::WS<'_>,
+    node_col_resolved: &'a mut Vec<VID>,
+    node_type_resolved: &'a mut Vec<usize>,
+    node_type_ids_col: Option<usize>,
+    node_id_col: Option<usize>,
+    df: &'b DFChunk,
+    src_col: &'a NodeCol,
+    node_type_col: LayerCol<'a>,
+) -> Result<(&'c [VID], &'c [usize]), GraphError> {
+    assert!(!(node_type_ids_col.is_none() ^ node_id_col.is_none())); // both some or both none
+    if let Some((node_type_index, node_id_col)) = node_type_ids_col.zip(node_id_col) {
+        set_meta_for_pre_resolved_nodes_and_node_ids(
+            graph,
+            session,
+            df,
+            src_col,
+            node_type_col,
+            node_type_index,
+            node_id_col,
+        )
+    } else {
+        resolve_node_and_meta_for_node_col(
+            graph,
+            node_col_resolved,
+            node_type_resolved,
+            df,
+            src_col,
+            node_type_col,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+fn resolve_node_and_meta_for_node_col<
+    'a,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    graph: &G,
+    node_col_resolved: &'a mut Vec<VID>,
+    node_type_resolved: &'a mut Vec<usize>,
+    df: &DFChunk,
+    src_col: &NodeCol,
+    node_type_col: LayerCol<'a>,
+) -> Result<(&'a [VID], &'a [usize]), GraphError> {
+    node_col_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+    node_type_resolved.resize_with(df.len(), Default::default);
+
+    let mut locked_mapper = graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().write();
+
+    let zip = izip!(
+        src_col.iter(),
+        node_type_col.iter(),
+        node_col_resolved.iter_mut(),
+        node_type_resolved.iter_mut()
+    );
+
+    let mut last_node_type: Option<&str> = None;
+    let mut last_node_type_id: Option<usize> = None;
+    for (gid, node_type, vid, node_type_id) in zip {
+        if last_node_type != node_type {
+            if let Some(name) = node_type {
+                let resolved_node_type_id = locked_mapper.get_or_create_id(name).inner();
+                *node_type_id = resolved_node_type_id;
+                last_node_type_id = Some(resolved_node_type_id);
+            }
+        } else if let Some(id) = last_node_type_id {
+            *node_type_id = id;
+        }
+
+        let res_vid = graph
+            .resolve_node(gid.as_node_ref())
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+        *vid = res_vid.inner();
+        last_node_type = node_type;
+    }
+
+    Ok((node_col_resolved.as_slice(), node_type_resolved.as_slice()))
+}
+
+fn set_meta_for_pre_resolved_nodes_and_node_ids<
+    'b,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
+>(
+    graph: &G,
+    session: &<G as InternalAdditionOps>::WS<'_>,
+    df: &'b DFChunk,
+    src_col: &NodeCol,
+    node_type_col: LayerCol<'_>,
+    node_type_index: usize,
+    node_id_col: usize,
+) -> Result<(&'b [VID], &'b [usize]), GraphError> {
+    let srcs = df.chunk[node_id_col]
+        .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()
+        .ok_or_else(|| LoadError::InvalidNodeIdType(df.chunk[node_id_col].data_type().clone()))?
+        .values()
+        .as_ref();
+
+    let node_types = df.chunk[node_type_index]
+        .as_primitive_opt::<UInt64Type>()
+        .ok_or_else(|| LoadError::InvalidNodeType(df.chunk[node_type_index].data_type().clone()))?
+        .values()
+        .as_ref();
+
+    let mut locked_mapper = graph.node_meta().node_type_meta().write();
+
+    let zip = izip!(
+        src_col.iter(),
+        srcs.iter(),
+        node_type_col.iter(),
+        node_types.iter()
+    );
+
+    let mut last_node_type: Option<&str> = None;
+
+    for (gid, node_id, node_type, node_type_id) in zip {
+        if last_node_type != node_type {
+            let node_type_name = node_type.unwrap_or("_default");
+            locked_mapper.set_id(node_type_name, *node_type_id as usize);
+        }
+        last_node_type = node_type;
+        session
+            .set_node(gid, VID(*node_id as usize))
+            .map_err(into_graph_err)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok((bytemuck::cast_slice(srcs), bytemuck::cast_slice(node_types)))
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn store_node_ids_and_type<NS: NodeSegmentOps<Extension = Extension>>(
+    gid_str_cache: &FxDashMap<GidKey<'_>, (VID, usize)>,
+    locked_page: &mut LockedNodePage<'_, NS>,
+) {
+    for entry in gid_str_cache.iter() {
+        let (vid, node_type) = entry.value();
+        let GidKey { gid, .. } = entry.key();
+
+        if let Some(src_pos) = locked_page.resolve_pos(*vid) {
+            let mut writer = locked_page.writer();
+            writer.store_node_id_and_node_type(src_pos, 0, *gid, *node_type, 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/layer_col.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/layer_col.rs
index 05fa5aed1c..a2000967a5 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/layer_col.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/layer_col.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use crate::{
     errors::{into_graph_err, GraphError, LoadError},
     io::arrow::dataframe::DFChunk,
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ use iter_enum::{
 };
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum LayerCol<'a> {
     Name { name: Option<&'a str>, len: usize },
     Utf8 { col: &'a StringArray },
@@ -61,28 +63,95 @@ impl<'a> LayerCol<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn resolve(
+    pub fn get(&self, row: usize) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        match self {
+            LayerCol::Name { name, .. } => *name,
+            LayerCol::Utf8 { col } => {
+                if col.is_valid(row) && row < col.len() {
+                    Some(col.value(row))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            LayerCol::LargeUtf8 { col } => {
+                if col.is_valid(row) && row < col.len() {
+                    Some(col.value(row))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            LayerCol::Utf8View { col } => {
+                if col.is_valid(row) && row < col.len() {
+                    Some(col.value(row))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_layer<'b>(
         self,
+        layer_id_col: Option<&'b [u64]>,
         graph: &(impl AdditionOps + Send + Sync),
-    ) -> Result<Vec<usize>, GraphError> {
-        match self {
-            LayerCol::Name { name, len } => {
+    ) -> Result<Cow<'b, [usize]>, GraphError> {
+        match (self, layer_id_col) {
+            (LayerCol::Name { name, len }, _) => {
                 let layer = graph.resolve_layer(name).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
-                Ok(vec![layer; len])
+                Ok(Cow::Owned(vec![layer; len]))
             }
-            col => {
-                let iter = col.par_iter();
-                let mut res = vec![0usize; iter.len()];
-                iter.zip(res.par_iter_mut())
-                    .try_for_each(|(layer, entry)| {
-                        let layer = graph.resolve_layer(layer).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
-                        *entry = layer;
-                        Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
-                    })?;
-                Ok(res)
+            (col, None) => {
+                let mut res = vec![0usize; col.len()];
+                let mut last_name = None;
+                let mut last_layer = None;
+                for (row, name) in col.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if last_name == name && last_layer.is_some() {
+                        if let Some(layer) = last_layer {
+                            res[row] = layer;
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let layer = graph.resolve_layer(name).map_err(into_graph_err)?.inner();
+                    last_layer = Some(layer);
+                    res[row] = layer;
+                    last_name = name;
+                }
+                Ok(Cow::Owned(res))
+            }
+            (col, Some(layer_ids)) => {
+                let mut last_pair = None;
+
+                let edge_layer_mapper = graph.edge_meta().layer_meta();
+                let node_layer_mapper = graph.node_meta().layer_meta();
+
+                let mut locked_edge_lm = edge_layer_mapper.write();
+                let mut locked_node_lm = node_layer_mapper.write();
+
+                for pair @ (name, id) in col
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|name| name.unwrap_or("_default"))
+                    .zip(layer_ids)
+                {
+                    if last_pair != Some(pair) {
+                        locked_edge_lm.set_id(name, *id as usize);
+                        locked_node_lm.set_id(name, *id as usize);
+                    }
+                    last_pair = Some(pair);
+                }
+                Ok(Cow::Borrowed(bytemuck::cast_slice(layer_ids)))
             }
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            LayerCol::Name { len, .. } => *len,
+            LayerCol::Utf8 { col } => col.len(),
+            LayerCol::LargeUtf8 { col } => col.len(),
+            LayerCol::Utf8View { col } => col.len(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn lift_layer_col<'a>(
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/mod.rs
index d40853bb3d..58ba414cfc 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/mod.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 pub mod dataframe;
 pub mod df_loaders;
 mod layer_col;
-mod node_col;
-mod prop_handler;
+pub mod node_col;
+pub mod prop_handler;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use crate::{
         io::arrow::{
             dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView},
-            df_loaders::*,
+            df_loaders::{
+                edges::{load_edges_from_df, ColumnNames},
+                nodes::load_nodes_from_df,
+            },
         },
         prelude::*,
     };
@@ -50,17 +53,18 @@ mod test {
         let graph = Graph::new();
         let layer_name: Option<&str> = None;
         let layer_col: Option<&str> = None;
+        let secondary_index: Option<&str> = None;
+
         load_edges_from_df(
             df,
-            "time",
-            "src",
-            "dst",
+            ColumnNames::new("time", secondary_index, "src", "dst", layer_col),
+            true,
             &["prop1", "prop2"],
             &[],
             None,
             layer_name,
-            layer_col,
             &graph,
+            false,
         )
         .expect("failed to load edges from pretend df");
 
@@ -145,10 +149,12 @@ mod test {
             num_rows: 2,
         };
         let graph = Graph::new();
+        let secondary_index: Option<&str> = None;
 
         load_nodes_from_df(
             df,
             "time",
+            secondary_index,
             "id",
             &["name"],
             &[],
@@ -156,6 +162,7 @@ mod test {
             Some("node_type"),
             None,
             &graph,
+            true,
         )
         .expect("failed to load nodes from pretend df");
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/node_col.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/node_col.rs
index 3a4c64ef56..5a07666d8a 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/node_col.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/node_col.rs
@@ -228,6 +228,14 @@ impl NodeCol {
     pub fn dtype(&self) -> GidType {
         self.0.dtype()
     }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, i: usize) -> Option<GidRef<'_>> {
+        self.0.get(i)
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn lift_node_col(index: usize, df: &DFChunk) -> Result<NodeCol, LoadError> {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/prop_handler.rs b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/prop_handler.rs
index a08896a034..183ad63f44 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/io/arrow/prop_handler.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/arrow/prop_handler.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use crate::{
 use arrow::{
     array::{
         Array, ArrayRef, ArrowPrimitiveType, AsArray, BooleanArray, Decimal128Array,
-        FixedSizeListArray, GenericListArray, GenericStringArray, OffsetSizeTrait, PrimitiveArray,
-        StringViewArray, StructArray,
+        FixedSizeListArray, GenericListArray, GenericStringArray, NullArray, OffsetSizeTrait,
+        PrimitiveArray, StringViewArray, StructArray,
     },
     buffer::NullBuffer,
     datatypes::{
@@ -19,11 +19,12 @@ use arrow::{
 use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::properties::prop::{IntoPropList, PropType},
+    entities::properties::prop::{IntoPropList, PropArray, PropType},
     storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, dict_mapper::MaybeNew},
 };
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 pub struct PropCols {
     prop_ids: Vec<usize>,
@@ -48,6 +49,14 @@ impl PropCols {
     ) -> impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = impl Iterator<Item = (usize, Prop)> + '_> + '_ {
         (0..self.len()).into_par_iter().map(|i| self.iter_row(i))
     }
+
+    pub fn prop_ids(&self) -> &[usize] {
+        &self.prop_ids
+    }
+
+    pub fn cols(&self) -> Vec<ArrayRef> {
+        self.cols.iter().map(|col| col.as_array()).collect()
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn combine_properties_arrow<E>(
@@ -188,7 +197,7 @@ fn arr_as_prop(arr: ArrayRef) -> Prop {
                 .map(|elem| Prop::Decimal(BigDecimal::new(elem.into(), *scale as i64)))
                 .into_prop_list()
         }
-        DataType::Null => Prop::List(vec![].into()),
+        DataType::Null => Prop::List(PropArray::default()),
         dt => panic!("Data type not recognized {dt:?}"),
     }
 }
@@ -233,8 +242,10 @@ fn data_type_as_prop_type(dt: &DataType) -> Result<PropType, GraphError> {
     }
 }
 
-trait PropCol: Send + Sync {
+pub trait PropCol: Send + Sync {
     fn get(&self, i: usize) -> Option<Prop>;
+
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef;
 }
 
 impl PropCol for BooleanArray {
@@ -245,6 +256,9 @@ impl PropCol for BooleanArray {
             Some(Prop::Bool(self.value(i)))
         }
     }
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> PropCol for PrimitiveArray<T>
@@ -258,6 +272,10 @@ where
             Some(self.value(i).into())
         }
     }
+
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<I: OffsetSizeTrait> PropCol for GenericStringArray<I> {
@@ -268,6 +286,9 @@ impl<I: OffsetSizeTrait> PropCol for GenericStringArray<I> {
             Some(Prop::str(self.value(i)))
         }
     }
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 impl PropCol for StringViewArray {
@@ -278,6 +299,9 @@ impl PropCol for StringViewArray {
             Some(Prop::str(self.value(i)))
         }
     }
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<I: OffsetSizeTrait> PropCol for GenericListArray<I> {
@@ -288,6 +312,9 @@ impl<I: OffsetSizeTrait> PropCol for GenericListArray<I> {
             Some(arr_as_prop(self.value(i)))
         }
     }
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 impl PropCol for FixedSizeListArray {
@@ -298,14 +325,18 @@ impl PropCol for FixedSizeListArray {
             Some(arr_as_prop(self.value(i)))
         }
     }
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
-struct EmptyCol;
-
-impl PropCol for EmptyCol {
+impl PropCol for NullArray {
     fn get(&self, _i: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
         None
     }
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 struct MapCol {
@@ -340,6 +371,22 @@ impl PropCol for MapCol {
             None
         }
     }
+
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        let fields = self
+            .values
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, col)| {
+                arrow::datatypes::Field::new(name, col.as_array().data_type().clone(), true)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let columns = self.values.iter().map(|(_, col)| col.as_array()).collect();
+        Arc::new(StructArray::new(
+            fields.into(),
+            columns,
+            self.validity.clone(),
+        ))
+    }
 }
 
 struct MappedPrimitiveCol<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> {
@@ -355,6 +402,10 @@ impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> PropCol for MappedPrimitiveCol<T> {
             Some((self.map)(self.arr.value(i)))
         }
     }
+
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.arr.clone())
+    }
 }
 
 struct DecimalPropCol {
@@ -373,9 +424,25 @@ impl PropCol for DecimalPropCol {
             )))
         }
     }
+
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(self.arr.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+struct EmptyCol;
+
+impl PropCol for EmptyCol {
+    fn get(&self, _i: usize) -> Option<Prop> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayRef {
+        Arc::new(NullArray::new(0))
+    }
 }
 
-fn lift_property_col(arr: &dyn Array) -> Box<dyn PropCol> {
+pub fn lift_property_col(arr: &dyn Array) -> Box<dyn PropCol> {
     match arr.data_type() {
         DataType::Boolean => Box::new(arr.as_boolean().clone()),
         DataType::Int32 => Box::new(arr.as_primitive::<Int32Type>().clone()),
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/io/mod.rs
index 1fd56c86e8..c5f5abd6a8 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/io/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
 pub mod arrow;
 pub mod csv_loader;
 pub mod json_loader;
 pub mod neo4j_loader;
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
+
 pub mod parquet_loaders;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/io/parquet_loaders.rs b/raphtory/src/io/parquet_loaders.rs
index f1be90c151..041748883f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/io/parquet_loaders.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/io/parquet_loaders.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 use crate::{
     db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
-    errors::{GraphError, InvalidPathReason::PathDoesNotExist},
-    io::arrow::{dataframe::*, df_loaders::*},
+    errors::GraphError,
+    io::arrow::{
+        dataframe::*,
+        df_loaders::{
+            edges::{load_edges_from_df, ColumnNames},
+            nodes::{load_node_props_from_df, load_nodes_from_df},
+            *,
+        },
+    },
     prelude::{AdditionOps, DeletionOps, PropertyAdditionOps},
-    serialise::incremental::InternalCache,
 };
 use parquet::arrow::{arrow_reader::ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder, ProjectionMask};
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
@@ -14,15 +20,13 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use {arrow::array::StructArray, pometry_storage::RAError};
-
 pub fn load_nodes_from_parquet<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + std::fmt::Debug,
 >(
     graph: &G,
     parquet_path: &Path,
     time: &str,
+    secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     id: &str,
     node_type: Option<&str>,
     node_type_col: Option<&str>,
@@ -30,20 +34,28 @@ pub fn load_nodes_from_parquet<
     metadata: &[&str],
     shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
     let mut cols_to_check = vec![id, time];
+
     cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(properties);
     cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(metadata);
+
     if let Some(ref node_type_col) = node_type_col {
         cols_to_check.push(node_type_col.as_ref());
     }
 
+    if let Some(ref secondary_index) = secondary_index {
+        cols_to_check.push(secondary_index.as_ref());
+    }
+
     for path in get_parquet_file_paths(parquet_path)? {
         let df_view = process_parquet_file_to_df(path.as_path(), Some(&cols_to_check), batch_size)?;
         df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
         load_nodes_from_df(
             df_view,
             time,
+            secondary_index,
             id,
             properties,
             metadata,
@@ -51,6 +63,7 @@ pub fn load_nodes_from_parquet<
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
             graph,
+            resolve_nodes,
         )
         .map_err(|e| GraphError::LoadFailure(format!("Failed to load graph {e:?}")))?;
     }
@@ -58,29 +71,43 @@ pub fn load_nodes_from_parquet<
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn load_edges_from_parquet<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
->(
+pub fn load_edges_from_parquet<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
     graph: &G,
     parquet_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    time: &str,
-    src: &str,
-    dst: &str,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
     properties: &[&str],
     metadata: &[&str],
     shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
     layer: Option<&str>,
-    layer_col: Option<&str>,
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    let ColumnNames {
+        time,
+        secondary_index,
+        src,
+        dst,
+        layer_col,
+        layer_id_col,
+        edge_id,
+    } = column_names;
+
     let parquet_path = parquet_path.as_ref();
-    let mut cols_to_check = vec![src, dst, time];
+    let mut cols_to_check = [src, dst, time]
+        .into_iter()
+        .chain(layer_id_col)
+        .chain(edge_id)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
     cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(properties);
     cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(metadata);
 
     if let Some(ref layer_col) = layer_col {
         cols_to_check.push(layer_col.as_ref());
     }
+    if let Some(ref secondary_index) = secondary_index {
+        cols_to_check.push(secondary_index.as_ref());
+    }
 
     let all_files = get_parquet_file_paths(parquet_path)?
         .into_iter()
@@ -121,15 +148,14 @@ pub fn load_edges_from_parquet<
 
     load_edges_from_df(
         df_view,
-        time,
-        src,
-        dst,
+        column_names,
+        resolve_nodes,
         properties,
         metadata,
         shared_metadata,
         layer,
-        layer_col,
         graph,
+        false,
     )
     .map_err(|e| GraphError::LoadFailure(format!("Failed to load graph {e:?}")))?;
 
@@ -137,23 +163,26 @@ pub fn load_edges_from_parquet<
 }
 
 pub fn load_node_props_from_parquet<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + std::fmt::Debug,
 >(
     graph: &G,
     parquet_path: &Path,
     id: &str,
     node_type: Option<&str>,
     node_type_col: Option<&str>,
+    node_id_col: Option<&str>,      // for inner parquet use only
+    node_type_id_col: Option<&str>, // for inner parquet use only
     metadata_properties: &[&str],
     shared_metadata: Option<&HashMap<String, Prop>>,
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    let mut cols_to_check = vec![id];
-    cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(metadata_properties);
+    let mut cols_to_check = std::iter::once(id)
+        .chain(node_type_id_col)
+        .chain(node_type_col)
+        .chain(node_id_col)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    if let Some(ref node_type_col) = node_type_col {
-        cols_to_check.push(node_type_col.as_ref());
-    }
+    cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(metadata_properties);
 
     for path in get_parquet_file_paths(parquet_path)? {
         let df_view = process_parquet_file_to_df(path.as_path(), Some(&cols_to_check), batch_size)?;
@@ -164,6 +193,8 @@ pub fn load_node_props_from_parquet<
             id,
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
+            node_id_col,
+            node_type_id_col,
             metadata_properties,
             shared_metadata,
             graph,
@@ -174,9 +205,7 @@ pub fn load_node_props_from_parquet<
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn load_edge_props_from_parquet<
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
->(
+pub fn load_edge_props_from_parquet<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps>(
     graph: &G,
     parquet_path: &Path,
     src: &str,
@@ -186,6 +215,7 @@ pub fn load_edge_props_from_parquet<
     layer: Option<&str>,
     layer_col: Option<&str>,
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
     let mut cols_to_check = vec![src, dst];
     if let Some(ref layer_col) = layer_col {
@@ -206,6 +236,7 @@ pub fn load_edge_props_from_parquet<
             layer,
             layer_col,
             graph,
+            resolve_nodes,
         )
         .map_err(|e| GraphError::LoadFailure(format!("Failed to load graph {e:?}")))?;
     }
@@ -218,22 +249,32 @@ pub fn load_edge_deletions_from_parquet<
 >(
     graph: &G,
     parquet_path: &Path,
-    time: &str,
-    src: &str,
-    dst: &str,
+    column_names: ColumnNames,
     layer: Option<&str>,
-    layer_col: Option<&str>,
+    resolve_nodes: bool,
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    let mut cols_to_check = vec![src, dst, time];
-    if let Some(ref layer_col) = layer_col {
-        cols_to_check.push(layer_col.as_ref());
-    }
+    let ColumnNames {
+        time,
+        secondary_index,
+        src,
+        dst,
+        edge_id,
+        layer_col,
+        layer_id_col,
+    } = column_names;
+    let cols_to_check = vec![src, dst, time]
+        .into_iter()
+        .chain(secondary_index)
+        .chain(layer_col)
+        .chain(layer_id_col)
+        .chain(edge_id)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     for path in get_parquet_file_paths(parquet_path)? {
         let df_view = process_parquet_file_to_df(path.as_path(), Some(&cols_to_check), batch_size)?;
         df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
-        load_edge_deletions_from_df(df_view, time, src, dst, layer, layer_col, graph)
+        load_edge_deletions_from_df(df_view, column_names, resolve_nodes, layer, graph)
             .map_err(|e| GraphError::LoadFailure(format!("Failed to load graph {e:?}")))?;
     }
     Ok(())
@@ -243,19 +284,32 @@ pub fn load_graph_props_from_parquet<G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps
     graph: &G,
     parquet_path: &Path,
     time: &str,
+    secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     properties: &[&str],
     metadata: &[&str],
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
     let mut cols_to_check = vec![time];
+
     cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(properties);
     cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(metadata);
 
+    if let Some(ref secondary_index) = secondary_index {
+        cols_to_check.push(secondary_index.as_ref());
+    }
+
     for path in get_parquet_file_paths(parquet_path)? {
         let df_view = process_parquet_file_to_df(path.as_path(), Some(&cols_to_check), batch_size)?;
         df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
-        load_graph_props_from_df(df_view, time, Some(properties), Some(metadata), graph)
-            .map_err(|e| GraphError::LoadFailure(format!("Failed to load graph {e:?}")))?;
+        load_graph_props_from_df(
+            df_view,
+            time,
+            secondary_index,
+            Some(properties),
+            Some(metadata),
+            graph,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| GraphError::LoadFailure(format!("Failed to load graph {e:?}")))?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -265,7 +319,7 @@ pub(crate) fn process_parquet_file_to_df(
     parquet_file_path: &Path,
     col_names: Option<&[&str]>,
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
-) -> Result<DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>>, GraphError> {
+) -> Result<DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>> + Send>, GraphError> {
     let (names, chunks, num_rows) = read_parquet_file(parquet_file_path, col_names)?;
 
     let names: Vec<String> = names
@@ -274,7 +328,7 @@ pub(crate) fn process_parquet_file_to_df(
         .collect();
 
     let chunks = match batch_size {
-        None => chunks,
+        None => chunks.with_batch_size(100_000),
         Some(batch_size) => chunks.with_batch_size(batch_size),
     };
 
@@ -327,37 +381,13 @@ pub fn get_parquet_file_paths(parquet_path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, Graph
             }
         }
     } else {
-        return Err(GraphError::from(PathDoesNotExist(
-            parquet_path.to_path_buf(),
-        )));
+        return Err(GraphError::PathDoesNotExist(parquet_path.to_path_buf()));
     }
     parquet_files.sort();
 
     Ok(parquet_files)
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-pub fn read_struct_arrays(
-    path: &Path,
-    col_names: Option<&[&str]>,
-) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Result<StructArray, RAError>>, GraphError> {
-    let readers = get_parquet_file_paths(path)?
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|path| {
-            read_parquet_file(path, col_names)
-                .and_then(|(_, reader, _)| Ok::<_, GraphError>(reader.build()?))
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-    let chunks = readers.into_iter().flat_map(|iter| {
-        iter.map(move |cols| {
-            cols.map(|col| StructArray::from(col))
-                .map_err(RAError::ArrowRs)
-        })
-    });
-    Ok(chunks)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/lib.rs b/raphtory/src/lib.rs
index e543294946..ae90d1f5e9 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/lib.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/lib.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub mod io;
 pub mod api;
 pub mod core;
 pub mod errors;
-#[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+#[cfg(feature = "io")]
 pub mod serialise;
 pub mod storage;
 
@@ -145,20 +145,19 @@ pub mod prelude {
                     TimeOps,
                 },
             },
-            graph::{graph::Graph, views::filter::model::property_filter::PropertyFilter},
+            graph::{
+                graph::Graph,
+                views::{
+                    deletion_graph::PersistentGraph, filter::model::property_filter::PropertyFilter,
+                },
+            },
         },
     };
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    pub use {
-        crate::db::api::storage::graph::storage_ops::disk_storage::IntoGraph,
-        raphtory_storage::disk::{DiskGraphStorage, ParquetLayerCols},
-    };
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+    #[cfg(feature = "io")]
     pub use crate::serialise::{
         parquet::{ParquetDecoder, ParquetEncoder},
-        CacheOps, StableDecode, StableEncode,
+        StableDecode, StableEncode,
     };
 
     #[cfg(feature = "search")]
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/algorithm/epidemics.rs b/raphtory/src/python/algorithm/epidemics.rs
index ec2db5a56b..75807b0813 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/algorithm/epidemics.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/algorithm/epidemics.rs
@@ -75,9 +75,10 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for Infected {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'py> FromPyObject<'py> for Infected {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let res = ob.downcast::<PyInfected>()?;
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for Infected {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let res = ob.cast::<PyInfected>()?;
         Ok(res.get().inner)
     }
 }
@@ -88,8 +89,9 @@ pub enum PySeed {
     Probability(f64),
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PySeed {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PySeed {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         let res = if ob.is_instance_of::<PyInt>() {
             Self::Number(ob.extract()?)
         } else if ob.is_instance_of::<PyFloat>() {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/disk_graph.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/disk_graph.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b80f8aa2bb..0000000000
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/disk_graph.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-//! A columnar temporal graph.
-//!
-use super::io::pandas_loaders::*;
-use crate::{
-    db::{
-        api::storage::graph::storage_ops::disk_storage::IntoGraph,
-        graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph,
-    },
-    errors::GraphError,
-    io::parquet_loaders::read_struct_arrays,
-    prelude::Graph,
-    python::{graph::graph::PyGraph, types::repr::StructReprBuilder},
-};
-use arrow::{array::StructArray, datatypes::Field};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use pometry_storage::{
-    graph::{load_node_metadata, TemporalGraph},
-    RAError,
-};
-use pyo3::{exceptions::PyRuntimeError, prelude::*, pybacked::PyBackedStr, types::PyDict};
-use raphtory_storage::disk::{DiskGraphStorage, ParquetLayerCols};
-use std::{
-    ops::Deref,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    str::FromStr,
-};
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-#[pyclass(name = "DiskGraphStorage", frozen, module = "raphtory")]
-pub struct PyDiskGraph(pub DiskGraphStorage);
-
-impl<G> AsRef<G> for PyDiskGraph
-where
-    DiskGraphStorage: AsRef<G>,
-{
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &G {
-        self.0.as_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<DiskGraphStorage> for PyDiskGraph {
-    fn from(value: DiskGraphStorage) -> Self {
-        Self(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<PyDiskGraph> for DiskGraphStorage {
-    fn from(value: PyDiskGraph) -> Self {
-        value.0
-    }
-}
-
-struct PyParquetLayerCols {
-    parquet_dir: PyBackedStr,
-    layer: PyBackedStr,
-    src_col: PyBackedStr,
-    dst_col: PyBackedStr,
-    time_col: PyBackedStr,
-    exclude_edge_props: Vec<PyBackedStr>,
-}
-
-impl PyParquetLayerCols {
-    pub fn as_deref(&self) -> ParquetLayerCols<'_> {
-        ParquetLayerCols {
-            parquet_dir: self.parquet_dir.deref(),
-            layer: self.layer.deref(),
-            src_col: self.src_col.deref(),
-            dst_col: self.dst_col.deref(),
-            time_col: self.time_col.deref(),
-            exclude_edge_props: self.exclude_edge_props.iter().map(|s| s.deref()).collect(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromPyObject<'a> for PyParquetLayerCols {
-    fn extract_bound(obj: &Bound<'a, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let dict = obj.downcast::<PyDict>()?;
-        Ok(PyParquetLayerCols {
-            parquet_dir: dict
-                .get_item("parquet_dir")?
-                .ok_or(PyRuntimeError::new_err("parquet_dir is required"))?
-                .extract::<PyBackedStr>()?,
-            layer: dict
-                .get_item("layer")?
-                .ok_or(PyRuntimeError::new_err("layer is  required"))?
-                .extract::<PyBackedStr>()?,
-            src_col: dict
-                .get_item("src_col")?
-                .ok_or(PyRuntimeError::new_err("src_col is required"))?
-                .extract::<PyBackedStr>()?,
-            dst_col: dict
-                .get_item("dst_col")?
-                .ok_or(PyRuntimeError::new_err("dst_col is required"))?
-                .extract::<PyBackedStr>()?,
-            time_col: dict
-                .get_item("time_col")?
-                .ok_or(PyRuntimeError::new_err("time_col is required"))?
-                .extract::<PyBackedStr>()?,
-            exclude_edge_props: match dict.get_item("exclude_edge_props")? {
-                None => Ok(vec![]),
-                Some(item) => item
-                    .try_iter()?
-                    .map(|v| v.and_then(|v| v.extract::<PyBackedStr>()))
-                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>(),
-            }?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[pymethods]
-impl PyGraph {
-    /// save graph in disk_graph format and memory map the result
-    ///
-    /// Arguments:
-    ///     graph_dir (str | PathLike): folder where the graph will be saved
-    ///
-    /// Returns:
-    ///     DiskGraphStorage: the persisted graph storage
-    pub fn persist_as_disk_graph(&self, graph_dir: PathBuf) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        Ok(PyDiskGraph(DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(
-            &self.graph,
-            &graph_dir,
-        )?))
-    }
-}
-
-#[pymethods]
-impl PyDiskGraph {
-    pub fn graph_dir(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.0.graph_dir()
-    }
-
-    pub fn to_events(&self) -> Graph {
-        self.0.clone().into_graph()
-    }
-
-    pub fn to_persistent(&self) -> PersistentGraph {
-        self.0.clone().into_persistent_graph()
-    }
-
-    #[staticmethod]
-    #[pyo3(signature = (graph_dir, edge_df, time_col, src_col, dst_col))]
-    pub fn load_from_pandas(
-        graph_dir: PathBuf,
-        edge_df: &Bound<PyAny>,
-        time_col: &str,
-        src_col: &str,
-        dst_col: &str,
-    ) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        let cols_to_check = vec![src_col, dst_col, time_col];
-
-        let df_columns: Vec<String> = edge_df.getattr("columns")?.extract()?;
-        let df_columns: Vec<&str> = df_columns.iter().map(|x| x.as_str()).collect();
-
-        let df_view = process_pandas_py_df(edge_df, df_columns)?;
-        df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
-        let src_index = df_view.get_index(src_col)?;
-        let dst_index = df_view.get_index(dst_col)?;
-        let time_index = df_view.get_index(time_col)?;
-
-        let mut chunks_iter = df_view.chunks.peekable();
-        let chunk_size = if let Some(result) = chunks_iter.peek() {
-            match result {
-                Ok(df) => df.chunk.len(),
-                Err(e) => {
-                    return Err(GraphError::LoadFailure(format!(
-                        "Failed to load graph {e:?}"
-                    )))
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            return Err(GraphError::LoadFailure("No chunks available".to_string()));
-        };
-
-        let edge_lists = chunks_iter
-            .map_ok(|df| {
-                let fields = df
-                    .chunk
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(df_view.names.iter())
-                    .map(|(arr, col_name)| {
-                        Field::new(col_name, arr.data_type().clone(), arr.null_count() > 0)
-                    })
-                    .collect_vec();
-                let s_array = StructArray::new(fields.into(), df.chunk, None);
-                s_array
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
-
-        let graph = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_edge_lists(
-            &edge_lists,
-            chunk_size,
-            chunk_size,
-            graph_dir,
-            time_index,
-            src_index,
-            dst_index,
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(PyDiskGraph(graph))
-    }
-
-    #[staticmethod]
-    fn load_from_dir(graph_dir: PathBuf) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(&graph_dir)
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                GraphError::LoadFailure(format!(
-                    "Failed to load graph {err:?} from dir {}",
-                    graph_dir.display()
-                ))
-            })
-            .map(PyDiskGraph)
-    }
-
-    #[staticmethod]
-    #[pyo3(
-        signature = (graph_dir, layer_parquet_cols, node_properties=None, chunk_size=10_000_000, t_props_chunk_size=10_000_000, num_threads=4, node_type_col=None, node_id_col=None, num_rows=None)
-    )]
-    fn load_from_parquets(
-        graph_dir: PathBuf,
-        layer_parquet_cols: Vec<PyParquetLayerCols>,
-        node_properties: Option<PathBuf>,
-        chunk_size: usize,
-        t_props_chunk_size: usize,
-        num_threads: usize,
-        node_type_col: Option<&str>,
-        node_id_col: Option<&str>,
-        num_rows: Option<usize>,
-    ) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        let layer_cols = layer_parquet_cols
-            .iter()
-            .map(|layer| layer.as_deref())
-            .collect();
-        DiskGraphStorage::load_from_parquets(
-            graph_dir,
-            layer_cols,
-            node_properties,
-            chunk_size,
-            t_props_chunk_size,
-            num_threads,
-            node_type_col,
-            node_id_col,
-            num_rows,
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            GraphError::LoadFailure(format!("Failed to load graph from parquet files: {err:?}"))
-        })
-        .map(PyDiskGraph)
-    }
-
-    #[pyo3(signature = (location, col_names=None, chunk_size=None))]
-    pub fn load_node_metadata(
-        &self,
-        location: PathBuf,
-        col_names: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
-        chunk_size: Option<usize>,
-    ) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        let col_names = convert_py_prop_args(col_names.as_deref());
-        let chunks = read_struct_arrays(&location, col_names.as_deref())?;
-        let _ = load_node_metadata(chunk_size.unwrap_or(200_000), self.graph_dir(), chunks)?;
-        Self::load_from_dir(self.graph_dir().to_path_buf())
-    }
-
-    #[pyo3(signature=(location, col_name, chunk_size=None))]
-    pub fn load_node_types(
-        &self,
-        location: PathBuf,
-        col_name: &str,
-        chunk_size: Option<usize>,
-    ) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        let mut cloned = self.clone();
-        let chunks = read_struct_arrays(&location, Some(&[col_name]))?.map(|chunk| match chunk {
-            Ok(chunk) => {
-                let (_, cols, _) = chunk.into_parts();
-                cols.into_iter().next().ok_or(RAError::EmptyChunk)
-            }
-            Err(err) => Err(err),
-        });
-        cloned
-            .0
-            .load_node_types_from_arrays(chunks, chunk_size.unwrap_or(1_000_000))?;
-        Ok(cloned)
-    }
-
-    #[pyo3(signature = (location, chunk_size=20_000_000))]
-    pub fn append_node_temporal_properties(
-        &self,
-        location: &str,
-        chunk_size: usize,
-    ) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        let path = PathBuf::from_str(location).unwrap();
-        let chunks = read_struct_arrays(&path, None)?;
-        let mut graph = TemporalGraph::new(self.0.inner().graph_dir())?;
-        graph.load_temporal_node_props_from_chunks(chunks, chunk_size, false)?;
-        Self::load_from_dir(self.graph_dir().to_path_buf())
-    }
-
-    /// Merge this graph with another `DiskGraph`. Note that both graphs should have nodes that are
-    /// sorted by their global ids or the resulting graph will be nonsense!
-    fn merge_by_sorted_gids(
-        &self,
-        other: &Self,
-        graph_dir: PathBuf,
-    ) -> Result<PyDiskGraph, GraphError> {
-        Ok(PyDiskGraph(
-            self.0.merge_by_sorted_gids(&other.0, graph_dir)?,
-        ))
-    }
-
-    fn __repr__(&self) -> String {
-        StructReprBuilder::new("DiskGraph")
-            .add_field("number_of_nodes", self.0.inner.num_nodes())
-            .add_field(
-                "number_of_temporal_edges",
-                self.0.inner.count_temporal_edges(),
-            )
-            .add_field("earliest_time", self.0.inner.earliest())
-            .add_field("latest_time", self.0.inner.latest())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/edges.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/edges.rs
index 431dd20495..1b0caa8bb2 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/edges.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/edges.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
         },
     },
 };
-use pyo3::{prelude::*, types::PyDict};
+use pyo3::{prelude::*, types::PyDict, Py, PyAny};
 use raphtory_api::core::storage::arc_str::ArcStr;
 use raphtory_storage::core_ops::CoreGraphOps;
 use rayon::{iter::IntoParallelIterator, prelude::*};
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ impl PyEdges {
         include_property_history: bool,
         convert_datetime: bool,
         mut explode: bool,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+    ) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
         let mut column_names = vec![
             String::from("src"),
             String::from("dst"),
@@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ impl PyEdges {
                 );
 
                 let row_header: Vec<Prop> = vec![
-                    Prop::from(item.src().name()),
-                    Prop::from(item.dst().name()),
+                    Prop::Str(item.src().name().into()),
+                    Prop::Str(item.dst().name().into()),
                     Prop::from(item.layer_name().unwrap_or(ArcStr::from(""))),
                 ];
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ impl PyEdges {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        Python::attach(|py| {
             let pandas = PyModule::import(py, "pandas")?;
             let kwargs = PyDict::new(py);
             kwargs.set_item("columns", column_names)?;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph.rs
index b02e7cbc25..9e5b61d492 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph.rs
@@ -10,22 +10,22 @@ use crate::{
         graph::{edge::EdgeView, node::NodeView, views::node_subgraph::NodeSubgraph},
     },
     errors::GraphError,
-    io::parquet_loaders::*,
+    io::{arrow::df_loaders::edges::ColumnNames, parquet_loaders::*},
     prelude::*,
     python::{
         graph::{
-            edge::PyEdge, graph_with_deletions::PyPersistentGraph, index::PyIndexSpec,
-            io::pandas_loaders::*, node::PyNode, views::graph_view::PyGraphView,
+            edge::PyEdge, graph_with_deletions::PyPersistentGraph, io::pandas_loaders::*,
+            node::PyNode, views::graph_view::PyGraphView,
         },
         types::iterable::FromIterable,
         utils::{PyNodeRef, PyTime},
     },
     serialise::{
         parquet::{ParquetDecoder, ParquetEncoder},
-        InternalStableDecode, StableEncode,
+        StableDecode, StableEncode,
     },
 };
-use pyo3::{prelude::*, pybacked::PyBackedStr, types::PyDict};
+use pyo3::{prelude::*, pybacked::PyBackedStr, types::PyDict, Borrowed};
 use raphtory_api::core::{entities::GID, storage::arc_str::ArcStr};
 use raphtory_storage::core_ops::CoreGraphOps;
 use std::{
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ use std::{
     path::PathBuf,
 };
 
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
+use crate::python::graph::index::PyIndexSpec;
+
 /// A temporal graph with event semantics.
 ///
 /// Arguments:
@@ -82,8 +85,9 @@ impl From<PyGraph> for DynamicGraph {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for MaterializedGraph {
-    fn extract_bound(graph: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for MaterializedGraph {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(graph: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(graph) = graph.extract::<PyRef<PyGraph>>() {
             Ok(graph.graph.clone().into())
         } else if let Ok(graph) = graph.extract::<PyRef<PyPersistentGraph>>() {
@@ -106,9 +110,10 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for Graph {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Graph {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let g = ob.downcast::<PyGraph>()?.borrow();
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for Graph {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let g = ob.cast::<PyGraph>()?.borrow();
 
         Ok(g.graph.clone())
     }
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Graph {
 
 impl PyGraph {
     pub fn py_from_db_graph(db_graph: Graph) -> PyResult<Py<PyGraph>> {
-        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        Python::attach(|py| {
             Py::new(
                 py,
                 (PyGraph::from(db_graph.clone()), PyGraphView::from(db_graph)),
@@ -146,38 +151,39 @@ impl PyGraphEncoder {
 #[pymethods]
 impl PyGraph {
     #[new]
-    #[pyo3(signature = (num_shards = None))]
-    pub fn py_new(num_shards: Option<usize>) -> (Self, PyGraphView) {
-        let graph = match num_shards {
+    #[pyo3(signature = (path = None))]
+    pub fn py_new(path: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<(Self, PyGraphView), GraphError> {
+        let graph = match path {
             None => Graph::new(),
-            Some(num_shards) => Graph::new_with_shards(num_shards),
+            Some(path) => Graph::new_at_path(&path)?,
         };
-        (
+        Ok((
             Self {
                 graph: graph.clone(),
             },
             PyGraphView::from(graph),
-        )
+        ))
     }
 
-    fn __reduce__(&self) -> (PyGraphEncoder, (Vec<u8>,)) {
-        let state = self.graph.encode_to_vec();
-        (PyGraphEncoder, (state,))
+    #[staticmethod]
+    pub fn load(path: PathBuf) -> Result<Graph, GraphError> {
+        Graph::load_from_path(&path)
     }
 
-    /// Persist graph on disk
-    ///
-    /// Arguments:
-    ///     graph_dir (str | PathLike): the folder where the graph will be persisted
+    /// Trigger a flush of the underlying storage if disk storage is enabled
     ///
     /// Returns:
-    ///     Graph: a view of the persisted graph
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    pub fn to_disk_graph(&self, graph_dir: PathBuf) -> Result<Graph, GraphError> {
-        self.graph.persist_as_disk_graph(graph_dir)
+    ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        self.graph.flush()
+    }
+
+    fn __reduce__(&self) -> Result<(PyGraphEncoder, (Vec<u8>,)), GraphError> {
+        let state = self.graph.encode_to_bytes()?;
+        Ok((PyGraphEncoder, (state,)))
     }
 
-    /// Persist graph to parquet files.
+    /// Persist graph to parquet files
     ///
     /// Arguments:
     ///     graph_dir (str | PathLike): the folder where the graph will be persisted as parquet
@@ -198,7 +204,9 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///
     #[staticmethod]
     pub fn from_parquet(graph_dir: PathBuf) -> Result<Graph, GraphError> {
-        Graph::decode_parquet(graph_dir)
+        let path_for_decoded_graph = None;
+
+        Graph::decode_parquet(&graph_dir, path_for_decoded_graph)
     }
 
     /// Adds a new node with the given id and properties to the graph.
@@ -632,6 +640,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///     properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -639,18 +648,20 @@ impl PyGraph {
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
     #[pyo3(
-        signature = (df, time, id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata= None, shared_metadata = None)
+        signature = (df, time, id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata= None, shared_metadata = None, secondary_index = None)
     )]
     fn load_nodes_from_pandas<'py>(
         &self,
         df: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
         time: &str,
         id: &str,
+
         node_type: Option<&str>,
         node_type_col: Option<&str>,
         properties: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         metadata: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -658,6 +669,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
             &self.graph,
             df,
             time,
+            secondary_index,
             id,
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
@@ -678,6 +690,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///     properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -685,7 +698,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
     #[pyo3(
-        signature = (parquet_path, time, id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None)
+        signature = (parquet_path, time, id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, secondary_index = None)
     )]
     fn load_nodes_from_parquet(
         &self,
@@ -697,6 +710,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
         properties: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         metadata: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -704,6 +718,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
             &self.graph,
             parquet_path.as_path(),
             time,
+            secondary_index,
             id,
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
@@ -711,6 +726,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
             &metadata,
             shared_metadata.as_ref(),
             None,
+            true,
         )
     }
 
@@ -726,6 +742,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
     ///     layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
     ///     layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -733,7 +750,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
     #[pyo3(
-        signature = (df, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None)
+        signature = (df, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None, secondary_index = None)
     )]
     fn load_edges_from_pandas(
         &self,
@@ -746,6 +763,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
         layer: Option<&str>,
         layer_col: Option<&str>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -753,6 +771,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
             &self.graph,
             df,
             time,
+            secondary_index,
             src,
             dst,
             &properties,
@@ -775,6 +794,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
     ///     layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
     ///     layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index. Defaults to None.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
@@ -782,7 +802,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
     #[pyo3(
-        signature = (parquet_path, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None)
+        signature = (parquet_path, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None, secondary_index = None)
     )]
     fn load_edges_from_parquet(
         &self,
@@ -795,20 +815,19 @@ impl PyGraph {
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
         layer: Option<&str>,
         layer_col: Option<&str>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         load_edges_from_parquet(
             &self.graph,
             parquet_path.as_path(),
-            time,
-            src,
-            dst,
+            ColumnNames::new(time, secondary_index, src, dst, layer_col),
+            true,
             &properties,
             &metadata,
             shared_metadata.as_ref(),
             layer,
-            layer_col,
             None,
         )
     }
@@ -886,6 +905,8 @@ impl PyGraph {
             id,
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
+            None,
+            None,
             &metadata,
             shared_metadata.as_ref(),
             None,
@@ -974,6 +995,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
             layer,
             layer_col,
             None,
+            true,
         )
     }
 
@@ -981,6 +1003,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.create_index()
     }
@@ -992,6 +1015,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index_with_spec(&self, py_spec: &PyIndexSpec) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.create_index_with_spec(py_spec.spec.clone())
     }
@@ -1003,6 +1027,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index_in_ram(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.create_index_in_ram()
     }
@@ -1020,6 +1045,7 @@ impl PyGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index_in_ram_with_spec(&self, py_spec: &PyIndexSpec) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph
             .create_index_in_ram_with_spec(py_spec.spec.clone())
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph_with_deletions.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph_with_deletions.rs
index 0b00c0f9f5..3e5948aa5b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph_with_deletions.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/graph_with_deletions.rs
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ use crate::{
         graph::{edge::EdgeView, node::NodeView, views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph},
     },
     errors::GraphError,
-    io::parquet_loaders::*,
-    prelude::{DeletionOps, GraphViewOps, ImportOps, IndexMutationOps},
+    io::{arrow::df_loaders::edges::ColumnNames, parquet_loaders::*},
+    prelude::{DeletionOps, GraphViewOps, ImportOps},
     python::{
-        graph::{edge::PyEdge, index::PyIndexSpec, node::PyNode, views::graph_view::PyGraphView},
+        graph::{edge::PyEdge, node::PyNode, views::graph_view::PyGraphView},
         utils::{PyNodeRef, PyTime},
     },
     serialise::StableEncode,
 };
-use pyo3::{prelude::*, pybacked::PyBackedStr};
+use pyo3::{prelude::*, pybacked::PyBackedStr, Borrowed};
 use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{properties::prop::Prop, GID},
     storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ use std::{
     path::PathBuf,
 };
 
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
+use crate::{prelude::IndexMutationOps, python::graph::index::PyIndexSpec};
+
 /// A temporal graph that allows edges and nodes to be deleted.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 #[pyclass(name = "PersistentGraph", extends = PyGraphView, frozen, module="raphtory")]
@@ -72,16 +75,18 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for PersistentGraph {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PersistentGraph {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let g = ob.downcast::<PyPersistentGraph>()?.get();
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PersistentGraph {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let binding = ob.cast::<PyPersistentGraph>()?;
+        let g = binding.get();
         Ok(g.graph.clone())
     }
 }
 
 impl PyPersistentGraph {
     pub fn py_from_db_graph(db_graph: PersistentGraph) -> PyResult<Py<PyPersistentGraph>> {
-        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        Python::attach(|py| {
             Py::new(
                 py,
                 (
@@ -97,24 +102,36 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
 #[pymethods]
 impl PyPersistentGraph {
     #[new]
-    pub fn py_new() -> (Self, PyGraphView) {
-        let graph = PersistentGraph::new();
-        (
+    #[pyo3(signature = (path = None))]
+    pub fn py_new(path: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<(Self, PyGraphView), GraphError> {
+        let graph = match path {
+            Some(path) => PersistentGraph::new_at_path(&path)?,
+            None => PersistentGraph::new(),
+        };
+        Ok((
             Self {
                 graph: graph.clone(),
             },
             PyGraphView::from(graph),
-        )
+        ))
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    pub fn to_disk_graph(&self, graph_dir: PathBuf) -> Result<PersistentGraph, GraphError> {
-        self.graph.persist_as_disk_graph(graph_dir)
+    #[staticmethod]
+    pub fn load(path: PathBuf) -> Result<PersistentGraph, GraphError> {
+        PersistentGraph::load_from_path(&path)
     }
 
-    fn __reduce__(&self) -> (PyGraphEncoder, (Vec<u8>,)) {
-        let state = self.graph.encode_to_vec();
-        (PyGraphEncoder, (state,))
+    /// Trigger a flush of the underlying storage if disk storage is enabled
+    ///
+    /// Returns:
+    ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
+    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        self.graph.flush()
+    }
+
+    fn __reduce__(&self) -> Result<(PyGraphEncoder, (Vec<u8>,)), GraphError> {
+        let state = self.graph.encode_to_bytes()?;
+        Ok((PyGraphEncoder, (state,)))
     }
 
     /// Adds a new node with the given id and properties to the graph.
@@ -568,28 +585,32 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///     df (DataFrame): The Pandas DataFrame containing the nodes.
     ///     time (str): The column name for the timestamps.
     ///     id (str): The column name for the node IDs.
+    ///         NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
     ///     node_type (str, optional): A value to use as the node type for all nodes. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type_col)
     ///     node_type_col (str, optional): The node type col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type)
     ///     properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
     ///
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
-    #[pyo3(signature = (df,time,id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None))]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (df, time, id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, secondary_index = None))]
     fn load_nodes_from_pandas(
         &self,
         df: &Bound<PyAny>,
         time: &str,
         id: &str,
+
         node_type: Option<&str>,
         node_type_col: Option<&str>,
         properties: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         metadata: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -597,6 +618,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
             &self.graph,
             df,
             time,
+            secondary_index,
             id,
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
@@ -612,28 +634,32 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///     parquet_path (str): Parquet file or directory of Parquet files containing the nodes
     ///     time (str): The column name for the timestamps.
     ///     id (str): The column name for the node IDs.
+    ///         NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
     ///     node_type (str, optional): A value to use as the node type for all nodes. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type_col)
     ///     node_type_col (str, optional): The node type col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with node_type)
     ///     properties (List[str], optional): List of node property column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     metadata (List[str], optional): List of node metadata column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every node. Defaults to None.
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
     ///
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
-    #[pyo3(signature = (parquet_path, time,id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None))]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (parquet_path, time, id, node_type = None, node_type_col = None, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, secondary_index = None))]
     fn load_nodes_from_parquet(
         &self,
         parquet_path: PathBuf,
         time: &str,
         id: &str,
+
         node_type: Option<&str>,
         node_type_col: Option<&str>,
         properties: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         metadata: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -641,6 +667,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
             &self.graph,
             parquet_path.as_path(),
             time,
+            secondary_index,
             id,
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
@@ -648,6 +675,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
             &metadata,
             shared_metadata.as_ref(),
             None,
+            true,
         )
     }
 
@@ -658,29 +686,33 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///     time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
     ///     src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
     ///     dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
+    ///         NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
     ///     properties (List[str], optional): List of edge property column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     metadata (List[str], optional): List of edge metadata column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
     ///     layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
     ///     layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
     ///
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
-    #[pyo3(signature = (df, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None))]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (df, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None, secondary_index = None))]
     fn load_edges_from_pandas(
         &self,
         df: &Bound<PyAny>,
         time: &str,
         src: &str,
         dst: &str,
+
         properties: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         metadata: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
         layer: Option<&str>,
         layer_col: Option<&str>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -688,6 +720,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
             &self.graph,
             df,
             time,
+            secondary_index,
             src,
             dst,
             &properties,
@@ -705,43 +738,45 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///     time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
     ///     src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
     ///     dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
+    ///         NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
     ///     properties (List[str], optional): List of edge property column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     metadata (List[str], optional): List of edge metadata column names. Defaults to None.
     ///     shared_metadata (PropInput, optional): A dictionary of metadata properties that will be added to every edge. Defaults to None.
     ///     layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
     ///     layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
     ///
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
-    #[pyo3(signature = (parquet_path, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None))]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (parquet_path, time, src, dst, properties = None, metadata = None, shared_metadata = None, layer = None, layer_col = None, secondary_index = None))]
     fn load_edges_from_parquet(
         &self,
         parquet_path: PathBuf,
         time: &str,
         src: &str,
         dst: &str,
+
         properties: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         metadata: Option<Vec<PyBackedStr>>,
         shared_metadata: Option<HashMap<String, Prop>>,
         layer: Option<&str>,
         layer_col: Option<&str>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let properties = convert_py_prop_args(properties.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         let metadata = convert_py_prop_args(metadata.as_deref()).unwrap_or_default();
         load_edges_from_parquet(
             &self.graph,
             parquet_path.as_path(),
-            time,
-            src,
-            dst,
+            ColumnNames::new(time, secondary_index, src, dst, layer_col),
+            true,
             &properties,
             &metadata,
             shared_metadata.as_ref(),
             layer,
-            layer_col,
             None,
         )
     }
@@ -753,60 +788,75 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///     time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
     ///     src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
     ///     dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
+    ///         NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
     ///     layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
     ///     layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
     ///
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
-    #[pyo3(signature = (df, time, src, dst, layer = None, layer_col = None))]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (df, time, src, dst, layer = None, layer_col = None, secondary_index = None))]
     fn load_edge_deletions_from_pandas(
         &self,
         df: &Bound<PyAny>,
         time: &str,
         src: &str,
         dst: &str,
+
         layer: Option<&str>,
         layer_col: Option<&str>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        load_edge_deletions_from_pandas(&self.graph, df, time, src, dst, layer, layer_col)
+        load_edge_deletions_from_pandas(
+            &self.graph,
+            df,
+            time,
+            secondary_index,
+            src,
+            dst,
+            layer,
+            layer_col,
+        )
     }
 
     /// Load edges deletions from a Parquet file into the graph.
     ///
     /// Arguments:
     ///     parquet_path (str): Parquet file or directory of Parquet files path containing node information.
+    ///     time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
     ///     src (str): The column name for the source node ids.
     ///     dst (str): The column name for the destination node ids.
-    ///     time (str): The column name for the update timestamps.
+    ///         NOTE: All values in this column must be unique. Defaults to None.
     ///     layer (str, optional): A value to use as the layer for all edges. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer_col)
     ///     layer_col (str, optional): The edge layer col name in dataframe. Defaults to None. (cannot be used in combination with layer)
+    ///     secondary_index (str, optional): The column name for the secondary index.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None: This function does not return a value, if the operation is successful.
     ///
     /// Raises:
     ///     GraphError: If the operation fails.
-    #[pyo3(signature = (parquet_path, time, src, dst, layer = None, layer_col = None))]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (parquet_path, time, src, dst, layer = None, layer_col = None, secondary_index = None))]
     fn load_edge_deletions_from_parquet(
         &self,
         parquet_path: PathBuf,
         time: &str,
         src: &str,
         dst: &str,
+
         layer: Option<&str>,
         layer_col: Option<&str>,
+        secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         load_edge_deletions_from_parquet(
             &self.graph,
             parquet_path.as_path(),
-            time,
-            src,
-            dst,
+            ColumnNames::new(time, secondary_index, src, dst, layer_col),
             layer,
-            layer_col,
+            true,
             None,
         )
     }
@@ -880,6 +930,8 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
             id,
             node_type,
             node_type_col,
+            None,
+            None,
             &metadata,
             shared_metadata.as_ref(),
             None,
@@ -964,6 +1016,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
             layer,
             layer_col,
             None,
+            true,
         )
     }
 
@@ -971,6 +1024,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.create_index()
     }
@@ -981,6 +1035,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index_with_spec(&self, py_spec: &PyIndexSpec) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.create_index_with_spec(py_spec.spec.clone())
     }
@@ -992,6 +1047,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index_in_ram(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph.create_index_in_ram()
     }
@@ -1009,6 +1065,7 @@ impl PyPersistentGraph {
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///     None:
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
     fn create_index_in_ram_with_spec(&self, py_spec: &PyIndexSpec) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         self.graph
             .create_index_in_ram_with_spec(py_spec.spec.clone())
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/io/pandas_loaders.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/io/pandas_loaders.rs
index 5f7bef7427..739df7ba99 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/io/pandas_loaders.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/io/pandas_loaders.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 use crate::{
     db::api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
     errors::GraphError,
-    io::arrow::{dataframe::*, df_loaders::*},
+    io::arrow::{
+        dataframe::*,
+        df_loaders::{
+            edges::{load_edges_from_df_pandas, ColumnNames},
+            nodes::{load_node_props_from_df, load_nodes_from_df},
+            *,
+        },
+    },
     prelude::{AdditionOps, PropertyAdditionOps},
-    serialise::incremental::InternalCache,
 };
 use arrow::array::ArrayRef;
 use pyo3::{
@@ -23,11 +29,12 @@ pub(crate) fn convert_py_prop_args(properties: Option<&[PyBackedStr]>) -> Option
 
 pub(crate) fn load_nodes_from_pandas<
     'py,
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + std::fmt::Debug,
 >(
     graph: &G,
     df: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
     time: &str,
+    secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     id: &str,
     node_type: Option<&str>,
     node_type_col: Option<&str>,
@@ -41,12 +48,17 @@ pub(crate) fn load_nodes_from_pandas<
     if let Some(ref node_type_col) = node_type_col {
         cols_to_check.push(node_type_col.as_ref());
     }
+    if let Some(ref secondary_index) = secondary_index {
+        cols_to_check.push(secondary_index.as_ref());
+    }
 
     let df_view = process_pandas_py_df(df, cols_to_check.clone())?;
     df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
+
     load_nodes_from_df(
         df_view,
         time,
+        secondary_index,
         id,
         properties,
         metadata,
@@ -54,16 +66,18 @@ pub(crate) fn load_nodes_from_pandas<
         node_type,
         node_type_col,
         graph,
+        true,
     )
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn load_edges_from_pandas<
     'py,
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
 >(
     graph: &G,
     df: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
     time: &str,
+    secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     src: &str,
     dst: &str,
     properties: &[&str],
@@ -78,26 +92,37 @@ pub(crate) fn load_edges_from_pandas<
     if let Some(layer_col) = layer_col {
         cols_to_check.push(layer_col.as_ref());
     }
+    if let Some(ref secondary_index) = secondary_index {
+        cols_to_check.push(secondary_index.as_ref());
+    }
 
     let df_view = process_pandas_py_df(df, cols_to_check.clone())?;
     df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
-    load_edges_from_df(
+
+    load_edges_from_df_pandas(
         df_view,
-        time,
-        src,
-        dst,
+        ColumnNames {
+            time,
+            secondary_index,
+            src,
+            dst,
+            layer_col,
+            edge_id: None,
+            layer_id_col: None,
+        },
+        true,
         properties,
         metadata,
         shared_metadata,
         layer,
-        layer_col,
         graph,
+        false,
     )
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn load_node_props_from_pandas<
     'py,
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + std::fmt::Debug,
 >(
     graph: &G,
     df: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
@@ -119,6 +144,8 @@ pub(crate) fn load_node_props_from_pandas<
         id,
         node_type,
         node_type_col,
+        None,
+        None,
         metadata,
         shared_metadata,
         graph,
@@ -127,7 +154,7 @@ pub(crate) fn load_node_props_from_pandas<
 
 pub(crate) fn load_edge_props_from_pandas<
     'py,
-    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps + InternalCache,
+    G: StaticGraphViewOps + PropertyAdditionOps + AdditionOps,
 >(
     graph: &G,
     df: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
@@ -145,7 +172,7 @@ pub(crate) fn load_edge_props_from_pandas<
     cols_to_check.extend_from_slice(metadata);
     let df_view = process_pandas_py_df(df, cols_to_check.clone())?;
     df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
-    load_edges_props_from_df(
+    load_edges_props_from_df_pandas(
         df_view,
         src,
         dst,
@@ -154,6 +181,7 @@ pub(crate) fn load_edge_props_from_pandas<
         layer,
         layer_col,
         graph,
+        true,
     )
 }
 
@@ -164,6 +192,7 @@ pub fn load_edge_deletions_from_pandas<
     graph: &G,
     df: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
     time: &str,
+    secondary_index: Option<&str>,
     src: &str,
     dst: &str,
     layer: Option<&str>,
@@ -173,16 +202,17 @@ pub fn load_edge_deletions_from_pandas<
     if let Some(ref layer_col) = layer_col {
         cols_to_check.push(layer_col.as_ref());
     }
+    if let Some(ref secondary_index) = secondary_index {
+        cols_to_check.push(secondary_index.as_ref());
+    }
 
     let df_view = process_pandas_py_df(df, cols_to_check.clone())?;
     df_view.check_cols_exist(&cols_to_check)?;
-    load_edge_deletions_from_df(
+    load_edge_deletions_from_df_pandas(
         df_view,
-        time,
-        src,
-        dst,
+        ColumnNames::new(time, secondary_index, src, dst, layer_col),
+        true,
         layer,
-        layer_col,
         graph.core_graph(),
     )
 }
@@ -228,19 +258,25 @@ pub(crate) fn process_pandas_py_df<'a>(
     .collect();
 
     let names_len = names.len();
-    let chunks = rb.into_iter().map(move |rb| {
+
+    // Convert all Python batches to Rust Arrow arrays while we have the GIL
+    // This makes the iterator Send-safe
+    let rust_batches = rb.into_iter().map(move |rb| {
         let chunk = (0..names_len)
             .map(|i| {
                 let array = rb.call_method1("column", (i,)).map_err(GraphError::from)?;
-                let arr = array_to_rust(&array).map_err(GraphError::from)?;
+                let arr = array_to_rust(array.as_borrowed()).map_err(GraphError::from)?;
                 Ok::<_, GraphError>(arr)
             })
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, GraphError>>()?;
 
         Ok(DFChunk { chunk })
     });
+
     let num_rows: usize = dropped_df.call_method0("__len__")?.extract()?;
 
+    let chunks = rust_batches.into_iter();
+
     Ok(DFView {
         names,
         chunks,
@@ -248,8 +284,8 @@ pub(crate) fn process_pandas_py_df<'a>(
     })
 }
 
-pub fn array_to_rust(obj: &Bound<PyAny>) -> PyResult<ArrayRef> {
-    let (array, _) = PyArray::extract_bound(obj)?.into_inner();
+pub fn array_to_rust<'py>(obj: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<ArrayRef> {
+    let (array, _) = PyArray::extract(obj)?.into_inner();
     Ok(array)
 }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/mod.rs
index bcd8ddc9b9..8c8d0ede75 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-pub mod disk_graph;
 pub mod edge;
 pub mod graph;
 pub mod graph_with_deletions;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/node.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/node.rs
index a6eeab3929..69342af815 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/node.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/node.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ use pyo3::{
     pybacked::PyBackedStr,
     pyclass, pymethods,
     types::PyDict,
-    IntoPyObjectExt, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+    Borrowed, IntoPyObjectExt, Py, PyAny, PyResult, Python,
 };
 use python::{
     types::repr::{iterator_repr, Repr},
@@ -480,9 +480,10 @@ pub struct PyNodes {
     pub(crate) nodes: Nodes<'static, DynamicGraph, DynamicGraph>,
 }
 
-impl<'py> FromPyObject<'py> for Nodes<'static, DynamicGraph> {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ob.downcast::<PyNodes>()?.get().nodes.clone())
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for Nodes<'static, DynamicGraph> {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ob.cast::<PyNodes>()?.get().nodes.clone())
     }
 }
 
@@ -761,7 +762,7 @@ impl PyNodes {
         &self,
         include_property_history: bool,
         convert_datetime: bool,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+    ) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
         let mut column_names = vec![String::from("name"), String::from("type")];
         let meta = self.nodes.graph.node_meta();
         let is_prop_both_temp_and_const = get_column_names_from_props(&mut column_names, meta);
@@ -787,7 +788,7 @@ impl PyNodes {
                 );
 
                 let row_header: Vec<Prop> = vec![
-                    Prop::from(item.name()),
+                    Prop::Str(item.name().into()),
                     Prop::from(item.node_type().unwrap_or_else(|| ArcStr::from(""))),
                 ];
 
@@ -807,7 +808,7 @@ impl PyNodes {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        Python::attach(|py| {
             let kwargs = PyDict::new(py);
             kwargs.set_item("columns", column_names.clone())?;
             let pandas = PyModule::import(py, "pandas")?;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/node_state/node_state.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/node_state/node_state.rs
index 73b923b14d..38a4f420cf 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/node_state/node_state.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/node_state/node_state.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ use crate::{
         graph::{node::NodeView, nodes::Nodes},
     },
     prelude::*,
-    py_borrowing_iter,
     python::{
         types::{repr::Repr, wrappers::iterators::PyBorrowingIterator},
         utils::PyNodeRef,
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_node_state_ops {
                 other: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
                 py: Python<'py>,
             ) -> Result<Bound<'py, PyAny>, std::convert::Infallible> {
-                let res = if let Ok(other) = other.downcast::<Self>() {
+                let res = if let Ok(other) = other.cast::<Self>() {
                     let other = Bound::get(other);
                     self.inner == other.inner
                 } else if let Ok(other) = other.extract::<Vec<$value>>() {
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_node_state_ops {
                         && other.into_iter().all(|(node, value)| {
                             self.inner.get_by_node(node).map($to_owned) == Some(value)
                         }))
-                } else if let Ok(other) = other.downcast::<PyDict>() {
+                } else if let Ok(other) = other.cast::<PyDict>() {
                     self.inner.len() == other.len()
                         && other.items().iter().all(|item| {
                             if let Ok((node_ref, value)) = item.extract::<(PyNodeRef, Bound<'py, PyAny>)>()
@@ -379,9 +378,12 @@ macro_rules! impl_lazy_node_state {
             }
         }
 
-        impl<'py> FromPyObject<'py> for LazyNodeState<'static, $op, DynamicGraph, DynamicGraph> {
-            fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-                Ok(ob.downcast::<$name>()?.get().inner().clone())
+        impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py>
+            for LazyNodeState<'static, $op, DynamicGraph, DynamicGraph>
+        {
+            type Error = PyErr;
+            fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+                Ok(ob.cast::<$name>()?.get().inner().clone())
             }
         }
     };
@@ -427,9 +429,10 @@ macro_rules! impl_node_state {
             }
         }
 
-        impl<'py> FromPyObject<'py> for NodeState<'static, $value, DynamicGraph, DynamicGraph> {
-            fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-                Ok(ob.downcast::<$name>()?.get().inner().clone())
+        impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for NodeState<'static, $value, DynamicGraph, DynamicGraph> {
+            type Error = PyErr;
+            fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+                Ok(ob.cast::<$name>()?.get().inner().clone())
             }
         }
     };
@@ -656,3 +659,9 @@ impl_node_state!(
     "NodeStateF64String",
     "Tuple[float, str]"
 );
+
+impl_node_state!(
+    NodeStateF64StringI64<(f64, String, i64)>,
+    "NodeStateF64StringI64",
+    "Tuple[float, str, int]"
+);
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/props.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/props.rs
index e250a08572..d928b7c31a 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/props.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/props.rs
@@ -36,8 +36,9 @@ impl PartialEq for PyPropsComp {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyPropsComp {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyPropsComp {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(sp) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PyMetadata>>() {
             Ok(sp.deref().into())
         } else if let Ok(p) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PyProperties>>() {
@@ -236,8 +237,9 @@ impl Repr for PyProperties {
 #[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub struct PyPropsListCmp(HashMap<ArcStr, PyPropValueListCmp>);
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyPropsListCmp {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyPropsListCmp {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(sp) = ob.extract::<PyRef<MetadataView>>() {
             Ok(sp.deref().into())
         } else if let Ok(p) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PropertiesView>>() {
@@ -390,8 +392,9 @@ py_eq!(PyNestedPropsIterable, PyMetadataListListCmp);
 #[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub struct PyMetadataListListCmp(HashMap<ArcStr, PyPropValueListListCmp>);
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyMetadataListListCmp {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyMetadataListListCmp {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(sp) = ob.extract::<PyRef<MetadataListList>>() {
             Ok(sp.deref().into())
         } else if let Ok(p) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PyNestedPropsIterable>>() {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/temporal_props.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/temporal_props.rs
index 566d0e853d..40fdb53fe1 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/temporal_props.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/properties/temporal_props.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use pyo3::{
     exceptions::{PyKeyError, PyTypeError},
     prelude::*,
+    Borrowed,
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::properties::prop::{Prop, PropUnwrap},
@@ -65,8 +66,9 @@ impl From<&PyTemporalProperties> for PyTemporalPropsCmp {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyTemporalPropsCmp {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyTemporalPropsCmp {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PyTemporalProperties>>() {
             Ok(PyTemporalPropsCmp::from(v.deref()))
         } else if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<HashMap<ArcStr, PyTemporalPropCmp>>() {
@@ -193,8 +195,9 @@ pub struct PyTemporalProp {
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PyTemporalPropCmp(Vec<(i64, Prop)>);
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyTemporalPropCmp {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyTemporalPropCmp {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(sp) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PyTemporalProp>>() {
             Ok(sp.deref().into())
         } else if let Ok(m) = ob.extract::<Vec<(i64, Prop)>>() {
@@ -514,8 +517,9 @@ impl From<HashMap<ArcStr, PyTemporalPropListCmp>> for PyTemporalPropsListCmp {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyTemporalPropsListCmp {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyTemporalPropsListCmp {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PyTemporalPropsList>>() {
             Ok(PyTemporalPropsListCmp::from(v.deref()))
         } else if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<HashMap<ArcStr, PyTemporalPropListCmp>>() {
@@ -712,8 +716,9 @@ impl From<HashMap<ArcStr, PyTemporalPropListListCmp>> for PyTemporalPropsListLis
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyTemporalPropsListListCmp {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyTemporalPropsListListCmp {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<PyRef<PyTemporalPropsListList>>() {
             Ok(Self::from(v.deref()))
         } else if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<HashMap<ArcStr, PyTemporalPropListListCmp>>() {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/graph/views/graph_view.rs b/raphtory/src/python/graph/views/graph_view.rs
index 1c0cc771f9..9735325736 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/graph/views/graph_view.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/graph/views/graph_view.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 use chrono::prelude::*;
-use pyo3::prelude::*;
+use pyo3::{prelude::*, Borrowed};
 use raphtory_api::core::storage::arc_str::ArcStr;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, path::PathBuf};
 
 impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for MaterializedGraph {
     type Target = PyAny;
@@ -69,9 +69,10 @@ impl<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> for DynamicGraph {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for DynamicGraph {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        ob.extract::<PyRef<PyGraphView>>().map(|g| g.graph.clone())
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for DynamicGraph {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ob.extract::<PyRef<PyGraphView>>()?.graph.clone())
     }
 }
 /// Graph view is a read-only version of a graph at a certain point in time.
@@ -462,7 +463,8 @@ impl PyGraphView {
         self.graph.exclude_nodes(nodes)
     }
 
-    /// Returns a 'materialized' clone of the graph view - i.e. a new graph with a copy of the data seen within the view instead of just a mask over the original graph
+    /// Returns a 'materialized' clone of the graph view - i.e. a new graph with a
+    /// copy of the data seen within the view instead of just a mask over the original graph.
     ///
     /// Returns:
     ///    GraphView: Returns a graph clone
@@ -470,6 +472,11 @@ impl PyGraphView {
         self.graph.materialize()
     }
 
+    /// Materializes the graph view into a graphql compatible folder.
+    fn materialize_at(&self, path: PathBuf) -> Result<MaterializedGraph, GraphError> {
+        self.graph.materialize_at(&path)
+    }
+
     /// Displays the graph
     pub fn __repr__(&self) -> String {
         self.repr()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/packages/algorithms.rs b/raphtory/src/python/packages/algorithms.rs
index 0ca735b314..22d75d9545 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/packages/algorithms.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/packages/algorithms.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::python::graph::disk_graph::PyDiskGraph;
 use crate::{
     algorithms::{
         bipartite::max_weight_matching::{max_weight_matching as mwm, Matching},
@@ -71,8 +69,6 @@ use crate::{
         utils::{PyNodeRef, PyTime},
     },
 };
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use pometry_storage::algorithms::connected_components::connected_components as connected_components_rs;
 use pyo3::{prelude::*, types::PyList};
 use rand::{prelude::StdRng, SeedableRng};
 use raphtory_api::core::Direction;
@@ -90,7 +86,7 @@ fn process_node_param(param: &Bound<PyAny>) -> PyResult<Vec<PyNodeRef>> {
         return Ok(vec![single_node]);
     }
 
-    if let Ok(py_list) = param.downcast::<PyList>() {
+    if let Ok(py_list) = param.cast::<PyList>() {
         let mut nodes = Vec::new();
         for item in py_list.iter() {
             let num = item.extract::<PyNodeRef>()?;
@@ -159,13 +155,6 @@ pub fn strongly_connected_components(
     components::strongly_connected_components(&graph.graph)
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-#[pyfunction]
-#[pyo3(signature = (graph))]
-pub fn connected_components(graph: &PyDiskGraph) -> Vec<usize> {
-    connected_components_rs(graph.0.as_ref())
-}
-
 /// In components -- Finding the "in-component" of a node in a directed graph involves identifying all nodes that can be reached following only incoming edges.
 ///
 /// Arguments:
@@ -783,9 +772,9 @@ pub fn k_core(
 ) -> Nodes<'static, DynamicGraph> {
     let v_set = k_core_set(&graph.graph, k, iter_count, threads);
     let index = if v_set.len() == graph.graph.unfiltered_num_nodes() {
-        None
+        Index::for_graph(graph.graph.clone())
     } else {
-        Some(Index::from_iter(v_set))
+        Index::from_iter(v_set)
     };
     Nodes::new_filtered(graph.graph.clone(), graph.graph.clone(), index, None)
 }
@@ -828,7 +817,7 @@ pub fn temporal_SEIR(
     rng_seed: Option<u64>,
 ) -> Result<NodeState<'static, Infected, DynamicGraph>, SeedError> {
     let mut rng = match rng_seed {
-        None => StdRng::from_entropy(),
+        None => StdRng::from_os_rng(),
         Some(seed) => StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed),
     };
     temporal_SEIR_rs(
@@ -957,7 +946,7 @@ pub fn temporal_rich_club_coefficient(
 ) -> PyResult<f64> {
     let py_iterator = views.try_iter()?;
     let views = py_iterator
-        .map(|view| view.and_then(|view| Ok(view.downcast::<PyGraphView>()?.get().graph.clone())))
+        .map(|view| view.and_then(|view| Ok(view.cast::<PyGraphView>()?.get().graph.clone())))
         .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
     Ok(temporal_rich_club_rs(&graph.graph, views, k, window_size))
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/packages/base_modules.rs b/raphtory/src/python/packages/base_modules.rs
index 4a1d507a97..b9fef4e309 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/packages/base_modules.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/packages/base_modules.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 //ALGORITHMS
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use crate::python::graph::disk_graph::PyDiskGraph;
 use crate::{
     add_classes, add_functions,
     python::{
-        algorithm::max_weight_matching::PyMatching,
+        algorithm::{epidemics::PyInfected, max_weight_matching::PyMatching},
         graph::{
             edge::{PyEdge, PyMutableEdge},
             edges::{PyEdges, PyNestedEdges},
@@ -13,7 +10,8 @@ use crate::{
             graph_with_deletions::PyPersistentGraph,
             node::{PyMutableNode, PyNode, PyNodes, PyPathFromGraph, PyPathFromNode},
             properties::{
-                PyMetadata, PyPropValueList, PyProperties, PyTemporalProp, PyTemporalProperties,
+                PropertiesView, PyMetadata, PyPropValueList, PyProperties, PyTemporalProp,
+                PyTemporalProperties,
             },
             views::graph_view::PyGraphView,
         },
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::{
             vectors::{PyVectorSelection, PyVectorisedGraph},
         },
         types::wrappers::{
-            document::PyDocument,
+            document::{PyDocument, PyEmbedding},
             iterables::{
                 ArcStringIterable, ArcStringVecIterable, BoolIterable, GIDGIDIterable, GIDIterable,
                 NestedArcStringVecIterable, NestedBoolIterable, NestedGIDGIDIterable,
@@ -40,6 +38,9 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "search")]
+use crate::python::graph::index::{PyIndexSpec, PyIndexSpecBuilder};
+
 pub fn add_raphtory_classes(m: &Bound<PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
     //Graph classes
     add_classes!(
@@ -64,10 +65,11 @@ pub fn add_raphtory_classes(m: &Bound<PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
         PropertiesView,
         PyTemporalProp,
         PyWindowSet,
-        PyIndexSpecBuilder,
-        PyIndexSpec
     );
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+    add_classes!(m, PyIndexSpecBuilder, PyIndexSpec);
+
     #[pyfunction]
     /// Return Raphtory version.
     ///
@@ -79,8 +81,6 @@ pub fn add_raphtory_classes(m: &Bound<PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
 
     m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(version, m)?)?;
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    add_classes!(m, PyDiskGraph);
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -163,8 +163,6 @@ pub fn base_algorithm_module(py: Python<'_>) -> Result<Bound<'_, PyModule>, PyEr
     );
 
     add_classes!(&algorithm_module, PyMatching, PyInfected);
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    add_functions!(&algorithm_module, connected_components);
     Ok(algorithm_module)
 }
 
@@ -203,11 +201,3 @@ pub fn base_vectors_module(py: Python<'_>) -> Result<Bound<'_, PyModule>, PyErr>
 }
 
 pub use crate::python::graph::node_state::base_node_state_module;
-use crate::python::{
-    algorithm::epidemics::PyInfected,
-    graph::{
-        index::{PyIndexSpec, PyIndexSpecBuilder},
-        properties::PropertiesView,
-    },
-    types::wrappers::document::PyEmbedding,
-};
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/packages/vectors.rs b/raphtory/src/python/packages/vectors.rs
index db02094c8e..a4810a9757 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/packages/vectors.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/packages/vectors.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use pyo3::{
     exceptions::PyTypeError,
     prelude::*,
     types::{PyFunction, PyList},
+    Borrowed,
 };
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -57,15 +58,16 @@ impl PyQuery {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyQuery {
-    fn extract_bound(query: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyQuery {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(query: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(text) = query.extract::<String>() {
             return Ok(PyQuery::Raw(text));
         }
         if let Ok(embedding) = query.extract::<Vec<f32>>() {
             return Ok(PyQuery::Computed(embedding.into()));
         }
-        let message = format!("query '{query}' must be a str, or a list of float");
+        let message = format!("query '{query:?}' must be a str, or a list of float");
         Err(PyTypeError::new_err(message))
     }
 }
@@ -471,13 +473,13 @@ impl PyVectorSelection {
 
 impl EmbeddingFunction for Py<PyFunction> {
     fn call(&self, texts: Vec<String>) -> BoxFuture<'static, EmbeddingResult<Vec<Embedding>>> {
-        let embedding_function = Python::with_gil(|py| self.clone_ref(py));
+        let embedding_function = Python::attach(|py| self.clone_ref(py));
         Box::pin(async move {
-            Python::with_gil(|py| {
+            Python::attach(|py| {
                 let embedding_function = embedding_function.bind(py);
                 let python_texts = PyList::new(py, texts)?;
                 let result = embedding_function.call1((python_texts,))?;
-                let embeddings = result.downcast::<PyList>().map_err(|_| {
+                let embeddings = result.cast::<PyList>().map_err(|_| {
                     PyTypeError::new_err(
                         "value returned by the embedding function was not a python list",
                     )
@@ -486,7 +488,7 @@ impl EmbeddingFunction for Py<PyFunction> {
                 let embeddings: EmbeddingResult<Vec<_>> = embeddings
                     .iter()
                     .map(|embedding| {
-                        let pylist = embedding.downcast::<PyList>().map_err(|_| {
+                        let pylist = embedding.cast::<PyList>().map_err(|_| {
                             PyTypeError::new_err("one of the values in the list returned by the embedding function was not a python list")
                         })?;
                         let embedding: EmbeddingResult<Embedding> = pylist
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/iterable.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/iterable.rs
index cc9e923413..9d3b311f75 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/iterable.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/iterable.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use crate::{
     db::api::view::BoxedIter,
     python::types::repr::{iterator_repr, Repr},
 };
-use pyo3::prelude::*;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use pyo3::{prelude::*, types::PyAnyMethods, Borrowed};
 use std::{
     marker::PhantomData,
     ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
@@ -153,15 +154,17 @@ impl<T> IntoIterator for FromIterable<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'py, T: FromPyObject<'py>> FromPyObject<'py> for FromIterable<T> {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let len = ob.len().unwrap_or(0);
-        let mut vec = Vec::<T>::with_capacity(len);
-        {
-            for value in ob.try_iter()? {
-                vec.push(value?.extract()?)
-            }
+impl<'py, T> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for FromIterable<T>
+where
+    T: FromPyObjectOwned<'py>,
+{
+    type Error = PyErr;
+
+    fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let mut v = FromIterable(Vec::new());
+        for item in obj.try_iter()? {
+            v.0.push(item?.extract::<T>().map_err(Into::into)?);
         }
-        Ok(Self(vec))
+        Ok(v)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/borrowing_iterator.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/borrowing_iterator.rs
index f8f85dc355..874c510476 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/borrowing_iterator.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/borrowing_iterator.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ macro_rules! py_borrowing_iter {
         struct Iterator($inner_t);
 
         impl $crate::python::types::wrappers::iterators::PyIter for Iterator {
-            fn iter(&self) -> $crate::db::api::view::BoxedLIter<'_, PyResult<PyObject>> {
+            fn iter(
+                &self,
+            ) -> $crate::db::api::view::BoxedLIter<'_, PyResult<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>>>
+            {
                 // forces the type inference to return the correct lifetimes,
                 // calling the closure directly does not work
                 fn apply<'a, O: $crate::python::types::wrappers::iterators::IntoPyIter<'a>>(
                     arg: &'a $inner_t,
                     f: impl FnOnce(&'a $inner_t) -> O,
-                ) -> $crate::db::api::view::BoxedLIter<'a, PyResult<pyo3::PyObject>>
+                ) -> $crate::db::api::view::BoxedLIter<'a, PyResult<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>>>
                 {
                     $crate::python::types::wrappers::iterators::IntoPyIter::into_py_iter(f(arg))
                 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/iterable.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/iterable.rs
index 80a719bfdd..6351c5bbe7 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/iterable.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/iterable.rs
@@ -227,13 +227,14 @@ macro_rules! py_iterable_comp {
             fn clone(&self) -> Self {
                 match self {
                     Self::Vec(v) => Self::Vec(v.clone()),
-                    Self::This(v) => Self::This(Python::with_gil(|py| v.clone_ref(py))),
+                    Self::This(v) => Self::This(Python::attach(|py| v.clone_ref(py))),
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for $cmp_internal {
-            fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        impl<'source> FromPyObject<'_, 'source> for $cmp_internal {
+            type Error = PyErr;
+            fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
                 if let Ok(s) = ob.extract::<Py<$name>>() {
                     Ok($cmp_internal::This(s))
                 } else if let Ok(v) = ob.extract::<Vec<$cmp_item>>() {
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ macro_rules! py_iterable_comp {
 
         impl From<$name> for $cmp_internal {
             fn from(value: $name) -> Self {
-                let py_value = Python::with_gil(|py| Py::new(py, value)).unwrap();
+                let py_value = Python::attach(|py| Py::new(py, value)).unwrap();
                 Self::This(py_value)
             }
         }
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ macro_rules! py_iterable_comp {
 
         impl PartialEq for $cmp_internal {
             fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-                Python::with_gil(|py| self.iter_py(py).eq(other.iter_py(py)))
+                Python::attach(|py| self.iter_py(py).eq(other.iter_py(py)))
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/trait_impl/serialise.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/trait_impl/serialise.rs
index 96aee63bf0..bc0bfab9d3 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/trait_impl/serialise.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/macros/trait_impl/serialise.rs
@@ -9,44 +9,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_serialise {
     ($obj:ty, $field:ident: $base_type:ty, $name:literal) => {
         #[pyo3::pymethods]
         impl $obj {
-            #[doc = concat!(" Write ", $name, " to cache file and initialise the cache.")]
-            ///
-            /// Future updates are tracked. Use `write_updates` to persist them to the
-            /// cache file. If the file already exists its contents are overwritten.
-            ///
-            /// Arguments:
-            ///     path (str): The path to the cache file
-            ///
-            /// Returns:
-            ///     None:
-            fn cache(&self, path: std::path::PathBuf) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-                $crate::serialise::CacheOps::cache(&self.$field, path)
-            }
-
-            /// Persist the new updates by appending them to the cache file.
-            ///
-            /// Returns:
-            ///     None:
-            fn write_updates(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-                $crate::serialise::CacheOps::write_updates(&self.$field)
-            }
-
-            #[doc = concat!(" Load ", $name, " from a file and initialise it as a cache file.")]
-            ///
-            /// Future updates are tracked. Use `write_updates` to persist them to the
-            /// cache file.
-            ///
-            /// Arguments:
-            ///   path (str): The path to the cache file
-            ///
-            /// Returns:
-            #[doc = concat!("   ", $name,": the loaded graph with initialised cache")]
-            #[staticmethod]
-            fn load_cached(path: PathBuf) -> Result<$base_type, GraphError> {
-                <$base_type as $crate::serialise::CacheOps>::load_cached(path)
-            }
-
-            #[doc = concat!(" Load ", $name, " from a file.")]
+            #[doc = concat!(" Load ", $name, " from a parquet file.")]
             ///
             /// Arguments:
             ///   path (str): The path to the file.
@@ -55,10 +18,10 @@ macro_rules! impl_serialise {
             #[doc = concat!("   ", $name, ":")]
             #[staticmethod]
             fn load_from_file(path: PathBuf) -> Result<$base_type, GraphError> {
-                <$base_type as $crate::serialise::StableDecode>::decode(path)
+                <$base_type as $crate::serialise::StableDecode>::decode(&path)
             }
 
-            #[doc = concat!(" Saves the ", $name, " to the given path.")]
+            #[doc = concat!(" Saves the ", $name, " to the given path in parquet format.")]
             ///
             /// Arguments:
             ///     path (str): The path to the file.
@@ -89,16 +52,19 @@ macro_rules! impl_serialise {
             #[doc = concat!("   ", $name, ":")]
             #[staticmethod]
             fn deserialise(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<$base_type, GraphError> {
-                <$base_type as $crate::serialise::InternalStableDecode>::decode_from_bytes(bytes)
+                <$base_type as $crate::serialise::StableDecode>::decode_from_bytes(bytes)
             }
 
             #[doc = concat!(" Serialise ", $name, " to bytes.")]
             ///
             /// Returns:
             ///   bytes:
-            fn serialise<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> Bound<'py, pyo3::types::PyBytes> {
-                let bytes = $crate::serialise::StableEncode::encode_to_vec(&self.$field);
-                pyo3::types::PyBytes::new(py, &bytes)
+            fn serialise<'py>(
+                &self,
+                py: Python<'py>,
+            ) -> Result<Bound<'py, pyo3::types::PyBytes>, GraphError> {
+                let bytes = $crate::serialise::StableEncode::encode_to_bytes(&self.$field)?;
+                Ok(pyo3::types::PyBytes::new(py, &bytes))
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/repr.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/repr.rs
index ab4ca1fe47..4f4d25d129 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/repr.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/repr.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@ use crate::{
 use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
 use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, TimeZone};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use pyo3::{prelude::PyAnyMethods, Bound, PyAny, PyObject, Python};
-use raphtory_api::core::{entities::GID, storage::arc_str::ArcStr};
+use pyo3::{prelude::PyAnyMethods, Bound, Py, PyAny, Python};
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::{properties::prop::PropArray, GID},
+    storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
+};
 use std::{collections::HashMap, error::Error, ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
 
 pub fn iterator_repr<I: Iterator<Item = V>, V: Repr>(iter: I) -> String {
@@ -86,9 +89,9 @@ impl<T: Repr, const N: usize> Repr for [T; N] {
     }
 }
 
-impl Repr for PyObject {
+impl Repr for Py<PyAny> {
     fn repr(&self) -> String {
-        Python::with_gil(|py| Repr::repr(self.bind(py)))
+        Python::attach(|py| Repr::repr(self.bind(py)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -238,6 +241,13 @@ impl<T: Repr> Repr for Vec<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl Repr for PropArray {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
+        let repr = self.iter().map(|v| v.repr()).join(", ");
+        format!("[{}]", repr)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Repr> Repr for Arc<[T]> {
     fn repr(&self) -> String {
         self.deref().repr()
@@ -260,6 +270,13 @@ impl<S: Repr, T: Repr> Repr for (S, T) {
     }
 }
 
+// three element tuple
+impl<S: Repr, T: Repr, U: Repr> Repr for (S, T, U) {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
+        format!("({}, {}, {})", self.0.repr(), self.1.repr(), self.2.repr())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a, T: Repr> Repr for LockedView<'a, T> {
     fn repr(&self) -> String {
         self.deref().repr()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/document.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/document.rs
index a345f2f10a..c903913d4b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/document.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/document.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl PyDocument {
     /// Returns:
     ///     Optional[Any]:
     #[getter]
-    fn entity(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+    fn entity(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
         match &self.0.entity {
             DocumentEntity::Node(entity) => entity.clone().into_py_any(py),
             DocumentEntity::Edge(entity) => entity.clone().into_py_any(py),
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/iterators.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/iterators.rs
index b0cc553e01..f31e7795dd 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/iterators.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/iterators.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::db::api::view::{BoxedLIter, IntoDynBoxed};
 use ouroboros::self_referencing;
-use pyo3::{pyclass, pymethods, BoundObject, IntoPyObject, PyObject, PyRef, PyResult, Python};
+use pyo3::{pyclass, pymethods, BoundObject, IntoPyObject, Py, PyAny, PyRef, PyResult, Python};
 
 #[pyclass]
 #[self_referencing]
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ pub struct PyBorrowingIterator {
     inner: Box<dyn PyIter>,
     #[borrows(inner)]
     #[covariant]
-    iter: BoxedLIter<'this, PyResult<PyObject>>,
+    iter: BoxedLIter<'this, PyResult<Py<PyAny>>>,
 }
 
 #[pymethods]
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ impl PyBorrowingIterator {
     fn __iter__(slf: PyRef<'_, Self>) -> PyRef<'_, Self> {
         slf
     }
-    fn __next__(&mut self) -> Option<PyResult<PyObject>> {
+    fn __next__(&mut self) -> Option<PyResult<Py<PyAny>>> {
         self.with_iter_mut(|iter| iter.next())
     }
 }
 
 pub trait PyIter: Send + Sync + 'static {
-    fn iter(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, PyResult<PyObject>>;
+    fn iter(&self) -> BoxedLIter<'_, PyResult<Py<PyAny>>>;
 
     fn into_py_iter(self) -> PyBorrowingIterator
     where
@@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ pub trait PyIter: Send + Sync + 'static {
 }
 
 pub trait IntoPyIter<'a> {
-    fn into_py_iter(self) -> BoxedLIter<'a, PyResult<PyObject>>;
+    fn into_py_iter(self) -> BoxedLIter<'a, PyResult<Py<PyAny>>>;
 }
 
 impl<'a, I: Iterator + Send + Sync + 'a> IntoPyIter<'a> for I
 where
     I::Item: for<'py> IntoPyObject<'py>,
 {
-    fn into_py_iter(self) -> BoxedLIter<'a, PyResult<PyObject>> {
+    fn into_py_iter(self) -> BoxedLIter<'a, PyResult<Py<PyAny>>> {
         self.map(|v| {
-            Python::with_gil(|py| {
+            Python::attach(|py| {
                 Ok(v.into_pyobject(py)
                     .map_err(|e| e.into())?
                     .into_any()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/prop.rs b/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/prop.rs
index 314dd11807..53575c3f06 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/prop.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/types/wrappers/prop.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ impl Repr for Prop {
             Prop::F64(v) => v.repr(),
             Prop::DTime(v) => v.repr(),
             Prop::NDTime(v) => v.repr(),
-            Prop::Array(v) => format!("{:?}", v),
             Prop::I32(v) => v.repr(),
             Prop::U32(v) => v.repr(),
             Prop::F32(v) => v.repr(),
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/utils/export.rs b/raphtory/src/python/utils/export.rs
index d4187b7d6f..95ea8ea119 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/utils/export.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/utils/export.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
     storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::AsTime},
 };
 use rayon::{iter::IntoParallelRefIterator, prelude::*};
-use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 
 pub(crate) fn extract_properties<P>(
     include_property_history: bool,
@@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ pub(crate) fn extract_properties<P>(
                 let mut prop_vec = vec![];
                 prop_view.iter().for_each(|(time, prop)| {
                     let prop_time = Prop::DTime(time.dt().unwrap());
-                    prop_vec.push(Prop::List(Arc::from(vec![prop_time, prop])))
+                    prop_vec.push(Prop::List(vec![prop_time, prop].into()))
                 });
                 let wrapped = Prop::from(prop_vec);
                 let _ = properties_map.insert(column_name, wrapped);
@@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ pub(crate) fn extract_properties<P>(
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(k, v)| Prop::from(vec![Prop::from(k), v]))
                     .collect_vec();
-                let wrapped = Prop::List(Arc::from(vec_props));
+                let wrapped = Prop::List(vec_props.into());
                 let _ = properties_map.insert(column_name, wrapped);
             }
         });
@@ -115,16 +112,11 @@ pub(crate) fn get_column_names_from_props(
     let mut is_prop_both_temp_and_const: HashSet<String> = HashSet::new();
     let temporal_properties: HashSet<ArcStr> = edge_meta
         .temporal_prop_mapper()
-        .get_keys()
-        .iter()
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-    let metadata: HashSet<ArcStr> = edge_meta
-        .metadata_mapper()
-        .get_keys()
+        .keys()
         .iter()
         .cloned()
         .collect();
+    let metadata: HashSet<ArcStr> = edge_meta.metadata_mapper().keys().iter().cloned().collect();
     metadata
         .intersection(&temporal_properties)
         .for_each(|name| {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/python/utils/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/python/utils/mod.rs
index 3bff14f05c..8d5b6da294 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/python/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/python/utils/mod.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use pyo3::{
     prelude::*,
     pybacked::PyBackedStr,
     types::PyDateTime,
-    BoundObject,
+    Borrowed, BoundObject,
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::{
     properties::prop::{Prop, PropUnwrap},
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ pub enum PyNodeRef {
     Internal(VID),
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyNodeRef {
-    fn extract_bound(ob: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyNodeRef {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(s) = ob.extract::<PyBackedStr>() {
             Ok(PyNodeRef::ExternalStr(s))
         } else if let Ok(gid) = ob.extract::<u64>() {
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ impl AsNodeRef for PyNodeRef {
 // }
 
 fn parse_email_timestamp(timestamp: &str) -> PyResult<i64> {
-    Python::with_gil(|py| {
+    Python::attach(|py| {
         let email_utils = PyModule::import(py, "email.utils")?;
         let datetime = email_utils.call_method1("parsedate_to_datetime", (timestamp,))?;
         let py_seconds = datetime.call_method1("timestamp", ())?;
@@ -106,8 +107,9 @@ pub struct PyTime {
     parsing_result: i64,
 }
 
-impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyTime {
-    fn extract_bound(time: &Bound<'source, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for PyTime {
+    type Error = PyErr;
+    fn extract(time: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         if let Ok(string) = time.extract::<String>() {
             let timestamp = string.as_str();
             let parsing_result = timestamp
@@ -137,11 +139,11 @@ impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for PyTime {
             // Important, this is needed to ensure that naive DateTime objects are treated as UTC and not local time
             return Ok(PyTime::new(parsed_datetime.into_time()));
         }
-        if let Ok(py_datetime) = time.downcast::<PyDateTime>() {
+        if let Ok(py_datetime) = time.cast::<PyDateTime>() {
             let time = (py_datetime.call_method0("timestamp")?.extract::<f64>()? * 1000.0) as i64;
             return Ok(PyTime::new(time));
         }
-        let message = format!("time '{time}' must be a str, datetime, float, or an integer");
+        let message = format!("time '{time:?}' must be a str, datetime, float, or an integer");
         Err(PyTypeError::new_err(message))
     }
 }
@@ -256,7 +258,7 @@ impl PyWindowSet {
 
 #[pyclass(name = "Iterable")]
 pub struct PyGenericIterable {
-    build_iter: Box<dyn Fn() -> BoxedIter<PyResult<PyObject>> + Send + Sync>,
+    build_iter: Box<dyn Fn() -> BoxedIter<PyResult<Py<PyAny>>> + Send + Sync>,
 }
 
 impl<F, I: Send + Sync, T> From<F> for PyGenericIterable
@@ -266,10 +268,10 @@ where
     T: for<'py> IntoPyObject<'py> + 'static,
 {
     fn from(value: F) -> Self {
-        let build_py_iter: Box<dyn Fn() -> BoxedIter<PyResult<PyObject>> + Send + Sync> =
+        let build_py_iter: Box<dyn Fn() -> BoxedIter<PyResult<Py<PyAny>>> + Send + Sync> =
             Box::new(move || {
                 Box::new(value().map(|item| {
-                    Python::with_gil(|py| {
+                    Python::attach(|py| {
                         Ok(item
                             .into_pyobject(py)
                             .map_err(|e| e.into())?
@@ -293,11 +295,11 @@ impl PyGenericIterable {
 
 #[pyclass(name = "Iterator", unsendable)]
 pub struct PyGenericIterator {
-    iter: Box<dyn Iterator<Item = PyResult<PyObject>>>,
+    iter: Box<dyn Iterator<Item = PyResult<Py<PyAny>>>>,
 }
 
 impl PyGenericIterator {
-    fn new(iter: Box<dyn Iterator<Item = PyResult<PyObject>>>) -> Self {
+    fn new(iter: Box<dyn Iterator<Item = PyResult<Py<PyAny>>>>) -> Self {
         Self { iter }
     }
 }
@@ -309,7 +311,7 @@ where
 {
     fn from(value: I) -> Self {
         let py_iter = Box::new(value.map(|item| {
-            Python::with_gil(|py| {
+            Python::attach(|py| {
                 Ok(item
                     .into_pyobject(py)
                     .map_err(|e| e.into())?
@@ -322,7 +324,7 @@ where
 }
 
 impl IntoIterator for PyGenericIterator {
-    type Item = PyResult<PyObject>;
+    type Item = PyResult<Py<PyAny>>;
 
     type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Self::Item>>;
 
@@ -336,7 +338,7 @@ impl PyGenericIterator {
     fn __iter__(slf: PyRef<'_, Self>) -> PyRef<'_, Self> {
         slf
     }
-    fn __next__(&mut self) -> Option<PyResult<PyObject>> {
+    fn __next__(&mut self) -> Option<PyResult<Py<PyAny>>> {
         self.iter.next()
     }
 }
@@ -466,9 +468,9 @@ where
     F: Future<Output = O> + 'static,
     O: Send + 'static,
 {
-    Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        py.allow_threads(move || {
-            // we call `allow_threads` because the task might need to grab the GIL
+    Python::attach(|py| {
+        py.detach(move || {
+            // we call `detach` because the task might need to grab the GIL
             thread::spawn(move || {
                 tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
                     .enable_all()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/search/edge_index.rs b/raphtory/src/search/edge_index.rs
index 3d2455e8d0..fe8736b119 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/search/edge_index.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/search/edge_index.rs
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 use ahash::HashSet;
-use raphtory_api::core::storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew;
+use raphtory_api::core::{entities::LayerIds, storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew};
 use raphtory_storage::{
     core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
     graph::{edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, graph::GraphStorage},
 };
-use rayon::{iter::IntoParallelIterator, prelude::ParallelIterator};
+use rayon::prelude::ParallelIterator;
 use std::{
     fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
     path::PathBuf,
@@ -209,10 +209,10 @@ impl EdgeIndex {
 
     pub(crate) fn index_edges_fields(&self, graph: &GraphStorage) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let mut writer = self.entity_index.index.writer(100_000_000)?;
-        (0..graph.count_edges())
-            .into_par_iter()
-            .try_for_each(|e_id| {
-                let edge = graph.core_edge(EID(e_id));
+        graph
+            .edges()
+            .par_iter(&LayerIds::All)
+            .try_for_each(|edge| {
                 let e_view = EdgeView::new(graph, edge.out_ref());
                 self.index_edge(e_view, &writer)?;
                 Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
diff --git a/raphtory/src/search/entity_index.rs b/raphtory/src/search/entity_index.rs
index baf455b169..58bf4b7ca2 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/search/entity_index.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/search/entity_index.rs
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl EntityIndex {
                     .into_par_iter()
                     .try_for_each(|v_id| {
                         let node = graph.core_node(VID(v_id));
-                        if let Some(prop_value) = node.prop(prop_id) {
+                        if let Some(prop_value) = node.constant_prop_layer(0, prop_id) {
                             let prop_doc = prop_index
                                 .create_node_metadata_document(v_id as u64, &prop_value)?;
                             writer.add_document(prop_doc)?;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/search/graph_index.rs b/raphtory/src/search/graph_index.rs
index cdc4339d1e..e716411392 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/search/graph_index.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/search/graph_index.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
     errors::GraphError,
     prelude::*,
     search::{edge_index::EdgeIndex, node_index::NodeIndex, searcher::Searcher},
-    serialise::GraphFolder,
+    serialise::{GraphFolder, GraphPaths, InnerGraphFolder, INDEX_PATH},
 };
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use raphtory_api::core::storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew;
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use std::{
     fmt::Debug,
     fs,
     fs::File,
+    io::{Seek, Write},
     ops::Deref,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     sync::Arc,
@@ -24,7 +25,10 @@ use std::{
 use tempfile::TempDir;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use walkdir::WalkDir;
-use zip::{write::FileOptions, ZipArchive, ZipWriter};
+use zip::{
+    write::{FileOptions, SimpleFileOptions},
+    ZipArchive, ZipWriter,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Index {
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ impl Index {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ImmutableGraphIndex {
     pub(crate) index: Index,
-    pub(crate) path: Arc<GraphFolder>,
+    pub(crate) path: Arc<InnerGraphFolder>,
     pub index_spec: Arc<IndexSpec>,
 }
 
@@ -77,14 +81,22 @@ impl MutableGraphIndex {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn add_new_node(
+        &self,
+        node_id: VID,
+        name: String,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        self.index.node_index.add_new_node(node_id, name, node_type)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn add_node_update(
         &self,
-        graph: &GraphStorage,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        v: MaybeNew<VID>,
+        v: VID,
         props: &[(usize, Prop)],
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        self.index.node_index.add_node_update(graph, t, v, props)?;
+        self.index.node_index.add_node_update(t, v, props)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -181,7 +193,7 @@ impl GraphIndex {
             let temp_dir = match cached_graph_path {
                 // Creates index in a temp dir within cache graph dir.
                 // The intention is to avoid creating index in a tmp dir that could be on another file system.
-                Some(path) => TempDir::new_in(path.get_base_path())?,
+                Some(path) => TempDir::new_in(path.root())?,
                 None => TempDir::new()?,
             };
 
@@ -213,7 +225,7 @@ impl GraphIndex {
     pub fn load_from_path(path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<GraphIndex, GraphError> {
         if path.is_zip() {
             let index_path = TempDir::new()?;
-            unzip_index(&path.get_base_path(), index_path.path())?;
+            unzip_index(&path.root(), index_path.path())?;
 
             let (index, index_spec) = load_indexes(index_path.path())?;
 
@@ -223,93 +235,55 @@ impl GraphIndex {
                 index_spec: Arc::new(RwLock::new(index_spec)),
             }))
         } else {
-            let index_path = path.get_index_path();
+            let index_path = path.index_path()?;
             let (index, index_spec) = load_indexes(index_path.as_path())?;
 
             Ok(GraphIndex::Immutable(ImmutableGraphIndex {
                 index,
-                path: Arc::new(path.clone()),
+                path: Arc::new(path.data_path()?),
                 index_spec: Arc::new(index_spec),
             }))
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn persist_to_disk(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    pub(crate) fn persist_to_disk(&self, path: &impl GraphPaths) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let source_path = self.path().ok_or(GraphError::CannotPersistRamIndex)?;
-        let path = path.get_index_path();
-        let path = path.as_path();
-
-        let temp_path = &path.with_extension(format!("tmp-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
-
-        copy_dir_recursive(&source_path, temp_path)?;
-
-        // Always overwrite the existing graph index when persisting, since the in-memory
-        // working index may have newer updates. The persisted index is decoupled from the
-        // active one, and changes remain in memory unless explicitly saved.
-        // This behavior mirrors how the in-memory graph works — updates are not persisted
-        // unless manually saved, except when using the cached view (see db/graph/views/cached_view).
-        // This however is reached only when write_updates, otherwise graph is not allowed to be written to
-        // the existing location anyway. See GraphError::NonEmptyGraphFolder.
-        if path.exists() {
-            fs::remove_dir_all(path)
-                .map_err(|_e| GraphError::FailedToRemoveExistingGraphIndex(path.to_path_buf()))?;
+        let path = path.index_path()?;
+        if source_path != path {
+            copy_dir_recursive(&source_path, &path)?;
         }
-
-        fs::rename(temp_path, path).map_err(|e| {
-            GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to rename temp index folder: {}", e))
-        })?;
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn persist_to_disk_zip(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let file = File::options()
-            .read(true)
-            .write(true)
-            .open(path.get_base_path())?;
-        let mut zip = ZipWriter::new_append(file)?;
-
+    pub(crate) fn persist_to_disk_zip<W: Write + Seek>(
+        &self,
+        writer: &mut ZipWriter<W>,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         let source_path = self.path().ok_or(GraphError::CannotPersistRamIndex)?;
-
         for entry in WalkDir::new(&source_path)
             .into_iter()
             .filter_map(Result::ok)
             .filter(|e| e.path().is_file())
         {
-            let rel_path = entry
-                .path()
-                .strip_prefix(&source_path)
-                .map_err(|e| GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to strip path: {}", e)))?;
-
-            let zip_entry_name = PathBuf::from("index")
-                .join(rel_path)
-                .to_string_lossy()
-                .into_owned();
-            zip.start_file::<_, ()>(zip_entry_name, FileOptions::default())
-                .map_err(|e| {
-                    GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to start zip file entry: {}", e))
-                })?;
+            let rel_path = entry.path().strip_prefix(&source_path)?;
 
-            let mut f = File::open(entry.path())
-                .map_err(|e| GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to open index file: {}", e)))?;
+            let zip_entry_name = Path::new(prefix).join(rel_path);
+            writer.start_file_from_path(zip_entry_name, SimpleFileOptions::default())?;
 
-            std::io::copy(&mut f, &mut zip).map_err(|e| {
-                GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to write zip content: {}", e))
-            })?;
-        }
-
-        zip.finish()
-            .map_err(|e| GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to finalize zip: {}", e)))?;
+            let mut f = File::open(entry.path())?;
 
+            std::io::copy(&mut f, writer)?;
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn make_mutable_if_needed(&mut self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
         if let GraphIndex::Immutable(immutable) = self {
-            let temp_dir = TempDir::new_in(&immutable.path.get_base_path())?;
+            let temp_dir = TempDir::new_in(immutable.path.as_ref())?;
             let temp_path = temp_dir.path();
 
-            copy_dir_recursive(&immutable.path.get_index_path(), temp_path)?;
+            copy_dir_recursive(&immutable.path.index_path(), temp_path)?;
 
             let node_index = NodeIndex::load_from_path(&temp_path.join("nodes"))?;
             let edge_index = EdgeIndex::load_from_path(&temp_path.join("edges"))?;
@@ -342,7 +316,7 @@ impl GraphIndex {
 
     pub fn path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
         match self {
-            GraphIndex::Immutable(i) => Some(i.path.get_index_path()),
+            GraphIndex::Immutable(i) => Some(i.path.index_path()),
             GraphIndex::Mutable(m) => m.path.as_ref().map(|p| p.path().to_path_buf()),
             GraphIndex::Empty => None,
         }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/search/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/search/mod.rs
index 058e7e67ab..3554111792 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/search/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/search/mod.rs
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ mod test_index {
     mod test_index_io {
         use crate::{
             db::{
-                api::view::{internal::InternalStorageOps, ResolvedIndexSpec, StaticGraphViewOps},
+                api::view::{internal::InternalStorageOps, ResolvedIndexSpec},
                 graph::views::filter::model::{AsNodeFilter, NodeFilter, NodeFilterBuilderOps},
             },
             errors::GraphError,
@@ -181,10 +181,13 @@ mod test_index {
         };
         use tempfile::TempDir;
 
-        fn init_graph<G>(graph: G) -> G
-        where
-            G: StaticGraphViewOps + AdditionOps + PropertyAdditionOps,
-        {
+        fn temp_storage_path() -> std::path::PathBuf {
+            tempfile::tempdir().unwrap().path().to_path_buf()
+        }
+
+        fn init_graph() -> Graph {
+            let graph = Graph::new();
+
             graph
                 .add_node(
                     1,
@@ -213,12 +216,12 @@ mod test_index {
         #[test]
         fn test_create_no_index_persist_no_index_on_encode_load_no_index_on_decode() {
             // No index persisted since it was never created
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let filter = NodeFilter::name().eq("Alice");
             assert_search_results(&graph, &filter, vec!["Alice"]);
 
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_create_index_persist_index_on_encode_load_index_on_decode() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             // Created index
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
@@ -238,7 +241,7 @@ mod test_index {
             assert_search_results(&graph, &filter, vec!["Alice"]);
 
             // Persisted both graph and index
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -251,48 +254,26 @@ mod test_index {
         }
 
         #[test]
-        fn test_encoding_graph_twice_to_same_graph_path_fails() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+        fn test_encoding_graph_twice_to_same_storage_path_fails() {
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
             let result = graph.encode(path);
 
             match result {
-                Err(GraphError::IOError { source }) => {
-                    assert!(
-                        format!("{source}").contains("Cannot write graph into non empty folder"),
-                    );
+                Err(GraphError::NonEmptyGraphFolder(err_path)) => {
+                    assert_eq!(path, err_path);
                 }
                 Ok(_) => panic!("Expected error on second encode, got Ok"),
                 Err(e) => panic!("Unexpected error type: {:?}", e),
             }
         }
 
-        #[test]
-        fn test_write_updates_to_already_encoded_graph_succeeds() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
-            graph.create_index().unwrap();
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let path = binding.path();
-
-            graph.cache(path).unwrap();
-
-            graph
-                .add_node(1, "Ozai", [("prop", 1)], Some("fire_nation"))
-                .unwrap();
-
-            // This also tests if already existing index is replaced by new index
-            graph.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-            let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
-            assert_search_results(&graph, &NodeFilter::name().eq("Ozai"), vec!["Ozai"]);
-        }
-
         #[test]
         fn test_create_index_persist_index_on_encode_update_index_load_persisted_index_on_decode() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             // Created index
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
@@ -301,7 +282,7 @@ mod test_index {
             assert_search_results(&graph, &filter1, vec!["Alice"]);
 
             // Persisted both graph and index
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -338,11 +319,12 @@ mod test_index {
             assert_search_results(&graph, &filter2, vec!["Tommy"]);
 
             // Should persist the updated graph and index
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
             // Should load the updated graph and index
+            let storage_path = path.parent().unwrap().to_path_buf();
             let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
             let is_indexed = graph.get_storage().unwrap().is_indexed();
             assert!(is_indexed);
@@ -352,14 +334,15 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_zip_encode_decode_index() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
-            let tmp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let tmp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let zip_path = tmp_dir.path().join("graph.zip");
             let folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(zip_path);
             graph.encode(&folder).unwrap();
 
-            let graph = Graph::decode(folder).unwrap();
+            let storage_path = tmp_dir.path().to_path_buf();
+            let graph = Graph::decode(&folder).unwrap();
             let node = graph.node("Alice").unwrap();
             let node_type = node.node_type();
             assert_eq!(node_type, Some(ArcStr::from("fire_nation")));
@@ -369,10 +352,10 @@ mod test_index {
         }
 
         #[test]
-        fn test_encoding_graph_twice_to_same_graph_path_fails_zip() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+        fn test_encoding_graph_twice_to_same_storage_path_fails_zip() {
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
-            let tmp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let tmp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let zip_path = tmp_dir.path().join("graph.zip");
             let folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&zip_path);
             graph.encode(&folder).unwrap();
@@ -381,7 +364,7 @@ mod test_index {
                 .unwrap();
             let result = graph.encode(folder);
             match result {
-                Err(GraphError::IOError { source }) => {
+                Err(GraphError::IOError { source, .. }) => {
                     assert!(
                         format!("{source}").to_lowercase().contains("file exists"),
                         "{}",
@@ -395,10 +378,10 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_immutable_graph_index_persistence() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
 
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -406,7 +389,7 @@ mod test_index {
             let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
 
             // This tests that we are able to persist the immutable index
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -417,10 +400,10 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_mutable_graph_index_persistence() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
 
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -433,7 +416,7 @@ mod test_index {
                 .unwrap();
 
             // This tests that we are able to persist the mutable index
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -444,14 +427,14 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_loading_zip_index_creates_mutable_index() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
-            let tmp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let tmp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let zip_path = tmp_dir.path().join("graph.zip");
             let folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&zip_path);
             graph.encode(&folder).unwrap();
 
-            let graph = Graph::decode(folder).unwrap();
+            let graph = Graph::decode(&folder).unwrap();
             let immutable = graph
                 .get_storage()
                 .unwrap()
@@ -463,9 +446,9 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_loading_index_creates_immutable_index() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -483,13 +466,13 @@ mod test_index {
         fn test_create_index_in_ram() {
             global_info_logger();
 
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index_in_ram().unwrap();
 
             let filter = NodeFilter::name().eq("Alice");
             assert_search_results(&graph, &filter, vec!["Alice"]);
 
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+            let binding = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             graph.encode(path).unwrap();
 
@@ -500,69 +483,15 @@ mod test_index {
             assert_search_results(&graph, &filter, vec!["Alice"]);
         }
 
-        #[test]
-        fn test_cached_graph_view() {
-            global_info_logger();
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
-            graph.create_index().unwrap();
-
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let path = binding.path();
-            graph.cache(path).unwrap();
-
-            graph
-                .add_node(
-                    2,
-                    "Tommy",
-                    vec![("p1", Prop::U64(5u64))],
-                    Some("water_tribe"),
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            graph.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-            let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
-            let filter = NodeFilter::name().eq("Tommy");
-            assert_search_results(&graph, &filter, vec!["Tommy"]);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_cached_graph_view_create_index_after_graph_is_cached() {
-            global_info_logger();
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
-
-            let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let path = binding.path();
-            graph.cache(path).unwrap();
-            // Creates index in a temp dir within graph dir
-            graph.create_index().unwrap();
-
-            graph
-                .add_node(
-                    2,
-                    "Tommy",
-                    vec![("p1", Prop::U64(5u64))],
-                    Some("water_tribe"),
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            graph.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-            let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
-            let filter = NodeFilter::name().eq("Tommy");
-            assert_search_results(&graph, &filter, vec!["Tommy"]);
-        }
-
         #[test]
         #[ignore]
         fn test_too_many_open_files_graph_index() {
             use tempfile::TempDir;
 
-            let tmp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let path = tmp_dir.path().to_path_buf();
-
             let mut graphs = vec![];
 
             for i in 0..1000 {
-                let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+                let graph = init_graph();
                 if let Err(e) = graph.create_index() {
                     match &e {
                         GraphError::IndexError { source } => {
@@ -573,14 +502,13 @@ mod test_index {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                graph.cache(&path.join(format!("graph {i}"))).unwrap();
                 graphs.push(graph);
             }
         }
 
         #[test]
         fn test_graph_index_creation_with_too_many_properties() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             let props: Vec<(String, Prop)> = (1..=100)
                 .map(|i| (format!("p{i}"), Prop::U64(i as u64)))
                 .collect();
@@ -602,7 +530,7 @@ mod test_index {
         // No new const prop index created because when index were created
         // these properties did not exist.
         fn test_graph_index_creation_for_incremental_node_update_no_new_prop_indexed() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             graph.create_index().unwrap();
             let props: Vec<(String, Prop)> = (1..=100)
                 .map(|i| (format!("p{i}"), Prop::U64(i as u64)))
@@ -643,7 +571,13 @@ mod test_index {
             serialise::{GraphFolder, StableEncode},
         };
 
-        fn init_graph(graph: Graph) -> Graph {
+        fn temp_storage_path() -> std::path::PathBuf {
+            tempfile::tempdir().unwrap().path().to_path_buf()
+        }
+
+        fn init_graph() -> Graph {
+            let graph = Graph::new();
+
             let nodes = vec![
                 (
                     1,
@@ -694,8 +628,9 @@ mod test_index {
         }
 
         #[test]
+        #[ignore = "TODO: #2372"]
         fn test_with_all_props_index_spec() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_all_node_properties_and_metadata()
                 .with_all_edge_properties_and_metadata()
@@ -725,8 +660,9 @@ mod test_index {
         }
 
         #[test]
+        #[ignore = "TODO: #2372"]
         fn test_with_selected_props_index_spec() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_node_metadata(vec!["y"])
                 .unwrap()
@@ -762,7 +698,7 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_with_invalid_property_returns_error() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             let result = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone()).with_node_metadata(["xyz"]);
 
             assert!(matches!(result, Err(GraphError::PropertyMissingError(p)) if p == "xyz"));
@@ -770,7 +706,7 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_build_empty_spec_by_default() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone()).build();
 
             assert!(index_spec.node_metadata.is_empty());
@@ -794,8 +730,9 @@ mod test_index {
         }
 
         #[test]
+        #[ignore = "TODO: #2372"]
         fn test_mixed_node_and_edge_props_index_spec() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_node_metadata(vec!["x"])
@@ -830,7 +767,7 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_get_index_spec_newly_created_index() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_node_metadata(vec!["x"])
@@ -847,8 +784,9 @@ mod test_index {
         }
 
         #[test]
+        #[ignore = "TODO: #2372"]
         fn test_get_index_spec_updated_index() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_edge_metadata(vec!["e_y"])
@@ -880,8 +818,9 @@ mod test_index {
         }
 
         #[test]
+        #[ignore = "TODO: #2372"]
         fn test_get_index_spec_updated_index_persisted_and_loaded() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_edge_metadata(vec!["e_y"])
@@ -891,8 +830,8 @@ mod test_index {
 
             let tmp_graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
             let path = tmp_graph_dir.path().to_path_buf();
-            graph.encode(path.clone()).unwrap();
-            let graph = Graph::decode(path.clone()).unwrap();
+            graph.encode(&path).unwrap();
+            let graph = Graph::decode(&path).unwrap();
 
             assert_eq!(index_spec, graph.get_index_spec().unwrap());
             let results = search_nodes(&graph, PropertyFilter::metadata("y").eq(false));
@@ -912,7 +851,7 @@ mod test_index {
             let tmp_graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
             let path = tmp_graph_dir.path().to_path_buf();
             graph.encode(path.clone()).unwrap();
-            let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
+            let graph = Graph::decode(&path).unwrap();
 
             assert_eq!(index_spec, graph.get_index_spec().unwrap());
             let results = search_nodes(&graph, PropertyFilter::metadata("y").eq(false));
@@ -923,7 +862,7 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_get_index_spec_loaded_index() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_node_metadata(vec!["y"])
@@ -941,7 +880,7 @@ mod test_index {
             let path = tmp_graph_dir.path().to_path_buf();
             graph.encode(path.clone()).unwrap();
 
-            let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
+            let graph = Graph::decode(&path).unwrap();
             let index_spec2 = graph.get_index_spec().unwrap();
 
             assert_eq!(index_spec, index_spec2);
@@ -949,7 +888,7 @@ mod test_index {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_get_index_spec_loaded_index_zip() {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_node_metadata(vec!["y"])
@@ -964,7 +903,7 @@ mod test_index {
             let binding = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let path = binding.path();
             let folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(path);
-            graph.encode(folder.root_folder).unwrap();
+            graph.encode(folder).unwrap();
 
             let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(index_spec, graph.get_index_spec().unwrap());
@@ -996,7 +935,7 @@ mod test_index {
         where
             F: Fn(&Graph, IndexSpec) -> Result<(), GraphError>,
         {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_node_metadata(vec!["y"])
@@ -1035,7 +974,7 @@ mod test_index {
         where
             F: Fn(&Graph, IndexSpec) -> Result<(), GraphError>,
         {
-            let graph = init_graph(Graph::new());
+            let graph = init_graph();
 
             let index_spec = IndexSpecBuilder::new(graph.clone())
                 .with_node_metadata(vec!["y"])
diff --git a/raphtory/src/search/node_index.rs b/raphtory/src/search/node_index.rs
index 4ad849ce79..d371dcabee 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/search/node_index.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/search/node_index.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
-    core::{
-        entities::VID,
-        storage::timeindex::{AsTime, TimeIndexEntry},
-    },
+    core::{entities::VID, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
     db::{api::view::IndexSpec, graph::node::NodeView},
     errors::GraphError,
     prelude::*,
@@ -13,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 use ahash::HashSet;
-use raphtory_api::core::storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, dict_mapper::MaybeNew};
+use raphtory_api::core::storage::arc_str::OptionAsStr;
 use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
 use rayon::{iter::IntoParallelIterator, prelude::ParallelIterator};
 use std::{
@@ -194,14 +191,14 @@ impl NodeIndex {
         &self,
         node_id: u64,
         node_name: String,
-        node_type: Option<ArcStr>,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
     ) -> TantivyDocument {
         let mut document = TantivyDocument::new();
         document.add_u64(self.node_id_field, node_id);
         document.add_text(self.node_name_field, node_name.clone());
         document.add_text(self.node_name_tokenized_field, node_name);
         if let Some(node_type) = node_type {
-            document.add_text(self.node_type_field, node_type.clone());
+            document.add_text(self.node_type_field, node_type);
             document.add_text(self.node_type_tokenized_field, node_type);
         }
         document
@@ -216,7 +213,7 @@ impl NodeIndex {
         let node_name = node.name();
         let node_type = node.node_type();
 
-        let node_doc = self.create_document(node_id, node_name.clone(), node_type.clone());
+        let node_doc = self.create_document(node_id, node_name.clone(), node_type.as_str());
         writer.add_document(node_doc)?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -251,31 +248,29 @@ impl NodeIndex {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn add_new_node(
+        &self,
+        node_id: VID,
+        name: String,
+        node_type: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let vid_u64 = node_id.as_u64(); // Check if the node document is already in the index,
+                                        // if it does skip adding a new doc for same node
+
+        let mut writer = self.entity_index.index.writer(100_000_000)?;
+        let node_doc = self.create_document(vid_u64, name, node_type);
+        writer.add_document(node_doc)?;
+        writer.commit()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn add_node_update(
         &self,
-        graph: &GraphStorage,
         t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        node_id: MaybeNew<VID>,
+        node_id: VID,
         props: &[(usize, Prop)],
     ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let node = graph
-            .node(VID(node_id.inner().as_u64() as usize))
-            .expect("Node for internal id should exist.")
-            .at(t.t());
-        let vid_u64 = node_id.inner().as_u64();
-
-        // Check if the node document is already in the index,
-        // if it does skip adding a new doc for same node
-        node_id
-            .if_new(|_| {
-                let mut writer = self.entity_index.index.writer(100_000_000)?;
-                let node_doc = self.create_document(vid_u64, node.name(), node.node_type());
-                writer.add_document(node_doc)?;
-                writer.commit()?;
-                Ok::<(), GraphError>(())
-            })
-            .transpose()?;
-
+        let vid_u64 = node_id.as_u64();
         let indexes = self.entity_index.temporal_property_indexes.read_recursive();
         for (prop_id, prop_value) in indexed_props(props, &indexes) {
             if let Some(index) = &indexes[prop_id] {
diff --git a/raphtory/src/search/searcher.rs b/raphtory/src/search/searcher.rs
index 4c6cf0635a..f86d51e84b 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/search/searcher.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/search/searcher.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,10 @@ impl<'a> Searcher<'a> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod search_tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{db::graph::views::filter::model::NodeFilter, prelude::*};
+    use crate::{
+        db::graph::views::filter::model::{NodeFilter, NodeFilterBuilderOps},
+        prelude::*,
+    };
     use raphtory_api::core::utils::logging::global_info_logger;
     use std::time::SystemTime;
     use tracing::info;
@@ -259,8 +262,8 @@ mod search_tests {
     #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
     #[ignore = "this test is for experiments with the jira graph"]
     fn load_jira_graph() -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        use crate::db::graph::views::filter::model::NodeFilterBuilderOps;
         global_info_logger();
+
         let graph = Graph::decode("/tmp/graphs/jira").expect("failed to load graph");
         assert!(graph.count_nodes() > 0);
 
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/graph_folder.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/graph_folder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b1d30e3fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/graph_folder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,879 @@
+//! Raphtory container format for managing graph data.
+//!
+//! Folder structure:
+//!
+//! GraphFolder
+//! ├── .raph         # Metadata file (json: {path: "data{id}"}) pointing at the current data folder
+//! └── data{id}/    # Data folder (incremental id for atomic replacement)
+//!     ├── .meta         # Metadata file (json: {path: "graph{id}", meta: {}}) pointing at the current graph folder
+//!     ├── graph{id}/   # Graph data (incremental id for atomic replacement)
+//!     ├── index/        # Search indexes (optional)
+//!     └── vectors/      # Vector embeddings (optional)
+
+use crate::{
+    db::api::view::internal::GraphView, errors::GraphError, prelude::ParquetEncoder,
+    serialise::metadata::GraphMetadata,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use raphtory_api::core::input::input_node::parse_u64_strict;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{
+    fs::{self, File},
+    io::{self, ErrorKind, Read, Seek, Write},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+use walkdir::WalkDir;
+use zip::{write::FileOptions, ZipArchive, ZipWriter};
+
+/// Stores graph data
+pub const GRAPH_PATH: &str = "graph";
+pub const DEFAULT_GRAPH_PATH: &str = "graph0";
+
+pub const DATA_PATH: &str = "data";
+pub const DEFAULT_DATA_PATH: &str = "data0";
+
+/// Stores data folder path
+pub const ROOT_META_PATH: &str = ".raph";
+
+/// Stores graph folder path and graph metadata
+pub const GRAPH_META_PATH: &str = ".meta";
+
+/// Temporary metadata for atomic replacement
+pub const DIRTY_PATH: &str = ".dirty";
+
+/// Directory that stores search indexes
+pub const INDEX_PATH: &str = "index";
+
+/// Directory that stores vector embeddings of the graph
+pub const VECTORS_PATH: &str = "vectors";
+
+pub(crate) fn valid_path_pointer(relative_path: &str, prefix: &str) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    relative_path
+        .strip_prefix(prefix) // should have the prefix
+        .and_then(parse_u64_strict) // the remainder should be the id
+        .ok_or_else(|| GraphError::InvalidRelativePath(relative_path.to_string()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn read_path_from_file(mut file: impl Read, prefix: &str) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+    let mut value = String::new();
+    file.read_to_string(&mut value)?;
+    let path: RelativePath = serde_json::from_str(&value)?;
+    valid_path_pointer(&path.path, prefix)?;
+    Ok(path.path)
+}
+
+pub fn read_path_pointer(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    file_name: &str,
+    prefix: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<String>, GraphError> {
+    let file = match File::open(base_path.join(file_name)) {
+        Ok(file) => file,
+        Err(error) => {
+            return match error.kind() {
+                ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(None),
+                _ => Err(error.into()),
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let path = read_path_from_file(file, prefix)?;
+    Ok(Some(path))
+}
+
+pub fn make_path_pointer(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    file_name: &str,
+    prefix: &str,
+) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    let mut id = read_path_pointer(base_path, file_name, prefix)?
+        .and_then(|path| {
+            path.strip_prefix(prefix)
+                .and_then(|id| id.parse::<usize>().ok())
+        })
+        .map_or(0, |id| id + 1);
+
+    let mut path = format!("{prefix}{id}");
+    while base_path.join(&path).exists() {
+        id += 1;
+        path = format!("{prefix}{id}");
+    }
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+pub fn read_or_default_path_pointer(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    file_name: &str,
+    prefix: &str,
+) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+    Ok(read_path_pointer(base_path, file_name, prefix)?.unwrap_or_else(|| prefix.to_owned() + "0"))
+}
+
+pub fn get_zip_data_path<R: Read + Seek>(zip: &mut ZipArchive<R>) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+    let file = zip.by_name(ROOT_META_PATH)?;
+    Ok(read_path_from_file(file, DATA_PATH)?)
+}
+
+pub fn get_zip_graph_path<R: Read + Seek>(zip: &mut ZipArchive<R>) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+    let mut path = get_zip_data_path(zip)?;
+    let graph_path = get_zip_graph_path_name(zip, path.clone())?;
+    path.push('/');
+    path.push_str(&graph_path);
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+pub fn get_zip_graph_path_name<R: Read + Seek>(
+    zip: &mut ZipArchive<R>,
+    mut data_path: String,
+) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+    data_path.push('/');
+    data_path.push_str(GRAPH_META_PATH);
+    let graph_path = read_path_from_file(zip.by_name(&data_path)?, GRAPH_PATH)?;
+    Ok(graph_path)
+}
+
+pub fn get_zip_meta_path<R: Read + Seek>(zip: &mut ZipArchive<R>) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+    let mut path = get_zip_data_path(zip)?;
+    path.push('/');
+    path.push_str(GRAPH_META_PATH);
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct RelativePath {
+    pub path: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Metadata {
+    pub path: String,
+    pub meta: GraphMetadata,
+}
+
+pub trait GraphPaths {
+    fn root(&self) -> &Path;
+
+    fn root_meta_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.root().join(ROOT_META_PATH)
+    }
+
+    fn data_path(&self) -> Result<InnerGraphFolder, GraphError> {
+        Ok(InnerGraphFolder {
+            path: self.root().join(self.relative_data_path()?),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn vectors_path(&self) -> Result<PathBuf, GraphError> {
+        let mut path = self.data_path()?.path;
+        path.push(VECTORS_PATH);
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    fn index_path(&self) -> Result<PathBuf, GraphError> {
+        let mut path = self.data_path()?.path;
+        path.push(INDEX_PATH);
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    fn graph_path(&self) -> Result<PathBuf, GraphError> {
+        let mut path = self.data_path()?.path;
+        path.push(self.relative_graph_path()?);
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    fn meta_path(&self) -> Result<PathBuf, GraphError> {
+        let mut path = self.data_path()?.path;
+        path.push(GRAPH_META_PATH);
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    fn is_zip(&self) -> bool {
+        self.root().is_file()
+    }
+
+    fn read_zip(&self) -> Result<ZipArchive<File>, GraphError> {
+        if self.is_zip() {
+            let file = File::open(self.root())?;
+            let archive = ZipArchive::new(file)?;
+            Ok(archive)
+        } else {
+            Err(GraphError::NotAZip)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn relative_data_path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        let path = if self.is_zip() {
+            let mut zip = self.read_zip()?;
+            get_zip_data_path(&mut zip)?
+        } else {
+            read_or_default_path_pointer(self.root(), ROOT_META_PATH, DATA_PATH)?
+        };
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    fn relative_graph_path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        if self.is_zip() {
+            let mut zip = self.read_zip()?;
+            let data_path = get_zip_data_path(&mut zip)?;
+            get_zip_graph_path_name(&mut zip, data_path)
+        } else {
+            let data_path = self.data_path()?;
+            read_or_default_path_pointer(data_path.as_ref(), GRAPH_META_PATH, GRAPH_PATH)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read_metadata(&self) -> Result<GraphMetadata, GraphError> {
+        let mut json = String::new();
+        if self.is_zip() {
+            let mut zip = self.read_zip()?;
+            let path = get_zip_meta_path(&mut zip)?;
+            let mut zip_file = zip.by_name(&path)?;
+            zip_file.read_to_string(&mut json)?;
+        } else {
+            let mut file = File::open(self.meta_path()?)?;
+            file.read_to_string(&mut json)?;
+        }
+        let metadata: Metadata = serde_json::from_str(&json)?;
+        Ok(metadata.meta)
+    }
+
+    fn write_metadata(&self, graph: impl GraphView) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let graph_path = self.relative_graph_path()?;
+        let metadata = GraphMetadata::from_graph(graph);
+        let meta = Metadata {
+            path: graph_path,
+            meta: metadata,
+        };
+        let tmp_path = self.data_path()?.path.join(".tmp");
+        let tmp_file = File::create(&tmp_path)?;
+        serde_json::to_writer(tmp_file, &meta)?;
+        let path = self.meta_path()?;
+        fs::rename(tmp_path, path)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if folder is occupied by a graph.
+    fn is_reserved(&self) -> bool {
+        self.meta_path().map_or(false, |path| path.exists())
+    }
+
+    /// Initialise the data folder and metadata pointer
+    fn init(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        if self.root().is_dir() {
+            let non_empty = self.root().read_dir()?.next().is_some();
+            if non_empty {
+                return Err(GraphError::NonEmptyGraphFolder(self.root().into()));
+            }
+        } else {
+            fs::create_dir_all(self.root())?
+        }
+        let meta_path = self.relative_data_path()?;
+        fs::create_dir(self.root().join(&meta_path))?;
+        fs::write(
+            self.root_meta_path(),
+            serde_json::to_string(&RelativePath { path: meta_path })?,
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: AsRef<Path> + ?Sized> GraphPaths for P {
+    fn root(&self) -> &Path {
+        self.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
+pub struct GraphFolder {
+    root_folder: PathBuf,
+    pub(crate) write_as_zip_format: bool,
+}
+
+impl GraphPaths for GraphFolder {
+    fn root(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.root_folder
+    }
+}
+
+impl GraphFolder {
+    pub fn new_as_zip(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
+        let folder: GraphFolder = path.into();
+        Self {
+            write_as_zip_format: true,
+            ..folder
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reserve a folder, marking it as occupied by a graph.
+    /// Returns an error if the folder has data.
+    pub fn init_write(self) -> Result<WriteableGraphFolder, GraphError> {
+        if self.write_as_zip_format {
+            return Err(GraphError::ZippedGraphCannotBeSwapped);
+        }
+        let relative_data_path = self.relative_data_path()?;
+        let meta = serde_json::to_string(&RelativePath {
+            path: relative_data_path.clone(),
+        })?;
+        self.ensure_clean_root_dir()?;
+        let metapath = self.root_folder.join(DIRTY_PATH);
+        let mut path_file = File::create_new(&metapath)?;
+        path_file.write_all(meta.as_bytes())?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(self.root_folder.join(relative_data_path))?;
+        Ok(WriteableGraphFolder {
+            path: self.root_folder,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Prepare a graph folder for atomically swapping the data contents.
+    /// This returns an error if the folder is set to write as Zip.
+    ///
+    /// If a swap is already in progress (i.e., `.dirty` file exists) it is aborted and
+    /// the contents of the corresponding folder are deleted.
+    pub fn init_swap(self) -> Result<WriteableGraphFolder, GraphError> {
+        if self.write_as_zip_format {
+            return Err(GraphError::ZippedGraphCannotBeSwapped);
+        }
+        let old_swap = match read_path_pointer(self.root(), DIRTY_PATH, DATA_PATH) {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(_) => {
+                fs::remove_file(self.root_folder.join(DIRTY_PATH))?; // dirty file is corrupted, clean it up
+                None
+            }
+        };
+
+        fs::create_dir_all(self.root())?;
+
+        let swap_path = match old_swap {
+            Some(relative_path) => {
+                let swap_path = self.root_folder.join(relative_path);
+                if swap_path.exists() {
+                    fs::remove_dir_all(&swap_path)?;
+                }
+                swap_path
+            }
+            None => {
+                let new_relative_data_path =
+                    make_path_pointer(self.root(), ROOT_META_PATH, DATA_PATH)?;
+                let new_data_path = self.root_folder.join(&new_relative_data_path);
+                let meta = serde_json::to_string(&RelativePath {
+                    path: new_relative_data_path,
+                })?;
+                let mut dirty_file = File::create_new(self.root_folder.join(DIRTY_PATH))?;
+                dirty_file.write_all(meta.as_bytes())?;
+                dirty_file.sync_all()?;
+                new_data_path
+            }
+        };
+        fs::create_dir_all(swap_path)?;
+        Ok(WriteableGraphFolder {
+            path: self.root_folder,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the folder of any contents.
+    pub fn clear(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        if self.is_zip() {
+            return Err(GraphError::IOErrorMsg(
+                "Cannot clear a zip folder".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&self.root_folder)?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(&self.root_folder)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_zip_graph_prefix(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        if self.is_zip() {
+            let mut zip = self.read_zip()?;
+            Ok([get_zip_data_path(&mut zip)?, get_zip_graph_path(&mut zip)?].join("/"))
+        } else {
+            let data_path = read_or_default_path_pointer(self.root(), ROOT_META_PATH, DATA_PATH)?;
+            let graph_path = read_or_default_path_pointer(
+                &self.root().join(&data_path),
+                GRAPH_META_PATH,
+                GRAPH_PATH,
+            )?;
+            Ok([data_path, graph_path].join("/"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_clean_root_dir(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        if self.root_folder.exists() {
+            let non_empty = self.root_folder.read_dir()?.next().is_some();
+            if non_empty {
+                return Err(GraphError::NonEmptyGraphFolder(self.root_folder.clone()));
+            }
+        } else {
+            fs::create_dir(&self.root_folder)?
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_disk_graph(&self) -> Result<bool, GraphError> {
+        let meta = self.read_metadata()?;
+        Ok(meta.is_diskgraph)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a zip file from the folder.
+    pub fn zip_from_folder<W: Write + Seek>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        if self.is_zip() {
+            let mut reader = File::open(&self.root_folder)?;
+            io::copy(&mut reader, &mut writer)?;
+        } else {
+            let mut zip = ZipWriter::new(writer);
+            for entry in WalkDir::new(&self.root_folder)
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(Result::ok)
+            {
+                let path = entry.path();
+                let rel_path = path.strip_prefix(&self.root_folder).map_err(|e| {
+                    GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to strip prefix from path: {}", e))
+                })?;
+
+                let zip_entry_name = rel_path
+                    .components()
+                    .map(|name| name.as_os_str().to_string_lossy())
+                    .join("/");
+
+                if path.is_file() {
+                    zip.start_file::<_, ()>(zip_entry_name, FileOptions::default())?;
+
+                    let mut file = File::open(path)?;
+                    std::io::copy(&mut file, &mut zip)?;
+                } else if path.is_dir() && !zip_entry_name.is_empty() {
+                    // Add empty directories to the zip
+                    zip.add_directory::<_, ()>(zip_entry_name, FileOptions::default())?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            zip.finish()?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn unzip_to_folder<R: Read + Seek>(&self, reader: R) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        self.ensure_clean_root_dir()?;
+        let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(reader)?;
+        archive.extract(self.root())?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
+pub struct WriteableGraphFolder {
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl GraphPaths for WriteableGraphFolder {
+    fn root(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.path
+    }
+
+    fn relative_data_path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        let path = read_path_pointer(self.root(), DIRTY_PATH, DATA_PATH)?
+            .ok_or(GraphError::NoWriteInProgress)?;
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    fn relative_graph_path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        let path =
+            read_or_default_path_pointer(&self.data_path()?.as_ref(), GRAPH_META_PATH, GRAPH_PATH)?;
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    fn init(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl WriteableGraphFolder {
+    /// Finalise an in-progress write by atomically renaming the '.dirty' file to '.raph'
+    /// and cleaning up any old data if it exists.
+    ///
+    /// This operation returns an error if there is no write in progress.
+    pub fn finish(self) -> Result<GraphFolder, GraphError> {
+        let old_data = read_path_pointer(self.root(), ROOT_META_PATH, DATA_PATH)?;
+        fs::rename(
+            self.root().join(DIRTY_PATH),
+            self.root().join(ROOT_META_PATH),
+        )?;
+        if let Some(old_data) = old_data {
+            let old_data_path = self.root().join(old_data);
+            if old_data_path.is_dir() {
+                fs::remove_dir_all(old_data_path)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(GraphFolder {
+            root_folder: self.path,
+            write_as_zip_format: false,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct InnerGraphFolder {
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Path> for InnerGraphFolder {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.path
+    }
+}
+
+impl InnerGraphFolder {
+    pub fn write_metadata(&self, graph: impl GraphView) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let graph_path = self.relative_graph_path()?;
+        let metadata = GraphMetadata::from_graph(graph);
+        let meta = Metadata {
+            path: graph_path,
+            meta: metadata,
+        };
+        let path = self.meta_path();
+        let file = File::create(&path)?;
+        Ok(serde_json::to_writer(file, &meta)?)
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_metadata(&self) -> Result<GraphMetadata, GraphError> {
+        let mut json = String::new();
+        let mut file = File::open(self.meta_path())?;
+        file.read_to_string(&mut json)?;
+        let metadata: Metadata = serde_json::from_str(&json)?;
+        Ok(metadata.meta)
+    }
+
+    pub fn replace_graph(
+        &self,
+        graph: impl ParquetEncoder + GraphView + std::fmt::Debug,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let data_path = self.as_ref();
+        let old_relative_graph_path = self.relative_graph_path()?;
+        let old_graph_path = self.path.join(&old_relative_graph_path);
+        let meta = GraphMetadata::from_graph(&graph);
+        let new_relative_graph_path = make_path_pointer(data_path, GRAPH_META_PATH, GRAPH_PATH)?;
+        graph.encode_parquet(data_path.join(&new_relative_graph_path))?;
+
+        let dirty_path = data_path.join(DIRTY_PATH);
+        fs::write(
+            &dirty_path,
+            &serde_json::to_vec(&Metadata {
+                path: new_relative_graph_path.clone(),
+                meta,
+            })?,
+        )?;
+        fs::rename(&dirty_path, data_path.join(GRAPH_META_PATH))?;
+        if new_relative_graph_path != old_relative_graph_path {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(old_graph_path)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    pub fn vectors_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.path.join(VECTORS_PATH)
+    }
+
+    pub fn index_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.path.join(INDEX_PATH)
+    }
+
+    pub fn meta_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.path.join(GRAPH_META_PATH)
+    }
+
+    pub fn relative_graph_path(&self) -> Result<String, GraphError> {
+        let relative = read_or_default_path_pointer(&self.path, GRAPH_META_PATH, GRAPH_PATH)?;
+        Ok(relative)
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_path(&self) -> Result<PathBuf, GraphError> {
+        Ok(self.path.join(self.relative_graph_path()?))
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_clean_root_dir(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        if self.as_ref().exists() {
+            let non_empty = self.as_ref().read_dir()?.next().is_some();
+            if non_empty {
+                return Err(GraphError::NonEmptyGraphFolder(self.as_ref().to_path_buf()));
+            }
+        } else {
+            fs::create_dir_all(self)?
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts a zip file to the folder.
+    pub fn unzip_to_folder<R: Read + Seek>(&self, reader: R) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        self.ensure_clean_root_dir()?;
+
+        let mut zip = ZipArchive::new(reader)?;
+        let data_dir = get_zip_data_path(&mut zip)?;
+
+        for i in 0..zip.len() {
+            let mut file = zip.by_index(i)?;
+            let zip_entry_name = match file.enclosed_name() {
+                Some(name) => name,
+                None => continue,
+            };
+            if let Ok(inner_path) = zip_entry_name.strip_prefix(&data_dir) {
+                let out_path = self.as_ref().join(inner_path);
+                if file.is_dir() {
+                    std::fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
+                } else {
+                    // Create any parent directories
+                    if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
+                        std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut out_file = std::fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
+                    std::io::copy(&mut file, &mut out_file)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: AsRef<Path>> From<P> for GraphFolder {
+    fn from(value: P) -> Self {
+        let path: &Path = value.as_ref();
+        Self {
+            root_folder: path.to_path_buf(),
+            write_as_zip_format: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&GraphFolder> for GraphFolder {
+    fn from(value: &GraphFolder) -> Self {
+        value.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{
+        db::graph::graph::assert_graph_equal, prelude::*, serialise::serialise::StableDecode,
+    };
+
+    // /// Verify that the metadata is re-created if it does not exist.
+    // #[test]
+    // #[ignore = "Need to think about how to deal with reading old format"]
+    // fn test_read_metadata_from_noninitialized_zip() {
+    //     global_info_logger();
+    //
+    //     let graph = Graph::new();
+    //     graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+    //
+    //     let tmp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    //     let zip_path = tmp_dir.path().join("graph.zip");
+    //     let folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&zip_path);
+    //     graph.encode(&folder).unwrap();
+    //
+    //     // Remove the metadata file from the zip to simulate a noninitialized zip
+    //     remove_metadata_from_zip(&zip_path);
+    //
+    //     // Should fail because the metadata file is not present
+    //     let err = folder.try_read_metadata();
+    //     assert!(err.is_err());
+    //
+    //     // Should re-create the metadata file
+    //     let result = folder.read_metadata().unwrap();
+    //     assert_eq!(
+    //         result,
+    //         GraphMetadata {
+    //             node_count: 1,
+    //             edge_count: 0,
+    //             metadata: vec![],
+    //             graph_type: GraphType::EventGraph,
+    //             is_diskgraph: false
+    //         }
+    //     );
+    // }
+
+    // /// Helper function to remove the metadata file from a zip
+    // fn remove_metadata_from_zip(zip_path: &Path) {
+    //     let mut zip_file = std::fs::File::open(&zip_path).unwrap();
+    //     let mut zip_archive = zip::ZipArchive::new(&mut zip_file).unwrap();
+    //     let mut temp_zip = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    //
+    //     // Scope for the zip writer
+    //     {
+    //         let mut zip_writer = zip::ZipWriter::new(&mut temp_zip);
+    //
+    //         for i in 0..zip_archive.len() {
+    //             let mut file = zip_archive.by_index(i).unwrap();
+    //
+    //             // Copy all files except the metadata file
+    //             if file.name() != META_PATH {
+    //                 zip_writer
+    //                     .start_file::<_, ()>(file.name(), FileOptions::default())
+    //                     .unwrap();
+    //                 std::io::copy(&mut file, &mut zip_writer).unwrap();
+    //             }
+    //         }
+    //
+    //         zip_writer.finish().unwrap();
+    //     }
+    //
+    //     std::fs::copy(temp_zip.path(), &zip_path).unwrap();
+    // }
+
+    // /// Verify that the metadata is re-created if it does not exist.
+    // #[test]
+    // #[ignore = "Need to think about how to handle reading from old format"]
+    // fn test_read_metadata_from_noninitialized_folder() {
+    //     global_info_logger();
+    //
+    //     let graph = Graph::new();
+    //     graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+    //
+    //     let temp_folder = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    //     let folder = GraphFolder::from(temp_folder.path());
+    //     graph.encode(&folder).unwrap();
+    //
+    //     // Remove the metadata file
+    //     std::fs::remove_file(folder.get_meta_path()).unwrap();
+    //
+    //     // Should fail because the metadata file is not present
+    //     let err = folder.try_read_metadata();
+    //     assert!(err.is_err());
+    //
+    //     // Should re-create the metadata file
+    //     let result = folder.read_metadata().unwrap();
+    //     assert_eq!(
+    //         result,
+    //         GraphMetadata {
+    //             node_count: 1,
+    //             edge_count: 0,
+    //             metadata: vec![],
+    //             graph_type: GraphType::EventGraph,
+    //             is_diskgraph: false
+    //         }
+    //     );
+    // }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zip_from_folder() {
+        let graph = Graph::new();
+        graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        graph.add_node(1, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        graph.add_edge(0, 0, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+
+        // Create a regular folder and encode the graph
+        let temp_folder = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let initial_folder = GraphFolder::from(temp_folder.path().join("initial"));
+        graph.encode(&initial_folder).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(initial_folder.graph_path().unwrap().exists());
+        assert!(initial_folder.meta_path().unwrap().exists());
+
+        // Create a zip file from the folder
+        let output_zip_path = temp_folder.path().join("output.zip");
+        let output_zip_file = std::fs::File::create(&output_zip_path).unwrap();
+        initial_folder.zip_from_folder(output_zip_file).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(output_zip_path.exists());
+
+        // Verify the output zip contains the same graph
+        let zip_folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&output_zip_path);
+        let decoded_graph = Graph::decode(&zip_folder).unwrap();
+
+        assert_graph_equal(&graph, &decoded_graph);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zip_from_zip() {
+        let graph = Graph::new();
+        graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        graph.add_node(1, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        graph.add_edge(0, 0, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+
+        // Create an initial zip file
+        let temp_folder = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let initial_zip_path = temp_folder.path().join("initial.zip");
+        let initial_folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&initial_zip_path);
+        graph.encode(&initial_folder).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(initial_zip_path.exists());
+
+        // Create a new zip file from the existing zip
+        let output_zip_path = temp_folder.path().join("output.zip");
+        let output_zip_file = std::fs::File::create(&output_zip_path).unwrap();
+        initial_folder.zip_from_folder(output_zip_file).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(output_zip_path.exists());
+
+        // Verify zip file sizes
+        let initial_size = std::fs::metadata(&initial_zip_path).unwrap().len();
+        let output_size = std::fs::metadata(&output_zip_path).unwrap().len();
+        assert_eq!(initial_size, output_size);
+
+        // Verify the output zip contains the same graph
+        let zip_folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&output_zip_path);
+        let decoded_graph = Graph::decode(&zip_folder).unwrap();
+
+        assert_graph_equal(&graph, &decoded_graph);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_unzip_to_folder() {
+        let graph = Graph::new();
+
+        graph
+            .add_edge(0, 0, 1, [("test prop 1", Prop::map(NO_PROPS))], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        graph
+            .add_edge(
+                1,
+                2,
+                3,
+                [("test prop 1", Prop::map([("key", "value")]))],
+                Some("layer_a"),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        graph
+            .add_edge(2, 3, 4, [("test prop 2", "value")], Some("layer_b"))
+            .unwrap();
+        graph
+            .add_edge(3, 1, 4, [("test prop 3", 10.0)], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        graph
+            .add_edge(4, 1, 3, [("test prop 4", true)], None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        graph
+            .node(1)
+            .unwrap()
+            .add_updates(5, [("test node prop", 5i32)])
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let temp_folder = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let folder = temp_folder.path().join("graph");
+        let graph_folder = GraphFolder::from(&folder);
+
+        graph.encode(&graph_folder).unwrap();
+        assert!(graph_folder.graph_path().unwrap().exists());
+
+        // Zip the folder
+        let mut zip_bytes = Vec::new();
+        let cursor = std::io::Cursor::new(&mut zip_bytes);
+        graph_folder.zip_from_folder(cursor).unwrap();
+
+        // Unzip to a new folder
+        let folder = temp_folder.path().join("unzip");
+        let unzip_folder = GraphFolder::from(&folder);
+        let cursor = std::io::Cursor::new(&zip_bytes);
+        unzip_folder.unzip_to_folder(cursor).unwrap();
+
+        // Verify the extracted folder has the same structure
+        assert!(unzip_folder.graph_path().unwrap().exists());
+        assert!(unzip_folder.meta_path().unwrap().exists());
+
+        // Verify the extracted graph is the same as the original
+        let extracted_graph = Graph::decode(&unzip_folder).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&graph, &extracted_graph);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/incremental.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/incremental.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dc1297b815..0000000000
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/incremental.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@
-use super::GraphFolder;
-#[cfg(feature = "search")]
-use crate::prelude::IndexMutationOps;
-use crate::{
-    db::{
-        api::{storage::storage::Storage, view::MaterializedGraph},
-        graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph,
-    },
-    errors::{GraphError, WriteError},
-    prelude::{AdditionOps, Graph, StableDecode},
-    serialise::{
-        serialise::{CacheOps, InternalStableDecode, StableEncode},
-        ProtoGraph,
-    },
-};
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use prost::Message;
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{
-        properties::prop::{Prop, PropType},
-        GidRef, EID, VID,
-    },
-    storage::{dict_mapper::MaybeNew, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
-};
-use std::{
-    fmt::Debug,
-    io::{Seek, SeekFrom, Write},
-    mem,
-    ops::DerefMut,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-use tracing::instrument;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct GraphWriter {
-    write_lock: Arc<Mutex<()>>,
-    proto_delta: Mutex<ProtoGraph>,
-    pub(crate) folder: GraphFolder,
-}
-
-fn try_write(folder: &GraphFolder, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(), WriteError> {
-    let mut writer = folder.get_appendable_graph_file()?;
-    let pos = writer.seek(SeekFrom::End(0))?;
-    writer
-        .write_all(bytes)
-        .map_err(|write_err| match writer.set_len(pos) {
-            Ok(_) => WriteError::WriteError(write_err),
-            Err(reset_err) => WriteError::FatalWriteError(write_err, reset_err),
-        })
-}
-
-impl GraphWriter {
-    pub fn new(folder: GraphFolder) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            write_lock: Arc::new(Mutex::new(())),
-            proto_delta: Default::default(),
-            folder,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Get an independent writer pointing at the same underlying cache file
-    pub fn fork(&self) -> Self {
-        GraphWriter {
-            write_lock: self.write_lock.clone(),
-            proto_delta: Default::default(),
-            folder: self.folder.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn write(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let mut proto = mem::take(self.proto_delta.lock().deref_mut());
-        let bytes = proto.encode_to_vec();
-        if !bytes.is_empty() {
-            let _guard = self.write_lock.lock();
-            if let Err(write_err) = try_write(&self.folder, &bytes) {
-                // If the write fails, try to put the updates back
-                let mut new_delta = self.proto_delta.lock();
-                let bytes = new_delta.encode_to_vec();
-                match proto.merge(&*bytes) {
-                    Ok(_) => *new_delta = proto,
-                    Err(decode_err) => {
-                        // This should never happen, it means that the new delta was an invalid Graph
-                        return Err(GraphError::FatalDecodeError {
-                            write_err,
-                            decode_err,
-                        });
-                    }
-                }
-                return Err(write_err.into());
-            }
-            // should we flush the file?
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn resolve_layer(&self, layer: Option<&str>, layer_id: MaybeNew<usize>) {
-        layer_id.if_new(|id| {
-            let layer = layer.unwrap_or("_default");
-            self.proto_delta.lock().new_layer(layer, id)
-        });
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_node(&self, vid: MaybeNew<VID>, gid: GidRef) {
-        vid.if_new(|vid| self.proto_delta.lock().new_node(gid, vid, 0));
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_node_and_type(
-        &self,
-        node_and_type: MaybeNew<(MaybeNew<VID>, MaybeNew<usize>)>,
-        node_type: &str,
-        gid: GidRef,
-    ) {
-        if let MaybeNew::New((MaybeNew::Existing(node_id), type_id)) = node_and_type {
-            // type assignment changed but node already exists
-            self.proto_delta
-                .lock()
-                .update_node_type(node_id, type_id.inner());
-        }
-        if let (MaybeNew::New(node_id), type_id) = node_and_type.inner() {
-            self.proto_delta
-                .lock()
-                .new_node(gid, node_id, type_id.inner());
-        }
-        if let (_, MaybeNew::New(type_id)) = node_and_type.inner() {
-            self.proto_delta.lock().new_node_type(node_type, type_id);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_graph_property(
-        &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        prop_id: MaybeNew<usize>,
-        dtype: PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) {
-        prop_id.if_new(|id| {
-            if is_static {
-                self.proto_delta.lock().new_graph_cprop(prop, id);
-            } else {
-                self.proto_delta.lock().new_graph_tprop(prop, id, &dtype);
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_node_property(
-        &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        prop_id: MaybeNew<usize>,
-        dtype: &PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) {
-        prop_id.if_new(|id| {
-            if is_static {
-                self.proto_delta.lock().new_node_cprop(prop, id, dtype);
-            } else {
-                self.proto_delta.lock().new_node_tprop(prop, id, dtype);
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_edge_property(
-        &self,
-        prop: &str,
-        prop_id: MaybeNew<usize>,
-        dtype: &PropType,
-        is_static: bool,
-    ) {
-        prop_id.if_new(|id| {
-            if is_static {
-                self.proto_delta.lock().new_edge_cprop(prop, id, dtype);
-            } else {
-                self.proto_delta.lock().new_edge_tprop(prop, id, dtype);
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_node_update(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry, v: VID, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) {
-        self.proto_delta
-            .lock()
-            .update_node_tprops(v, t, props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_edge(&self, eid: MaybeNew<EID>, src: VID, dst: VID) {
-        eid.if_new(|eid| self.proto_delta.lock().new_edge(src, dst, eid));
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_edge_update(
-        &self,
-        t: TimeIndexEntry,
-        edge: EID,
-        props: &[(usize, Prop)],
-        layer: usize,
-    ) {
-        self.proto_delta.lock().update_edge_tprops(
-            edge,
-            t,
-            layer,
-            props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop)),
-        )
-    }
-    pub fn add_graph_tprops(&self, t: TimeIndexEntry, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) {
-        self.proto_delta
-            .lock()
-            .update_graph_tprops(t, props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_graph_cprops(&self, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) {
-        self.proto_delta
-            .lock()
-            .update_graph_cprops(props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_node_cprops(&self, node: VID, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) {
-        self.proto_delta
-            .lock()
-            .update_node_cprops(node, props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_edge_cprops(&self, edge: EID, layer: usize, props: &[(usize, Prop)]) {
-        if !props.is_empty() {
-            self.proto_delta.lock().update_edge_cprops(
-                edge,
-                layer,
-                props.iter().map(|(id, prop)| (*id, prop)),
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn delete_edge(&self, edge: EID, t: TimeIndexEntry, layer: usize) {
-        self.proto_delta.lock().del_edge(edge, layer, t)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait InternalCache {
-    /// Initialise the cache by pointing it at a proto file.
-    /// Future updates will be appended to the cache.
-    fn init_cache(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
-
-    /// Get the cache writer if it is initialised.
-    fn get_cache(&self) -> Option<&GraphWriter>;
-}
-
-impl InternalCache for Storage {
-    fn init_cache(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        self.cache
-            .get_or_try_init(|| GraphWriter::new(path.clone()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn get_cache(&self) -> Option<&GraphWriter> {
-        self.cache.get()
-    }
-}
-
-impl InternalCache for Graph {
-    fn init_cache(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        self.inner.init_cache(path)
-    }
-
-    fn get_cache(&self) -> Option<&GraphWriter> {
-        self.inner.get_cache()
-    }
-}
-
-impl InternalCache for PersistentGraph {
-    fn init_cache(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        self.0.init_cache(path)
-    }
-
-    fn get_cache(&self) -> Option<&GraphWriter> {
-        self.0.get_cache()
-    }
-}
-
-impl InternalCache for MaterializedGraph {
-    fn init_cache(&self, path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        match self {
-            MaterializedGraph::EventGraph(g) => g.init_cache(path),
-            MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(g) => g.init_cache(path),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn get_cache(&self) -> Option<&GraphWriter> {
-        match self {
-            MaterializedGraph::EventGraph(g) => g.get_cache(),
-            MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(g) => g.get_cache(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<G: InternalCache + InternalStableDecode + StableEncode + AdditionOps> CacheOps for G {
-    fn cache(&self, path: impl Into<GraphFolder>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let folder = path.into();
-        self.encode(&folder)?;
-        self.init_cache(&folder)
-    }
-
-    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
-    fn write_updates(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let cache = self.get_cache().ok_or(GraphError::CacheNotInnitialised)?;
-        cache.write()?;
-        cache.folder.write_metadata(self)?;
-        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.persist_index_to_disk(&cache.folder)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn load_cached(path: impl Into<GraphFolder>) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let folder = path.into();
-        if folder.is_zip() {
-            return Err(GraphError::ZippedGraphCannotBeCached);
-        }
-        let graph = Self::decode(&folder)?;
-        graph.init_cache(&folder)?;
-        Ok(graph)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use crate::serialise::{incremental::GraphWriter, GraphFolder};
-    use raphtory_api::core::{
-        entities::{GidRef, VID},
-        storage::dict_mapper::MaybeNew,
-        utils::logging::global_info_logger,
-    };
-    use std::fs::File;
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-    // Tests that changes to the cache graph are not thrown away if cache write fails
-    // and there is a chance to recover from this.
-    #[test]
-    fn test_write_failure() {
-        global_info_logger();
-        let tmp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let folder = GraphFolder::from(tmp_dir.path());
-        let graph_file_path = folder.get_graph_path();
-        let file = File::create(&graph_file_path).unwrap();
-        let mut perms = file.metadata().unwrap().permissions();
-        perms.set_readonly(true);
-        file.set_permissions(perms).unwrap();
-        let cache = GraphWriter::new(folder).unwrap();
-        cache.resolve_node(MaybeNew::New(VID(0)), GidRef::Str("0"));
-        assert_eq!(cache.proto_delta.lock().nodes.len(), 1);
-        let res = cache.write();
-        assert!(res.is_err());
-        assert_eq!(cache.proto_delta.lock().nodes.len(), 1);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/metadata.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/metadata.rs
index 8d5aa6c43d..67cbae6375 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/metadata.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/metadata.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,37 @@
 use crate::{
-    prelude::{GraphViewOps, PropertiesOps},
-    serialise::GraphFolder,
+    db::api::view::internal::GraphView,
+    prelude::GraphViewOps,
+    serialise::{GraphFolder, GraphPaths},
 };
-use raphtory_api::core::{entities::properties::prop::Prop, storage::arc_str::ArcStr};
+use raphtory_api::GraphType;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub struct GraphMetadata {
     pub node_count: usize,
     pub edge_count: usize,
-    pub metadata: Vec<(ArcStr, Prop)>,
+    pub graph_type: GraphType,
+    pub is_diskgraph: bool,
+}
+
+impl GraphMetadata {
+    pub fn from_graph<G: GraphView>(graph: G) -> Self {
+        let node_count = graph.count_nodes();
+        let edge_count = graph.count_edges();
+        let graph_type = graph.graph_type();
+        let is_diskgraph = graph.disk_storage_path().is_some();
+        Self {
+            node_count,
+            edge_count,
+            graph_type,
+            is_diskgraph,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn assert_metadata_correct<'graph>(folder: &GraphFolder, graph: &impl GraphViewOps<'graph>) {
     let metadata = folder.read_metadata().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(metadata.node_count, graph.count_nodes());
     assert_eq!(metadata.edge_count, graph.count_edges());
-    assert_eq!(metadata.metadata, graph.properties().as_vec());
+    assert_eq!(metadata.graph_type, graph.graph_type());
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/mod.rs
index 73e5198af5..ec33629745 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/mod.rs
@@ -1,351 +1,14 @@
-use memmap2::Mmap;
-use zip::{write::FileOptions, ZipArchive, ZipWriter};
-
-pub(crate) mod incremental;
+mod graph_folder;
 pub mod metadata;
-pub(crate) mod parquet;
-mod proto_ext;
-mod serialise;
-
-mod proto {
-    include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/serialise.rs"));
-}
-#[cfg(feature = "search")]
-use crate::prelude::IndexMutationOps;
-use crate::{
-    db::api::view::MaterializedGraph,
-    errors::GraphError,
-    prelude::{GraphViewOps, PropertiesOps},
-    serialise::metadata::GraphMetadata,
-};
-pub use proto::Graph as ProtoGraph;
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use raphtory_storage::disk::DiskGraphStorage;
-pub use serialise::{CacheOps, InternalStableDecode, StableDecode, StableEncode};
-use std::{
-    fs::{self, File, OpenOptions},
-    io::{self, BufReader, ErrorKind, Read, Seek, Write},
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-use tracing::info;
-
-const GRAPH_FILE_NAME: &str = "graph";
-const META_FILE_NAME: &str = ".raph";
-const INDEX_PATH: &str = "index";
-const VECTORS_PATH: &str = "vectors";
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
-pub struct GraphFolder {
-    pub root_folder: PathBuf,
-    pub(crate) write_as_zip_format: bool,
-}
-
-pub enum GraphReader {
-    Zip(Vec<u8>),
-    Folder(Mmap),
-}
-
-impl AsRef<[u8]> for GraphReader {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        match self {
-            Self::Zip(bytes) => bytes.as_ref(),
-            Self::Folder(mmap) => mmap.as_ref(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl GraphFolder {
-    pub fn new_as_zip(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
-        let folder: GraphFolder = path.into();
-        Self {
-            write_as_zip_format: true,
-            ..folder
-        }
-    }
-
-    // TODO: make it private again once we stop using it from the graphql crate
-    pub fn get_graph_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.root_folder.join(GRAPH_FILE_NAME)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_meta_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.root_folder.join(META_FILE_NAME)
-    }
-
-    // TODO: make private once possible
-    pub fn get_vectors_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.root_folder.join(VECTORS_PATH)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_index_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.root_folder.join(INDEX_PATH)
-    }
-
-    // TODO: make private once possible
-    pub fn get_base_path(&self) -> &Path {
-        &self.root_folder
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_zip(&self) -> bool {
-        self.root_folder.is_file()
-    }
-
-    pub fn read_graph(&self) -> Result<GraphReader, io::Error> {
-        if self.is_zip() {
-            let file = File::open(&self.root_folder)?;
-            let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file)?;
-            let mut entry = archive.by_name(GRAPH_FILE_NAME)?;
-            let mut buf = vec![];
-            entry.read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
-            Ok(GraphReader::Zip(buf))
-        } else {
-            let file = File::open(self.get_graph_path())?;
-            let buf = unsafe { memmap2::MmapOptions::new().map(&file)? };
-            Ok(GraphReader::Folder(buf))
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_graph(&self, graph: &impl StableEncode) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        self.write_graph_data(graph)?;
-        self.write_metadata(graph)?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        self.write_index(graph)?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-    fn write_index(&self, graph: &impl StableEncode) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        if self.write_as_zip_format {
-            graph.persist_index_to_disk_zip(&self)
-        } else {
-            graph.persist_index_to_disk(&self)
-        }
-    }
+pub mod parquet;
 
-    fn write_graph_data(&self, graph: &impl StableEncode) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        let bytes = graph.encode_to_vec();
-        if self.write_as_zip_format {
-            let file = File::create_new(&self.root_folder)?;
-            let mut zip = ZipWriter::new(file);
-            zip.start_file::<_, ()>(GRAPH_FILE_NAME, FileOptions::default())?;
-            zip.write_all(&bytes)
-        } else {
-            self.ensure_clean_root_dir()?;
-            let mut file = File::create_new(self.get_graph_path())?;
-            file.write_all(&bytes)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn read_metadata(&self) -> Result<GraphMetadata, GraphError> {
-        match self.try_read_metadata() {
-            Ok(data) => Ok(data),
-            Err(e) => {
-                match e.kind() {
-                    // In the case that the file is not found or invalid, try creating it then re-reading
-                    ErrorKind::NotFound | ErrorKind::InvalidData | ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => {
-                        info!(
-                            "Metadata file does not exist or is invalid. Attempting to recreate..."
-                        );
-                        let graph: MaterializedGraph = if self.is_disk_graph() {
-                            #[cfg(not(feature = "storage"))]
-                            return Err(GraphError::DiskGraphNotFound);
-                            #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-                            {
-                                use crate::prelude::IntoGraph;
-
-                                MaterializedGraph::from(
-                                    DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(self.get_graph_path())?
-                                        .into_graph(),
-                                )
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            MaterializedGraph::decode(self)?
-                        };
-                        self.write_metadata(&graph)?;
-                        Ok(self.try_read_metadata()?)
-                    }
-                    _ => Err(e.into()),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn try_read_metadata(&self) -> Result<GraphMetadata, io::Error> {
-        if self.root_folder.is_file() {
-            let file = File::open(&self.root_folder)?;
-            let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file)?;
-            let zip_file = archive.by_name(META_FILE_NAME)?;
-            let reader = BufReader::new(zip_file);
-            let metadata = serde_json::from_reader(reader)?;
-            Ok(metadata)
-        } else {
-            let file = File::open(self.get_meta_path())?;
-            let reader = BufReader::new(file);
-            let metadata = serde_json::from_reader(reader)?;
-            Ok(metadata)
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_metadata<'graph>(&self, graph: &impl GraphViewOps<'graph>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let node_count = graph.count_nodes();
-        let edge_count = graph.count_edges();
-        let properties = graph.metadata();
-        let metadata = GraphMetadata {
-            node_count,
-            edge_count,
-            metadata: properties.as_vec(),
-        };
-        if self.write_as_zip_format {
-            let file = File::options()
-                .read(true)
-                .write(true)
-                .open(&self.root_folder)?;
-            let mut zip = ZipWriter::new_append(file)?;
-            zip.start_file::<_, ()>(META_FILE_NAME, FileOptions::default())?;
-            Ok(serde_json::to_writer(zip, &metadata)?)
-        } else {
-            let path = self.get_meta_path();
-            let file = File::create(path.clone())?;
-            Ok(serde_json::to_writer(file, &metadata)?)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn get_appendable_graph_file(&self) -> Result<File, io::Error> {
-        let path = self.get_graph_path();
-        Ok(OpenOptions::new().append(true).open(path)?)
-    }
-
-    fn ensure_clean_root_dir(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        if self.root_folder.exists() {
-            let non_empty = self.root_folder.read_dir()?.next().is_some();
-            if non_empty {
-                return Err(GraphError::NonEmptyGraphFolder(self.root_folder.clone()));
-            }
-        } else {
-            fs::create_dir(&self.root_folder)?
-        }
-        File::create_new(self.root_folder.join(META_FILE_NAME))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn is_disk_graph(&self) -> bool {
-        let path = self.get_graph_path();
-        path.is_dir()
-    }
-
-    pub fn create_zip<W: Write + Seek>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
-        if self.is_zip() {
-            let mut reader = File::open(&self.root_folder)?;
-            reader.read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
-            writer.write_all(&buffer)?;
-        } else {
-            let mut zip = ZipWriter::new(writer);
-            let graph_file = self.get_graph_path();
-            {
-                // scope for file
-                let mut reader = File::open(&graph_file)?;
-                reader.read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
-                zip.start_file::<_, ()>(GRAPH_FILE_NAME, FileOptions::default())?;
-                zip.write_all(&buffer)?;
-            }
-            {
-                // scope for file
-                buffer.clear();
-                let mut reader = File::open(self.get_meta_path())?;
-                reader.read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
-                zip.start_file::<_, ()>(META_FILE_NAME, FileOptions::default())?;
-                zip.write_all(&buffer)?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<P: AsRef<Path>> From<P> for GraphFolder {
-    fn from(value: P) -> Self {
-        let path: &Path = value.as_ref();
-        Self {
-            root_folder: path.to_path_buf(),
-            write_as_zip_format: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&GraphFolder> for GraphFolder {
-    fn from(value: &GraphFolder) -> Self {
-        value.clone()
-    }
-}
-
-// this mod focuses on the zip format, as the folder format is
-// the default and is largely exercised in other places
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod zip_tests {
-    use super::StableEncode;
-    use crate::{
-        prelude::{AdditionOps, CacheOps, Graph, NO_PROPS},
-        serialise::{metadata::GraphMetadata, GraphFolder},
-    };
-    use raphtory_api::core::utils::logging::global_info_logger;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_cached_from_zip() {
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let tmp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let zip_path = tmp_dir.path().join("graph.zip");
-        graph.encode(GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&zip_path)).unwrap();
-        let result = Graph::load_cached(&zip_path);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_read_metadata_from_noninitialized_zip() {
-        global_info_logger();
-
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-
-        let tmp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let zip_path = tmp_dir.path().join("graph.zip");
-        let folder = GraphFolder::new_as_zip(&zip_path);
-        folder.write_graph_data(&graph).unwrap();
-
-        let err = folder.try_read_metadata();
-        assert!(err.is_err());
+#[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+pub mod proto;
+mod serialise;
 
-        let result = folder.read_metadata().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            result,
-            GraphMetadata {
-                node_count: 1,
-                edge_count: 0,
-                metadata: vec![]
-            }
-        );
-    }
+pub use graph_folder::*;
+pub use serialise::{StableDecode, StableEncode};
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_read_metadata_from_noninitialized_folder() {
-        global_info_logger();
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let temp_folder = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let folder = GraphFolder::from(temp_folder.path());
-        folder.write_graph_data(&graph).unwrap();
-        let err = folder.try_read_metadata();
-        assert!(err.is_err());
-        let result = folder.read_metadata().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            result,
-            GraphMetadata {
-                node_count: 1,
-                edge_count: 0,
-                metadata: vec![]
-            }
-        );
-    }
-}
+#[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+pub use proto::proto_generated::Graph as ProtoGraph;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/edges.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/edges.rs
index 20b8a82aad..723ba15992 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/edges.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/edges.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field};
 use model::ParquetCEdge;
-use raphtory_api::{
-    core::{entities::EID, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps},
-    iter::IntoDynBoxed,
-};
+use raphtory_api::{core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps, iter::IntoDynBoxed};
 use raphtory_storage::{
     core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
     graph::{edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, graph::GraphStorage},
@@ -19,18 +16,23 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_edge_tprop(
     g: &GraphStorage,
     path: impl AsRef<Path>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    run_encode(
+    run_encode_indexed(
         g,
         g.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper(),
-        g.unfiltered_num_edges(),
+        g.edges().segmented_par_iter().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Internal Error: segmented_par_iter cannot be called from unlocked GraphStorage")
+        }),
         path,
         EDGES_T_PATH,
-        |id_type| {
+        |_| {
             vec![
                 Field::new(TIME_COL, DataType::Int64, false),
-                Field::new(SRC_COL, id_type.clone(), false),
-                Field::new(DST_COL, id_type.clone(), false),
+                Field::new(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, DataType::UInt64, true),
+                Field::new(SRC_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
+                Field::new(DST_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
+                Field::new(EDGE_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
                 Field::new(LAYER_COL, DataType::Utf8, true),
+                Field::new(LAYER_ID_COL, DataType::UInt64, true),
             ]
         },
         |edges, g, decoder, writer| {
@@ -38,7 +40,6 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_edge_tprop(
 
             for edge_rows in edges
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(EID)
                 .flat_map(|eid| {
                     let edge_ref = g.core_edge(eid).out_ref();
                     EdgeView::new(g, edge_ref).explode()
@@ -63,18 +64,23 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_edge_deletions(
     g: &GraphStorage,
     path: impl AsRef<Path>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    run_encode(
+    run_encode_indexed(
         g,
         g.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper(),
-        g.unfiltered_num_edges(),
+        g.edges().segmented_par_iter().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Internal Error: segmented_par_iter cannot be called from unlocked GraphStorage")
+        }),
         path,
         EDGES_D_PATH,
-        |id_type| {
+        |_| {
             vec![
                 Field::new(TIME_COL, DataType::Int64, false),
-                Field::new(SRC_COL, id_type.clone(), false),
-                Field::new(DST_COL, id_type.clone(), false),
+                Field::new(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, DataType::UInt64, true),
+                Field::new(SRC_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
+                Field::new(DST_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
+                Field::new(EDGE_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
                 Field::new(LAYER_COL, DataType::Utf8, true),
+                Field::new(LAYER_ID_COL, DataType::UInt64, true),
             ]
         },
         |edges, g, decoder, writer| {
@@ -90,9 +96,8 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_edge_deletions(
 
             for edge_rows in edges
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(EID)
                 .flat_map(|eid| {
-                    (0..g.unfiltered_num_layers()).flat_map(move |layer_id| {
+                    g.unfiltered_layer_ids().flat_map(move |layer_id| {
                         let edge = g_edges.edge(eid);
                         let edge_ref = edge.out_ref();
                         GenLockedIter::from(edge, |edge| {
@@ -100,7 +105,8 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_edge_deletions(
                         })
                         .map(move |deletions| ParquetDelEdge {
                             del: deletions,
-                            layer: &layers[layer_id],
+                            layer: &layers[layer_id - 1],
+                            layer_id,
                             edge: EdgeView::new(g, edge_ref),
                         })
                     })
@@ -124,29 +130,33 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_edge_cprop(
     g: &GraphStorage,
     path: impl AsRef<Path>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    run_encode(
+    run_encode_indexed(
         g,
         g.edge_meta().metadata_mapper(),
-        g.unfiltered_num_edges(),
+        g.edges().segmented_par_iter().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("Internal Error: segmented_par_iter cannot be called from unlocked GraphStorage")
+        }),
         path,
         EDGES_C_PATH,
-        |id_type| {
+        |_| {
             vec![
-                Field::new(SRC_COL, id_type.clone(), false),
-                Field::new(DST_COL, id_type.clone(), false),
+                Field::new(SRC_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
+                Field::new(DST_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
+                Field::new(EDGE_COL_ID, DataType::UInt64, false),
                 Field::new(LAYER_COL, DataType::Utf8, true),
             ]
         },
         |edges, g, decoder, writer| {
-            let row_group_size = 100_000.min(edges.len());
-            let layers = 0..g.unfiltered_num_layers();
+            let row_group_size = 100_000;
 
             for edge_rows in edges
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(EID)
                 .flat_map(|eid| {
                     let edge_ref = g.core_edge(eid).out_ref();
-                    layers.clone().map(move |l_id| edge_ref.at_layer(l_id))
+                    EdgeView::new(g, edge_ref)
+                        .explode_layers()
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|e| e.edge)
                 })
                 .map(|edge| ParquetCEdge(EdgeView::new(g, edge)))
                 .chunks(row_group_size)
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/graph.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/graph.rs
index d9174f800c..4bedec80b4 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/graph.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,18 @@ use crate::{
     errors::GraphError,
     prelude::{GraphViewOps, Prop, PropertiesOps},
     serialise::parquet::{
-        model::ParquetProp, run_encode, EVENT_GRAPH_TYPE, GRAPH_C_PATH, GRAPH_TYPE, GRAPH_T_PATH,
-        PERSISTENT_GRAPH_TYPE, TIME_COL,
+        run_encode, EVENT_GRAPH_TYPE, GRAPH_C_PATH, GRAPH_TYPE, GRAPH_T_PATH,
+        PERSISTENT_GRAPH_TYPE, SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, TIME_COL,
     },
 };
 use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use parquet::format::KeyValue;
-use raphtory_api::{core::storage::arc_str::ArcStr, GraphType};
+use parquet::file::metadata::KeyValue;
+use raphtory_api::{
+    core::{entities::properties::prop::SerdeArrowProp, storage::arc_str::ArcStr},
+    GraphType,
+};
+use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry;
 use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
 use serde::{ser::SerializeMap, Serialize};
 use std::{collections::HashMap, path::Path};
@@ -17,45 +21,49 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, path::Path};
 pub fn encode_graph_tprop(g: &GraphStorage, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
     run_encode(
         g,
-        g.graph_meta().temporal_mapper(),
+        g.graph_props_meta().temporal_prop_mapper(),
         1,
         path,
         GRAPH_T_PATH,
-        |_| vec![Field::new(TIME_COL, DataType::Int64, false)],
+        |_| {
+            vec![
+                Field::new(TIME_COL, DataType::Int64, false),
+                Field::new(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, DataType::UInt64, true),
+            ]
+        },
         |_, g, decoder, writer| {
-            let merged_props = g
-                .properties()
-                .temporal()
+            // Collect into owned props here to avoid lifetime issues on prop_view.
+            // Ideally we want to be returning refs to the props but this
+            // is not possible with the current API.
+            let collect_props = g.properties().temporal().iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            // Each prop key can have multiple values over time.
+            // Flatten into (time, key, value) tuples to group by time.
+            let merged_props = collect_props
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(prop_key, prop_view)| {
+                    // Collect all the props for a given prop key
+                    prop_view
+                        .iter_indexed()
+                        .map(move |(time, prop_value)| (time, prop_key.clone(), prop_value))
+                })
+                .kmerge_by(|(left_t, _, _), (right_t, _, _)| left_t <= right_t);
+
+            // Group property (key, value) tuples by time to create rows.
+            let rows: Vec<Row> = merged_props
+                .chunk_by(|(t, _, _)| *t)
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(|(k, view)| view.into_iter().map(move |(t, prop)| (k.clone(), t, prop)))
-                .kmerge_by(|(_, t1, _), (_, t2, _)| t1 < t2);
-
-            let mut row = HashMap::<ArcStr, Prop>::new();
-            let mut rows = vec![];
-            let mut last_t: Option<i64> = None;
-            for (key, t1, prop) in merged_props {
-                if let Some(last_t) = last_t {
-                    if last_t != t1 {
-                        let mut old = HashMap::<ArcStr, Prop>::new();
-                        std::mem::swap(&mut row, &mut old);
-                        rows.push(Row {
-                            t: last_t,
-                            row: old,
-                        });
-                    }
-                }
-
-                row.insert(key, prop);
-                last_t = Some(t1);
-            }
-            if !row.is_empty() {
-                rows.push(Row {
-                    t: last_t.unwrap(),
-                    row,
-                });
-            }
+                .map(|(timestamp, group)| {
+                    let row = group
+                        .map(|(_, prop_key, prop_value)| (prop_key, prop_value))
+                        .collect();
+
+                    Row { t: timestamp, row }
+                })
+                .collect();
 
             decoder.serialize(&rows)?;
+
             if let Some(rb) = decoder.flush()? {
                 writer.write(&rb)?;
                 writer.flush()?;
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@ pub fn encode_graph_tprop(g: &GraphStorage, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<()
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Row {
-    t: i64,
+    t: TimeIndexEntry,
     row: HashMap<ArcStr, Prop>,
 }
 
@@ -78,10 +86,14 @@ impl Serialize for Row {
         S: serde::Serializer,
     {
         let mut state = serializer.serialize_map(Some(self.row.len()))?;
+
         for (k, v) in self.row.iter() {
-            state.serialize_entry(k, &ParquetProp(v))?;
+            state.serialize_entry(k, &SerdeArrowProp(v))?;
         }
-        state.serialize_entry(TIME_COL, &self.t)?;
+
+        state.serialize_entry(TIME_COL, &self.t.0)?;
+        state.serialize_entry(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, &self.t.1)?;
+
         state.end()
     }
 }
@@ -93,16 +105,18 @@ pub fn encode_graph_cprop(
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
     run_encode(
         g,
-        g.graph_meta().metadata_mapper(),
+        g.graph_props_meta().metadata_mapper(),
         1,
         path,
         GRAPH_C_PATH,
         |_| vec![Field::new(TIME_COL, DataType::Int64, true)],
         |_, g, decoder, writer| {
             let row = g.metadata().as_map();
+            let time = TimeIndexEntry::new(0, 0); // const props don't have time
+            let rows = vec![Row { t: time, row }];
 
-            let rows = vec![Row { t: 0, row }];
             decoder.serialize(&rows)?;
+
             if let Some(rb) = decoder.flush()? {
                 writer.write(&rb)?;
                 writer.flush()?;
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/mod.rs
index 83966bd597..31b6af58e6 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/mod.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/mod.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,23 @@ use crate::{
         graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph,
     },
     errors::GraphError,
-    io::parquet_loaders::{
-        load_edge_deletions_from_parquet, load_edge_props_from_parquet, load_edges_from_parquet,
-        load_graph_props_from_parquet, load_node_props_from_parquet, load_nodes_from_parquet,
+    io::{
+        arrow::{df_loaders::edges::ColumnNames, prop_handler::lift_property_col},
+        parquet_loaders::{
+            get_parquet_file_paths, load_edge_deletions_from_parquet, load_edge_props_from_parquet,
+            load_edges_from_parquet, load_graph_props_from_parquet, load_node_props_from_parquet,
+            load_nodes_from_parquet, process_parquet_file_to_df,
+        },
     },
     prelude::*,
-    serialise::parquet::{
-        edges::encode_edge_deletions,
-        graph::{encode_graph_cprop, encode_graph_tprop},
-        model::get_id_type,
-        nodes::{encode_nodes_cprop, encode_nodes_tprop},
+    serialise::{
+        parquet::{
+            edges::encode_edge_deletions,
+            graph::{encode_graph_cprop, encode_graph_tprop},
+            model::get_id_type,
+            nodes::{encode_nodes_cprop, encode_nodes_tprop},
+        },
+        GraphPaths,
     },
 };
 use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema, SchemaRef};
@@ -37,10 +44,13 @@ use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, graph::graph::GraphStorage};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use std::{
     fs::File,
+    io::{Read, Seek, Write},
     ops::Range,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     sync::Arc,
 };
+use walkdir::WalkDir;
+use zip::{write::FileOptions, ZipArchive, ZipWriter};
 
 mod edges;
 mod model;
@@ -49,50 +59,148 @@ mod nodes;
 mod graph;
 
 pub trait ParquetEncoder {
+    /// Encode the graph as parquet data to the zip writer
+    /// (note the writer is still open for appending more data after calling this function)
+    ///
+    /// The graph data will be written at `prefix` inside the zip.
+    fn encode_parquet_to_zip<W: Write + Seek, P: AsRef<Path>>(
+        &self,
+        mut zip_writer: &mut ZipWriter<W>,
+        prefix: P,
+    ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let prefix = prefix.as_ref();
+        // Encode to a tmp dir using parquet, then zip it to the writer
+        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        self.encode_parquet(&temp_dir)?;
+
+        // Walk through the directory and add files and directories to the zip.
+        // Files and directories are stored in the archive under the GRAPH_PATH directory.
+        for entry in WalkDir::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(Result::ok)
+        {
+            let path = entry.path();
+
+            let relative_path = path.strip_prefix(temp_dir.path()).map_err(|e| {
+                GraphError::IOErrorMsg(format!("Failed to strip prefix from path: {}", e))
+            })?;
+
+            // Attach GRAPH_PATH as a prefix to the relative path
+            let zip_entry_name = prefix.join(relative_path).to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+
+            if path.is_file() {
+                zip_writer.start_file::<_, ()>(zip_entry_name, FileOptions::<()>::default())?;
+
+                let mut file = std::fs::File::open(path)?;
+                std::io::copy(&mut file, &mut zip_writer)?;
+            } else if path.is_dir() {
+                // Add empty directories to the zip
+                zip_writer.add_directory::<_, ()>(zip_entry_name, FileOptions::<()>::default())?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn encode_parquet(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
 }
 
-pub trait ParquetDecoder {
-    fn decode_parquet(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, GraphError>
-    where
-        Self: Sized;
+pub trait ParquetDecoder: Sized {
+    fn decode_parquet_from_bytes<P: AsRef<Path>>(
+        bytes: &[u8],
+        path_for_decoded_graph: Option<&Path>,
+        prefix: P,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        // Read directly from an in-memory cursor
+        let mut reader = ZipArchive::new(std::io::Cursor::new(bytes))?;
+        Self::decode_parquet_from_zip(&mut reader, path_for_decoded_graph, prefix)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_parquet_from_zip<R: Read + Seek, P: AsRef<Path>>(
+        zip: &mut ZipArchive<R>,
+        path_for_decoded_graph: Option<&Path>,
+        prefix: P,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let prefix = prefix.as_ref();
+        // Unzip to a temp dir and decode parquet from there
+        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+
+        for i in 0..zip.len() {
+            let mut file = zip.by_index(i)?;
+            let zip_entry_name = match file.enclosed_name() {
+                Some(name) => name,
+                None => continue,
+            };
+
+            if let Ok(relative_path) = zip_entry_name.strip_prefix(prefix) {
+                let out_path = temp_dir.path().join(relative_path);
+                if file.is_dir() {
+                    std::fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
+                } else {
+                    // Create any parent directories
+                    if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
+                        std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+                    }
+                    let mut out_file = std::fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
+                    std::io::copy(&mut file, &mut out_file)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Self::decode_parquet(temp_dir.path(), path_for_decoded_graph)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_parquet(
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        path_for_decoded_graph: Option<&Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
 }
 
-const NODE_ID: &str = "rap_node_id";
+const NODE_ID_COL: &str = "rap_node_id";
+const NODE_VID_COL: &str = "rap_node_vid";
 const TYPE_COL: &str = "rap_node_type";
+const TYPE_ID_COL: &str = "rap_node_type_id";
 const TIME_COL: &str = "rap_time";
-const SRC_COL: &str = "rap_src";
-const DST_COL: &str = "rap_dst";
+const SECONDARY_INDEX_COL: &str = "rap_secondary_index";
+const SRC_COL_ID: &str = "rap_src_id";
+const DST_COL_ID: &str = "rap_dst_id";
+const EDGE_COL_ID: &str = "rap_edge_id";
 const LAYER_COL: &str = "rap_layer";
+const LAYER_ID_COL: &str = "rap_layer_id";
 const EDGES_T_PATH: &str = "edges_t";
 const EDGES_D_PATH: &str = "edges_d"; // deletions
 const EDGES_C_PATH: &str = "edges_c";
 const NODES_T_PATH: &str = "nodes_t";
 const NODES_C_PATH: &str = "nodes_c";
-
 const GRAPH_T_PATH: &str = "graph_t";
 const GRAPH_C_PATH: &str = "graph_c";
-
 const GRAPH_TYPE: &str = "graph_type";
-
 const EVENT_GRAPH_TYPE: &str = "rap_event_graph";
-
 const PERSISTENT_GRAPH_TYPE: &str = "rap_persistent_graph";
 
 impl ParquetEncoder for Graph {
     fn encode_parquet(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let gs = self.core_graph().clone();
+        let gs = self.core_graph().lock();
         encode_graph_storage(&gs, path, GraphType::EventGraph)
     }
 }
 
 impl ParquetEncoder for PersistentGraph {
     fn encode_parquet(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let gs = self.core_graph().clone();
+        let gs = self.core_graph().lock();
         encode_graph_storage(&gs, path, GraphType::PersistentGraph)
     }
 }
 
+impl ParquetEncoder for MaterializedGraph {
+    fn encode_parquet(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        match self {
+            MaterializedGraph::EventGraph(graph) => graph.encode_parquet(path),
+            MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(persistent_graph) => {
+                persistent_graph.encode_parquet(path)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn encode_graph_storage(
     g: &GraphStorage,
     path: impl AsRef<Path>,
@@ -153,6 +261,41 @@ pub(crate) fn run_encode(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn run_encode_indexed<Index, II: Iterator<Item = Index>>(
+    g: &GraphStorage,
+    meta: &PropMapper,
+    items: impl ParallelIterator<Item = (usize, II)>,
+    path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    suffix: &str,
+    default_fields_fn: impl Fn(&DataType) -> Vec<Field>,
+    encode_fn: impl Fn(II, &GraphStorage, &mut Decoder, &mut ArrowWriter<File>) -> Result<(), GraphError>
+        + Sync,
+) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    let schema = derive_schema(meta, g.id_type(), default_fields_fn)?;
+    let root_dir = path.as_ref().join(suffix);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&root_dir)?;
+
+    let num_digits = 8;
+
+    items.try_for_each(|(chunk, items)| {
+        let props = WriterProperties::builder()
+            .set_compression(Compression::SNAPPY)
+            .build();
+
+        let node_file = File::create(root_dir.join(format!("{chunk:0num_digits$}.parquet")))?;
+        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(node_file, schema.clone(), Some(props))?;
+
+        let mut decoder = ReaderBuilder::new(schema.clone()).build_decoder()?;
+
+        encode_fn(items, g, &mut decoder, &mut writer)?;
+
+        writer.close()?;
+        Ok::<_, GraphError>(())
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn derive_schema(
     prop_meta: &PropMapper,
     id_type: Option<GidType>,
@@ -178,14 +321,15 @@ pub(crate) fn derive_schema(
     } else {
         make_schema(DataType::UInt64, fields)
     };
+
     Ok(schema)
 }
 
 fn arrow_fields(meta: &PropMapper) -> Vec<Field> {
-    meta.get_keys()
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter_map(|name| {
-            let prop_id = meta.get_id(&name)?;
+    meta.keys()
+        .iter()
+        .zip(meta.ids())
+        .filter_map(|(name, prop_id)| {
             meta.get_dtype(prop_id)
                 .map(move |prop_type| (name, prop_type))
         })
@@ -197,7 +341,10 @@ fn arrow_fields(meta: &PropMapper) -> Vec<Field> {
 }
 
 fn ls_parquet_files(dir: &Path) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = PathBuf>, GraphError> {
-    Ok(std::fs::read_dir(dir)?
+    Ok(std::fs::read_dir(dir)
+        .inspect_err(|err| {
+            eprintln!("Error reading directory {}: {}", dir.display(), err);
+        })? // print out the path if it's missing
         .filter_map(Result::ok)
         .map(|entry| entry.path())
         .filter(|path| path.is_file() && path.extension().is_some_and(|ext| ext == "parquet")))
@@ -233,80 +380,113 @@ fn collect_prop_columns(
                 });
             Ok((cols, graph_type))
         };
+
     let mut prop_columns = vec![];
     let mut g_type: Option<GraphType> = None;
-    for path in ls_parquet_files(path)? {
+
+    // Collect columns from just the first file
+    if let Some(path) = ls_parquet_files(path)?.next() {
         let (columns, tpe) = prop_columns_fn(&path, exclude)?;
+
         if g_type.is_none() {
             g_type = tpe;
         }
+
         prop_columns.extend_from_slice(&columns);
     }
-    prop_columns.sort();
-    prop_columns.dedup();
+
     Ok((prop_columns, g_type))
 }
 
+fn decode_graph_type(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<GraphType, GraphError> {
+    let c_graph_path = path.as_ref().join(GRAPH_C_PATH);
+
+    // Assume event graph as default
+    if !std::fs::exists(&c_graph_path)? {
+        return Ok(GraphType::EventGraph);
+    }
+
+    let exclude = vec![TIME_COL];
+    let (_, g_type) = collect_prop_columns(&c_graph_path, &exclude)?;
+
+    g_type.ok_or_else(|| GraphError::LoadFailure("Graph type not found".to_string()))
+}
+
+pub fn decode_graph_metadata(
+    path: &impl GraphPaths,
+) -> Result<Vec<(String, Option<Prop>)>, GraphError> {
+    let c_graph_path = path.graph_path()?.join(GRAPH_C_PATH);
+    let exclude = vec![TIME_COL];
+    let (c_props, _) = collect_prop_columns(&c_graph_path, &exclude)?;
+    let c_props = c_props.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let mut result: Vec<(String, Option<Prop>)> =
+        c_props.iter().map(|s| (s.to_string(), None)).collect();
+
+    for path in get_parquet_file_paths(&c_graph_path)? {
+        let df_view = process_parquet_file_to_df(path.as_path(), Some(&c_props), None)?;
+        for chunk in df_view.chunks {
+            let chunk = chunk?;
+            for (col, res) in chunk.chunk.into_iter().zip(&mut result) {
+                if let Some(value) = lift_property_col(&col).get(0) {
+                    res.1 = Some(value);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
 fn decode_graph_storage(
     path: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    expected_gt: GraphType,
     batch_size: Option<usize>,
+    path_for_decoded_graph: Option<&Path>,
 ) -> Result<Arc<Storage>, GraphError> {
-    let g = Arc::new(Storage::default());
+    let graph = if let Some(storage_path) = path_for_decoded_graph {
+        Arc::new(Storage::new_at_path(storage_path)?)
+    } else {
+        Arc::new(Storage::default())
+    };
 
     let c_graph_path = path.as_ref().join(GRAPH_C_PATH);
 
-    let g_type = {
+    {
         let exclude = vec![TIME_COL];
-        let (c_props, g_type) = collect_prop_columns(&c_graph_path, &exclude)?;
+        let (c_props, _) = collect_prop_columns(&c_graph_path, &exclude)?;
         let c_props = c_props.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        load_graph_props_from_parquet(&g, &c_graph_path, TIME_COL, &[], &c_props, batch_size)?;
-
-        g_type.ok_or_else(|| GraphError::LoadFailure("Graph type not found".to_string()))?
-    };
 
-    if g_type != expected_gt {
-        return Err(GraphError::LoadFailure(format!(
-            "Expected graph type {:?}, got {:?}",
-            expected_gt, g_type
-        )));
+        load_graph_props_from_parquet(
+            &graph,
+            &c_graph_path,
+            TIME_COL,
+            None,
+            &[],
+            &c_props,
+            batch_size,
+        )?;
     }
 
     let t_graph_path = path.as_ref().join(GRAPH_T_PATH);
 
     if std::fs::exists(&t_graph_path)? {
-        let exclude = vec![TIME_COL];
+        let exclude = vec![TIME_COL, SECONDARY_INDEX_COL];
         let (t_props, _) = collect_prop_columns(&t_graph_path, &exclude)?;
         let t_props = t_props.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        load_graph_props_from_parquet(&g, &t_graph_path, TIME_COL, &t_props, &[], batch_size)?;
-    }
-
-    let t_node_path = path.as_ref().join(NODES_T_PATH);
-    if std::fs::exists(&t_node_path)? {
-        let exclude = vec![NODE_ID, TIME_COL, TYPE_COL];
-        let (t_prop_columns, _) = collect_prop_columns(&t_node_path, &exclude)?;
-        let t_prop_columns = t_prop_columns
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| s.as_str())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        load_nodes_from_parquet(
-            &g,
-            &t_node_path,
+        load_graph_props_from_parquet(
+            &graph,
+            &t_graph_path,
             TIME_COL,
-            NODE_ID,
-            None,
-            Some(TYPE_COL),
-            &t_prop_columns,
+            Some(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL),
+            &t_props,
             &[],
-            None,
             batch_size,
         )?;
     }
 
     let c_node_path = path.as_ref().join(NODES_C_PATH);
+
     if std::fs::exists(&c_node_path)? {
-        let exclude = vec![NODE_ID, TYPE_COL];
+        let exclude = vec![NODE_ID_COL, NODE_VID_COL, TYPE_COL, TYPE_ID_COL];
         let (c_prop_columns, _) = collect_prop_columns(&c_node_path, &exclude)?;
         let c_prop_columns = c_prop_columns
             .iter()
@@ -314,20 +494,57 @@ fn decode_graph_storage(
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         load_node_props_from_parquet(
-            &g,
+            &graph,
             &c_node_path,
-            NODE_ID,
+            NODE_ID_COL,
             None,
             Some(TYPE_COL),
+            Some(NODE_VID_COL),
+            Some(TYPE_ID_COL),
             &c_prop_columns,
             None,
             batch_size,
         )?;
     }
 
-    let exclude = vec![TIME_COL, SRC_COL, DST_COL, LAYER_COL];
+    let t_node_path = path.as_ref().join(NODES_T_PATH);
+
+    if std::fs::exists(&t_node_path)? {
+        let exclude = vec![NODE_VID_COL, TIME_COL, SECONDARY_INDEX_COL];
+        let (t_prop_columns, _) = collect_prop_columns(&t_node_path, &exclude)?;
+        let t_prop_columns = t_prop_columns
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        load_nodes_from_parquet(
+            &graph,
+            &t_node_path,
+            TIME_COL,
+            Some(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL),
+            NODE_VID_COL,
+            None,
+            None,
+            &t_prop_columns,
+            &[],
+            None,
+            batch_size,
+            false,
+        )?;
+    }
+
     let t_edge_path = path.as_ref().join(EDGES_T_PATH);
+
     if std::fs::exists(&t_edge_path)? {
+        let exclude = vec![
+            TIME_COL,
+            SECONDARY_INDEX_COL,
+            SRC_COL_ID,
+            DST_COL_ID,
+            LAYER_COL,
+            LAYER_ID_COL,
+            EDGE_COL_ID,
+        ];
         let (t_prop_columns, _) = collect_prop_columns(&t_edge_path, &exclude)?;
         let t_prop_columns = t_prop_columns
             .iter()
@@ -335,36 +552,51 @@ fn decode_graph_storage(
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         load_edges_from_parquet(
-            &g,
+            &graph,
             &t_edge_path,
-            TIME_COL,
-            SRC_COL,
-            DST_COL,
+            ColumnNames::new(
+                TIME_COL,
+                Some(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL),
+                SRC_COL_ID,
+                DST_COL_ID,
+                Some(LAYER_COL),
+            )
+            .with_layer_id_col(LAYER_ID_COL)
+            .with_edge_id_col(EDGE_COL_ID),
+            false,
             &t_prop_columns,
             &[],
             None,
             None,
-            Some(LAYER_COL),
             batch_size,
         )?;
     }
 
     let d_edge_path = path.as_ref().join(EDGES_D_PATH);
+
     if std::fs::exists(&d_edge_path)? {
         load_edge_deletions_from_parquet(
-            g.core_graph(),
+            graph.core_graph(),
             &d_edge_path,
-            TIME_COL,
-            SRC_COL,
-            DST_COL,
+            ColumnNames::new(
+                TIME_COL,
+                Some(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL),
+                SRC_COL_ID,
+                DST_COL_ID,
+                Some(LAYER_COL),
+            )
+            .with_layer_id_col(LAYER_ID_COL)
+            .with_edge_id_col(EDGE_COL_ID),
             None,
-            Some(LAYER_COL),
+            false,
             batch_size,
         )?;
     }
 
     let c_edge_path = path.as_ref().join(EDGES_C_PATH);
+
     if std::fs::exists(&c_edge_path)? {
+        let exclude = vec![SRC_COL_ID, DST_COL_ID, LAYER_COL, EDGE_COL_ID];
         let (c_prop_columns, _) = collect_prop_columns(&c_edge_path, &exclude)?;
         let metadata = c_prop_columns
             .iter()
@@ -372,52 +604,58 @@ fn decode_graph_storage(
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         load_edge_props_from_parquet(
-            &g,
+            &graph,
             &c_edge_path,
-            SRC_COL,
-            DST_COL,
+            SRC_COL_ID,
+            DST_COL_ID,
             &metadata,
             None,
             None,
             Some(LAYER_COL),
             batch_size,
+            false,
         )?;
     }
-
-    Ok(g)
+    Ok(graph)
 }
+
 impl ParquetDecoder for Graph {
-    fn decode_parquet(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, GraphError>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        let gs = decode_graph_storage(path, GraphType::EventGraph, None)?;
-        Ok(Graph::from_storage(gs))
+    fn decode_parquet(
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        path_for_decoded_graph: Option<&Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let batch_size = None;
+        let storage = decode_graph_storage(&path, batch_size, path_for_decoded_graph)?;
+        Ok(Graph::from_storage(storage))
     }
 }
 
 impl ParquetDecoder for PersistentGraph {
-    fn decode_parquet(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, GraphError>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        let gs = decode_graph_storage(path, GraphType::PersistentGraph, None)?;
-        Ok(PersistentGraph(gs))
+    fn decode_parquet(
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        path_for_decoded_graph: Option<&Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let batch_size = None;
+        let storage = decode_graph_storage(&path, batch_size, path_for_decoded_graph)?;
+        Ok(PersistentGraph(storage))
     }
 }
 
 impl ParquetDecoder for MaterializedGraph {
-    fn decode_parquet(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self, GraphError>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        // Try to decode as EventGraph first
-        match decode_graph_storage(path.as_ref(), GraphType::EventGraph, None) {
-            Ok(gs) => Ok(MaterializedGraph::EventGraph(Graph::from_storage(gs))),
-            Err(_) => {
-                // If that fails, try PersistentGraph
-                let gs = decode_graph_storage(path.as_ref(), GraphType::PersistentGraph, None)?;
-                Ok(MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(PersistentGraph(gs)))
+    fn decode_parquet(
+        path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        path_for_decoded_graph: Option<&Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let batch_size = None;
+        let graph_type = decode_graph_type(&path)?;
+        let storage = decode_graph_storage(&path, batch_size, path_for_decoded_graph)?;
+
+        match graph_type {
+            GraphType::EventGraph => {
+                Ok(MaterializedGraph::EventGraph(Graph::from_storage(storage)))
+            }
+            GraphType::PersistentGraph => {
+                Ok(MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(PersistentGraph(storage)))
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/model.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/model.rs
index 1d64a49f12..5680b5a9a4 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/model.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/model.rs
@@ -1,63 +1,25 @@
-use super::{Prop, DST_COL, LAYER_COL, NODE_ID, SRC_COL, TIME_COL, TYPE_COL};
+use super::{Prop, LAYER_COL, NODE_ID_COL, SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, TIME_COL, TYPE_COL};
 use crate::{
     db::{
         api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
         graph::{edge::EdgeView, node::NodeView},
     },
     prelude::*,
+    serialise::parquet::{
+        DST_COL_ID, EDGE_COL_ID, LAYER_ID_COL, NODE_VID_COL, SRC_COL_ID, TYPE_ID_COL,
+    },
 };
 use arrow::datatypes::DataType;
 use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::GidType,
+    entities::{properties::prop::SerdeArrowProp, GidType},
     storage::{arc_str::ArcStr, timeindex::TimeIndexEntry},
 };
 use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
 use serde::{
-    ser::{Error, SerializeMap, SerializeSeq},
+    ser::{Error, SerializeMap},
     Serialize,
 };
 
-pub(crate) struct ParquetProp<'a>(pub &'a Prop);
-
-impl<'a> Serialize for ParquetProp<'a> {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        match self.0 {
-            Prop::I32(i) => serializer.serialize_i32(*i),
-            Prop::I64(i) => serializer.serialize_i64(*i),
-            Prop::F32(f) => serializer.serialize_f32(*f),
-            Prop::F64(f) => serializer.serialize_f64(*f),
-            Prop::U8(u) => serializer.serialize_u8(*u),
-            Prop::U16(u) => serializer.serialize_u16(*u),
-            Prop::U32(u) => serializer.serialize_u32(*u),
-            Prop::U64(u) => serializer.serialize_u64(*u),
-            Prop::Str(s) => serializer.serialize_str(s),
-            Prop::Bool(b) => serializer.serialize_bool(*b),
-            Prop::DTime(dt) => serializer.serialize_i64(dt.timestamp_millis()),
-            Prop::NDTime(dt) => serializer.serialize_i64(dt.and_utc().timestamp_millis()),
-            Prop::List(l) => {
-                let mut state = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(l.len()))?;
-                for prop in l.iter() {
-                    state.serialize_element(&ParquetProp(prop))?;
-                }
-                state.end()
-            }
-            Prop::Map(m) => {
-                let mut state = serializer.serialize_map(Some(m.len()))?;
-                for (k, v) in m.iter() {
-                    state.serialize_entry(k, &ParquetProp(v))?;
-                }
-                state.end()
-            }
-
-            Prop::Decimal(dec) => serializer.serialize_str(&dec.to_string()),
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct ParquetGID(GID);
 
@@ -91,13 +53,21 @@ impl<'a, G: StaticGraphViewOps> Serialize for ParquetTEdge<'a, G> {
             .layer_name()
             .map_err(|_| S::Error::custom("Edge has no layer"))?;
 
+        let layer_id = edge
+            .edge
+            .layer()
+            .ok_or_else(|| S::Error::custom("Edge has no layer"))?;
+
         state.serialize_entry(TIME_COL, &t.0)?;
-        state.serialize_entry(SRC_COL, &ParquetGID(edge.src().id()))?;
-        state.serialize_entry(DST_COL, &ParquetGID(edge.dst().id()))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, &t.1)?;
+        state.serialize_entry(SRC_COL_ID, &edge.src().node.0)?;
+        state.serialize_entry(DST_COL_ID, &edge.dst().node.0)?;
+        state.serialize_entry(EDGE_COL_ID, &edge.edge.pid())?;
         state.serialize_entry(LAYER_COL, &layer)?;
+        state.serialize_entry(LAYER_ID_COL, &layer_id)?;
 
         for (name, prop) in edge.properties().temporal().iter_latest() {
-            state.serialize_entry(&name, &ParquetProp(&prop))?;
+            state.serialize_entry(&name, &SerdeArrowProp(&prop))?;
         }
 
         state.end()
@@ -118,12 +88,13 @@ impl<'a, G: StaticGraphViewOps> Serialize for ParquetCEdge<'a, G> {
             .layer_name()
             .map_err(|_| S::Error::custom("Edge has no layer"))?;
 
-        state.serialize_entry(SRC_COL, &ParquetGID(edge.src().id()))?;
-        state.serialize_entry(DST_COL, &ParquetGID(edge.dst().id()))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(SRC_COL_ID, &(edge.src().node.0))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(DST_COL_ID, &(edge.dst().node.0))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(EDGE_COL_ID, &(edge.edge.pid().0))?;
         state.serialize_entry(LAYER_COL, &layer)?;
 
         for (name, prop) in edge.metadata().iter_filtered() {
-            state.serialize_entry(&name, &ParquetProp(&prop))?;
+            state.serialize_entry(&name, &SerdeArrowProp(&prop))?;
         }
 
         state.end()
@@ -132,6 +103,7 @@ impl<'a, G: StaticGraphViewOps> Serialize for ParquetCEdge<'a, G> {
 
 pub(crate) struct ParquetDelEdge<'a, G> {
     pub layer: &'a str,
+    pub layer_id: usize,
     pub edge: EdgeView<&'a G>,
     pub del: TimeIndexEntry,
 }
@@ -145,9 +117,12 @@ impl<'a, G: StaticGraphViewOps> Serialize for ParquetDelEdge<'a, G> {
         let mut state = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
 
         state.serialize_entry(TIME_COL, &self.del.0)?;
-        state.serialize_entry(SRC_COL, &ParquetGID(edge.src().id()))?;
-        state.serialize_entry(DST_COL, &ParquetGID(edge.dst().id()))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, &self.del.1)?;
+        state.serialize_entry(SRC_COL_ID, &(edge.src().node.0))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(DST_COL_ID, &(edge.dst().node.0))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(EDGE_COL_ID, &(edge.edge.pid().0))?;
         state.serialize_entry(LAYER_COL, &self.layer)?;
+        state.serialize_entry(LAYER_ID_COL, &self.layer_id)?;
 
         state.end()
     }
@@ -167,12 +142,12 @@ impl<'a> Serialize for ParquetTNode<'a> {
     {
         let mut state = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
 
-        state.serialize_entry(NODE_ID, &ParquetGID(self.node.id()))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(NODE_VID_COL, &self.node.node.0)?;
         state.serialize_entry(TIME_COL, &self.t.0)?;
-        state.serialize_entry(TYPE_COL, &self.node.node_type())?;
+        state.serialize_entry(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, &self.t.1)?;
 
         for (name, prop) in self.props.iter() {
-            state.serialize_entry(&self.cols[*name], &ParquetProp(prop))?;
+            state.serialize_entry(&self.cols[*name], &SerdeArrowProp(prop))?;
         }
 
         state.end()
@@ -190,11 +165,13 @@ impl<'a> Serialize for ParquetCNode<'a> {
     {
         let mut state = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
 
-        state.serialize_entry(NODE_ID, &ParquetGID(self.node.id()))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(NODE_ID_COL, &ParquetGID(self.node.id()))?;
+        state.serialize_entry(NODE_VID_COL, &self.node.node.0)?;
         state.serialize_entry(TYPE_COL, &self.node.node_type())?;
+        state.serialize_entry(TYPE_ID_COL, &self.node.node_type_id())?;
 
         for (name, prop) in self.node.metadata().iter_filtered() {
-            state.serialize_entry(&name, &ParquetProp(&prop))?;
+            state.serialize_entry(&name, &SerdeArrowProp(&prop))?;
         }
 
         state.end()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/nodes.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/nodes.rs
index c67549c766..d15764b19f 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/nodes.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/parquet/nodes.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ use crate::{
     errors::GraphError,
     serialise::parquet::{
         model::{ParquetCNode, ParquetTNode},
-        run_encode, NODES_C_PATH, NODES_T_PATH, NODE_ID, TIME_COL, TYPE_COL,
+        run_encode_indexed, NODES_C_PATH, NODES_T_PATH, NODE_ID_COL, NODE_VID_COL,
+        SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, TIME_COL, TYPE_COL, TYPE_ID_COL,
     },
 };
 use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use raphtory_api::{core::entities::VID, iter::IntoDynBoxed};
+use raphtory_api::iter::IntoDynBoxed;
 use raphtory_storage::graph::graph::GraphStorage;
 use std::path::Path;
 
@@ -17,32 +18,28 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_nodes_tprop(
     g: &GraphStorage,
     path: impl AsRef<Path>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    run_encode(
+    run_encode_indexed(
         g,
         g.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper(),
-        g.unfiltered_num_nodes(),
+        g.nodes().row_groups_par_iter(),
         path,
         NODES_T_PATH,
-        |id_type| {
+        |_| {
             vec![
-                Field::new(NODE_ID, id_type.clone(), false),
+                Field::new(NODE_VID_COL, DataType::UInt64, false),
                 Field::new(TIME_COL, DataType::Int64, false),
-                Field::new(TYPE_COL, DataType::Utf8, true),
+                Field::new(SECONDARY_INDEX_COL, DataType::UInt64, true),
             ]
         },
         |nodes, g, decoder, writer| {
             let row_group_size = 100_000;
+            let nodes = nodes.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-            let cols = g
-                .node_meta()
-                .temporal_prop_mapper()
-                .get_keys()
-                .into_iter()
-                .collect_vec();
+            let nodes = nodes.into_iter();
+
+            let cols = g.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper().all_keys();
             let cols = &cols;
             for node_rows in nodes
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(VID)
                 .map(|vid| NodeView::new_internal(g, vid))
                 .flat_map(move |node| {
                     GenLockedIter::from(node, |node| {
@@ -75,36 +72,39 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_nodes_cprop(
     g: &GraphStorage,
     path: impl AsRef<Path>,
 ) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    run_encode(
+    run_encode_indexed(
         g,
         g.node_meta().metadata_mapper(),
-        g.unfiltered_num_nodes(),
+        g.nodes().row_groups_par_iter(),
         path,
         NODES_C_PATH,
         |id_type| {
             vec![
-                Field::new(NODE_ID, id_type.clone(), false),
+                Field::new(NODE_ID_COL, id_type.clone(), false),
+                Field::new(NODE_VID_COL, DataType::UInt64, false),
                 Field::new(TYPE_COL, DataType::Utf8, true),
+                Field::new(TYPE_ID_COL, DataType::UInt64, true),
             ]
         },
         |nodes, g, decoder, writer| {
             let row_group_size = 100_000;
 
             for node_rows in nodes
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(VID)
                 .map(|vid| NodeView::new_internal(g, vid))
                 .map(move |node| ParquetCNode { node })
                 .chunks(row_group_size)
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|chunk| chunk.collect_vec())
+            // scope for the decoder
             {
                 decoder.serialize(&node_rows)?;
+
                 if let Some(rb) = decoder.flush()? {
                     writer.write(&rb)?;
                     writer.flush()?;
                 }
             }
+
             Ok(())
         },
     )
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/proto_ext.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/proto/ext.rs
similarity index 91%
rename from raphtory/src/serialise/proto_ext.rs
rename to raphtory/src/serialise/proto/ext.rs
index 7aa9e8301e..79f9ad1ba8 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/proto_ext.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/proto/ext.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,18 @@
-use super::proto::{
-    prop::Array,
-    prop_type::{Array as ArrayType, Scalar as ScalarType},
-};
-use crate::{
-    errors::GraphError,
-    serialise::proto::{
-        self,
-        graph_update::{
-            DelEdge, PropPair, Update, UpdateEdgeCProps, UpdateEdgeTProps, UpdateGraphCProps,
-            UpdateGraphTProps, UpdateNodeCProps, UpdateNodeTProps, UpdateNodeType,
-        },
-        new_meta::{
-            Meta, NewEdgeCProp, NewEdgeTProp, NewGraphCProp, NewGraphTProp, NewLayer, NewNodeCProp,
-            NewNodeTProp, NewNodeType,
-        },
-        new_node, prop,
-        prop_type::{PType, PropType as SPropType},
-        GraphUpdate, NewEdge, NewMeta, NewNode,
+use super::proto_generated::{
+    self,
+    graph_update::{
+        DelEdge, PropPair, Update, UpdateEdgeCProps, UpdateEdgeTProps, UpdateGraphCProps,
+        UpdateGraphTProps, UpdateNodeCProps, UpdateNodeTProps, UpdateNodeType,
+    },
+    new_meta::{
+        Meta, NewEdgeCProp, NewEdgeTProp, NewGraphCProp, NewGraphTProp, NewLayer, NewNodeCProp,
+        NewNodeTProp, NewNodeType,
     },
+    new_node, prop,
+    prop_type::{Array as ArrayType, PType, PropType as SPropType, Scalar as ScalarType},
+    GraphUpdate, NewEdge, NewMeta, NewNode,
 };
+use crate::errors::GraphError;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Datelike, NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime, Timelike};
 use raphtory_api::core::{
     entities::{
@@ -32,9 +26,6 @@ use raphtory_api::core::{
 };
 use std::{borrow::Borrow, collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 
-#[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropArray;
-
 fn as_proto_prop_type(p_type: &PropType) -> Option<SPropType> {
     let val = match p_type {
         PropType::Str => SPropType::Str,
@@ -60,30 +51,32 @@ fn as_proto_prop_type(p_type: &PropType) -> Option<SPropType> {
 
 fn as_proto_prop_type2(p_type: &PropType) -> Option<PType> {
     match p_type {
-        PropType::Array(tpe) => {
+        PropType::List(tpe) => {
             let prop_type = as_proto_prop_type(tpe)?;
             Some(PType {
-                kind: Some(proto::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Array(ArrayType {
+                kind: Some(proto_generated::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Array(ArrayType {
                     p_type: prop_type.into(),
                 })),
             })
         }
         _ => Some(PType {
-            kind: Some(proto::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Scalar(ScalarType {
-                p_type: as_proto_prop_type(p_type)?.into(),
-            })),
+            kind: Some(proto_generated::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Scalar(
+                ScalarType {
+                    p_type: as_proto_prop_type(p_type)?.into(),
+                },
+            )),
         }),
     }
 }
 
 fn as_prop_type2(p_type: PType) -> Option<PropType> {
     match p_type.kind? {
-        proto::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Scalar(scalar) => as_prop_type(scalar.p_type()),
-        proto::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Array(array) => {
+        proto_generated::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Scalar(scalar) => as_prop_type(scalar.p_type()),
+        proto_generated::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Array(array) => {
             let p_type = as_prop_type(array.p_type())?;
-            Some(PropType::Array(Box::new(p_type)))
+            Some(PropType::List(Box::new(p_type)))
         }
-        proto::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Decimal(decimal) => Some(PropType::Decimal {
+        proto_generated::prop_type::p_type::Kind::Decimal(decimal) => Some(PropType::Decimal {
             scale: decimal.scale as i64,
         }),
     }
@@ -486,7 +479,7 @@ impl PropPair {
     }
 }
 
-impl proto::Graph {
+impl proto_generated::Graph {
     pub fn new_edge(&mut self, src: VID, dst: VID, eid: EID) {
         let edge = NewEdge {
             src: src.as_u64(),
@@ -630,13 +623,14 @@ fn as_prop_value(value: Option<&prop::Value>) -> Result<Option<Prop>, GraphError
         prop::Value::F32(f) => Some(Prop::F32(*f)),
         prop::Value::F64(f) => Some(Prop::F64(*f)),
         prop::Value::Str(s) => Some(Prop::Str(ArcStr::from(s.as_str()))),
-        prop::Value::Prop(props) => Some(Prop::List(Arc::new(
+        prop::Value::Prop(props) => Some(Prop::List(
             props
                 .properties
                 .iter()
                 .filter_map(|prop| as_prop_value(prop.value.as_ref()).transpose())
-                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
-        ))),
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
+                .into(),
+        )),
         prop::Value::Map(dict) => Some(Prop::Map(Arc::new(
             dict.map
                 .iter()
@@ -666,7 +660,7 @@ fn as_prop_value(value: Option<&prop::Value>) -> Result<Option<Prop>, GraphError
         prop::Value::DTime(dt) => Some(Prop::DTime(
             DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(dt).unwrap().into(),
         )),
-        prop::Value::Array(blob) => Some(Prop::Array(PropArray::from_vec_u8(&blob.data)?)),
+        prop::Value::Array(_) => None,
         _ => None,
     };
     Ok(value)
@@ -689,7 +683,7 @@ pub fn collect_props<'a>(
         .collect()
 }
 
-fn as_proto_prop(prop: &Prop) -> proto::Prop {
+fn as_proto_prop(prop: &Prop) -> proto_generated::Prop {
     let value: Option<prop::Value> = match prop {
         Prop::Bool(b) => Some(prop::Value::BoolValue(*b)),
         Prop::U8(u) => Some(prop::Value::U8((*u).into())),
@@ -702,7 +696,7 @@ fn as_proto_prop(prop: &Prop) -> proto::Prop {
         Prop::F64(f) => Some(prop::Value::F64(*f)),
         Prop::Str(s) => Some(prop::Value::Str(s.to_string())),
         Prop::List(list) => {
-            let properties = list.iter().map(as_proto_prop).collect();
+            let properties = list.iter().map(|p| as_proto_prop(&p)).collect();
             Some(prop::Value::Prop(prop::Props { properties }))
         }
         Prop::Map(map) => {
@@ -735,11 +729,8 @@ fn as_proto_prop(prop: &Prop) -> proto::Prop {
         Prop::DTime(dt) => Some(prop::Value::DTime(
             dt.to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::AutoSi, true),
         )),
-        Prop::Array(blob) => Some(prop::Value::Array(Array {
-            data: blob.to_vec_u8(),
-        })),
         Prop::Decimal(bd) => Some(prop::Value::Decimal(bd.to_string())),
     };
 
-    proto::Prop { value }
+    proto_generated::Prop { value }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/proto/mod.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/proto/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acb0bc8da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/proto/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+use crate::{
+    core::entities::LayerIds,
+    db::{
+        api::{
+            properties::internal::{InternalMetadataOps, InternalTemporalPropertyViewOps},
+            view::MaterializedGraph,
+        },
+        graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph,
+    },
+    errors::GraphError,
+    prelude::Graph,
+};
+
+// Load the generated protobuf code from the build directory
+pub mod proto_generated {
+    include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/serialise.rs"));
+}
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use raphtory_api::core::{
+    entities::{
+        properties::{prop::Prop, tprop::TPropOps},
+        VID,
+    },
+    storage::timeindex::TimeIndexOps,
+};
+use raphtory_storage::{
+    core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
+    graph::{
+        edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, graph::GraphStorage,
+        nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps,
+    },
+};
+use std::{iter, ops::Deref};
+
+pub mod ext;
+
+/// Trait for encoding a graph to protobuf format
+pub trait ProtoEncoder {
+    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto_generated::Graph;
+}
+
+/// Trait for decoding a graph from protobuf format
+pub trait ProtoDecoder: Sized {
+    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto_generated::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! zip_tprop_updates {
+    ($iter:expr) => {
+        &$iter
+            .map(|(key, values)| values.iter().map(move |(t, v)| (t, (key, v))))
+            .kmerge_by(|(left_t, _), (right_t, _)| left_t <= right_t)
+            .chunk_by(|(t, _)| *t)
+    };
+}
+
+impl ProtoEncoder for GraphStorage {
+    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto_generated::Graph {
+        let storage = self.lock();
+        let mut graph = proto_generated::Graph::default();
+
+        // Graph Properties
+        let graph_meta = storage.graph_props_meta();
+        for (id, key) in graph_meta.metadata_mapper().read().iter_ids() {
+            graph.new_graph_cprop(key, id);
+        }
+        graph.update_graph_cprops(
+            storage
+                .metadata_ids()
+                .filter_map(|id| Some((id, storage.get_metadata(id)?))),
+        );
+
+        for (id, key, dtype) in graph_meta
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .locked()
+            .iter_ids_and_types()
+        {
+            graph.new_graph_tprop(key, id, dtype);
+        }
+
+        let t_props = graph_meta
+            .temporal_prop_mapper()
+            .locked()
+            .iter_ids_and_types()
+            .map(|(id, _, _)| storage.temporal_iter(id).map(move |(t, v)| (t, (id, v))))
+            .kmerge_by(|(left_t, _), (right_t, _)| left_t <= right_t)
+            .chunk_by(|(t, _)| *t);
+
+        for (t, group) in t_props.into_iter() {
+            graph.update_graph_tprops(t, group.map(|(_, v)| v));
+        }
+
+        // Layers
+        for (id, layer) in storage.edge_meta().layer_meta().read().iter_ids() {
+            graph.new_layer(layer, id);
+        }
+
+        // Node Types
+        for (id, node_type) in storage.node_meta().node_type_meta().read().iter_ids() {
+            graph.new_node_type(node_type, id);
+        }
+
+        // Node Properties
+        let n_const_meta = self.node_meta().metadata_mapper();
+        for (id, key, dtype) in n_const_meta.locked().iter_ids_and_types() {
+            graph.new_node_cprop(key, id, dtype);
+        }
+        let n_temporal_meta = self.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
+        for (id, key, dtype) in n_temporal_meta.locked().iter_ids_and_types() {
+            graph.new_node_tprop(key, id, dtype);
+        }
+
+        // Nodes
+        let nodes = storage.nodes();
+        for node_id in 0..nodes.len() {
+            let node = nodes.node(VID(node_id));
+            graph.new_node(node.id(), node.vid(), node.node_type_id());
+
+            for (time, _, row) in node.temp_prop_rows() {
+                graph.update_node_tprops(node.vid(), time, row.into_iter());
+            }
+
+            graph.update_node_cprops(
+                node.vid(),
+                n_const_meta
+                    .ids()
+                    .flat_map(|i| node.constant_prop_layer(0, i).map(|v| (i, v))),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Edge Properties
+        let e_const_meta = self.edge_meta().metadata_mapper();
+        for (id, key, dtype) in e_const_meta.locked().iter_ids_and_types() {
+            graph.new_edge_cprop(key, id, dtype);
+        }
+        let e_temporal_meta = self.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
+        for (id, key, dtype) in e_temporal_meta.locked().iter_ids_and_types() {
+            graph.new_edge_tprop(key, id, dtype);
+        }
+
+        // Edges
+        let edges = storage.edges();
+        for edge in edges.iter(&LayerIds::All) {
+            let eid = edge.eid();
+            let edge = edge.as_ref();
+            graph.new_edge(edge.src(), edge.dst(), eid);
+            for layer_id in storage.unfiltered_layer_ids() {
+                for (t, props) in zip_tprop_updates!(e_temporal_meta
+                    .ids()
+                    .map(|i| (i, edge.temporal_prop_layer(layer_id, i))))
+                {
+                    graph.update_edge_tprops(eid, t, layer_id, props.map(|(_, v)| v));
+                }
+                for t in edge.additions(layer_id).iter() {
+                    graph.update_edge_tprops(eid, t, layer_id, iter::empty::<(usize, Prop)>());
+                }
+                for t in edge.deletions(layer_id).iter() {
+                    graph.del_edge(eid, layer_id, t);
+                }
+                graph.update_edge_cprops(
+                    eid,
+                    layer_id,
+                    e_const_meta
+                        .ids()
+                        .filter_map(|i| edge.metadata_layer(layer_id, i).map(|prop| (i, prop))),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        graph
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProtoEncoder for Graph {
+    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto_generated::Graph {
+        let mut graph = self.core_graph().encode_to_proto();
+        graph.set_graph_type(proto_generated::GraphType::Event);
+        graph
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProtoEncoder for PersistentGraph {
+    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto_generated::Graph {
+        let mut graph = self.core_graph().encode_to_proto();
+        graph.set_graph_type(proto_generated::GraphType::Persistent);
+        graph
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProtoEncoder for MaterializedGraph {
+    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto_generated::Graph {
+        match self {
+            MaterializedGraph::EventGraph(graph) => graph.encode_to_proto(),
+            MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(graph) => graph.encode_to_proto(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProtoDecoder for GraphStorage {
+    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto_generated::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        todo!("implement this")
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProtoDecoder for Graph {
+    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto_generated::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        todo!("implement this")
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProtoDecoder for PersistentGraph {
+    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto_generated::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        match graph.graph_type() {
+            proto_generated::GraphType::Event => Err(GraphError::GraphLoadError),
+            proto_generated::GraphType::Persistent => {
+                let storage = GraphStorage::decode_from_proto(graph)?;
+                Ok(PersistentGraph::from_internal_graph(storage))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProtoDecoder for MaterializedGraph {
+    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto_generated::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        todo!("implement this")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/src/serialise/serialise.rs b/raphtory/src/serialise/serialise.rs
index 3504cdb0c4..dab57dec81 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/serialise/serialise.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/serialise/serialise.rs
@@ -1,733 +1,176 @@
-use super::{proto_ext::PropTypeExt, GraphFolder};
 #[cfg(feature = "search")]
 use crate::prelude::IndexMutationOps;
 use crate::{
-    core::entities::{graph::tgraph::TemporalGraph, LayerIds},
-    db::{
-        api::view::{MaterializedGraph, StaticGraphViewOps},
-        graph::views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph,
+    db::api::{
+        mutation::AdditionOps, storage::storage::PersistentStrategy, view::StaticGraphViewOps,
     },
     errors::GraphError,
-    prelude::{AdditionOps, Graph},
     serialise::{
-        proto::{self, graph_update::*, new_meta::*, new_node::Gid},
-        proto_ext,
+        get_zip_graph_path,
+        metadata::GraphMetadata,
+        parquet::{ParquetDecoder, ParquetEncoder},
+        GraphFolder, GraphPaths, Metadata, RelativePath, DEFAULT_DATA_PATH, DEFAULT_GRAPH_PATH,
+        GRAPH_META_PATH, ROOT_META_PATH,
     },
 };
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use prost::Message;
-use raphtory_api::core::{
-    entities::{
-        properties::{
-            meta::PropMapper,
-            prop::{unify_types, Prop, PropType},
-            tprop::TPropOps,
-        },
-        GidRef, EID, VID,
-    },
-    storage::timeindex::{TimeIndexEntry, TimeIndexOps},
-    Direction,
-};
-use raphtory_storage::{
-    core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
-    graph::{
-        edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps, graph::GraphStorage,
-        nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps,
-    },
-    mutation::{
-        addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps, property_addition_ops::InternalPropertyAdditionOps,
-    },
+use std::{
+    fs::File,
+    io::{Cursor, Read, Seek, Write},
 };
-use rayon::prelude::*;
-use std::{iter, ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
-
-macro_rules! zip_tprop_updates {
-    ($iter:expr) => {
-        &$iter
-            .map(|(key, values)| values.iter().map(move |(t, v)| (t, (key, v))))
-            .kmerge_by(|(left_t, _), (right_t, _)| left_t <= right_t)
-            .chunk_by(|(t, _)| *t)
-    };
-}
+use storage::Extension;
+use zip::{write::SimpleFileOptions, ZipArchive, ZipWriter};
 
 pub trait StableEncode: StaticGraphViewOps + AdditionOps {
-    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto::Graph;
-    fn encode_to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        self.encode_to_proto().encode_to_vec()
+    fn encode_to_zip<W: Write + Seek>(&self, writer: ZipWriter<W>) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
+    /// Encode the graph into bytes.
+    fn encode_to_bytes(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, GraphError>;
+
+    /// Encode the graph into the given path.
+    fn encode(&self, path: impl Into<GraphFolder>) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
+}
+
+impl<T: ParquetEncoder + StaticGraphViewOps + AdditionOps> StableEncode for T {
+    fn encode_to_zip<W: Write + Seek>(&self, mut writer: ZipWriter<W>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        let graph_meta = GraphMetadata::from_graph(self);
+        writer.start_file(ROOT_META_PATH, SimpleFileOptions::default())?;
+        writer.write_all(&serde_json::to_vec(&RelativePath {
+            path: DEFAULT_DATA_PATH.to_string(),
+        })?)?;
+        writer.start_file(
+            [DEFAULT_DATA_PATH, GRAPH_META_PATH].join("/"),
+            SimpleFileOptions::default(),
+        )?;
+        writer.write_all(&serde_json::to_vec(&Metadata {
+            path: DEFAULT_GRAPH_PATH.to_string(),
+            meta: graph_meta,
+        })?)?;
+        let graph_prefix = [DEFAULT_DATA_PATH, DEFAULT_GRAPH_PATH].join("/");
+        self.encode_parquet_to_zip(&mut writer, graph_prefix)?;
+        // TODO: Encode Index to zip
+        writer.finish()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn encode_to_bytes(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, GraphError> {
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        let writer = ZipWriter::new(Cursor::new(&mut bytes));
+        self.encode_to_zip(writer)?;
+        Ok(bytes)
     }
 
     fn encode(&self, path: impl Into<GraphFolder>) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-        let folder = path.into();
-        folder.write_graph(self)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait StableDecode: InternalStableDecode + StaticGraphViewOps + AdditionOps {
-    fn decode(path: impl Into<GraphFolder>) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let folder = path.into();
-        let graph = Self::decode_from_path(&folder)?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-        graph.load_index(&folder)?;
-
-        Ok(graph)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: InternalStableDecode + StaticGraphViewOps + AdditionOps> StableDecode for T {}
-
-pub trait InternalStableDecode: Sized {
-    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
-
-    fn decode_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let graph = proto::Graph::decode(bytes)?;
-        Self::decode_from_proto(&graph)
-    }
-
-    fn decode_from_path(path: &GraphFolder) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let bytes = path.read_graph()?;
-        let graph = Self::decode_from_bytes(bytes.as_ref())?;
-        Ok(graph)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait CacheOps: Sized {
-    /// Write graph to file and append future updates to the same file.
-    ///
-    /// If the file already exists, it's contents are overwritten
-    fn cache(&self, path: impl Into<GraphFolder>) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
-
-    /// Persist the new updates by appending them to the cache file.
-    fn write_updates(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError>;
-
-    /// Load graph from file and append future updates to the same file
-    fn load_cached(path: impl Into<GraphFolder>) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
-}
-
-impl StableEncode for GraphStorage {
-    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto::Graph {
-        let storage = self.lock();
-        let mut graph = proto::Graph::default();
-
-        // Graph Properties
-        let graph_meta = storage.graph_meta();
-        for (id, key) in graph_meta.metadata_mapper().get_keys().iter().enumerate() {
-            graph.new_graph_cprop(key, id);
-        }
-        graph.update_graph_cprops(graph_meta.metadata());
-
-        for (id, (key, dtype)) in graph_meta
-            .temporal_mapper()
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .zip(graph_meta.temporal_mapper().dtypes().iter())
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            graph.new_graph_tprop(key, id, dtype);
-        }
-        for (t, group) in &graph_meta
-            .temporal_props()
-            .map(|(key, values)| {
-                values
-                    .deref()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(move |(t, v)| (t, (key, v)))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            })
-            .kmerge_by(|(left_t, _), (right_t, _)| left_t <= right_t)
-            .chunk_by(|(t, _)| *t)
-        {
-            graph.update_graph_tprops(t, group.map(|(_, v)| v));
-        }
-
-        // Layers
-        for (id, layer) in storage
-            .edge_meta()
-            .layer_meta()
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            graph.new_layer(layer, id);
-        }
-
-        // Node Types
-        for (id, node_type) in storage
-            .node_meta()
-            .node_type_meta()
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            graph.new_node_type(node_type, id);
-        }
-
-        // Node Properties
-        let n_const_meta = self.node_meta().metadata_mapper();
-        for (id, (key, dtype)) in n_const_meta
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .zip(n_const_meta.dtypes().iter())
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            graph.new_node_cprop(key, id, dtype);
-        }
-        let n_temporal_meta = self.node_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
-        for (id, (key, dtype)) in n_temporal_meta
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .zip(n_temporal_meta.dtypes().iter())
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            graph.new_node_tprop(key, id, dtype);
-        }
-
-        // Nodes
-        let nodes = storage.nodes();
-        for node_id in 0..nodes.len() {
-            let node = nodes.node(VID(node_id));
-            graph.new_node(node.id(), node.vid(), node.node_type_id());
-
-            for (time, row) in node.temp_prop_rows() {
-                graph.update_node_tprops(
-                    node.vid(),
-                    time,
-                    row.into_iter().filter_map(|(id, prop)| Some((id, prop?))),
-                );
-            }
+        let folder: GraphFolder = path.into();
 
-            graph.update_node_cprops(
-                node.vid(),
-                (0..n_const_meta.len()).flat_map(|i| node.prop(i).map(|v| (i, v))),
-            );
+        if folder.write_as_zip_format {
+            let file = File::create_new(&folder.root())?;
+            self.encode_to_zip(ZipWriter::new(file))?;
+        } else {
+            let write_folder = folder.init_write()?;
+            self.encode_parquet(write_folder.graph_path()?)?;
+            #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+            self.persist_index_to_disk(&write_folder)?;
+            write_folder.data_path()?.write_metadata(self)?;
+            write_folder.finish()?;
         }
-
-        // Edge Properties
-        let e_const_meta = self.edge_meta().metadata_mapper();
-        for (id, (key, dtype)) in e_const_meta
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .zip(e_const_meta.dtypes().iter())
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            graph.new_edge_cprop(key, id, dtype);
-        }
-        let e_temporal_meta = self.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
-        for (id, (key, dtype)) in e_temporal_meta
-            .get_keys()
-            .iter()
-            .zip(e_temporal_meta.dtypes().iter())
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            graph.new_edge_tprop(key, id, dtype);
-        }
-
-        // Edges
-        let edges = storage.edges();
-        for eid in 0..edges.len() {
-            let eid = EID(eid);
-            let edge = edges.edge(eid);
-            let edge = edge.as_ref();
-            graph.new_edge(edge.src(), edge.dst(), eid);
-            for layer_id in 0..storage.unfiltered_num_layers() {
-                for (t, props) in
-                    zip_tprop_updates!((0..e_temporal_meta.len())
-                        .map(|i| (i, edge.temporal_prop_layer(layer_id, i))))
-                {
-                    graph.update_edge_tprops(eid, t, layer_id, props.map(|(_, v)| v));
-                }
-                for t in edge.additions(layer_id).iter() {
-                    graph.update_edge_tprops(eid, t, layer_id, iter::empty::<(usize, Prop)>());
-                }
-                for t in edge.deletions(layer_id).iter() {
-                    graph.del_edge(eid, layer_id, t);
-                }
-                graph.update_edge_cprops(
-                    eid,
-                    layer_id,
-                    (0..e_const_meta.len())
-                        .filter_map(|i| edge.metadata_layer(layer_id, i).map(|prop| (i, prop))),
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        graph
-    }
-}
-
-impl StableEncode for Graph {
-    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto::Graph {
-        let mut graph = self.core_graph().encode_to_proto();
-        graph.set_graph_type(proto::GraphType::Event);
-        graph
-    }
-}
-
-impl StableEncode for PersistentGraph {
-    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto::Graph {
-        let mut graph = self.core_graph().encode_to_proto();
-        graph.set_graph_type(proto::GraphType::Persistent);
-        graph
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
-impl StableEncode for MaterializedGraph {
-    fn encode_to_proto(&self) -> proto::Graph {
-        match self {
-            MaterializedGraph::EventGraph(graph) => graph.encode_to_proto(),
-            MaterializedGraph::PersistentGraph(graph) => graph.encode_to_proto(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl InternalStableDecode for TemporalGraph {
-    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let storage = Self::default();
-        graph.metas.par_iter().for_each(|meta| {
-            if let Some(meta) = meta.meta.as_ref() {
-                match meta {
-                    Meta::NewNodeType(node_type) => {
-                        storage
-                            .node_meta
-                            .node_type_meta()
-                            .set_id(node_type.name.as_str(), node_type.id as usize);
-                    }
-                    Meta::NewNodeCprop(node_cprop) => {
-                        let p_type = node_cprop.prop_type();
-                        storage.node_meta.metadata_mapper().set_id_and_dtype(
-                            node_cprop.name.as_str(),
-                            node_cprop.id as usize,
-                            p_type,
-                        )
-                    }
-                    Meta::NewNodeTprop(node_tprop) => {
-                        let p_type = node_tprop.prop_type();
-                        storage.node_meta.temporal_prop_mapper().set_id_and_dtype(
-                            node_tprop.name.as_str(),
-                            node_tprop.id as usize,
-                            p_type,
-                        )
-                    }
-                    Meta::NewGraphCprop(graph_cprop) => storage
-                        .graph_meta
-                        .metadata_mapper()
-                        .set_id(graph_cprop.name.as_str(), graph_cprop.id as usize),
-                    Meta::NewGraphTprop(graph_tprop) => {
-                        let p_type = graph_tprop.prop_type();
-                        storage.graph_meta.temporal_mapper().set_id_and_dtype(
-                            graph_tprop.name.as_str(),
-                            graph_tprop.id as usize,
-                            p_type,
-                        )
-                    }
-                    Meta::NewLayer(new_layer) => storage
-                        .edge_meta
-                        .layer_meta()
-                        .set_id(new_layer.name.as_str(), new_layer.id as usize),
-                    Meta::NewEdgeCprop(edge_cprop) => {
-                        let p_type = edge_cprop.prop_type();
-                        storage.edge_meta.metadata_mapper().set_id_and_dtype(
-                            edge_cprop.name.as_str(),
-                            edge_cprop.id as usize,
-                            p_type,
-                        )
-                    }
-                    Meta::NewEdgeTprop(edge_tprop) => {
-                        let p_type = edge_tprop.prop_type();
-                        storage.edge_meta.temporal_prop_mapper().set_id_and_dtype(
-                            edge_tprop.name.as_str(),
-                            edge_tprop.id as usize,
-                            p_type,
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        });
-
-        let new_edge_property_types = storage
-            .write_lock_edges()?
-            .into_par_iter_mut()
-            .map(|mut shard| {
-                let mut metadata_types =
-                    vec![PropType::Empty; storage.edge_meta.metadata_mapper().len()];
-                let mut temporal_prop_types =
-                    vec![PropType::Empty; storage.edge_meta.temporal_prop_mapper().len()];
-
-                for edge in graph.edges.iter() {
-                    if let Some(mut new_edge) = shard.get_mut(edge.eid()) {
-                        let edge_store = new_edge.edge_store_mut();
-                        edge_store.src = edge.src();
-                        edge_store.dst = edge.dst();
-                        edge_store.eid = edge.eid();
-                    }
-                }
-                for update in graph.updates.iter() {
-                    if let Some(update) = update.update.as_ref() {
-                        match update {
-                            Update::DelEdge(del_edge) => {
-                                if let Some(mut edge_mut) = shard.get_mut(del_edge.eid()) {
-                                    edge_mut
-                                        .deletions_mut(del_edge.layer_id())
-                                        .insert(del_edge.time());
-                                    storage.update_time(del_edge.time());
-                                }
-                            }
-                            Update::UpdateEdgeCprops(update) => {
-                                if let Some(mut edge_mut) = shard.get_mut(update.eid()) {
-                                    let edge_layer = edge_mut.layer_mut(update.layer_id());
-                                    for prop_update in update.props() {
-                                        let (id, prop) = prop_update?;
-                                        let prop = storage.process_prop_value(&prop);
-                                        if let Ok(new_type) = unify_types(
-                                            &metadata_types[id],
-                                            &prop.dtype(),
-                                            &mut false,
-                                        ) {
-                                            metadata_types[id] = new_type; // the original types saved in protos are now incomplete we need to update them
-                                        }
-                                        edge_layer.update_metadata(id, prop)?;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            Update::UpdateEdgeTprops(update) => {
-                                if let Some(mut edge_mut) = shard.get_mut(update.eid()) {
-                                    edge_mut
-                                        .additions_mut(update.layer_id())
-                                        .insert(update.time());
-                                    if update.has_props() {
-                                        let edge_layer = edge_mut.layer_mut(update.layer_id());
-                                        for prop_update in update.props() {
-                                            let (id, prop) = prop_update?;
-                                            let prop = storage.process_prop_value(&prop);
-                                            if let Ok(new_type) = unify_types(
-                                                &temporal_prop_types[id],
-                                                &prop.dtype(),
-                                                &mut false,
-                                            ) {
-                                                temporal_prop_types[id] = new_type;
-                                                // the original types saved in protos are now incomplete we need to update them
-                                            }
-                                            edge_layer.add_prop(update.time(), id, prop)?;
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                    storage.update_time(update.time())
-                                }
-                            }
-                            _ => {}
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok::<_, GraphError>((metadata_types, temporal_prop_types))
-            })
-            .try_reduce_with(|(l_const, l_temp), (r_const, r_temp)| {
-                unify_property_types(&l_const, &r_const, &l_temp, &r_temp)
-            })
-            .transpose()?;
-
-        if let Some((metadata_types, temp_prop_types)) = new_edge_property_types {
-            update_meta(
-                metadata_types,
-                temp_prop_types,
-                storage.edge_meta.metadata_mapper(),
-                storage.edge_meta.temporal_prop_mapper(),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let new_nodes_property_types = storage
-            .write_lock_nodes()?
-            .into_par_iter_mut()
-            .map(|mut shard| {
-                let mut metadata_types =
-                    vec![PropType::Empty; storage.node_meta.metadata_mapper().len()];
-                let mut temporal_prop_types =
-                    vec![PropType::Empty; storage.node_meta.temporal_prop_mapper().len()];
-
-                for node in graph.nodes.iter() {
-                    let vid = VID(node.vid as usize);
-                    let gid = match node.gid.as_ref().unwrap() {
-                        Gid::GidStr(name) => GidRef::Str(name),
-                        Gid::GidU64(gid) => GidRef::U64(*gid),
-                    };
-                    if let Some(mut node_store) = shard.set(vid, gid) {
-                        storage.logical_to_physical.set(gid, vid)?;
-                        node_store.node_store_mut().node_type = node.type_id as usize;
-                    }
-                }
-                let edges = storage.storage.edges.read_lock();
-                for edge in edges.iter() {
-                    if let Some(src) = shard.get_mut(edge.src()) {
-                        for layer in edge.layer_ids_iter(&LayerIds::All) {
-                            src.add_edge(edge.dst(), Direction::OUT, layer, edge.eid());
-                            for t in edge.additions(layer).iter() {
-                                src.update_time(t, edge.eid().with_layer(layer));
-                            }
-                            for t in edge.deletions(layer).iter() {
-                                src.update_time(t, edge.eid().with_layer_deletion(layer));
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if let Some(dst) = shard.get_mut(edge.dst()) {
-                        for layer in edge.layer_ids_iter(&LayerIds::All) {
-                            dst.add_edge(edge.src(), Direction::IN, layer, edge.eid());
-                            for t in edge.additions(layer).iter() {
-                                dst.update_time(t, edge.eid().with_layer(layer));
-                            }
-                            for t in edge.deletions(layer).iter() {
-                                dst.update_time(t, edge.eid().with_layer_deletion(layer));
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                for update in graph.updates.iter() {
-                    if let Some(update) = update.update.as_ref() {
-                        match update {
-                            Update::UpdateNodeCprops(update) => {
-                                if let Some(node) = shard.get_mut(update.vid()) {
-                                    for prop_update in update.props() {
-                                        let (id, prop) = prop_update?;
-                                        let prop = storage.process_prop_value(&prop);
-                                        if let Ok(new_type) = unify_types(
-                                            &metadata_types[id],
-                                            &prop.dtype(),
-                                            &mut false,
-                                        ) {
-                                            metadata_types[id] = new_type; // the original types saved in protos are now incomplete we need to update them
-                                        }
-                                        node.update_metadata(id, prop)?;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            Update::UpdateNodeTprops(update) => {
-                                if let Some(mut node) = shard.get_mut_entry(update.vid()) {
-                                    let mut props = vec![];
-                                    for prop_update in update.props() {
-                                        let (id, prop) = prop_update?;
-                                        let prop = storage.process_prop_value(&prop);
-                                        if let Ok(new_type) = unify_types(
-                                            &temporal_prop_types[id],
-                                            &prop.dtype(),
-                                            &mut false,
-                                        ) {
-                                            temporal_prop_types[id] = new_type; // the original types saved in protos are now incomplete we need to update them
-                                        }
-                                        props.push((id, prop));
-                                    }
+pub trait StableDecode: StaticGraphViewOps + AdditionOps {
+    // Decode the graph from the given bytes array.
+    // `path_for_decoded_graph` gets passed to the newly created graph.
+    fn decode_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
 
-                                    if props.is_empty() {
-                                        node.node_store_mut()
-                                            .update_t_prop_time(update.time(), None);
-                                    } else {
-                                        let prop_offset = node.t_props_log_mut().push(props)?;
-                                        node.node_store_mut()
-                                            .update_t_prop_time(update.time(), prop_offset);
-                                    }
+    fn decode_from_bytes_at(
+        bytes: &[u8],
+        target: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
 
-                                    storage.update_time(update.time())
-                                }
-                            }
-                            Update::UpdateNodeType(update) => {
-                                if let Some(node) = shard.get_mut(update.vid()) {
-                                    node.node_type = update.type_id();
-                                }
-                            }
-                            _ => {}
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok::<_, GraphError>((metadata_types, temporal_prop_types))
-            })
-            .try_reduce_with(|(l_const, l_temp), (r_const, r_temp)| {
-                unify_property_types(&l_const, &r_const, &l_temp, &r_temp)
-            })
-            .transpose()?;
+    fn decode_from_zip<R: Read + Seek>(reader: ZipArchive<R>) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
 
-        if let Some((metadata_types, temp_prop_types)) = new_nodes_property_types {
-            update_meta(
-                metadata_types,
-                temp_prop_types,
-                storage.node_meta.metadata_mapper(),
-                storage.node_meta.temporal_prop_mapper(),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let graph_prop_new_types = graph
-            .updates
-            .par_iter()
-            .map(|update| {
-                let mut metadata_types =
-                    vec![PropType::Empty; storage.graph_meta.metadata_mapper().len()];
-                let mut graph_prop_types =
-                    vec![PropType::Empty; storage.graph_meta.temporal_mapper().len()];
+    fn decode_from_zip_at<R: Read + Seek>(
+        reader: ZipArchive<R>,
+        target: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
 
-                if let Some(update) = update.update.as_ref() {
-                    match update {
-                        Update::UpdateGraphCprops(props) => {
-                            let c_props = proto_ext::collect_props(&props.properties)?;
-                            for (id, prop) in &c_props {
-                                metadata_types[*id] = prop.dtype();
-                            }
-                            storage.internal_update_metadata(&c_props)?;
-                        }
-                        Update::UpdateGraphTprops(props) => {
-                            let time = TimeIndexEntry(props.time, props.secondary as usize);
-                            let t_props = proto_ext::collect_props(&props.properties)?;
-                            for (id, prop) in &t_props {
-                                graph_prop_types[*id] = prop.dtype();
-                            }
-                            storage.internal_add_properties(time, &t_props)?;
-                        }
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok::<_, GraphError>((metadata_types, graph_prop_types))
-            })
-            .try_reduce_with(|(l_const, l_temp), (r_const, r_temp)| {
-                unify_property_types(&l_const, &r_const, &l_temp, &r_temp)
-            })
-            .transpose()?;
+    // Decode the graph from the given path.
+    // `path_for_decoded_graph` gets passed to the newly created graph.
+    fn decode(path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized)) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
 
-        if let Some((metadata_types, temp_prop_types)) = graph_prop_new_types {
-            update_meta(
-                metadata_types,
-                temp_prop_types,
-                &PropMapper::default(),
-                storage.graph_meta.temporal_mapper(),
-            );
-        }
-        Ok(storage)
-    }
+    fn decode_at(
+        path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+        target: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError>;
 }
 
-fn update_meta(
-    metadata_types: Vec<PropType>,
-    temp_prop_types: Vec<PropType>,
-    const_meta: &PropMapper,
-    temp_meta: &PropMapper,
-) {
-    let keys = { const_meta.get_keys().iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>() };
-    for ((id, prop_type), key) in metadata_types.into_iter().enumerate().zip(keys) {
-        const_meta.set_id_and_dtype(key, id, prop_type);
+impl<T: ParquetDecoder + StaticGraphViewOps + AdditionOps> StableDecode for T {
+    fn decode_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let cursor = Cursor::new(bytes);
+        Self::decode_from_zip(ZipArchive::new(cursor)?)
     }
-    let keys = { temp_meta.get_keys().iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>() };
 
-    for ((id, prop_type), key) in temp_prop_types.into_iter().enumerate().zip(keys) {
-        temp_meta.set_id_and_dtype(key, id, prop_type);
+    fn decode_from_bytes_at(
+        bytes: &[u8],
+        target: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let cursor = Cursor::new(bytes);
+        Self::decode_from_zip_at(ZipArchive::new(cursor)?, target)
     }
-}
 
-fn unify_property_types(
-    l_const: &[PropType],
-    r_const: &[PropType],
-    l_temp: &[PropType],
-    r_temp: &[PropType],
-) -> Result<(Vec<PropType>, Vec<PropType>), GraphError> {
-    let const_pt = l_const
-        .iter()
-        .zip(r_const)
-        .map(|(l, r)| unify_types(l, r, &mut false))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<PropType>, _>>()?;
-    let temp_pt = l_temp
-        .iter()
-        .zip(r_temp)
-        .map(|(l, r)| unify_types(l, r, &mut false))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<PropType>, _>>()?;
-    Ok((const_pt, temp_pt))
-}
+    fn decode_from_zip<R: Read + Seek>(mut reader: ZipArchive<R>) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        let graph_prefix = get_zip_graph_path(&mut reader)?;
+        let graph = Self::decode_parquet_from_zip(&mut reader, None, graph_prefix)?;
 
-impl InternalStableDecode for GraphStorage {
-    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        Ok(GraphStorage::Unlocked(Arc::new(
-            TemporalGraph::decode_from_proto(graph)?,
-        )))
-    }
-}
+        //TODO: graph.load_index_from_zip(&mut reader, prefix)
 
-impl InternalStableDecode for MaterializedGraph {
-    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        let storage = GraphStorage::decode_from_proto(graph)?;
-        let graph = match graph.graph_type() {
-            proto::GraphType::Event => Self::EventGraph(Graph::from_internal_graph(storage)),
-            proto::GraphType::Persistent => {
-                Self::PersistentGraph(PersistentGraph::from_internal_graph(storage))
-            }
-        };
         Ok(graph)
     }
-}
 
-impl InternalStableDecode for Graph {
-    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        match graph.graph_type() {
-            proto::GraphType::Event => {
-                let storage = GraphStorage::decode_from_proto(graph)?;
-                Ok(Graph::from_internal_graph(storage))
-            }
-            proto::GraphType::Persistent => Err(GraphError::GraphLoadError),
+    fn decode_from_zip_at<R: Read + Seek>(
+        mut reader: ZipArchive<R>,
+        target: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        if !Extension::disk_storage_enabled() {
+            return Err(GraphError::DiskGraphNotEnabled);
         }
+        target.init()?;
+        let graph_prefix = get_zip_graph_path(&mut reader)?;
+        let graph = Self::decode_parquet_from_zip(
+            &mut reader,
+            Some(target.graph_path()?.as_path()),
+            graph_prefix,
+        )?;
+
+        //TODO: graph.load_index_from_zip(&mut reader, prefix)
+        target.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+        Ok(graph)
     }
-}
 
-impl InternalStableDecode for PersistentGraph {
-    fn decode_from_proto(graph: &proto::Graph) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
-        match graph.graph_type() {
-            proto::GraphType::Event => Err(GraphError::GraphLoadError),
-            proto::GraphType::Persistent => {
-                let storage = GraphStorage::decode_from_proto(graph)?;
-                Ok(PersistentGraph::from_internal_graph(storage))
-            }
+    fn decode(path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized)) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        if path.is_zip() {
+            let reader = path.read_zip()?;
+            Self::decode_from_zip(reader)
+        } else {
+            Self::decode_parquet(&path.graph_path()?, None)
+            // TODO: Fix index loading:
+            // #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+            // graph.load_index(&path)?;
         }
     }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod proto_test {
-    use crate::{
-        prelude::*,
-        serialise::{proto::GraphType, ProtoGraph},
-    };
-
-    use super::*;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn manually_test_append() {
-        let mut graph1 = proto::Graph::default();
-        graph1.set_graph_type(GraphType::Event);
-        graph1.new_node(GidRef::Str("1"), VID(0), 0);
-        graph1.new_node(GidRef::Str("2"), VID(1), 0);
-        graph1.new_edge(VID(0), VID(1), EID(0));
-        graph1.update_edge_tprops(
-            EID(0),
-            TimeIndexEntry::start(1),
-            0,
-            iter::empty::<(usize, Prop)>(),
-        );
-        let mut bytes1 = graph1.encode_to_vec();
-
-        let mut graph2 = proto::Graph::default();
-        graph2.new_node(GidRef::Str("3"), VID(2), 0);
-        graph2.new_edge(VID(0), VID(2), EID(1));
-        graph2.update_edge_tprops(
-            EID(1),
-            TimeIndexEntry::start(2),
-            0,
-            iter::empty::<(usize, Prop)>(),
-        );
-        bytes1.extend(graph2.encode_to_vec());
-
-        let graph = Graph::decode_from_bytes(&bytes1).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(graph.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["1", "2", "3"]);
-        assert_eq!(
-            graph.edges().id().collect_vec(),
-            [
-                (GID::Str("1".to_string()), GID::Str("2".to_string())),
-                (GID::Str("1".to_string()), GID::Str("3".to_string()))
-            ]
-        )
-    }
-    // we rely on this to make sure writing no updates does not actually write anything to file
-    #[test]
-    fn empty_proto_is_empty_bytes() {
-        let proto = ProtoGraph::default();
-        let bytes = proto.encode_to_vec();
-        assert!(bytes.is_empty())
+    fn decode_at(
+        path: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+        target: &(impl GraphPaths + ?Sized),
+    ) -> Result<Self, GraphError> {
+        target.init()?;
+        let graph;
+        if path.is_zip() {
+            let reader = path.read_zip()?;
+            graph = Self::decode_from_zip_at(reader, target)?;
+        } else {
+            graph = Self::decode_parquet(path.graph_path()?, Some(target.graph_path()?.as_path()))?;
+        }
+        target.write_metadata(&graph)?;
+        Ok(graph)
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/src/test_utils.rs b/raphtory/src/test_utils.rs
index 17fe6e69ec..8bc7e27167 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -5,19 +5,17 @@ use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, Utc};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use proptest::{arbitrary::any, prelude::*};
 use proptest_derive::Arbitrary;
+use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::{PropType, DECIMAL_MAX};
-use raphtory_storage::{core_ops::CoreGraphOps, mutation::addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps};
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-pub fn test_disk_graph(graph: &Graph, test: impl FnOnce(&Graph)) {
-    let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-    let disk_graph = graph.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-    test(&disk_graph)
-}
+use raphtory_storage::{
+    core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
+    mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps},
+};
+use std::{
+    collections::{hash_map, HashMap},
+    ops::{Range, RangeInclusive},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
 
 pub fn test_graph(graph: &Graph, test: impl FnOnce(&Graph)) {
     test(graph)
@@ -27,8 +25,6 @@ pub fn test_graph(graph: &Graph, test: impl FnOnce(&Graph)) {
 macro_rules! test_storage {
     ($graph:expr, $test:expr) => {
         $crate::test_utils::test_graph($graph, $test);
-        #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-        $crate::test_utils::test_disk_graph($graph, $test);
     };
 }
 
@@ -64,6 +60,39 @@ pub fn build_edge_list_str(
     )
 }
 
+pub fn build_edge_list_with_secondary_index(
+    len: usize,
+    num_nodes: u64,
+) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<(u64, u64, i64, u64, String, i64)>> {
+    Just(()).prop_flat_map(move |_| {
+        // Generate a shuffled set of unique secondary indices
+        let mut secondary_index: Vec<u64> = (0..len as u64).collect();
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
+        secondary_index.shuffle(&mut rng);
+
+        prop::collection::vec(
+            (
+                0..num_nodes,       // src
+                0..num_nodes,       // dst
+                i64::MIN..i64::MAX, // time
+                any::<String>(),    // str_prop
+                i64::MIN..i64::MAX, // int_prop
+            ),
+            len,
+        )
+        .prop_map(move |edges| {
+            // add secondary indices to the edges
+            edges
+                .into_iter()
+                .zip(secondary_index.iter())
+                .map(|((src, dst, time, str_prop, int_prop), &sec_index)| {
+                    (src, dst, time, sec_index, str_prop, int_prop)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        })
+    })
+}
+
 pub fn build_edge_deletions(
     len: usize,
     num_nodes: u64,
@@ -129,7 +158,7 @@ pub fn prop(p_type: &PropType) -> BoxedStrategy<Prop> {
                 .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone()))
                 .collect();
             let len = key_val.len();
-            let samples = proptest::sample::subsequence(key_val, 0..=len);
+            let samples = proptest::sample::subsequence(key_val, 0..=len); // FIXME size 0..=len breaks type merging because empty maps {} needs looking into
             samples
                 .prop_flat_map(|key_vals| {
                     let props: Vec<_> = key_vals
@@ -153,7 +182,7 @@ pub fn prop(p_type: &PropType) -> BoxedStrategy<Prop> {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn prop_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = PropType> {
+pub fn prop_type(nested_prop_size: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = PropType> {
     let leaf = proptest::sample::select(&[
         PropType::Str,
         PropType::I64,
@@ -162,11 +191,11 @@ pub fn prop_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = PropType> {
         PropType::Bool,
         PropType::DTime,
         PropType::NDTime,
-        // PropType::Decimal { scale }, decimal breaks the tests because of polars-parquet
+        PropType::Decimal { scale: 7 },
     ]);
 
-    leaf.prop_recursive(3, 10, 10, |inner| {
-        let dict = proptest::collection::hash_map(r"\w{1,10}", inner.clone(), 1..10)
+    leaf.prop_recursive(3, 10, 10, move |inner| {
+        let dict = proptest::collection::hash_map(r"\w{1,10}", inner.clone(), 0..=nested_prop_size) // FIXME size 0..=len breaks type merging because empty maps {} needs looking into
             .prop_map(PropType::map);
         let list = inner
             .clone()
@@ -206,6 +235,15 @@ impl NodeFixture {
     }
 }
 
+impl IntoIterator for NodeFixture {
+    type Item = (u64, NodeUpdatesFixture);
+    type IntoIter = hash_map::IntoIter<u64, NodeUpdatesFixture>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.0.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
 pub struct PropUpdatesFixture {
     pub t_props: Vec<(i64, Vec<(String, Prop)>)>,
@@ -233,6 +271,15 @@ impl EdgeFixture {
     }
 }
 
+impl IntoIterator for EdgeFixture {
+    type Item = ((u64, u64, Option<&'static str>), EdgeUpdatesFixture);
+    type IntoIter = hash_map::IntoIter<(u64, u64, Option<&'static str>), EdgeUpdatesFixture>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.0.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
 impl FromIterator<((u64, u64, Option<&'static str>), EdgeUpdatesFixture)> for EdgeFixture {
     fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = ((u64, u64, Option<&'static str>), EdgeUpdatesFixture)>>(
         iter: T,
@@ -349,23 +396,23 @@ fn make_props(schema: Vec<(String, PropType)>) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<(Str
     })
 }
 
-fn prop_schema(len: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<(String, PropType)>> {
-    proptest::collection::hash_map(0..len, prop_type(), 0..=len)
+fn prop_schema(num_props: RangeInclusive<usize>) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<(String, PropType)>> {
+    proptest::collection::hash_map(num_props.clone(), prop_type(*num_props.end()), num_props)
         .prop_map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|(k, p)| (k.to_string(), p)).collect())
 }
 
 fn t_props(
     schema: Vec<(String, PropType)>,
-    len: usize,
+    num_props: RangeInclusive<usize>,
 ) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<(i64, Vec<(String, Prop)>)>> {
-    proptest::collection::vec((any::<i64>(), make_props(schema)), 0..=len)
+    proptest::collection::vec((any::<i64>(), make_props(schema)), num_props)
 }
 
 fn prop_updates(
     schema: Vec<(String, PropType)>,
-    len: usize,
+    num_props: RangeInclusive<usize>,
 ) -> impl Strategy<Value = PropUpdatesFixture> {
-    let t_props = t_props(schema.clone(), len);
+    let t_props = t_props(schema.clone(), num_props);
     let c_props = make_props(schema);
     (t_props, c_props).prop_map(|(t_props, c_props)| {
         if t_props.is_empty() {
@@ -381,71 +428,115 @@ fn prop_updates(
 
 fn node_updates(
     schema: Vec<(String, PropType)>,
-    len: usize,
+    num_updates: RangeInclusive<usize>,
 ) -> impl Strategy<Value = NodeUpdatesFixture> {
-    (prop_updates(schema, len), make_node_type())
+    (prop_updates(schema, num_updates), make_node_type())
         .prop_map(|(props, node_type)| NodeUpdatesFixture { props, node_type })
 }
 
 fn edge_updates(
     schema: Vec<(String, PropType)>,
-    len: usize,
+    num_updates: RangeInclusive<usize>,
     deletions: bool,
 ) -> impl Strategy<Value = EdgeUpdatesFixture> {
-    let del_len = if deletions { len } else { 0 };
+    let del_len = if deletions { *num_updates.end() } else { 0 };
     (
-        prop_updates(schema, len),
-        proptest::collection::vec(i64::MIN..i64::MAX, 0..=del_len),
+        prop_updates(schema, num_updates),
+        proptest::collection::vec(-150i64..150, 0..=del_len),
     )
         .prop_map(|(props, deletions)| EdgeUpdatesFixture { props, deletions })
 }
 
-pub fn build_nodes_dyn(num_nodes: usize, len: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = NodeFixture> {
-    let schema = prop_schema(len);
+pub fn build_nodes_dyn(
+    num_nodes: Range<usize>,
+    num_props: RangeInclusive<usize>,
+    num_updates: RangeInclusive<usize>,
+) -> impl Strategy<Value = NodeFixture> {
+    let schema = prop_schema(num_props);
     schema.prop_flat_map(move |schema| {
-        proptest::collection::hash_map(
-            0..num_nodes as u64,
-            node_updates(schema.clone(), len),
-            0..=len,
-        )
-        .prop_map(NodeFixture)
+        num_nodes
+            .clone()
+            .map(|node| {
+                (
+                    Just(node as u64),
+                    node_updates(schema.clone(), num_updates.clone()),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect_vec()
+            .prop_map(|updates| {
+                NodeFixture::from_iter(
+                    updates
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .filter(|(_, v)| !v.props.t_props.is_empty()),
+                )
+            })
     })
 }
 
 pub fn build_edge_list_dyn(
-    len: usize,
-    num_nodes: usize,
+    num_edges: RangeInclusive<usize>,
+    num_nodes: Range<usize>,
+    num_properties: RangeInclusive<usize>,
+    num_updates: RangeInclusive<usize>,
     del_edges: bool,
 ) -> impl Strategy<Value = EdgeFixture> {
-    let num_nodes = num_nodes as u64;
-
-    let schema = prop_schema(len);
+    let schema = prop_schema(num_properties);
     schema.prop_flat_map(move |schema| {
         proptest::collection::hash_map(
             (
-                0..num_nodes,
-                0..num_nodes,
+                num_nodes.clone().prop_map(|n| n as u64),
+                num_nodes.clone().prop_map(|n| n as u64),
                 proptest::sample::select(vec![Some("a"), Some("b"), None]),
             ),
-            edge_updates(schema.clone(), len, del_edges),
-            0..=len,
+            edge_updates(schema.clone(), num_updates.clone(), del_edges),
+            num_edges.clone(),
         )
-        .prop_map(EdgeFixture)
+        .prop_map(|values| {
+            EdgeFixture::from_iter(
+                values
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter(|(_, updates)| !updates.props.t_props.is_empty()),
+            )
+        })
     })
 }
 
-pub fn build_props_dyn(len: usize) -> impl Strategy<Value = PropUpdatesFixture> {
-    let schema = prop_schema(len);
-    schema.prop_flat_map(move |schema| prop_updates(schema, len))
+pub fn build_props_dyn(
+    num_props: RangeInclusive<usize>,
+) -> impl Strategy<Value = PropUpdatesFixture> {
+    let schema = prop_schema(num_props.clone());
+    schema.prop_flat_map(move |schema| prop_updates(schema, num_props.clone()))
 }
 
 pub fn build_graph_strat(
-    len: usize,
     num_nodes: usize,
+    num_edges: usize,
+    num_properties: usize,
+    num_updates: usize,
+    del_edges: bool,
+) -> impl Strategy<Value = GraphFixture> {
+    build_graph_strat_r(
+        0..num_nodes,
+        0..=num_edges,
+        0..=num_properties,
+        0..=num_updates,
+        del_edges,
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn build_graph_strat_r(
+    num_nodes: Range<usize>,
+    num_edges: RangeInclusive<usize>,
+    num_properties: RangeInclusive<usize>,
+    num_updates: RangeInclusive<usize>,
     del_edges: bool,
 ) -> impl Strategy<Value = GraphFixture> {
-    let nodes = build_nodes_dyn(num_nodes, len);
-    let edges = build_edge_list_dyn(len, num_nodes, del_edges);
+    let nodes = build_nodes_dyn(
+        num_nodes.clone(),
+        num_properties.clone(),
+        num_updates.clone(),
+    );
+    let edges = build_edge_list_dyn(num_edges, num_nodes, num_properties, num_updates, del_edges);
     (nodes, edges).prop_map(|(nodes, edges)| GraphFixture { nodes, edges })
 }
 
@@ -469,7 +560,7 @@ pub fn build_graph_from_edge_list<'a>(
             src,
             dst,
             [
-                ("str_prop", str_prop.into_prop()),
+                ("str_prop", str_prop.as_str().into_prop()),
                 ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop()),
             ],
             None,
@@ -527,15 +618,21 @@ pub fn build_graph_layer(graph_fix: &GraphFixture, layers: &[&str]) -> Arc<Stora
     }
 
     let layers = g.edge_meta().layer_meta();
+
+    let session = g.write_session().unwrap();
     for ((src, dst, layer), updates) in graph_fix.edges() {
         // properties always exist in the graph
         for (_, props) in updates.props.t_props.iter() {
             for (key, value) in props {
-                g.resolve_edge_property(key, value.dtype(), false).unwrap();
+                session
+                    .resolve_edge_property(key, value.dtype(), false)
+                    .unwrap();
             }
         }
         for (key, value) in updates.props.c_props.iter() {
-            g.resolve_edge_property(key, value.dtype(), true).unwrap();
+            session
+                .resolve_edge_property(key, value.dtype(), true)
+                .unwrap();
         }
 
         if layers.contains(layer.unwrap_or("_default")) {
@@ -574,7 +671,7 @@ pub fn add_node_props<'a>(
 ) {
     for (node, str_prop, int_prop) in nodes {
         let props = [
-            str_prop.as_ref().map(|v| ("str_prop", v.into_prop())),
+            str_prop.as_deref().map(|v| ("str_prop", v.into_prop())),
             int_prop.as_ref().map(|v| ("int_prop", (*v).into())),
         ]
         .into_iter()
diff --git a/raphtory/src/vectors/db.rs b/raphtory/src/vectors/db.rs
index 617e4e6a52..2d6e72de36 100644
--- a/raphtory/src/vectors/db.rs
+++ b/raphtory/src/vectors/db.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,3 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::HashSet,
-    ops::Deref,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{Arc, OnceLock},
-};
-
-use arroy::{distances::Cosine, Database as ArroyDatabase, Reader, Writer};
-use futures_util::StreamExt;
-use rand::{rngs::StdRng, SeedableRng};
-use tempfile::TempDir;
-
 use super::{
     entity_ref::{EntityRef, IntoDbId},
     Embedding,
@@ -19,6 +7,15 @@ use crate::{
     errors::{GraphError, GraphResult},
     prelude::GraphViewOps,
 };
+use arroy::{distances::Cosine, Database as ArroyDatabase, Reader, Writer};
+use futures_util::StreamExt;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashSet,
+    ops::Deref,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{Arc, OnceLock},
+};
+use tempfile::TempDir;
 
 const LMDB_MAX_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 1TB
 
@@ -186,8 +183,9 @@ impl VectorDb {
             writer.add_item(&mut wtxn, id as u32, embedding.as_ref())?;
         }
 
-        let mut rng = StdRng::from_entropy();
-        writer.builder(&mut rng).build(&mut wtxn)?;
+        // FIXME: Arroy requires rand 0.8.x but we are using rand 0.9.x
+        // let mut rng = StdRng::from_os_rng();
+        // writer.builder(&mut rng).build(&mut wtxn)?;
 
         wtxn.commit()?;
         Ok(())
@@ -254,8 +252,8 @@ impl VectorDb {
             }
 
             // TODO: review this -> You can specify the number of trees to use or specify None.
-            let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(42);
-            writer.builder(&mut rng).build(&mut wtxn)?;
+            // let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(42);
+            // writer.builder(&mut rng).build(&mut wtxn)?;
             dimensions.into()
         } else {
             OnceLock::new()
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/community_detection.rs b/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/community_detection.rs
index 24571eb3db..3b044150d1 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/community_detection.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/community_detection.rs
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ fn lpa_test() {
 
         let expected = vec![
             HashSet::from([
-                graph.node("R1").unwrap(),
                 graph.node("R2").unwrap(),
+                graph.node("B1").unwrap(),
                 graph.node("R3").unwrap(),
+                graph.node("R1").unwrap(),
+                graph.node("G").unwrap(),
             ]),
             HashSet::from([
-                graph.node("G").unwrap(),
-                graph.node("B1").unwrap(),
-                graph.node("B2").unwrap(),
+                graph.node("B5").unwrap(),
                 graph.node("B3").unwrap(),
+                graph.node("B2").unwrap(),
                 graph.node("B4").unwrap(),
-                graph.node("B5").unwrap(),
             ]),
         ];
         for hashset in expected {
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/embeddings.rs b/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/embeddings.rs
index 36010afd2c..98d7178262 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/embeddings.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/algo_tests/embeddings.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ mod fast_rp_test {
     use std::collections::HashMap;
 
     #[test]
+    #[ignore = "this failed once we changed rand to 0.9.2, needs some tweaking, it looks like a motion detection test"]
     fn simple_fast_rp_test() {
         let graph = Graph::new();
 
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/db_tests.rs b/raphtory/tests/db_tests.rs
index d6f6a85888..fee450fc01 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/db_tests.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/db_tests.rs
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn add_edge_grows_graph_edge_len() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn simle_add_edge() {
+fn simple_add_edge() {
     let edges = vec![(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)];
 
     let g = Graph::new();
@@ -758,6 +758,7 @@ fn graph_edge() {
             .unwrap()
             .edge(1, 3)
             .unwrap();
+
         assert_eq!(e.src().id().into_u64(), Some(1u64));
         assert_eq!(e.dst().id().into_u64(), Some(3u64));
     });
@@ -1162,23 +1163,21 @@ fn temporal_node_rows_nodes() {
         .add_node(2, 3, [("cool".to_string(), Prop::U64(3))], None)
         .unwrap();
 
-    test_storage!(&graph, |graph| {
-        for id in 0..3 {
-            let actual = graph
-                .core_graph()
-                .nodes()
-                .node(VID(id))
-                .temp_prop_rows()
-                .map(|(t, row)| (t, row.into_iter().map(|(_, p)| p).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            let expected = vec![(
-                TimeIndexEntry::new(id as i64, id),
-                vec![Some(Prop::U64((id as u64) + 1))],
-            )];
-            assert_eq!(actual, expected);
-        }
-    });
+    for (id, n) in graph.nodes().into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let actual = graph
+            .core_graph()
+            .nodes()
+            .node(n.node)
+            .temp_prop_rows()
+            .map(|(t, _, row)| (t, row.into_iter().map(|(_, p)| p).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let expected = vec![(
+            TimeIndexEntry::new(id as i64, id),
+            vec![Prop::U64((id as u64) + 1)],
+        )];
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1200,21 +1199,21 @@ fn temporal_node_rows_window() {
                 .core_graph()
                 .nodes()
                 .node(vid)
-                .temp_prop_rows_window(range)
-                .map(|(t, row)| (t, row.into_iter().map(|(_, p)| p).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+                .temp_prop_rows_range(Some(range))
+                .map(|(t, _, row)| (t, row.into_iter().map(|(_, p)| p).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
         };
         let actual = get_rows(VID(0), TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 0)..TimeIndexEntry::new(3, 0));
 
-        let expected = vec![(TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 2), vec![Some(Prop::U64(3))])];
+        let expected = vec![(TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 2), vec![Prop::U64(3)])];
 
         assert_eq!(actual, expected);
 
         let actual = get_rows(VID(0), TimeIndexEntry::new(0, 0)..TimeIndexEntry::new(3, 0));
         let expected = vec![
-            (TimeIndexEntry::new(0, 0), vec![Some(Prop::U64(1))]),
-            (TimeIndexEntry::new(1, 1), vec![Some(Prop::U64(2))]),
-            (TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 2), vec![Some(Prop::U64(3))]),
+            (TimeIndexEntry::new(0, 0), vec![Prop::U64(1)]),
+            (TimeIndexEntry::new(1, 1), vec![Prop::U64(2)]),
+            (TimeIndexEntry::new(2, 2), vec![Prop::U64(3)]),
         ];
 
         assert_eq!(actual, expected);
@@ -1673,7 +1672,7 @@ fn test_edge_earliest_latest() {
 
 #[test]
 fn node_properties() -> Result<(), GraphError> {
-    let g = Graph::new_with_shards(2);
+    let g = Graph::new();
 
     g.add_node(
         0,
@@ -1877,65 +1876,7 @@ fn check_node_edge_history_count() {
     });
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use raphtory::test_utils::test_disk_graph;
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use raphtory_storage::graph::edges::edge_storage_ops::EdgeStorageOps;
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-#[test]
-fn edges_at_from_node_history() {
-    let graph = Graph::new();
-
-    graph.add_edge(1, 0, 1, [("bla", 10i32)], None).unwrap();
-    graph.add_edge(2, 0, 2, [("bla", 20)], None).unwrap();
-    graph.add_edge(1, 0, 1, [("bla", 30)], None).unwrap();
-    graph.add_edge(4, 0, 3, [("bla", 40)], None).unwrap();
-    test_disk_graph(&graph, |g| {
-        let node = g.node(0).unwrap();
-        let node = &node;
-        let mut actual = g
-            .edges()
-            .explode()
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|e| {
-                e.properties()
-                    .temporal()
-                    .get_by_id(0)
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .flat_map(|p| p.into_iter())
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        actual.sort_by_key(|(t, _)| *t);
-
-        let exploded_edges = node
-            .edge_history()
-            .map(|(timestamp, edge_layer_id)| {
-                let eref = g
-                    .core_edge(edge_layer_id.edge)
-                    .out_ref()
-                    .at(timestamp)
-                    .at_layer(edge_layer_id.layer());
-                eref
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        assert_eq!(exploded_edges.len(), 4);
-
-        let mut edge_props = exploded_edges
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|e| EdgeView::new(&g, e))
-            .flat_map(|e| {
-                e.properties()
-                    .temporal()
-                    .get_by_id(0)
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .flat_map(|p| p.into_iter())
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        edge_props.sort_by_key(|(t, _)| *t);
-        assert_eq!(edge_props, actual);
-    });
-}
+use raphtory_storage::graph::nodes::node_storage_ops::NodeStorageOps;
 
 #[test]
 fn check_edge_history_on_multiple_shards() {
@@ -2041,7 +1982,7 @@ fn test_prop_display_str() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_graph_metadata() {
+fn test_graph_metadata_proptest() {
     proptest!(|(u64_props: HashMap<String, u64>)| {
         let g = Graph::new();
 
@@ -2050,7 +1991,7 @@ fn test_graph_metadata() {
             .map(|(name, value)| (name, Prop::U64(value)))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    g.add_metadata(as_props.clone()).unwrap();
+        g.add_metadata(as_props.clone()).unwrap();
 
         let props_map = as_props.into_iter().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
 
@@ -2061,13 +2002,11 @@ fn test_graph_metadata() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_graph_metadata2() {
+fn test_graph_metadata() {
     let g = Graph::new();
 
-    let as_props: Vec<(&str, Prop)> = vec![(
-        "mylist",
-        Prop::List(Arc::from(vec![Prop::I64(1), Prop::I64(2)])),
-    )];
+    let as_props: Vec<(&str, Prop)> =
+        vec![("mylist", Prop::list(vec![Prop::I64(1), Prop::I64(2)]))];
 
     g.add_metadata(as_props.clone()).unwrap();
 
@@ -2098,6 +2037,56 @@ fn test_graph_metadata2() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_add_graph_metadata_with_existing_key_throws_error() {
+    let g = Graph::new();
+    g.add_metadata(vec![("style", Prop::str("red"))]).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(g.add_metadata(vec![("style", Prop::str("blue"))]).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(g.metadata().get("style").unwrap(), Prop::str("red")); // Value is unchanged
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_graph_metadata_with_maps() {
+    let g = Graph::new();
+
+    let style_with_size = Prop::map(vec![("fill", Prop::str("red")), ("size", Prop::I64(5))]);
+
+    let style_with_opacity = Prop::map(vec![
+        ("fill", Prop::str("red")),
+        ("opacity", Prop::F64(0.4)),
+    ]);
+
+    // Add first metadata and verify
+    g.add_metadata(vec![("style", style_with_size.clone())])
+        .unwrap();
+    let actual = g.metadata().get("style").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(actual, style_with_size.clone());
+
+    // Update metadata and verify
+    g.update_metadata(vec![("style", style_with_opacity.clone())])
+        .unwrap();
+    let actual = g.metadata().get("style").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(actual, style_with_opacity.clone());
+
+    // Add another metadata property and verify
+    let config = Prop::map(vec![
+        ("theme", Prop::str("dark")),
+        ("version", Prop::I64(2)),
+    ]);
+    g.add_metadata(vec![("config", config.clone())]).unwrap();
+    let actual_config = g.metadata().get("config").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(actual_config, config.clone());
+
+    // Verify style is still the updated value
+    let actual_style = g.metadata().get("style").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(actual_style, style_with_opacity.clone());
+
+    // Verify all metadata keys exist
+    let keys: Vec<_> = g.metadata().keys().sorted().collect();
+    assert_eq!(keys, vec!["config", "style"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_graph_metadata_names() {
     proptest!(|(u64_props: HashMap<String, u64>)| {
@@ -2108,7 +2097,7 @@ fn test_graph_metadata_names() {
             .map(|(name, value)| (name.into(), Prop::U64(value)))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    g.add_metadata(as_props.clone()).unwrap();
+        g.add_metadata(as_props.clone()).unwrap();
 
         let props_names = as_props
             .into_iter()
@@ -2123,73 +2112,134 @@ fn test_graph_metadata_names() {
 fn test_graph_temporal_props() {
     proptest!(|(str_props: HashMap<String, String>)| {
         global_info_logger();
-        let g = Graph::new();
 
+        let g = Graph::new();
         let (t0, t1) = (1, 2);
 
-        let (t0_props, t1_props): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = str_props
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, props)| {
-                let (name, value) = props;
-                let value = Prop::from(value);
-                (name.as_str().into(), value, i % 2)
-            })
-            .partition(|(_, _, i)| *i == 0);
+        // Split properties into two sets based on even/odd index
+        // Even-indexed properties go to t0, odd-indexed to t1
+        let mut t0_props = HashMap::new();
+        let mut t1_props = HashMap::new();
 
-        let t0_props: HashMap<ArcStr, Prop> = t0_props
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(name, value, _)| (name, value))
-            .collect();
+        for (i, (name, value)) in str_props.iter().enumerate() {
+            let prop_name: ArcStr = name.as_str().into();
+            let prop_value = Prop::from(value.as_str());
 
-        let t1_props: HashMap<ArcStr, Prop> = t1_props
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(name, value, _)| (name, value))
-            .collect();
+            if i % 2 == 0 {
+                t0_props.insert(prop_name, prop_value);
+            } else {
+                t1_props.insert(prop_name, prop_value);
+            }
+        }
 
         g.add_properties(t0, t0_props.clone()).unwrap();
         g.add_properties(t1, t1_props.clone()).unwrap();
 
-        let check = t0_props.iter().all(|(name, value)| {
-            g.properties().temporal().get(name).unwrap().at(t0) == Some(value.clone())
-        }) && t1_props.iter().all(|(name, value)| {
-            g.properties().temporal().get(name).unwrap().at(t1) == Some(value.clone())
-        });
-        if !check {
-            error!("failed time-specific comparison for {:?}", str_props);
-            prop_assert!(false);
+        // Verify properties can be retrieved at their timestamps
+        for (name, expected_value) in t0_props.iter() {
+            let actual = g.properties().temporal().get(name).unwrap().at(t0);
+
+            prop_assert_eq!(
+                actual,
+                Some(expected_value.clone()),
+                "Property '{}' at t0 has wrong value",
+                name
+            );
         }
-        let check = check
-            && g.at(t0)
+
+        for (name, expected_value) in t1_props.iter() {
+            let actual_value = g.properties().temporal().get(name).unwrap().at(t1);
+
+            prop_assert_eq!(
+                actual_value,
+                Some(expected_value.clone()),
+                "Property '{}' at t1 has wrong value",
+                name
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Verify iter_latest returns all t0 properties
+        let actual_t0_props: HashMap<_, _> = g
+            .at(t0)
+            .properties()
+            .temporal()
+            .iter_latest()
+            .map(|(prop_name, prop_value)| (prop_name.clone(), prop_value))
+            .collect();
+
+        prop_assert_eq!(
+            actual_t0_props,
+            t0_props,
+            "iter_latest() at t0 returned wrong properties"
+        );
+
+        // Verify latest returns correct values for t1 properties
+        for (name, expected_value) in t1_props.iter() {
+            let actual = g
+                .at(t1)
                 .properties()
                 .temporal()
-                .iter_latest()
-                .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v))
-                .collect::<HashMap<_, _, _>>()
-                == t0_props;
-        if !check {
-            error!("failed latest value comparison for {:?} at t0", str_props);
-            prop_assert!(false);
-        }
-        let check = check
-            && t1_props.iter().all(|(k, ve)| {
-                g.at(t1)
-                    .properties()
-                    .temporal()
-                    .get(k)
-                    .and_then(|v| v.latest())
-                    == Some(ve.clone())
-            });
-        if !check {
-            error!("failed latest value comparison for {:?} at t1", str_props);
-            prop_assert!(false);
+                .get(name)
+                .and_then(|v| v.latest());
+
+            prop_assert_eq!(
+                actual,
+                Some(expected_value.clone()),
+                "Property '{}' latest() at t1 has wrong value",
+                name
+            );
         }
-        prop_assert!(check);
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_temporral_edge_props_window() {
+fn test_graph_temporal_props_with_maps() {
+    let g = Graph::new();
+
+    let style_with_size = Prop::map(vec![("fill", Prop::str("red")), ("size", Prop::I64(5))]);
+
+    let style_with_opacity = Prop::map(vec![
+        ("fill", Prop::str("red")),
+        ("opacity", Prop::F64(0.4)),
+    ]);
+
+    // Add temporal properties with nested maps at different timestamps
+    g.add_properties(0, vec![("style", style_with_size.clone())])
+        .unwrap();
+    g.add_properties(1, vec![("style", style_with_opacity.clone())])
+        .unwrap();
+    g.add_properties(2, vec![("style", style_with_size.clone())])
+        .unwrap();
+    g.add_properties(3, vec![("style", style_with_opacity.clone())])
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // Verify properties can be retrieved at their timestamps
+    let actual_t0 = g.properties().temporal().get("style").unwrap().at(0);
+    assert_eq!(actual_t0, Some(style_with_size.clone()));
+
+    let actual_t1 = g.properties().temporal().get("style").unwrap().at(1);
+    assert_eq!(actual_t1, Some(style_with_opacity.clone()));
+
+    let actual_t2 = g.properties().temporal().get("style").unwrap().at(2);
+    assert_eq!(actual_t2, Some(style_with_size.clone()));
+
+    let actual_t3 = g.properties().temporal().get("style").unwrap().at(3);
+    assert_eq!(actual_t3, Some(style_with_opacity.clone()));
+
+    // Verify history returns all timestamps
+    let history: Vec<_> = g
+        .properties()
+        .temporal()
+        .get("style")
+        .unwrap()
+        .history()
+        .collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(history, vec![0, 1, 2, 3]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_temporal_edge_props_window() {
     let graph = Graph::new();
     graph
         .add_edge(1, 1, 2, vec![("weight".to_string(), Prop::I64(1))], None)
@@ -2394,7 +2444,7 @@ fn test_layer_explode() {
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        assert_eq!(layer_exploded, vec![(1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2)]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_exploded, vec![(1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2), (1, 2, 3)]);
     });
 }
 
@@ -2895,7 +2945,7 @@ fn save_load_serial() {
     let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
     let file_path = dir.path().join("abcd11");
     g.encode(&file_path).unwrap();
-    let gg = Graph::decode(file_path).unwrap();
+    let gg = Graph::decode(&file_path).unwrap();
     assert_graph_equal(&g, &gg);
 }
 
@@ -3575,7 +3625,7 @@ fn test_id_filter() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_indexed() {
-    proptest!(|(graph in build_graph_strat(10, 10, false), nodes in subsequence((0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 0..10))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, false), nodes in subsequence((0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 0..10))| {
         let graph = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph));
         let expected_node_ids = nodes.iter().copied().filter(|&id| graph.has_node(id)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let nodes = graph.nodes().id_filter(nodes);
@@ -3585,7 +3635,7 @@ fn test_indexed() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_window_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gw = g.window(w.start, w.end);
         let gmw = gw.materialize().unwrap();
@@ -3593,6 +3643,127 @@ fn materialize_window_prop_test() {
     })
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn materialize_temporal_properties_one_edge() {
+    let g = Graph::new();
+    g.add_edge(
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        [("3", Prop::I64(1)), ("0", Prop::str("baa"))],
+        Some("a"),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let gw = g.window(-9, 3);
+    let gmw = gw.materialize().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(gmw.unfiltered_num_edges(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        gmw.unfiltered_num_edges(),
+        gmw.core_edges()
+            .iter(&raphtory_core::entities::LayerIds::All)
+            .count()
+    );
+
+    assert_graph_equal(&gw, &gmw);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn materialize_one_node() {
+    let g = Graph::new();
+    g.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+
+    let n = g.node(0).unwrap();
+    let hist = n.history();
+    assert!(!hist.is_empty());
+    let rows = n.rows().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert!(!rows.is_empty());
+
+    let gw = g.window(0, 1);
+    let gmw = gw.materialize().unwrap();
+
+    assert_graph_equal(&gw, &gmw);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn materialize_some_edges() -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+    let edges1_props = EdgeUpdatesFixture {
+        props: PropUpdatesFixture {
+            t_props: vec![
+                (2433054617899119663, vec![]),
+                (
+                    5623371002478468619,
+                    vec![("0".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-180204069376666762))],
+                ),
+            ],
+            c_props: vec![],
+        },
+        deletions: vec![-3684372592923241629, 3668280323305195349],
+    };
+
+    let edges2_props = EdgeUpdatesFixture {
+        props: PropUpdatesFixture {
+            t_props: vec![
+                (
+                    -7888823724540213280,
+                    vec![("0".to_owned(), Prop::I64(1339447446033500001))],
+                ),
+                (-3792330935693192039, vec![]),
+                (
+                    4049942931077033460,
+                    vec![("0".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-544773539725842277))],
+                ),
+                (5085404190610173488, vec![]),
+                (1445770503123270290, vec![]),
+                (-5628624083683143619, vec![]),
+                (-394401628579820652, vec![]),
+                (-2398199704888544233, vec![]),
+            ],
+            c_props: vec![("0".to_owned(), Prop::I64(-1877019573933389749))],
+        },
+        deletions: vec![
+            3969804007878301015,
+            7040207277685112004,
+            7380699292468575143,
+            3332576590029503186,
+            -1107894292705275349,
+            6647229517972286485,
+            6359226207899406831,
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let edges: EdgeFixture = [
+        ((2, 7, Some("b")), edges1_props),
+        ((7, 2, Some("a")), edges2_props),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+
+    let w = -3619743214445905380..90323088878877991;
+    let graph_f = GraphFixture {
+        nodes: NodeFixture::default(),
+        edges,
+    };
+
+    let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
+    let gw = g.window(w.start, w.end);
+    let gmw = gw.materialize()?;
+    assert_graph_equal(&gw, &gmw);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn materialize_window_delete_test() {
+    let g = Graph::new();
+    g.delete_edge(0, 0, 0, Some("a")).unwrap();
+    let w = 0..1;
+    let gw = g.window(w.start, w.end);
+    let gmw = gw.materialize().unwrap();
+    assert_graph_equal(&gw, &gmw);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_multilayer() {
     let g = Graph::new();
@@ -3622,8 +3793,8 @@ fn test_empty_window() {
 
 #[test]
 fn add_edge_and_read_props_concurrent() {
-    let g = Graph::new();
     for t in 0..1000 {
+        let g = Graph::new();
         join(
             || g.add_edge(t, 1, 2, [("test", true)], None).unwrap(),
             || {
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/df_loaders.rs b/raphtory/tests/df_loaders.rs
index 3b3da4037c..f8eb2b6e19 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/df_loaders.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/df_loaders.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "io")]
 mod io_tests {
+    use std::any::Any;
+
     use arrow::array::builder::{
         ArrayBuilder, Int64Builder, LargeStringBuilder, StringViewBuilder, UInt64Builder,
     };
@@ -8,186 +10,25 @@ mod io_tests {
     use raphtory::{
         db::graph::graph::assert_graph_equal,
         errors::GraphError,
-        io::arrow::{
-            dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView},
-            df_loaders::load_edges_from_df,
+        io::{
+            arrow::{
+                dataframe::{DFChunk, DFView},
+                df_loaders::{
+                    edges::{load_edges_from_df, ColumnNames},
+                    nodes::{load_node_props_from_df, load_nodes_from_df},
+                },
+            },
+            parquet_loaders::load_node_props_from_parquet,
         },
         prelude::*,
-        test_utils::{build_edge_list, build_edge_list_str},
+        test_utils::{build_edge_list, build_edge_list_str, build_edge_list_with_secondary_index},
+    };
+    use raphtory_api::core::storage::arc_str::ArcStr;
+    use raphtory_core::storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry;
+    use raphtory_storage::{
+        core_ops::CoreGraphOps,
+        mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps},
     };
-    use raphtory_storage::core_ops::CoreGraphOps;
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-    mod load_multi_layer {
-        use arrow::array::{record_batch, Int64Array, LargeStringArray, RecordBatch, UInt64Array};
-        use parquet::{arrow::ArrowWriter, basic::Compression, file::properties::WriterProperties};
-        use pometry_storage::{
-            chunked_array::array_like::BaseArrayLike, graph::TemporalGraph, load::ExternalEdgeList,
-        };
-        use prop::sample::SizeRange;
-        use proptest::prelude::*;
-        use raphtory::{
-            db::graph::graph::assert_graph_equal, io::parquet_loaders::load_edges_from_parquet,
-            prelude::*, test_utils::build_edge_list,
-        };
-        use raphtory_storage::{disk::DiskGraphStorage, graph::graph::GraphStorage};
-        use std::{
-            fs::File,
-            path::{Path, PathBuf},
-        };
-        use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-        fn build_edge_list_df(
-            len: usize,
-            num_nodes: impl Strategy<Value = u64>,
-            num_layers: impl Into<SizeRange>,
-        ) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<RecordBatch>> {
-            let layer = num_nodes
-                .prop_flat_map(move |num_nodes| {
-                    build_edge_list(len, num_nodes)
-                        .prop_filter("no empty edge lists", |el| !el.is_empty())
-                })
-                .prop_map(move |mut rows| {
-                    rows.sort_by_key(|(src, dst, time, _, _)| (*src, *dst, *time));
-                    new_df_from_rows(&rows)
-                });
-            proptest::collection::vec(layer, num_layers)
-        }
-
-        fn new_df_from_rows(rows: &[(u64, u64, i64, String, i64)]) -> RecordBatch {
-            let src = UInt64Array::from_iter_values(rows.iter().map(|(src, ..)| *src));
-            let dst = UInt64Array::from_iter_values(rows.iter().map(|(_, dst, ..)| *dst));
-            let time = Int64Array::from_iter_values(rows.iter().map(|(_, _, time, ..)| *time));
-            let str_prop =
-                LargeStringArray::from_iter_values(rows.iter().map(|(.., str_prop, _)| str_prop));
-            let int_prop =
-                Int64Array::from_iter_values(rows.iter().map(|(.., int_prop)| *int_prop));
-            RecordBatch::try_from_iter([
-                ("src", src.as_array_ref()),
-                ("dst", dst.as_array_ref()),
-                ("time", time.as_array_ref()),
-                ("str_prop", str_prop.as_array_ref()),
-                ("int_prop", int_prop.as_array_ref()),
-            ])
-            .unwrap()
-        }
-
-        fn check_layers_from_df(input: Vec<RecordBatch>, num_threads: usize) {
-            let root_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let graph_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let layers = input
-                .into_iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .map(|(i, df)| (i.to_string(), df))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let edge_lists = write_layers(&layers, root_dir.path());
-
-            let expected = Graph::new();
-            for edge_list in &edge_lists {
-                load_edges_from_parquet(
-                    &expected,
-                    &edge_list.path,
-                    "time",
-                    "src",
-                    "dst",
-                    &["int_prop", "str_prop"],
-                    &[],
-                    None,
-                    Some(edge_list.layer),
-                    None,
-                    None,
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            }
-
-            let g = TemporalGraph::from_parquets(
-                num_threads,
-                13,
-                23,
-                graph_dir.path(),
-                edge_lists,
-                &[],
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-            let actual = Graph::from(GraphStorage::Disk(DiskGraphStorage::new(g).into()));
-
-            for layer in expected.unique_layers() {
-                let actual_l = actual.layers(&layer).unwrap();
-                let expected_l = expected.layers(&layer).unwrap();
-                assert_graph_equal(&actual_l, &expected_l);
-            }
-
-            let g = TemporalGraph::new(graph_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-            for edge in g.edges_iter() {
-                assert!(g.find_edge(edge.src_id(), edge.dst_id()).is_some());
-            }
-
-            let actual = Graph::from(GraphStorage::Disk(DiskGraphStorage::new(g).into()));
-            for layer in expected.unique_layers() {
-                let actual_l = actual.layers(&layer).unwrap();
-                let expected_l = expected.layers(&layer).unwrap();
-                assert_graph_equal(&actual_l, &expected_l);
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn load_from_multiple_layers() {
-            proptest!(|(input in build_edge_list_df(50, 1u64..23, 1..10,  ), num_threads in 1usize..2)| {
-                check_layers_from_df(input, num_threads)
-            });
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn single_layer_single_edge() {
-            let df = new_df_from_rows(&[(0, 0, 1, "".to_owned(), 2)]);
-            check_layers_from_df(vec![df], 1)
-        }
-
-        fn write_layers<'a>(
-            layers: &'a [(String, RecordBatch)],
-            root_dir: &Path,
-        ) -> Vec<ExternalEdgeList<'a, PathBuf>> {
-            let mut paths = vec![];
-            for (name, df) in layers.iter() {
-                let layer_dir = root_dir.join(name);
-                std::fs::create_dir_all(&layer_dir).unwrap();
-                let layer_path = layer_dir.join("edges.parquet");
-
-                paths.push(
-                    ExternalEdgeList::new(
-                        name,
-                        layer_path.to_path_buf(),
-                        "src",
-                        "dst",
-                        "time",
-                        vec![],
-                    )
-                    .unwrap(),
-                );
-
-                let file = File::create(layer_path).unwrap();
-
-                // WriterProperties can be used to set Parquet file options
-                let props = WriterProperties::builder()
-                    .set_compression(Compression::SNAPPY)
-                    .build();
-
-                let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(file, df.schema(), Some(props)).unwrap();
-
-                writer.write(df).expect("Writing batch");
-
-                // writer must be closed to write footer
-                writer.close().unwrap();
-            }
-            paths
-        }
-    }
 
     fn build_df(
         chunk_size: usize,
@@ -275,6 +116,103 @@ mod io_tests {
         }
     }
 
+    fn build_df_with_secondary_index(
+        chunk_size: usize,
+        edges: &[(u64, u64, i64, u64, String, i64)],
+    ) -> DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>> {
+        let chunks = edges.iter().chunks(chunk_size);
+        let mut src_col = UInt64Builder::new();
+        let mut dst_col = UInt64Builder::new();
+        let mut time_col = Int64Builder::new();
+        let mut secondary_index_col = UInt64Builder::new();
+        let mut str_prop_col = LargeStringBuilder::new();
+        let mut int_prop_col = Int64Builder::new();
+        let chunks = chunks
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|chunk| {
+                for (src, dst, time, secondary_index, str_prop, int_prop) in chunk {
+                    src_col.append_value(*src);
+                    dst_col.append_value(*dst);
+                    time_col.append_value(*time);
+                    secondary_index_col.append_value(*secondary_index);
+                    str_prop_col.append_value(str_prop);
+                    int_prop_col.append_value(*int_prop);
+                }
+
+                let chunk = vec![
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut src_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut dst_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut time_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut secondary_index_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut str_prop_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut int_prop_col),
+                ];
+
+                Ok(DFChunk { chunk })
+            })
+            .collect_vec();
+
+        DFView {
+            names: vec![
+                "src".to_owned(),
+                "dst".to_owned(),
+                "time".to_owned(),
+                "secondary_index".to_owned(),
+                "str_prop".to_owned(),
+                "int_prop".to_owned(),
+            ],
+            chunks: chunks.into_iter(),
+            num_rows: edges.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_nodes_df_with_secondary_index(
+        chunk_size: usize,
+        nodes: &[(u64, i64, u64, &str, i64, &str)],
+    ) -> DFView<impl Iterator<Item = Result<DFChunk, GraphError>>> {
+        let chunks = nodes.iter().chunks(chunk_size);
+        let mut node_id_col = UInt64Builder::new();
+        let mut time_col = Int64Builder::new();
+        let mut secondary_index_col = UInt64Builder::new();
+        let mut str_prop_col = LargeStringBuilder::new();
+        let mut int_prop_col = Int64Builder::new();
+        let mut node_type_col = StringViewBuilder::new();
+        let chunks = chunks
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|chunk| {
+                for (node_id, time, secondary_index, str_prop, int_prop, node_type) in chunk {
+                    node_id_col.append_value(*node_id);
+                    time_col.append_value(*time);
+                    secondary_index_col.append_value(*secondary_index);
+                    str_prop_col.append_value(str_prop);
+                    int_prop_col.append_value(*int_prop);
+                    node_type_col.append_value(node_type);
+                }
+                let chunk = vec![
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut node_id_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut time_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut secondary_index_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut str_prop_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut int_prop_col),
+                    ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut node_type_col),
+                ];
+                Ok(DFChunk { chunk })
+            })
+            .collect_vec();
+        DFView {
+            names: vec![
+                "node_id".to_owned(),
+                "time".to_owned(),
+                "secondary_index".to_owned(),
+                "str_prop".to_owned(),
+                "int_prop".to_owned(),
+                "node_type".to_owned(),
+            ],
+            chunks: chunks.into_iter(),
+            num_rows: nodes.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_load_edges() {
         proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list(1000, 100), chunk_size in 1usize..=1000)| {
@@ -282,17 +220,185 @@ mod io_tests {
             let df_view = build_df(chunk_size, &edges);
             let g = Graph::new();
             let props = ["str_prop", "int_prop"];
-            load_edges_from_df(df_view, "time", "src", "dst", &props, &[], None, None, None, &g).unwrap();
+            let secondary_index = None;
+            load_edges_from_df(df_view,
+                ColumnNames::new("time", secondary_index, "src", "dst", None),
+                true,
+                &props, &[], None, None, &g, false).unwrap();
+
             let g2 = Graph::new();
+
             for (src, dst, time, str_prop, int_prop) in edges {
                 g2.add_edge(time, src, dst, [("str_prop", str_prop.clone().into_prop()), ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop())], None).unwrap();
+                let edge = g2.edge(src, dst).unwrap().at(time);
+                assert_eq!(edge.properties().get("str_prop").unwrap_str(), str_prop);
+                assert_eq!(edge.properties().get("int_prop").unwrap_i64(), int_prop);
             }
+
+            let count_edges = g.core_edges().iter(&raphtory_core::entities::LayerIds::All).count();
             assert_eq!(g.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
             assert_eq!(g2.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
+            assert_eq!(count_edges, distinct_edges);
             assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
         })
     }
 
+    // def test_load_from_pandas():
+    #[test]
+    fn load_some_edges_as_in_python() {
+        use arrow::array::builder::{Float64Builder, LargeStringBuilder};
+
+        // Create the dataframe equivalent to the pandas DataFrame
+        let edges = vec![
+            (1u64, 2u64, 1i64, 1.0f64, "red".to_string()),
+            (2, 3, 2, 2.0, "blue".to_string()),
+            (3, 4, 3, 3.0, "green".to_string()),
+            (4, 5, 4, 4.0, "yellow".to_string()),
+            (5, 6, 5, 5.0, "purple".to_string()),
+        ];
+
+        // Build the dataframe
+        let mut src_col = UInt64Builder::new();
+        let mut dst_col = UInt64Builder::new();
+        let mut time_col = Int64Builder::new();
+        let mut weight_col = Float64Builder::new();
+        let mut marbles_col = LargeStringBuilder::new();
+
+        for (src, dst, time, weight, marbles) in &edges {
+            src_col.append_value(*src);
+            dst_col.append_value(*dst);
+            time_col.append_value(*time);
+            weight_col.append_value(*weight);
+            marbles_col.append_value(marbles);
+        }
+
+        let chunk = vec![
+            ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut src_col),
+            ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut dst_col),
+            ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut time_col),
+            ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut weight_col),
+            ArrayBuilder::finish(&mut marbles_col),
+        ];
+
+        let df_view = DFView {
+            names: vec![
+                "src".to_owned(),
+                "dst".to_owned(),
+                "time".to_owned(),
+                "weight".to_owned(),
+                "marbles".to_owned(),
+            ],
+            chunks: vec![Ok(DFChunk { chunk })].into_iter(),
+            num_rows: edges.len(),
+        };
+
+        // Load edges into graph
+        let g = Graph::new();
+        let props = ["weight", "marbles"];
+        load_edges_from_df(
+            df_view,
+            ColumnNames::new("time", None, "src", "dst", None),
+            true,
+            &props,
+            &[],
+            None,
+            None,
+            &g,
+            false,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // Expected values
+        let expected_nodes = vec![1u64, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+        let mut expected_edges = vec![
+            (1u64, 2u64, 1.0f64, "red".to_string()),
+            (2, 3, 2.0, "blue".to_string()),
+            (3, 4, 3.0, "green".to_string()),
+            (4, 5, 4.0, "yellow".to_string()),
+            (5, 6, 5.0, "purple".to_string()),
+        ];
+
+        // Collect actual nodes
+        let mut actual_nodes: Vec<u64> = g
+            .nodes()
+            .id()
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|(_, id)| id.as_u64())
+            .collect();
+        actual_nodes.sort();
+
+        // Collect actual edges
+        let mut actual_edges: Vec<(u64, u64, f64, String)> = g
+            .edges()
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                let weight = e.properties().get("weight").unwrap_f64();
+                let marbles = e.properties().get("marbles").unwrap_str().to_string();
+                Some((
+                    e.src().id().as_u64()?,
+                    e.dst().id().as_u64()?,
+                    weight,
+                    marbles,
+                ))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        actual_edges.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0).then(a.1.cmp(&b.1)));
+        expected_edges.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0).then(a.1.cmp(&b.1)));
+
+        // Assertions
+        assert_eq!(actual_nodes, expected_nodes);
+        assert_eq!(actual_edges, expected_edges);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_simultaneous_edge_update() {
+        let edges = [(0, 1, 0, "".to_string(), 0), (0, 1, 0, "".to_string(), 1)];
+
+        let distinct_edges = edges
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(src, dst, _, _, _)| (src, dst))
+            .collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>()
+            .len();
+        let df_view = build_df(1, &edges);
+        let g = Graph::new();
+        let props = ["str_prop", "int_prop"];
+        let secondary_index = None;
+
+        load_edges_from_df(
+            df_view,
+            ColumnNames::new("time", secondary_index, "src", "dst", None),
+            true,
+            &props,
+            &[],
+            None,
+            None,
+            &g,
+            false,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let g2 = Graph::new();
+        for (src, dst, time, str_prop, int_prop) in edges {
+            g2.add_edge(
+                time,
+                src,
+                dst,
+                [
+                    ("str_prop", str_prop.clone().into_prop()),
+                    ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop()),
+                ],
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            let edge = g2.edge(src, dst).unwrap().at(time);
+            assert_eq!(edge.properties().get("str_prop").unwrap_str(), str_prop);
+            assert_eq!(edge.properties().get("int_prop").unwrap_i64(), int_prop);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(g.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
+        assert_eq!(g2.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
+        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_load_edges_str() {
         proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list_str(100, 100), chunk_size in 1usize..=100)| {
@@ -300,11 +406,14 @@ mod io_tests {
             let df_view = build_df_str(chunk_size, &edges);
             let g = Graph::new();
             let props = ["str_prop", "int_prop"];
-            load_edges_from_df(df_view, "time", "src", "dst", &props, &[], None, None, None, &g).unwrap();
+            load_edges_from_df(df_view, ColumnNames::new("time", None, "src", "dst", None), true, &props, &[], None, None, &g, false).unwrap();
+
             let g2 = Graph::new();
+
             for (src, dst, time, str_prop, int_prop) in edges {
                 g2.add_edge(time, &src, &dst, [("str_prop", str_prop.clone().into_prop()), ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop())], None).unwrap();
             }
+
             assert_eq!(g.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
             assert_eq!(g2.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
             assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
@@ -319,75 +428,273 @@ mod io_tests {
         let props = ["str_prop", "int_prop"];
         load_edges_from_df(
             df_view,
-            "time",
-            "src",
-            "dst",
+            ColumnNames::new("time", None, "src", "dst", None),
+            true,
             &props,
             &[],
             None,
             None,
-            None,
             &g,
+            false,
         )
         .unwrap();
+
         assert!(g.has_edge("0", "1"))
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_load_edges_with_cache() {
-        proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list(100, 100), chunk_size in 1usize..=100)| {
-            let df_view = build_df(chunk_size, &edges);
+    fn test_load_edges_with_secondary_index() {
+        // Create edges with the same timestamp but different secondary_index values
+        // Edge format: (src, dst, time, secondary_index, str_prop, int_prop)
+        let edges = [
+            (1, 2, 100, 2, "secondary_index_2".to_string(), 1),
+            (1, 2, 100, 0, "secondary_index_0".to_string(), 2),
+            (1, 2, 100, 1, "secondary_index_1".to_string(), 3),
+            (2, 3, 200, 1, "secondary_index_1".to_string(), 4),
+            (2, 3, 200, 0, "secondary_index_0".to_string(), 5),
+            (3, 4, 300, 10, "secondary_index_10".to_string(), 6),
+            (3, 4, 300, 5, "secondary_index_5".to_string(), 7),
+            (4, 5, 400, 0, "secondary_index_0".to_string(), 8),
+            (4, 5, 500, 0, "secondary_index_0".to_string(), 9),
+        ];
+
+        let chunk_size = 50;
+        let df_view = build_df_with_secondary_index(chunk_size, &edges);
+        let g = Graph::new();
+        let props = ["str_prop", "int_prop"];
+        let secondary_index = Some("secondary_index");
+
+        // Load edges from DataFrame with secondary_index
+        load_edges_from_df(
+            df_view,
+            ColumnNames::new("time", secondary_index, "src", "dst", None),
+            true,
+            &props,
+            &[],
+            None,
+            None,
+            &g,
+            false,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let g2 = Graph::new();
+
+        for (src, dst, time, secondary_index, str_prop, int_prop) in edges {
+            let time_with_secondary_index = TimeIndexEntry::new(time, secondary_index as usize);
+
+            g2.add_edge(
+                time_with_secondary_index,
+                src,
+                dst,
+                [
+                    ("str_prop", str_prop.clone().into_prop()),
+                    ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop()),
+                ],
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // Internally checks whether temporal props are sorted by
+        // secondary index.
+        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+
+        // Both graphs should have the same event_id / secondary_index
+        assert_eq!(
+            g.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+            g2.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            g.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+            10 // max secondary index in edges
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_edges_with_secondary_index_proptest() {
+        let len = 1000;
+        let num_nodes = 100;
+
+        proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list_with_secondary_index(len, num_nodes), chunk_size in 1usize..=len)| {
+            let distinct_edges = edges.iter().map(|(src, dst, _, _, _, _)| (src, dst)).collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>().len();
+            let df_view = build_df_with_secondary_index(chunk_size, &edges);
             let g = Graph::new();
-            let cache_file = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            g.cache(cache_file.path()).unwrap();
             let props = ["str_prop", "int_prop"];
-            load_edges_from_df(df_view, "time", "src", "dst", &props, &[], None, None, None, &g).unwrap();
-            let g = Graph::load_cached(cache_file.path()).unwrap();
+            let secondary_index = Some("secondary_index");
+
+            load_edges_from_df(
+                df_view,
+                ColumnNames::new("time", secondary_index, "src", "dst", None),
+                true,
+                &props,
+                &[],
+                None,
+                None,
+                &g,
+                false,
+            ).unwrap();
+
             let g2 = Graph::new();
-            for (src, dst, time, str_prop, int_prop) in edges {
-                g2.add_edge(time, src, dst, [("str_prop", str_prop.clone().into_prop()), ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop())], None).unwrap();
+            let mut max_secondary_index = 0;
+
+            for (src, dst, time, secondary_index_val, str_prop, int_prop) in edges {
+                let time_with_secondary_index = TimeIndexEntry(time, secondary_index_val as usize);
+
+                g2.add_edge(
+                    time_with_secondary_index,
+                    src,
+                    dst,
+                    [
+                        ("str_prop", str_prop.clone().into_prop()),
+                        ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop()),
+                    ],
+                    None,
+                ).unwrap();
+
+                let edge = g.edge(src, dst).unwrap().at(time);
+                assert_eq!(edge.properties().get("str_prop").unwrap_str(), str_prop);
+                assert_eq!(edge.properties().get("int_prop").unwrap_i64(), int_prop);
+
+                // Track the maximum secondary_index value to compare later
+                max_secondary_index = max_secondary_index.max(secondary_index_val as usize);
             }
+
+            assert_eq!(g.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
+            assert_eq!(g2.unfiltered_num_edges(), distinct_edges);
             assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+
+            // Both graphs should have the same event_id / secondary_index
+            assert_eq!(
+                g.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+                g2.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+            );
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                g.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+                max_secondary_index
+            );
         })
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn load_single_edge_with_cache() {
-        let edges = [(0, 0, 0, "".to_string(), 0)];
-        let df_view = build_df(1, &edges);
+    fn test_load_nodes_with_secondary_index() {
+        // Create nodes with the same timestamp but different secondary_index values
+        // Node format: (node_id, time, secondary_index, str_prop, int_prop)
+        let nodes = [
+            (1, 100, 2, "secondary_index_2", 1, "TypeA"),
+            (1, 100, 0, "secondary_index_0", 2, "TypeA"),
+            (1, 100, 1, "secondary_index_1", 3, "TypeA"),
+            (2, 200, 1, "secondary_index_1", 4, "TypeA"),
+            (2, 200, 0, "secondary_index_0", 5, "TypeA"),
+            (3, 300, 10, "secondary_index_10", 6, "TypeC"),
+            (3, 300, 5, "secondary_index_5", 7, "TypeC"),
+            (4, 400, 0, "secondary_index_0", 8, "TypeA"),
+            (4, 500, 0, "secondary_index_0", 9, "TypeA"),
+        ];
+
+        let nodes_no_dupes = [
+            (1, 100, 2, "secondary_index_2", 1, "TypeA"),
+            (2, 200, 1, "secondary_index_1", 4, "TypeA"),
+            (4, 400, 0, "secondary_index_0", 8, "TypeA"),
+            (3, 300, 5, "secondary_index_5", 7, "TypeC"),
+        ];
+
+        let chunk_size = 50;
+        let df_view = build_nodes_df_with_secondary_index(chunk_size, &nodes);
         let g = Graph::new();
-        let cache_file = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        g.cache(cache_file.path()).unwrap();
         let props = ["str_prop", "int_prop"];
-        load_edges_from_df(
+        let secondary_index = Some("secondary_index");
+
+        // Load nodes from DataFrame with secondary_index
+        load_nodes_from_df(
             df_view,
             "time",
-            "src",
-            "dst",
+            secondary_index,
+            "node_id",
             &props,
             &[],
             None,
             None,
             None,
             &g,
+            true,
         )
         .unwrap();
-        let g = Graph::load_cached(cache_file.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let df_view = build_nodes_df_with_secondary_index(chunk_size, &nodes_no_dupes);
+
+        load_node_props_from_df(
+            df_view,
+            "node_id",
+            None,
+            Some("node_type"),
+            None,
+            None,
+            &[],
+            None,
+            &g,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
         let g2 = Graph::new();
-        for (src, dst, time, str_prop, int_prop) in edges {
-            g2.add_edge(
-                time,
-                src,
-                dst,
+
+        for (node_id, time, secondary_index, str_prop, int_prop, node_type) in nodes {
+            let time_with_secondary_index = TimeIndexEntry(time, secondary_index as usize);
+
+            g2.add_node(
+                time_with_secondary_index,
+                node_id,
                 [
-                    ("str_prop", str_prop.clone().into_prop()),
+                    ("str_prop", str_prop.into_prop()),
                     ("int_prop", int_prop.into_prop()),
                 ],
-                None,
+                Some(node_type),
             )
             .unwrap();
         }
+
+        // Internally checks whether temporal props are sorted by
+        // secondary index.
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+
+        // Both graphs should have the same event_id / secondary_index
+        assert_eq!(
+            g.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+            g2.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            g.write_session().unwrap().read_event_id().unwrap(),
+            10 // max secondary index in nodes
+        );
+
+        let mut act_node_types = g
+            .nodes()
+            .node_type()
+            .compute()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|(node, val)| Some((node.id().as_u64()?, val)))
+            .collect_vec();
+        act_node_types.sort();
+        let exp_node_types = vec![
+            (1u64, Some(ArcStr::from("TypeA"))),
+            (2u64, Some(ArcStr::from("TypeA"))),
+            (3u64, Some(ArcStr::from("TypeC"))),
+            (4u64, Some(ArcStr::from("TypeA"))),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(act_node_types, exp_node_types);
+
+        let mut act_node_types = g.nodes().node_type().iter_values().collect_vec();
+        act_node_types.sort();
+        let exp_node_types = vec![
+            Some(ArcStr::from("TypeA")),
+            Some(ArcStr::from("TypeA")),
+            Some(ArcStr::from("TypeA")),
+            Some(ArcStr::from("TypeC")),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(act_node_types, exp_node_types);
     }
 }
 
@@ -406,7 +713,8 @@ mod parquet_tests {
             PropUpdatesFixture,
         },
     };
-    use std::str::FromStr;
+    use std::{io::Cursor, str::FromStr};
+    use zip::{ZipArchive, ZipWriter};
 
     #[test]
     fn node_temp_props() {
@@ -763,14 +1071,14 @@ mod parquet_tests {
     fn check_parquet_encoding(g: Graph) {
         let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         g.encode_parquet(&temp_dir).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode_parquet(&temp_dir).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode_parquet(&temp_dir, None).unwrap();
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
     }
 
     fn check_parquet_encoding_deletions(g: PersistentGraph) {
         let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         g.encode_parquet(&temp_dir).unwrap();
-        let g2 = PersistentGraph::decode_parquet(&temp_dir).unwrap();
+        let g2 = PersistentGraph::decode_parquet(&temp_dir, None).unwrap();
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
     }
 
@@ -811,7 +1119,7 @@ mod parquet_tests {
 
         g.add_metadata(nf.c_props).unwrap();
         g.encode_parquet(&temp_dir).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode_parquet(&temp_dir).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode_parquet(&temp_dir, None).unwrap();
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
     }
 
@@ -844,7 +1152,7 @@ mod parquet_tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn write_graph_props_to_parquet() {
-        proptest!(|(props in build_props_dyn(10))| {
+        proptest!(|(props in build_props_dyn(0..=10))| {
             check_graph_props(props);
         });
     }
@@ -860,20 +1168,20 @@ mod parquet_tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn write_nodes_any_props_to_parquet() {
-        proptest!(|(nodes in build_nodes_dyn(10, 10))| {
+        proptest!(|(nodes in build_nodes_dyn(0..10, 0..=10, 0..=10))| {
             build_and_check_parquet_encoding(nodes.into());
         });
     }
     #[test]
     fn write_edges_any_props_to_parquet() {
-        proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list_dyn(10, 10, true))| {
+        proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list_dyn(0..=10, 0..10, 0..=10, 0..=10, true))| {
             build_and_check_parquet_encoding(edges.into());
         });
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn write_graph_to_parquet() {
-        proptest!(|(edges in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true))| {
+        proptest!(|(edges in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true))| {
             build_and_check_parquet_encoding(edges);
         })
     }
@@ -893,4 +1201,80 @@ mod parquet_tests {
             .unwrap();
         check_parquet_encoding(graph);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parquet_zip_simple() {
+        let g = Graph::new();
+
+        g.add_edge(0, 0, 1, [("test prop 1", Prop::map(NO_PROPS))], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(
+            1,
+            2,
+            3,
+            [("test prop 1", Prop::map([("key", "value")]))],
+            Some("layer_a"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(2, 3, 4, [("test prop 2", "value")], Some("layer_b"))
+            .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(3, 1, 4, [("test prop 3", 10.0)], None).unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(4, 1, 3, [("test prop 4", true)], None).unwrap();
+
+        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = temp_dir.path().join("test_graph.zip");
+
+        // Test writing to a file
+        let file = std::fs::File::create(&zip_path).unwrap();
+        let mut writer = ZipWriter::new(file);
+        g.encode_parquet_to_zip(&mut writer, "graph").unwrap();
+        writer.finish().unwrap();
+
+        let mut reader = ZipArchive::new(std::fs::File::open(&zip_path).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let g2 =
+            Graph::decode_parquet_from_zip(&mut reader, None::<&std::path::Path>, "graph").unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parquet_bytes_simple() {
+        let g = Graph::new();
+
+        g.add_edge(0, 0, 1, [("test prop 1", Prop::map(NO_PROPS))], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(
+            1,
+            2,
+            3,
+            [("test prop 1", Prop::map([("key", "value")]))],
+            Some("layer_a"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(2, 3, 4, [("test prop 2", "value")], Some("layer_b"))
+            .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(3, 1, 4, [("test prop 3", 10.0)], None).unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(4, 1, 3, [("test prop 4", true)], None).unwrap();
+
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        let mut writer = ZipWriter::new(Cursor::new(&mut bytes));
+        g.encode_parquet_to_zip(&mut writer, "graph").unwrap();
+        writer.finish().unwrap();
+        let g2 =
+            Graph::decode_parquet_from_bytes(&bytes, None::<&std::path::Path>, "graph").unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parquet_bytes_proptest() {
+        proptest!(|(edges in build_graph_strat(30, 30, 10, 10, true))| {
+            let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&edges));
+            let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+            let mut writer = ZipWriter::new(Cursor::new(&mut bytes));
+            g.encode_parquet_to_zip(&mut writer, "graph").unwrap();
+            writer.finish().unwrap();
+            let g2 = Graph::decode_parquet_from_bytes(&bytes, None::<&std::path::Path>, "graph").unwrap();
+
+            assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+        })
+    }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/disk_storage.rs b/raphtory/tests/disk_storage.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c02cbbc8b..0000000000
--- a/raphtory/tests/disk_storage.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1052 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use arrow::array::StringArray;
-    use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use pometry_storage::{
-        chunked_array::array_like::BaseArrayLike, graph::TemporalGraph, properties::Properties,
-    };
-    use proptest::{prelude::*, sample::size_range};
-    use raphtory::{
-        db::{api::view::StaticGraphViewOps, graph::graph::assert_graph_equal},
-        prelude::*,
-    };
-    use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::Prop;
-    use raphtory_storage::{
-        disk::{ParquetLayerCols, Time},
-        graph::graph::GraphStorage,
-    };
-    use rayon::prelude::*;
-    use std::{
-        path::{Path, PathBuf},
-        str::FromStr,
-    };
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-    fn make_simple_graph(graph_dir: impl AsRef<Path>, edges: &[(u64, u64, i64, f64)]) -> Graph {
-        let storage = DiskGraphStorage::make_simple_graph(graph_dir, edges, 1000, 1000);
-        Graph::from(GraphStorage::from(storage))
-    }
-
-    fn check_graph_counts(edges: &[(u64, u64, Time, f64)], g: &impl StaticGraphViewOps) {
-        // check number of nodes
-        let expected_len = edges
-            .iter()
-            .flat_map(|(src, dst, _, _)| vec![*src, *dst])
-            .sorted()
-            .dedup()
-            .count();
-        assert_eq!(g.count_nodes(), expected_len);
-
-        // check number of edges
-        let expected_len = edges
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(src, dst, _, _)| (*src, *dst))
-            .sorted()
-            .dedup()
-            .count();
-        assert_eq!(g.count_edges(), expected_len);
-
-        // get edges back
-        assert!(edges
-            .iter()
-            .all(|(src, dst, _, _)| g.edge(*src, *dst).is_some()));
-
-        assert!(edges.iter().all(|(src, dst, _, _)| g.has_edge(*src, *dst)));
-
-        // check earlies_time
-        let expected = edges.iter().map(|(_, _, t, _)| *t).min().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(g.earliest_time(), Some(expected));
-
-        // check latest_time
-        let expected = edges.iter().map(|(_, _, t, _)| *t).max().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(g.latest_time(), Some(expected));
-
-        // get edges over window
-
-        let g = g.window(i64::MIN, i64::MAX).layers(Layer::Default).unwrap();
-
-        // get edges back from full windows with all layers
-        assert!(edges
-            .iter()
-            .all(|(src, dst, _, _)| g.edge(*src, *dst).is_some()));
-
-        assert!(edges.iter().all(|(src, dst, _, _)| g.has_edge(*src, *dst)));
-
-        // check earlies_time
-        let expected = edges.iter().map(|(_, _, t, _)| *t).min().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(g.earliest_time(), Some(expected));
-
-        // check latest_time
-        let expected = edges.iter().map(|(_, _, t, _)| *t).max().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(g.latest_time(), Some(expected));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_1_edge() {
-        let test_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let edges = vec![(1u64, 2u64, 0i64, 4.0)];
-        let g = make_simple_graph(test_dir, &edges);
-        check_graph_counts(&edges, &g);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_2_edges() {
-        let test_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let edges = vec![(0, 0, 0, 0.0), (4, 1, 2, 0.0)];
-        let g = make_simple_graph(test_dir, &edges);
-        check_graph_counts(&edges, &g);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn graph_degree_window() {
-        let test_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut edges = vec![
-            (1u64, 1u64, 0i64, 4.0),
-            (1, 1, 1, 6.0),
-            (1, 2, 1, 1.0),
-            (1, 3, 2, 2.0),
-            (2, 1, -1, 3.0),
-            (3, 2, 7, 5.0),
-        ];
-
-        edges.sort_by_key(|(src, dst, t, _)| (*src, *dst, *t));
-
-        let g = make_simple_graph(test_dir, &edges);
-        let expected = vec![(2, 3, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)];
-        check_degrees(&g, &expected)
-    }
-
-    fn check_degrees(g: &impl StaticGraphViewOps, expected: &[(usize, usize, usize)]) {
-        let actual = (1..=3)
-            .map(|i| {
-                let v = g.node(i).unwrap();
-                (
-                    v.window(-1, 7).in_degree(),
-                    v.window(1, 7).out_degree(),
-                    0, // v.window(0, 1).degree(), // we don't support both direction edges yet
-                )
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_windows() {
-        let test_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut edges = vec![
-            (1u64, 1u64, -2i64, 4.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, -1i64, 4.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, 0i64, 4.0),
-            (1u64, 3u64, 1i64, 4.0),
-            (1u64, 4u64, 2i64, 4.0),
-            (1u64, 4u64, 3i64, 4.0),
-        ];
-
-        edges.sort_by_key(|(src, dst, t, _)| (*src, *dst, *t));
-
-        let g = make_simple_graph(test_dir, &edges);
-
-        let w_g = g.window(-1, 0);
-
-        // let actual = w_g.edges().count();
-        // let expected = 1;
-        // assert_eq!(actual, expected);
-
-        let out_v_deg = w_g.nodes().out_degree().iter_values().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        assert_eq!(out_v_deg, vec![1, 0]);
-
-        let w_g = g.window(-2, 0);
-        let out_v_deg = w_g.nodes().out_degree().iter_values().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        assert_eq!(out_v_deg, vec![2, 0]);
-
-        let w_g = g.window(-2, 4);
-        let out_v_deg = w_g.nodes().out_degree().iter_values().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        assert_eq!(out_v_deg, vec![4, 0, 0, 0]);
-
-        let in_v_deg = w_g.nodes().in_degree().iter_values().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        assert_eq!(in_v_deg, vec![1, 1, 1, 1]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_temp_props() {
-        let test_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut edges = vec![
-            (1u64, 2u64, -2i64, 1.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, -1i64, 2.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, 0i64, 3.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, 1i64, 4.0),
-            (1u64, 3u64, 2i64, 1.0),
-            (1u64, 3u64, 3i64, 2.0),
-        ];
-
-        edges.sort_by_key(|(src, dst, t, _)| (*src, *dst, *t));
-
-        let g = make_simple_graph(test_dir, &edges);
-
-        // check all properties
-        let edge_t_props = weight_props(&g);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            edge_t_props,
-            vec![(-2, 1.0), (-1, 2.0), (0, 3.0), (1, 4.0), (2, 1.0), (3, 2.0)]
-        );
-
-        // window the graph half way
-        let w_g = g.window(-2, 0);
-        let edge_t_props = weight_props(&w_g);
-        assert_eq!(edge_t_props, vec![(-2, 1.0), (-1, 2.0)]);
-
-        // window the other half
-        let w_g = g.window(0, 3);
-        let edge_t_props = weight_props(&w_g);
-        assert_eq!(edge_t_props, vec![(0, 3.0), (1, 4.0), (2, 1.0)]);
-    }
-
-    fn weight_props(g: &impl StaticGraphViewOps) -> Vec<(i64, f64)> {
-        let edge_t_props: Vec<_> = g
-            .edges()
-            .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|e| {
-                e.properties()
-                    .temporal()
-                    .get("weight")
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .flat_map(|t_prop| t_prop.into_iter())
-            })
-            .filter_map(|(t, t_prop)| t_prop.into_f64().map(|v| (t, v)))
-            .collect();
-        edge_t_props
-    }
-
-    proptest! {
-        #[test]
-        fn test_graph_count_nodes(
-            edges in any_with::<Vec<(u64, u64, Time, f64)>>(size_range(1..=1000).lift()).prop_map(|mut v| {
-                v.sort_by(|(a1, b1, c1, _),(a2, b2, c2, _) | {
-                    (a1, b1, c1).cmp(&(a2, b2, c2))
-                });
-                v
-            })
-        ) {
-            let test_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-            let g = make_simple_graph(test_dir, &edges);
-            check_graph_counts(&edges, &g);
-
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_par_nodes() {
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-
-        let mut edges = vec![
-            (1u64, 2u64, -2i64, 1.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, -1i64, 2.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, 0i64, 3.0),
-            (1u64, 2u64, 1i64, 4.0),
-            (1u64, 3u64, 2i64, 1.0),
-            (1u64, 3u64, 3i64, 2.0),
-        ];
-
-        edges.sort_by_key(|(src, dst, t, _)| (*src, *dst, *t));
-
-        let g = make_simple_graph(test_dir.path(), &edges);
-
-        assert_eq!(g.nodes().par_iter().count(), g.count_nodes())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_no_prop_nodes() {
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let g = Graph::new();
-        g.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        // g.add_node(1, 1, [("test", "test")], None).unwrap();
-        let disk_g = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(disk_g.node(0).unwrap().earliest_time(), Some(0));
-        assert_graph_equal(&g, &disk_g);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_mem_to_disk_graph() {
-        let mem_graph = Graph::new();
-        mem_graph.add_edge(0, 0, 1, [("test", 0u64)], None).unwrap();
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let disk_graph =
-            TemporalGraph::from_graph(&mem_graph, test_dir.path(), || Ok(Properties::default()))
-                .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(disk_graph.num_nodes(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(disk_graph.num_edges(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_node_properties() {
-        let mem_graph = Graph::new();
-        let node = mem_graph
-            .add_node(
-                0,
-                0,
-                [
-                    ("test_num", 0u64.into_prop()),
-                    ("test_str", "test".into_prop()),
-                ],
-                None,
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        node.add_metadata([
-            ("const_str", "test_c".into_prop()),
-            ("const_float", 0.314f64.into_prop()),
-        ])
-        .unwrap();
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let disk_graph = mem_graph.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(disk_graph.count_nodes(), 1);
-        let props = disk_graph.node(0).unwrap().properties();
-        let metadata = disk_graph.node(0).unwrap().metadata();
-        assert_eq!(props.get("test_num").unwrap_u64(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(props.get("test_str").unwrap_str(), "test");
-        assert_eq!(metadata.get("const_str").unwrap_str(), "test_c");
-        assert_eq!(metadata.get("const_float").unwrap_f64(), 0.314);
-
-        let temp = disk_graph.node(0).unwrap().properties().temporal();
-        assert_eq!(
-            temp.get("test_num").unwrap().latest().unwrap(),
-            0u64.into_prop()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            temp.get("test_str").unwrap().latest().unwrap(),
-            "test".into_prop()
-        );
-
-        drop(disk_graph);
-
-        let disk_graph: Graph = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(test_dir.path())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into();
-        let props = disk_graph.node(0).unwrap().properties();
-        let metadata = disk_graph.node(0).unwrap().metadata();
-        assert_eq!(props.get("test_num").unwrap_u64(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(props.get("test_str").unwrap_str(), "test");
-        assert_eq!(metadata.get("const_str").unwrap_str(), "test_c");
-        assert_eq!(metadata.get("const_float").unwrap_f64(), 0.314);
-
-        let temp = disk_graph.node(0).unwrap().properties().temporal();
-        assert_eq!(
-            temp.get("test_num").unwrap().latest().unwrap(),
-            0u64.into_prop()
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            temp.get("test_str").unwrap().latest().unwrap(),
-            "test".into_prop()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_node_properties_2() {
-        let g = Graph::new();
-        g.add_edge(1, 1u64, 1u64, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let props_t1 = [
-            ("prop 1", 1u64.into_prop()),
-            ("prop 3", "hi".into_prop()),
-            ("prop 4", true.into_prop()),
-        ];
-        let v = g.add_node(1, 1u64, props_t1, None).unwrap();
-        let props_t2 = [
-            ("prop 1", 2u64.into_prop()),
-            ("prop 2", 0.6.into_prop()),
-            ("prop 4", false.into_prop()),
-        ];
-        v.add_updates(2, props_t2).unwrap();
-        let props_t3 = [
-            ("prop 2", 0.9.into_prop()),
-            ("prop 3", "hello".into_prop()),
-            ("prop 4", true.into_prop()),
-        ];
-        v.add_updates(3, props_t3).unwrap();
-        v.add_metadata([("static prop", 123)]).unwrap();
-
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let disk_graph = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        let actual = disk_graph
-            .at(2)
-            .node(1u64)
-            .unwrap()
-            .properties()
-            .temporal()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(key, t_view)| (key.to_string(), t_view.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()))
-            .filter(|(_, v)| !v.is_empty())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let expected = vec![
-            ("prop 1".to_string(), vec![(2, 2u64.into_prop())]),
-            ("prop 4".to_string(), vec![(2, false.into_prop())]),
-            ("prop 2".to_string(), vec![(2, 0.6.into_prop())]),
-        ];
-
-        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_only_const_node_properties() {
-        let g = Graph::new();
-        let v = g.add_node(0, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        v.add_metadata([("test", "test")]).unwrap();
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let disk_graph = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            disk_graph
-                .node(1)
-                .unwrap()
-                .metadata()
-                .get("test")
-                .unwrap_str(),
-            "test"
-        );
-        let disk_graph = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(test_dir.path())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into_graph();
-        assert_eq!(
-            disk_graph
-                .node(1)
-                .unwrap()
-                .metadata()
-                .get("test")
-                .unwrap_str(),
-            "test"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_type_filter_disk_graph_loaded_from_parquets() {
-        let tmp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let graph_dir = tmp_dir.path();
-        let chunk_size = 268_435_456;
-        let num_threads = 4;
-        let t_props_chunk_size = chunk_size / 8;
-
-        let netflow_layer_path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-            .parent()
-            .map(|p| p.join("pometry-storage-private/resources/test/netflow.parquet"))
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let v1_layer_path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-            .parent()
-            .map(|p| p.join("pometry-storage-private/resources/test/wls.parquet"))
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let node_properties = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-            .parent()
-            .map(|p| p.join("pometry-storage-private/resources/test/node_types.parquet"))
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let layer_parquet_cols = vec![
-            ParquetLayerCols {
-                parquet_dir: netflow_layer_path.to_str().unwrap(),
-                layer: "netflow",
-                src_col: "source",
-                dst_col: "destination",
-                time_col: "time",
-                exclude_edge_props: vec![],
-            },
-            ParquetLayerCols {
-                parquet_dir: v1_layer_path.to_str().unwrap(),
-                layer: "wls",
-                src_col: "src",
-                dst_col: "dst",
-                time_col: "Time",
-                exclude_edge_props: vec![],
-            },
-        ];
-
-        let node_type_col = Some("node_type");
-
-        let g = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_parquets(
-            graph_dir,
-            layer_parquet_cols,
-            Some(&node_properties),
-            chunk_size,
-            t_props_chunk_size,
-            num_threads,
-            node_type_col,
-            None,
-            None,
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-        .into_graph();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes().type_filter(["A"]).name().collect_vec(),
-            vec!["Comp710070", "Comp844043"]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(Vec::<String>::new())
-                .name()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes().type_filter([""]).name().collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(["A"])
-                .neighbours()
-                .name()
-                .map(|n| { n.collect::<Vec<_>>() })
-                .collect_vec(),
-            vec![vec!["Comp844043"], vec!["Comp710070"]]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(["A", "B"])
-                .neighbours()
-                .name()
-                .map(|n| { n.collect::<Vec<_>>() })
-                .collect_vec(),
-            vec![vec!["Comp244393"], vec!["Comp844043"], vec!["Comp710070"]]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(["C"])
-                .neighbours()
-                .name()
-                .map(|n| { n.collect::<Vec<_>>() })
-                .collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<Vec<&str>>::new()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(["A"])
-                .neighbours()
-                .type_filter(["A"])
-                .name()
-                .map(|n| { n.collect::<Vec<_>>() })
-                .collect_vec(),
-            vec![vec!["Comp844043"], vec!["Comp710070"]]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(["A"])
-                .neighbours()
-                .type_filter(Vec::<&str>::new())
-                .name()
-                .map(|n| { n.collect::<Vec<_>>() })
-                .collect_vec(),
-            vec![vec![], Vec::<&str>::new()]
-        );
-
-        let w = g.window(6415659, 7387801);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            w.nodes().type_filter(["A"]).name().collect_vec(),
-            vec!["Comp710070", "Comp844043"]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            w.nodes()
-                .type_filter(Vec::<String>::new())
-                .name()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            w.nodes().type_filter([""]).name().collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-
-        let l = g.layers(["netflow"]).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            l.nodes().type_filter(["A"]).name().collect_vec(),
-            vec!["Comp710070", "Comp844043"]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            l.nodes()
-                .type_filter(Vec::<String>::new())
-                .name()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            l.nodes().type_filter([""]).name().collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_type_filter_disk_graph_created_from_in_memory_graph() {
-        let g = Graph::new();
-        g.add_node(1, 1, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 2, NO_PROPS, Some("b")).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 3, NO_PROPS, Some("b")).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 4, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 5, NO_PROPS, Some("c")).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 6, NO_PROPS, Some("e")).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 7, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 8, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, 9, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, 1, 2, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, 3, 2, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, 2, 4, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, 4, 5, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, 4, 5, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, 5, 6, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, 3, 6, NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-
-        let tmp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let g = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&g, tmp_dir.path())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into_graph();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(["a", "b", "c", "e"])
-                .name()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            vec!["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(Vec::<String>::new())
-                .name()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes().type_filter([""]).name().collect_vec(),
-            vec!["7", "8", "9"]
-        );
-
-        let g = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(tmp_dir.path())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into_graph();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(["a", "b", "c", "e"])
-                .name()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            vec!["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes()
-                .type_filter(Vec::<String>::new())
-                .name()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            Vec::<String>::new()
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            g.nodes().type_filter([""]).name().collect_vec(),
-            vec!["7", "8", "9"]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_reload() {
-        let graph_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph.add_edge(0, 0, 1, [("weight", 0.)], None).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(1, 0, 1, [("weight", 1.)], None).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(2, 0, 1, [("weight", 2.)], None).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(3, 1, 2, [("weight", 3.)], None).unwrap();
-        let disk_graph = graph.persist_as_disk_graph(graph_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&disk_graph, &graph);
-
-        let reloaded_graph = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(graph_dir.path())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into_graph();
-        assert_graph_equal(&reloaded_graph, &graph);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_node_types() {
-        let graph_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph.add_edge(0, 0, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let mut dg = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&graph, graph_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        dg.load_node_types_from_arrays(
-            [Ok(StringArray::from_iter_values(["1", "2"]).as_array_ref())],
-            100,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            dg.into_graph().nodes().node_type().collect_vec(),
-            [Some("1".into()), Some("2".into())]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_node_type() {
-        let graph_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let graph = Graph::new();
-        graph.add_node(0, 0, NO_PROPS, Some("1")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_node(0, 1, NO_PROPS, Some("2")).unwrap();
-        graph.add_edge(0, 0, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let dg = graph.persist_as_disk_graph(graph_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            dg.nodes().node_type().collect_vec(),
-            [Some("1".into()), Some("2".into())]
-        );
-        let dg = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(graph_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            dg.into_graph().nodes().node_type().collect_vec(),
-            [Some("1".into()), Some("2".into())]
-        );
-    }
-    mod addition_bounds {
-        use proptest::prelude::*;
-        use raphtory::{
-            db::graph::graph::assert_graph_equal,
-            prelude::*,
-            test_utils::{build_edge_list, build_graph_from_edge_list},
-        };
-        use raphtory_storage::disk::DiskGraphStorage;
-        use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-        #[test]
-        fn test_load_from_graph_missing_edge() {
-            let g = Graph::new();
-            g.add_edge(0, 1, 2, [("test", "test1")], Some("1")).unwrap();
-            g.add_edge(1, 2, 3, [("test", "test2")], Some("2")).unwrap();
-            let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-            let disk_g = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-            assert_graph_equal(&disk_g, &g);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn disk_graph_persist_proptest() {
-            proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list(100, 10))| {
-                let g = build_graph_from_edge_list(&edges);
-                let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-                let disk_g = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-                assert_graph_equal(&disk_g, &g);
-                let reloaded_disk_g = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_dir(test_dir.path()).unwrap().into_graph();
-                assert_graph_equal(&reloaded_disk_g, &g);
-            } )
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn load_decimal_column() {
-        let parquet_file_path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-            .join("resources/test/data_0.parquet")
-            .to_string_lossy()
-            .to_string();
-
-        let graph_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let layer_parquet_cols = vec![ParquetLayerCols {
-            parquet_dir: parquet_file_path.as_ref(),
-            layer: "large",
-            src_col: "from_address",
-            dst_col: "to_address",
-            time_col: "block_timestamp",
-            exclude_edge_props: vec![],
-        }];
-        let dgs = DiskGraphStorage::load_from_parquets(
-            graph_dir.path(),
-            layer_parquet_cols,
-            None,
-            100,
-            100,
-            1,
-            None,
-            None,
-            None,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let g = dgs.into_graph();
-        let (_, actual): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = g
-            .edges()
-            .properties()
-            .flat_map(|props| props.temporal().into_iter())
-            .flat_map(|(_, view)| view.into_iter())
-            .unzip();
-
-        let expected = [
-            "20000000000000000000.000000000",
-            "20000000000000000000.000000000",
-            "20000000000000000000.000000000",
-            "24000000000000000000.000000000",
-            "20000000000000000000.000000000",
-            "104447267751554560119.000000000",
-            "42328815976923864739.000000000",
-            "23073375143032303343.000000000",
-            "23069234889247394908.000000000",
-            "18729358881519682914.000000000",
-        ]
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|s| BigDecimal::from_str(s).map(Prop::Decimal))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod storage_tests {
-    use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use proptest::prelude::*;
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-    use raphtory::{
-        db::graph::graph::assert_graph_equal,
-        prelude::{AdditionOps, Graph, GraphViewOps, NodeViewOps, NO_PROPS, *},
-    };
-    use raphtory_api::core::storage::arc_str::OptionAsStr;
-    use raphtory_core::entities::nodes::node_ref::AsNodeRef;
-    use raphtory_storage::{disk::DiskGraphStorage, mutation::addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps};
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_merge() {
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_node(0, 0, [("node_prop", 0f64)], Some("1")).unwrap();
-        g1.add_node(0, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.add_node(0, 2, [("node_prop", 2f64)], Some("2")).unwrap();
-        g1.add_edge(1, 0, 1, [("test", 1i32)], None).unwrap();
-        g1.add_edge(2, 0, 1, [("test", 2i32)], Some("1")).unwrap();
-        g1.add_edge(2, 1, 2, [("test2", "test")], None).unwrap();
-        g1.node(1)
-            .unwrap()
-            .add_metadata([("const_str", "test")])
-            .unwrap();
-        g1.node(0)
-            .unwrap()
-            .add_updates(3, [("test", "test")])
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let g2 = Graph::new();
-        g2.add_node(1, 0, [("node_prop", 1f64)], None).unwrap();
-        g2.add_node(0, 1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g2.add_node(3, 2, [("node_prop", 3f64)], Some("3")).unwrap();
-        g2.add_edge(1, 0, 1, [("test", 2i32)], None).unwrap();
-        g2.add_edge(3, 0, 1, [("test", 3i32)], Some("2")).unwrap();
-        g2.add_edge(2, 1, 2, [("test2", "test")], None).unwrap();
-        g2.node(1)
-            .unwrap()
-            .add_metadata([("const_str2", "test2")])
-            .unwrap();
-        g2.node(0)
-            .unwrap()
-            .add_updates(3, [("test", "test")])
-            .unwrap();
-        let g1_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let g2_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let gm_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-
-        let g1_a = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&g1, g1_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        let g2_a = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&g2, g2_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        let gm = g1_a
-            .merge_by_sorted_gids(&g2_a, &gm_dir)
-            .unwrap()
-            .into_graph();
-
-        let n0 = gm.node(0).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            n0.properties()
-                .temporal()
-                .get("node_prop")
-                .unwrap()
-                .iter()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            [(0, Prop::F64(0.)), (1, Prop::F64(1.))]
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            n0.properties()
-                .temporal()
-                .get("test")
-                .unwrap()
-                .iter()
-                .collect_vec(),
-            [(3, Prop::str("test")), (3, Prop::str("test"))]
-        );
-        assert_eq!(n0.node_type().as_str(), Some("1"));
-        let n1 = gm.node(1).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(n1.metadata().get("const_str"), Some(Prop::str("test")));
-        assert_eq!(n1.metadata().get("const_str2").unwrap_str(), "test2");
-        assert!(n1
-            .properties()
-            .temporal()
-            .values()
-            .all(|prop| prop.values().next().is_none()));
-        let n2 = gm.node(2).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(n2.node_type().as_str(), Some("3")); // right has priority
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            gm.default_layer()
-                .edges()
-                .id()
-                .filter_map(|(a, b)| a.as_u64().zip(b.as_u64()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [(0, 1), (1, 2)]
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            gm.valid_layers("1")
-                .edges()
-                .id()
-                .filter_map(|(a, b)| a.as_u64().zip(b.as_u64()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [(0, 1)]
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            gm.valid_layers("2")
-                .edges()
-                .id()
-                .filter_map(|(a, b)| a.as_u64().zip(b.as_u64()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            [(0, 1)]
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn add_edges(g: &Graph, edges: &[(i64, u64, u64)]) {
-        let nodes: BTreeSet<_> = edges
-            .iter()
-            .flat_map(|(_, src, dst)| [*src, *dst])
-            .collect();
-        for n in nodes {
-            g.resolve_node(n.as_node_ref()).unwrap();
-        }
-        for (t, src, dst) in edges {
-            g.add_edge(*t, *src, *dst, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn inner_merge_test(left_edges: &[(i64, u64, u64)], right_edges: &[(i64, u64, u64)]) {
-        let left_g = Graph::new();
-        add_edges(&left_g, left_edges);
-        let right_g = Graph::new();
-        add_edges(&right_g, right_edges);
-        let merged_g_expected = Graph::new();
-        add_edges(&merged_g_expected, left_edges);
-        add_edges(&merged_g_expected, right_edges);
-
-        let left_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let right_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let merged_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-
-        let left_g_disk = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&left_g, left_dir.path()).unwrap();
-        let right_g_disk = DiskGraphStorage::from_graph(&right_g, right_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        let merged_g_disk = left_g_disk
-            .merge_by_sorted_gids(&right_g_disk, &merged_dir)
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&merged_g_disk.into_graph(), &merged_g_expected)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_merge_proptest() {
-        proptest!(|(left_edges in prop::collection::vec((0i64..10, 0u64..10, 0u64..10), 0..=100), right_edges in prop::collection::vec((0i64..10, 0u64..10, 0u64..10), 0..=100))| {
-            inner_merge_test(&left_edges, &right_edges)
-        })
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_merge_simple() {
-        let left = [(4, 4, 2), (4, 4, 2)];
-        let right = [];
-        inner_merge_test(&left, &right);
-
-        let left = [(0, 5, 5)];
-        let right = [];
-        inner_merge_test(&left, &right);
-
-        let left = [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0)];
-        let right = [];
-        inner_merge_test(&left, &right);
-
-        let left = [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0)];
-        let right = [(0, 0, 0)];
-        inner_merge_test(&left, &right);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_one_empty_graph_non_zero_time() {
-        inner_merge_test(&[], &[(1, 0, 0)])
-    }
-    #[test]
-    fn test_empty_graphs() {
-        inner_merge_test(&[], &[])
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_one_empty_graph() {
-        inner_merge_test(&[], &[(0, 0, 0)])
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn inbounds_not_merging() {
-        inner_merge_test(&[], &[(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)])
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn inbounds_not_merging_take2() {
-        inner_merge_test(
-            &[(0, 0, 2)],
-            &[
-                (0, 1, 0),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-            ],
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn offsets_panic_overflow() {
-        inner_merge_test(
-            &[
-                (0, 0, 4),
-                (0, 0, 4),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-                (0, 0, 4),
-                (0, 1, 2),
-                (0, 3, 4),
-            ],
-            &[(0, 0, 5), (0, 2, 0)],
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn inbounds_not_merging_take3() {
-        inner_merge_test(
-            &[
-                (0, 0, 4),
-                (0, 0, 4),
-                (0, 0, 0),
-                (0, 0, 4),
-                (0, 1, 2),
-                (0, 3, 4),
-            ],
-            &[(0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 2, 2), (0, 0, 5), (0, 0, 6)],
-        )
-    }
-}
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/edge_property_filter.rs b/raphtory/tests/edge_property_filter.rs
index 74ec515d97..4509f19594 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/edge_property_filter.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/edge_property_filter.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use raphtory::{
     test_utils::{build_edge_deletions, build_edge_list, build_graph_from_edge_list, build_window},
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropType;
-use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps;
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps};
 
 #[test]
 fn test_edge_filter() {
@@ -310,6 +310,29 @@ fn test_persistent_graph_materialise_window() {
     })
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_persistent_graph_materialise_window_2_updates() {
+    let g = PersistentGraph::new();
+    g.add_edge(0, 0, 0, [("test", 0)], None).unwrap();
+    g.add_edge(-5, 0, 0, [("test", 1)], None).unwrap();
+    let start = -3;
+    let end = 0;
+    let v = 0;
+    let gwf = g
+        .window(start, end)
+        .filter_edges(PropertyFilterBuilder("test".to_string()).gt(v))
+        .unwrap();
+    let gwfm = gwf.materialize().unwrap();
+    assert_persistent_materialize_graph_equal(&gwf, &gwfm);
+
+    let gfw = g
+        .filter_edges(PropertyFilterBuilder("test".to_string()).gt(v))
+        .unwrap()
+        .window(start, end);
+    let gfwm = gfw.materialize().unwrap();
+    assert_persistent_materialize_graph_equal(&gfw, &gfwm);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_single_unfiltered_edge_empty_window_persistent() {
     let g = PersistentGraph::new();
@@ -323,6 +346,8 @@ fn test_single_unfiltered_edge_empty_window_persistent() {
     assert_eq!(gw.count_edges(), 0);
     let expected = PersistentGraph::new();
     expected
+        .write_session()
+        .unwrap()
         .resolve_edge_property("test", PropType::I64, false)
         .unwrap();
     expected.resolve_layer(None).unwrap();
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/exploded_edge_property_filter.rs b/raphtory/tests/exploded_edge_property_filter.rs
index 29dab8f2eb..d6d9dcf4bf 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/exploded_edge_property_filter.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/exploded_edge_property_filter.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use raphtory::{
     },
 };
 use raphtory_api::core::entities::properties::prop::PropType;
-use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps;
+use raphtory_storage::mutation::addition_ops::{InternalAdditionOps, SessionAdditionOps};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 fn build_filtered_graph(
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn build_filtered_graph(
                 *src,
                 *dst,
                 [
-                    ("str_prop", str_prop.into()),
+                    ("str_prop", str_prop.as_str().into()),
                     ("int_prop", Prop::I64(*int_prop)),
                 ],
                 None,
@@ -96,10 +96,11 @@ fn build_filtered_persistent_graph(
                     } else {
                         g_filtered.delete_edge(t, src, dst, None).unwrap();
                         // properties still exist after filtering
-                        g_filtered
+                        let session = g_filtered.write_session().unwrap();
+                        session
                             .resolve_edge_property("str_prop", PropType::Str, false)
                             .unwrap();
-                        g_filtered
+                        session
                             .resolve_edge_property("int_prop", PropType::I64, false)
                             .unwrap();
                     }
@@ -190,6 +191,8 @@ fn test_filter_persistent_single_filtered_edge() {
     expected.delete_edge(0, 0, 0, None).unwrap();
     //the property still exists!
     expected
+        .write_session()
+        .unwrap()
         .resolve_edge_property("test", PropType::I64, false)
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/node_test.rs b/raphtory/tests/node_test.rs
index b2bdd12c1e..a874130a5f 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/node_test.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/node_test.rs
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ fn test_metadata_updates() {
 }
 
 #[test]
+#[ignore] // likely we don't want to handle it globally like this anymore, maybe we should introduce an explicit categorical property type?
 fn test_string_deduplication() {
     let g = Graph::new();
     let v1 = g
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/proto_test.rs b/raphtory/tests/proto_test.rs
index 4b7b9a6726..e614bcc6a9 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/proto_test.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/proto_test.rs
@@ -4,23 +4,31 @@ mod proto_test {
     use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime};
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use proptest::proptest;
+    use prost::Message;
     use raphtory::{
         db::{
             api::{mutation::DeletionOps, properties::internal::InternalMetadataOps},
             graph::{graph::assert_graph_equal, views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph},
         },
         prelude::*,
-        serialise::{metadata::assert_metadata_correct, GraphFolder, InternalStableDecode},
+        serialise::{
+            metadata::assert_metadata_correct,
+            proto::{proto_generated::GraphType, ProtoDecoder, ProtoEncoder},
+            GraphFolder, ProtoGraph,
+        },
     };
     use raphtory_api::core::{
         entities::properties::{meta::PropMapper, prop::PropType},
         storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
     };
+    use raphtory_core::{
+        entities::{GidRef, EID, VID},
+        storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry,
+    };
     use raphtory_storage::core_ops::CoreGraphOps;
-    use std::{collections::HashMap, path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
+    use std::{collections::HashMap, io::Cursor, iter, path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
     use tempfile::TempDir;
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
     use arrow::array::types::{Int32Type, UInt8Type};
     use raphtory::test_utils::{build_edge_list, build_graph_from_edge_list};
 
@@ -28,17 +36,19 @@ mod proto_test {
     fn prev_proto_str() {
         let path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
             .parent()
-            .map(|p| p.join("raphtory/resources/test/old_proto/str"))
+            .map(|p| p.join("raphtory/resources/test/old_proto/str/graph"))
             .unwrap();
 
-        let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
-
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(path).unwrap();
+        let proto_graph = ProtoGraph::decode(Cursor::new(bytes)).unwrap();
+        let graph = Graph::decode_from_proto(&proto_graph).unwrap();
         let nodes_props = graph
             .nodes()
             .properties()
             .into_iter()
             .flat_map(|(_, props)| props.into_iter())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
         assert_eq!(
             nodes_props,
             vec![("a".into(), Some("a".into())), ("a".into(), None)]
@@ -54,15 +64,17 @@ mod proto_test {
         //     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         // assert_eq!(nodes_metadata, vec![("z".into(), Some("a".into())),]);
     }
+
     #[test]
     fn can_read_previous_proto() {
         let path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
             .parent()
-            .map(|p| p.join("raphtory/resources/test/old_proto/all_props"))
+            .map(|p| p.join("raphtory/resources/test/old_proto/all_props/graph"))
             .unwrap();
 
-        let graph = Graph::decode(path).unwrap();
-
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(path).unwrap();
+        let proto_graph = ProtoGraph::decode(Cursor::new(bytes)).unwrap();
+        let graph = Graph::decode_from_proto(&proto_graph).unwrap();
         let actual: HashMap<_, _> = graph
             .node_meta()
             .get_all_property_names(false)
@@ -250,7 +262,7 @@ mod proto_test {
         let pm = graph.edge_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
         check_prop_mapper(pm);
 
-        let pm = graph.graph_meta().temporal_mapper();
+        let pm = graph.graph_props_meta().temporal_prop_mapper();
         check_prop_mapper(pm);
 
         let mut vec1 = actual.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -265,509 +277,52 @@ mod proto_test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn node_no_props() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn node_with_props() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.add_node(2, "Bob", [("age", Prop::U32(47))], None)
-            .unwrap();
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
-    #[test]
-    fn test_node_name() {
-        use raphtory::db::api::view::MaterializedGraph;
-
-        let g = Graph::new();
-        g.add_edge(1, "ben", "hamza", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(2, "haaroon", "hamza", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(3, "ben", "haaroon", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let temp_file = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-
-        g.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = MaterializedGraph::load_cached(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(g2.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
-        let node_names: Vec<_> = g2.nodes().iter().map(|n| n.name()).collect();
-        assert_eq!(node_names, ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
-        let g2_m = g2.materialize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            g2_m.nodes().name().collect_vec(),
-            ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]
+    fn manually_test_append() {
+        let mut graph1 = ProtoGraph::default();
+
+        graph1.set_graph_type(GraphType::Event);
+        graph1.new_node(GidRef::Str("1"), VID(0), 0);
+        graph1.new_node(GidRef::Str("2"), VID(1), 0);
+        graph1.new_edge(VID(0), VID(1), EID(0));
+        graph1.update_edge_tprops(
+            EID(0),
+            TimeIndexEntry::start(1),
+            0,
+            iter::empty::<(usize, Prop)>(),
         );
-        let g3 = g.materialize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(g3.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
-        let node_names: Vec<_> = g3.nodes().iter().map(|n| n.name()).collect();
-        assert_eq!(node_names, ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
 
-        let temp_file = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        g3.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g4 = MaterializedGraph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(g4.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
-        let node_names: Vec<_> = g4.nodes().iter().map(|n| n.name()).collect();
-        assert_eq!(node_names, ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
-    }
+        let mut bytes1 = graph1.encode_to_vec();
+        let mut graph2 = ProtoGraph::default();
 
-    #[test]
-    fn node_with_metadata() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        let n1 = g1
-            .add_node(2, "Bob", [("age", Prop::U32(47))], None)
-            .unwrap();
-
-        n1.update_metadata([("name", Prop::Str("Bob".into()))])
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_no_props() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.add_node(2, "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_no_props_delete() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new().persistent_graph();
-        g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.delete_edge(19, "Alice", "Bob", None).unwrap();
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = PersistentGraph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-
-        let edge = g2.edge("Alice", "Bob").expect("Failed to get edge");
-        let deletions = edge.deletions().to_vec();
-        assert_eq!(deletions, vec![19]);
-    }
+        graph2.new_node(GidRef::Str("3"), VID(2), 0);
+        graph2.new_edge(VID(0), VID(2), EID(1));
+        graph2.update_edge_tprops(
+            EID(1),
+            TimeIndexEntry::start(2),
+            0,
+            iter::empty::<(usize, Prop)>(),
+        );
+        bytes1.extend(graph2.encode_to_vec());
 
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_t_props() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.add_node(2, "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", [("kind", "friends")], None)
-            .unwrap();
+        let buf = bytes1.as_slice();
+        let proto_graph = ProtoGraph::decode(buf).unwrap();
+        let graph = Graph::decode_from_proto(&proto_graph).unwrap();
 
-        #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-        g1.add_edge(
-            3,
-            "Alice",
-            "Bob",
-            [("image", Prop::from_arr::<Int32Type>(vec![3i32, 5]))],
-            None,
+        assert_eq!(graph.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["1", "2", "3"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            graph.edges().id().collect_vec(),
+            [
+                (GID::Str("1".to_string()), GID::Str("2".to_string())),
+                (GID::Str("1".to_string()), GID::Str("3".to_string()))
+            ]
         )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_metadata() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        let e1 = g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        e1.update_metadata([("friends", true)], None)
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn edge_layers() {
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_edge(7, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("one"))
-            .unwrap();
-        g1.add_edge(7, "Bob", "Charlie", [("friends", false)], Some("two"))
-            .unwrap();
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_all_the_t_props_on_node() {
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-
-        let node = g2.node("Alice").expect("Failed to get node");
-
-        assert!(props.into_iter().all(|(name, expected)| {
-            node.properties()
-                .temporal()
-                .get(name)
-                .filter(|prop_view| {
-                    let (t, prop) = prop_view.iter().next().expect("Failed to get prop");
-                    prop == expected && t == 1
-                })
-                .is_some()
-        }))
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_all_the_t_props_on_edge() {
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-
-        let edge = g2.edge("Alice", "Bob").expect("Failed to get edge");
-
-        assert!(props.into_iter().all(|(name, expected)| {
-            edge.properties()
-                .temporal()
-                .get(name)
-                .filter(|prop_view| {
-                    let (t, prop) = prop_view.iter().next().expect("Failed to get prop");
-                    prop == expected && t == 1
-                })
-                .is_some()
-        }))
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_all_the_metadata_on_edge() {
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        let e = g1.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        e.update_metadata(props.clone(), Some("a"))
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-
-        let edge = g2
-            .edge("Alice", "Bob")
-            .expect("Failed to get edge")
-            .layers("a")
-            .unwrap();
-
-        for (new, old) in edge.metadata().iter_filtered().zip(props.iter()) {
-            assert_eq!(new.0, old.0);
-            assert_eq!(new.1, old.1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_all_the_metadata_on_node() {
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        let n = g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        n.update_metadata(props.clone())
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-
-        let node = g2.node("Alice").expect("Failed to get node");
-
-        assert!(props.into_iter().all(|(name, expected)| {
-            node.metadata()
-                .get(name)
-                .filter(|prop| prop == &expected)
-                .is_some()
-        }))
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn graph_metadata() {
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        g1.add_metadata(props.clone())
-            .expect("Failed to add metadata");
-
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-
-        props.into_iter().for_each(|(name, prop)| {
-            let id = g2.get_metadata_id(name).expect("Failed to get prop id");
-            assert_eq!(prop, g2.get_metadata(id).expect("Failed to get prop"));
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn graph_temp_properties() {
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-
-        let g1 = Graph::new();
-        for t in 0..props.len() {
-            g1.add_properties(t as i64, props[t..t + 1].to_vec())
-                .expect("Failed to add metadata");
-        }
-
-        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
-        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
-
-        props
-            .into_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .for_each(|(expected_t, (name, expected))| {
-                for (t, prop) in g2
-                    .properties()
-                    .temporal()
-                    .get(name)
-                    .expect("Failed to get prop view")
-                {
-                    assert_eq!(prop, expected);
-                    assert_eq!(t, expected_t as i64);
-                }
-            });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_string_interning() {
-        let g = Graph::new();
-        let n = g.add_node(0, 1, [("test", "test")], None).unwrap();
-
-        n.add_updates(1, [("test", "test")]).unwrap();
-        n.add_updates(2, [("test", "test")]).unwrap();
-
-        let values = n
-            .properties()
-            .temporal()
-            .get("test")
-            .unwrap()
-            .values()
-            .map(|v| v.unwrap_str())
-            .collect_vec();
-        assert_eq!(values, ["test", "test", "test"]);
-        for w in values.windows(2) {
-            assert_eq!(w[0].as_ptr(), w[1].as_ptr());
-        }
-
-        let proto = g.encode_to_proto();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode_from_proto(&proto).unwrap();
-        let node_view = g2.node(1).unwrap();
-
-        let values = node_view
-            .properties()
-            .temporal()
-            .get("test")
-            .unwrap()
-            .values()
-            .map(|v| v.unwrap_str())
-            .collect_vec();
-        assert_eq!(values, ["test", "test", "test"]);
-        for w in values.windows(2) {
-            assert_eq!(w[0].as_ptr(), w[1].as_ptr());
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_incremental_writing_on_graph() {
-        let g = Graph::new();
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-        let temp_cache_file = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let folder = GraphFolder::from(&temp_cache_file);
-
-        g.cache(&temp_cache_file).unwrap();
-
-        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
-
-        for t in 0..props.len() {
-            g.add_properties(t as i64, props[t..t + 1].to_vec())
-                .expect("Failed to add metadata");
-        }
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        g.add_metadata(props.clone())
-            .expect("Failed to add metadata");
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        let n = g.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        n.update_metadata(props.clone())
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        let e = g.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        e.update_metadata(props.clone(), Some("a"))
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
-
-        g.add_edge(2, "Alice", "Bob", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, "Charlie", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        g.add_edge(7, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("one"))
-            .unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(7, "Bob", "Charlie", [("friends", false)], Some("two"))
-            .unwrap();
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_cache_file).unwrap();
-        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
-
-        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
     }
 
+    // we rely on this to make sure writing no updates does not actually write anything to file
     #[test]
-    fn test_incremental_writing_on_persistent_graph() {
-        let g = PersistentGraph::new();
-        let mut props = vec![];
-        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
-        let temp_cache_file = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let folder = GraphFolder::from(&temp_cache_file);
-
-        g.cache(&temp_cache_file).unwrap();
-
-        for t in 0..props.len() {
-            g.add_properties(t as i64, props[t..t + 1].to_vec())
-                .expect("Failed to add metadata");
-        }
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        g.add_metadata(props.clone())
-            .expect("Failed to add metadata");
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        let n = g.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        n.update_metadata(props.clone())
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        let e = g.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
-        e.update_metadata(props.clone(), Some("a"))
-            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
-
-        g.add_edge(2, "Alice", "Bob", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
-        g.add_node(1, "Charlie", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        g.add_edge(7, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("one"))
-            .unwrap();
-        g.add_edge(7, "Bob", "Charlie", [("friends", false)], Some("two"))
-            .unwrap();
-        g.write_updates().unwrap();
-
-        let g2 = PersistentGraph::decode(&temp_cache_file).unwrap();
-
-        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
-
-        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn encode_decode_prop_test() {
-        proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list(100, 100))| {
-            let g = build_graph_from_edge_list(&edges);
-            let bytes = g.encode_to_vec();
-            let g2 = Graph::decode_from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
-            assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn write_props_to_vec(props: &mut Vec<(&str, Prop)>) {
-        props.push(("name", Prop::Str("Alice".into())));
-        props.push(("age", Prop::U32(47)));
-        props.push(("score", Prop::I32(27)));
-        props.push(("is_adult", Prop::Bool(true)));
-        props.push(("height", Prop::F32(1.75)));
-        props.push(("weight", Prop::F64(75.5)));
-        props.push((
-            "children",
-            Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
-                Prop::Str("Bob".into()),
-                Prop::Str("Charlie".into()),
-            ])),
-        ));
-        props.push((
-            "properties",
-            Prop::map(props.iter().map(|(k, v)| (ArcStr::from(*k), v.clone()))),
-        ));
-        let fmt = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S";
-        props.push((
-            "time",
-            Prop::NDTime(
-                NaiveDateTime::parse_from_str("+10000-09-09 01:46:39", fmt)
-                    .expect("Failed to parse time"),
-            ),
-        ));
-
-        props.push((
-            "dtime",
-            Prop::DTime(
-                DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2021-09-09T01:46:39Z")
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .into(),
-            ),
-        ));
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "arrow")]
-        props.push((
-            "array",
-            Prop::from_arr::<UInt8Type>(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]),
-        ));
+    fn empty_proto_is_empty_bytes() {
+        let proto = ProtoGraph::default();
+        let bytes = proto.encode_to_vec();
+        assert!(bytes.is_empty())
     }
 }
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/serialise_test.rs b/raphtory/tests/serialise_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7339f1b1f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raphtory/tests/serialise_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+mod serialise_test {
+
+    use arrow::{array::types::Int32Type, datatypes::UInt8Type};
+    use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime};
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    #[cfg(feature = "proto")]
+    use proptest::proptest;
+    use raphtory::{
+        db::{
+            api::properties::internal::InternalMetadataOps,
+            graph::{graph::assert_graph_equal, views::deletion_graph::PersistentGraph},
+        },
+        prelude::*,
+        serialise::{metadata::assert_metadata_correct, GraphFolder},
+        test_utils::{build_edge_list, build_graph_from_edge_list},
+    };
+    use raphtory_api::core::{
+        entities::properties::{meta::PropMapper, prop::PropType},
+        storage::arc_str::ArcStr,
+    };
+    use raphtory_core::{entities::GidRef, storage::timeindex::TimeIndexEntry};
+    use raphtory_storage::core_ops::CoreGraphOps;
+    use std::{collections::HashMap, path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
+    use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn node_no_props() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn node_with_props() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.add_node(2, "Bob", [("age", Prop::U32(47))], None)
+            .unwrap();
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "search")]
+    #[test]
+    fn test_node_name() {
+        use raphtory::db::api::view::MaterializedGraph;
+
+        let g = Graph::new();
+        g.add_edge(1, "ben", "hamza", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(2, "haaroon", "hamza", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(3, "ben", "haaroon", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        let temp_file = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+        g.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = MaterializedGraph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(g2.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
+        let node_names: Vec<_> = g2.nodes().iter().map(|n| n.name()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(node_names, ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
+        let g2_m = g2.materialize().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            g2_m.nodes().name().collect_vec(),
+            ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]
+        );
+        let g3 = g.materialize().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(g3.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
+        let node_names: Vec<_> = g3.nodes().iter().map(|n| n.name()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(node_names, ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
+
+        let temp_file = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        g3.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g4 = MaterializedGraph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(g4.nodes().name().collect_vec(), ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
+        let node_names: Vec<_> = g4.nodes().iter().map(|n| n.name()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(node_names, ["ben", "hamza", "haaroon"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn node_with_metadata() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        let n1 = g1
+            .add_node(2, "Bob", [("age", Prop::U32(47))], None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        n1.update_metadata([("name", Prop::Str("Bob".into()))])
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn edge_no_props() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.add_node(2, "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn edge_no_props_delete() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new().persistent_graph();
+        g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.delete_edge(19, "Alice", "Bob", None).unwrap();
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = PersistentGraph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+
+        let edge = g2.edge("Alice", "Bob").expect("Failed to get edge");
+        let deletions = edge.deletions().to_vec();
+        assert_eq!(deletions, vec![19]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn edge_t_props() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.add_node(2, "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", [("kind", "friends")], None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        g1.add_edge(
+            3,
+            "Alice",
+            "Bob",
+            [("image", Prop::from_arr::<Int32Type>(vec![3i32, 5]))],
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn edge_metadata() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        let e1 = g1.add_edge(3, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        e1.update_metadata([("friends", true)], None)
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn edge_layers() {
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_edge(7, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("one"))
+            .unwrap();
+        g1.add_edge(7, "Bob", "Charlie", [("friends", false)], Some("two"))
+            .unwrap();
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_the_t_props_on_node() {
+        let mut props = vec![];
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_node(1, "Alice", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+
+        let node = g2.node("Alice").expect("Failed to get node");
+
+        assert!(props.into_iter().all(|(name, expected)| {
+            node.properties()
+                .temporal()
+                .get(name)
+                .filter(|prop_view| {
+                    let (t, prop) = prop_view.iter().next().expect("Failed to get prop");
+                    prop == expected && t == 1
+                })
+                .is_some()
+        }))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_the_t_props_on_edge() {
+        let mut props = vec![];
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+
+        let edge = g2.edge("Alice", "Bob").expect("Failed to get edge");
+
+        assert!(props.into_iter().all(|(name, expected)| {
+            edge.properties()
+                .temporal()
+                .get(name)
+                .filter(|prop_view| {
+                    let (t, prop) = prop_view.iter().next().expect("Failed to get prop");
+                    prop == expected && t == 1
+                })
+                .is_some()
+        }))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_the_metadata_on_edge() {
+        let mut props = vec![];
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        let e = g1.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
+        e.update_metadata(props.clone(), Some("a"))
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+
+        let edge = g2
+            .edge("Alice", "Bob")
+            .expect("Failed to get edge")
+            .layers("a")
+            .unwrap();
+
+        for (new, old) in edge.metadata().iter_filtered().zip(props.iter()) {
+            assert_eq!(new.0, old.0);
+            assert_eq!(new.1, old.1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_the_metadata_on_node() {
+        let mut props = vec![];
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        let n = g1.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        n.update_metadata(props.clone())
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+
+        let node = g2.node("Alice").expect("Failed to get node");
+
+        assert!(props.into_iter().all(|(name, expected)| {
+            node.metadata()
+                .get(name)
+                .filter(|prop| prop == &expected)
+                .is_some()
+        }))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graph_metadata() {
+        let mut props = vec![];
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        g1.add_metadata(props.clone())
+            .expect("Failed to add metadata");
+
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+
+        props.into_iter().for_each(|(name, prop)| {
+            let id = g2.get_metadata_id(name).expect("Failed to get prop id");
+            assert_eq!(prop, g2.get_metadata(id).expect("Failed to get prop"));
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graph_temp_properties() {
+        let mut props = vec![];
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+
+        let g1 = Graph::new();
+        for t in 0..props.len() {
+            g1.add_properties(t as i64, props[t..t + 1].to_vec())
+                .expect("Failed to add metadata");
+        }
+
+        let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = tempdir.path().join("graph");
+        g1.encode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_file).unwrap();
+        assert_graph_equal(&g1, &g2);
+
+        props
+            .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .for_each(|(expected_t, (name, expected))| {
+                for (t, prop) in g2
+                    .properties()
+                    .temporal()
+                    .get(name)
+                    .expect("Failed to get prop view")
+                {
+                    assert_eq!(prop, expected);
+                    assert_eq!(t, expected_t as i64);
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "Disabled until metadata is implemented correctly"]
+    fn test_incremental_writing_on_graph() {
+        let g = Graph::new();
+        let mut props = vec![];
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+        let temp_cache_file = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let folder = GraphFolder::from(&temp_cache_file);
+
+        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
+
+        for t in 0..props.len() {
+            g.add_properties(t as i64, props[t..t + 1].to_vec())
+                .expect("Failed to add metadata");
+        }
+
+        g.add_metadata(props.clone())
+            .expect("Failed to add metadata");
+
+        let n = g.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        n.update_metadata(props.clone())
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+
+        let e = g.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
+        e.update_metadata(props.clone(), Some("a"))
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+
+        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
+
+        g.add_edge(2, "Alice", "Bob", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
+        g.add_node(1, "Charlie", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
+
+        g.add_edge(7, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("one"))
+            .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(7, "Bob", "Charlie", [("friends", false)], Some("two"))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let g2 = Graph::decode(&temp_cache_file).unwrap();
+
+        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "Disabled until metadata is implemented correctly"]
+    fn test_incremental_writing_on_persistent_graph() {
+        let g = PersistentGraph::new();
+        let mut props = vec![];
+
+        write_props_to_vec(&mut props);
+
+        let temp_cache_file = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let folder = GraphFolder::from(&temp_cache_file);
+
+        for t in 0..props.len() {
+            g.add_properties(t as i64, props[t..t + 1].to_vec())
+                .expect("Failed to add metadata");
+        }
+
+        g.add_metadata(props.clone())
+            .expect("Failed to add metadata");
+
+        let n = g.add_node(1, "Alice", NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+        n.update_metadata(props.clone())
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+
+        let e = g.add_edge(1, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("a")).unwrap();
+        e.update_metadata(props.clone(), Some("a"))
+            .expect("Failed to update metadata");
+
+        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
+
+        g.add_edge(2, "Alice", "Bob", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
+        g.add_node(1, "Charlie", props.clone(), None).unwrap();
+
+        g.add_edge(7, "Alice", "Bob", NO_PROPS, Some("one"))
+            .unwrap();
+        g.add_edge(7, "Bob", "Charlie", [("friends", false)], Some("two"))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let g2 = PersistentGraph::decode(&temp_cache_file).unwrap();
+
+        assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+        assert_metadata_correct(&folder, &g);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encode_decode_prop_test() {
+        proptest!(|(edges in build_edge_list(100, 100))| {
+            let g = build_graph_from_edge_list(&edges);
+            let bytes = g.encode_to_bytes().unwrap();
+            let g2 = Graph::decode_from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_graph_equal(&g, &g2);
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn write_props_to_vec(props: &mut Vec<(&str, Prop)>) {
+        props.push(("name", Prop::Str("Alice".into())));
+        props.push(("age", Prop::U32(47)));
+        props.push(("score", Prop::I32(27)));
+        props.push(("is_adult", Prop::Bool(true)));
+        props.push(("height", Prop::F32(1.75)));
+        props.push(("weight", Prop::F64(75.5)));
+        props.push((
+            "children",
+            Prop::from(vec![Prop::Str("Bob".into()), Prop::Str("Charlie".into())]),
+        ));
+        props.push((
+            "properties",
+            Prop::map(props.iter().map(|(k, v)| (ArcStr::from(*k), v.clone()))),
+        ));
+        let fmt = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S";
+        props.push((
+            "time",
+            Prop::NDTime(
+                NaiveDateTime::parse_from_str("+10000-09-09 01:46:39", fmt)
+                    .expect("Failed to parse time"),
+            ),
+        ));
+
+        props.push((
+            "dtime",
+            Prop::DTime(
+                DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2021-09-09T01:46:39Z")
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .into(),
+            ),
+        ));
+
+        props.push((
+            "array",
+            Prop::from_arr::<UInt8Type>(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]),
+        ));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/subgraph_tests.rs b/raphtory/tests/subgraph_tests.rs
index 941c748d07..b3dadc261f 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/subgraph_tests.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/subgraph_tests.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ pub mod test_filters_node_subgraph {
         db::{
             api::view::StaticGraphViewOps,
             graph::{
-                assertions::{GraphTransformer, TestGraphVariants},
+                assertions::GraphTransformer,
                 views::{node_subgraph::NodeSubgraph, window_graph::WindowedGraph},
             },
         },
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ fn nodes_without_updates_are_filtered() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_proptest() {
-    proptest!(|(graph in build_graph_strat(10, 10, false), nodes in subsequence((0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 0..10))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, false), nodes in subsequence((0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 0..10))| {
         let graph = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph));
         let subgraph = graph.subgraph(nodes);
         assert_graph_equal(&subgraph, &subgraph.materialize().unwrap());
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ fn materialize_proptest() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_persistent_proptest() {
-    proptest!(|(graph in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), nodes in subsequence((0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 0..10))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), nodes in subsequence((0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 0..10))| {
         let graph = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph));
         let subgraph = graph.subgraph(nodes);
         assert_graph_equal(&subgraph, &subgraph.materialize().unwrap());
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/test_deletions.rs b/raphtory/tests/test_deletions.rs
index 2d621802d3..e096574a30 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/test_deletions.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/test_deletions.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn test_materialize_only_deletion() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true))| {
         let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gm = g.materialize().unwrap();
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &gm);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn materialize_prop_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_window_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
         let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gw = g.window(w.start, w.end);
         let gmw = gw.materialize().unwrap();
@@ -234,16 +234,32 @@ fn test_deletion_at_window_start() {
     assert_eq!(gw.node(0).unwrap().earliest_time(), Some(2));
     assert_eq!(gw.node(1).unwrap().earliest_time(), Some(2));
 }
+
 #[test]
 fn materialize_window_layers_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>(), l in subsequence(&["a", "b"], 0..=2))| {
-        let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
-        let glw = g.valid_layers(l).window(w.start, w.end);
-        let gmlw = glw.materialize().unwrap();
-        assert_persistent_materialize_graph_equal(&glw, &gmlw);
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>(), l in subsequence(&["a", "b"], 0..=2), num_threads in 1..=16usize)| {
+        let pool = ThreadPoolBuilder::new().num_threads(num_threads).build().unwrap();
+        pool.install(|| {
+            let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
+            let glw = g.valid_layers(l.clone()).window(w.start, w.end);
+            let gmlw = glw.materialize().unwrap();
+            assert_persistent_materialize_graph_equal(&glw, &gmlw);
+        })
+
     })
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn materialize_window_multilayer() {
+    let g = PersistentGraph::new();
+    g.add_edge(1, 0, 0, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
+    g.delete_edge(3, 0, 0, Some("a")).unwrap();
+    let w = 0..10;
+    let glw = g.valid_layers("a").window(w.start, w.end);
+    let gmlw = glw.materialize().unwrap();
+    assert_persistent_materialize_graph_equal(&glw, &gmlw);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_materialize_deleted_edge() {
     let g = PersistentGraph::new();
@@ -424,6 +440,21 @@ fn test_edge_properties() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_multiple_edge_properties() {
+    let g = PersistentGraph::new();
+    g.add_edge(0, 0, 1, [("test1", "test1")], None).unwrap();
+    g.add_edge(1, 0, 1, [("test2", "test2")], None).unwrap();
+
+    let e = g.edge(0, 1).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(e.properties().get("test1").unwrap_str(), "test1");
+    assert_eq!(e.properties().get("test2").unwrap_str(), "test2");
+
+    let ew = e.window(1, 10);
+    assert_eq!(ew.properties().get("test1").unwrap_str(), "test1");
+    assert_eq!(ew.properties().get("test2").unwrap_str(), "test2");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_edge_history() {
     let g = PersistentGraph::new();
@@ -554,6 +585,14 @@ fn test_deletion_multiple_layers() {
     check_valid(&e_layer_2.at(10));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_materialize_node_type() {
+    let g = PersistentGraph::new();
+    g.delete_edge(0, 0, 0, None).unwrap();
+    g.node(0).unwrap().set_node_type("test").unwrap();
+    assert_graph_equal(&g, &g.materialize().unwrap());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_edge_is_valid() {
     let g = PersistentGraph::new();
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/test_edge.rs b/raphtory/tests/test_edge.rs
index b25662509b..bb64a01faf 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/test_edge.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/test_edge.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn test_property_additions() {
 fn test_metadata_additions() {
     let g = Graph::new();
     let e = g.add_edge(0, 1, 2, NO_PROPS, Some("test")).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(e.edge.layer(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(e.edge.layer(), Some(1)); // 0 is static graph
     assert!(e.add_metadata([("test1", "test1")], None).is_ok()); // adds properties to layer `"test"`
     assert!(e.add_metadata([("test", "test")], Some("test2")).is_err()); // cannot add properties to a different layer
     e.add_metadata([("test", "test")], Some("test")).unwrap(); // layer is consistent
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/test_layers.rs b/raphtory/tests/test_layers.rs
index 5a6182f62d..98292af6e5 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/test_layers.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/test_layers.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use raphtory_api::core::entities::GID;
 
 #[test]
 fn prop_test_layering() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, false), layer in proptest::sample::subsequence(&["_default", "a", "b"], 0..3))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, false), layer in proptest::sample::subsequence(&["_default", "a", "b"], 0..3))| {
         let g_layer_expected = Graph::from(build_graph_layer(&graph_f, &layer));
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
             let g_layer = g.valid_layers(layer.clone());
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn prop_test_layering() {
 
 #[test]
 fn prop_test_layering_persistent_graph() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), layer in proptest::sample::subsequence(&["_default", "a", "b"], 0..3))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), layer in proptest::sample::subsequence(&["_default", "a", "b"], 0..3))| {
         let g_layer_expected = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph_layer(&graph_f, &layer));
         let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let g_layer = g.valid_layers(layer);
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/test_materialize.rs b/raphtory/tests/test_materialize.rs
index 49ea3ab917..23410f7c91 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/test_materialize.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/test_materialize.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ fn test_materialize() {
         .get("layer1")
         .and_then(|prop| prop.latest())
         .is_none());
+
     assert!(gm
         .into_events()
         .unwrap()
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/tests_node_type_filtered_subgraph.rs b/raphtory/tests/tests_node_type_filtered_subgraph.rs
index 21052dcab0..c0c9d64251 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/tests_node_type_filtered_subgraph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/tests_node_type_filtered_subgraph.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn test_type_filtered_subgraph() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), node_types in make_node_types())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), node_types in make_node_types())| {
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f)).subgraph_node_types(node_types);
         let gm = g.materialize().unwrap();
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &gm);
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn materialize_prop_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_type_window_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>(), node_types in make_node_types())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>(), node_types in make_node_types())| {
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f)).subgraph_node_types(node_types);
         let gvw = g.window(w.start, w.end);
         let gmw = gvw.materialize().unwrap();
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn materialize_type_window_prop_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_window_type_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>(), node_types in make_node_types())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>(), node_types in make_node_types())| {
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gvw = g.window(w.start, w.end).subgraph_node_types(node_types);
         let gmw = gvw.materialize().unwrap();
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/valid_graph.rs b/raphtory/tests/valid_graph.rs
index e551af47c5..8bcba0c72a 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/valid_graph.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/valid_graph.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn test_valid_graph_events() -> Result<(), GraphError> {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_prop_test_persistent() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true))| {
         let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f)).valid();
         let gm = g.materialize().unwrap();
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &gm);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn test_explode_layers() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_prop_test_events() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true))| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true))| {
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f)).valid();
         let gm = g.materialize().unwrap();
         assert_graph_equal(&g, &gm);
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn test_single_deleted_edge_persistent() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_valid_window_persistent_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
         let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gvw = g.valid().window(w.start, w.end);
         let gmw = gvw.materialize().unwrap();
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn test_deletions_in_window_but_edge_valid() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_valid_window_events_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gvw = g.valid().window(w.start, w.end);
         let gmw = gvw.materialize().unwrap();
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ fn materialize_valid_window_events_prop_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_window_valid_persistent_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
         let g = PersistentGraph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gvw = g.window(w.start, w.end).valid();
         let gmw = gvw.materialize().unwrap();
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn materialize_window_valid_persistent_prop_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn materialize_window_valid_events_prop_test() {
-    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
+    proptest!(|(graph_f in build_graph_strat(10, 10, 10, 10, true), w in any::<Range<i64>>())| {
         let g = Graph::from(build_graph(&graph_f));
         let gvw = g.window(w.start, w.end).valid();
         let gmw = gvw.materialize().unwrap();
diff --git a/raphtory/tests/views_test.rs b/raphtory/tests/views_test.rs
index e683a551ee..a1dce955db 100644
--- a/raphtory/tests/views_test.rs
+++ b/raphtory/tests/views_test.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use proptest::{prop_assert, prop_assert_eq, prop_assume, proptest};
-use rand::prelude::*;
+use rand::{prelude::*, rng};
 use raphtory::{
     algorithms::centrality::degree_centrality::degree_centrality,
     db::graph::graph::assert_graph_equal, prelude::*, test_storage, test_utils::test_graph,
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ use raphtory::{
 use raphtory_api::core::{entities::GID, utils::logging::global_info_logger};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use std::ops::Range;
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-use tempfile::TempDir;
 use tracing::{error, info};
 
 #[test]
@@ -134,8 +132,8 @@ fn windowed_graph_has_node() {
         vs.dedup_by_key(|v| v.1); // Have each node only once to avoid headaches
         vs.sort_by_key(|v| v.0); // Sorted by time
 
-        let rand_start_index = thread_rng().gen_range(0..vs.len());
-        let rand_end_index = thread_rng().gen_range(rand_start_index..vs.len());
+        let rand_start_index = rng().random_range(0..vs.len());
+        let rand_end_index = rng().random_range(rand_start_index..vs.len());
 
         let g = Graph::new();
 
@@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ fn windowed_graph_has_node() {
 
         let wg = g.window(start, end);
 
-        let rand_test_index: usize = thread_rng().gen_range(0..vs.len());
+        let rand_test_index: usize = rng().random_range(0..vs.len());
 
         let (i, v) = vs.get(rand_test_index).expect("test index in range");
         if (start..end).contains(i) {
@@ -161,56 +159,6 @@ fn windowed_graph_has_node() {
     });
 }
 
-// FIXME: Issue #46
-// #[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-// #[quickcheck]
-// fn windowed_disk_graph_has_node(mut vs: Vec<(i64, u64)>) -> TestResult {
-//     global_info_logger();
-//      if vs.is_empty() {
-//         return TestResult::discard();
-//     }
-//
-//     vs.sort_by_key(|v| v.1); // Sorted by node
-//     vs.dedup_by_key(|v| v.1); // Have each node only once to avoid headaches
-//     vs.sort_by_key(|v| v.0); // Sorted by time
-//
-//     let rand_start_index = thread_rng().gen_range(0..vs.len());
-//     let rand_end_index = thread_rng().gen_range(rand_start_index..vs.len());
-//
-//     let g = Graph::new();
-//     for (t, v) in &vs {
-//         g.add_node(*t, *v, NO_PROPS, None)
-//             .map_err(|err| error!("{:?}", err))
-//             .ok();
-//     }
-//     let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-//     let g = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-//
-//     let start = vs.get(rand_start_index).expect("start index in range").0;
-//     let end = vs.get(rand_end_index).expect("end index in range").0;
-//
-//     let wg = g.window(start, end);
-//
-//     let rand_test_index: usize = thread_rng().gen_range(0..vs.len());
-//
-//     let (i, v) = vs.get(rand_test_index).expect("test index in range");
-//     if (start..end).contains(i) {
-//         if wg.has_node(*v) {
-//             TestResult::passed()
-//         } else {
-//             TestResult::error(format!(
-//                 "Node {:?} was not in window {:?}",
-//                 (i, v),
-//                 start..end
-//             ))
-//         }
-//     } else if !wg.has_node(*v) {
-//         TestResult::passed()
-//     } else {
-//         TestResult::error(format!("Node {:?} was in window {:?}", (i, v), start..end))
-//     }
-// }
-//
 #[test]
 fn windowed_graph_has_edge() {
     proptest!(|(mut edges: Vec<(i64, (u64, u64))>)| {
@@ -220,8 +168,8 @@ fn windowed_graph_has_edge() {
         edges.dedup_by_key(|e| e.1); // Have each edge only once to avoid headaches
         edges.sort_by_key(|e| e.0); // Sorted by time
 
-        let rand_start_index = thread_rng().gen_range(0..edges.len());
-        let rand_end_index = thread_rng().gen_range(rand_start_index..edges.len());
+        let rand_start_index = rng().random_range(0..edges.len());
+        let rand_end_index = rng().random_range(rand_start_index..edges.len());
 
         let g = Graph::new();
 
@@ -234,45 +182,7 @@ fn windowed_graph_has_edge() {
 
         let wg = g.window(start, end);
 
-        let rand_test_index: usize = thread_rng().gen_range(0..edges.len());
-
-        let (i, e) = edges.get(rand_test_index).expect("test index in range");
-        if (start..end).contains(i) {
-            prop_assert!(wg.has_edge(e.0, e.1), "Edge {:?} was not in window {:?}", (i, e), start..end);
-        } else {
-            prop_assert!(!wg.has_edge(e.0, e.1), "Edge {:?} was in window {:?}", (i, e), start..end);
-        }
-    });
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "storage")]
-#[test]
-fn windowed_disk_graph_has_edge() {
-    proptest!(|(mut edges: Vec<(i64, (u64, u64))>)| {
-        prop_assume!(!edges.is_empty());
-
-        edges.sort_by_key(|e| e.1); // Sorted by edge
-        edges.dedup_by_key(|e| e.1); // Have each edge only once to avoid headaches
-        edges.sort_by_key(|e| e.0); // Sorted by time
-
-        let rand_start_index = thread_rng().gen_range(0..edges.len());
-        let rand_end_index = thread_rng().gen_range(rand_start_index..edges.len());
-
-        let g = Graph::new();
-
-        for (t, e) in &edges {
-            g.add_edge(*t, e.0, e.1, NO_PROPS, None).unwrap();
-        }
-
-        let test_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let g = g.persist_as_disk_graph(test_dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        let start = edges.get(rand_start_index).expect("start index in range").0;
-        let end = edges.get(rand_end_index).expect("end index in range").0;
-
-        let wg = g.window(start, end);
-
-        let rand_test_index: usize = thread_rng().gen_range(0..edges.len());
+        let rand_test_index: usize = rng().random_range(0..edges.len());
 
         let (i, e) = edges.get(rand_test_index).expect("test index in range");
         if (start..end).contains(i) {
@@ -649,7 +559,6 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
         use raphtory_storage::mutation::{
             addition_ops::InternalAdditionOps, property_addition_ops::InternalPropertyAdditionOps,
         };
-        use std::sync::Arc;
 
         use raphtory::prelude::GraphViewOps;
 
@@ -838,7 +747,7 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                     ("q1", Prop::U64(0u64)),
                     (
                         "x",
-                        Prop::List(Arc::from(vec![Prop::U64(1), Prop::U64(6), Prop::U64(9)])),
+                        Prop::list(vec![Prop::U64(1), Prop::U64(6), Prop::U64(9)]),
                     ),
                 ],
                 None,
@@ -1346,11 +1255,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::EventOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = vec!["N14"];
             // TODO: List(U64) not supported as disk_graph property
             // assert_filter_nodes_results_w!(
@@ -1465,11 +1374,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::PersistentOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = vec!["N14"];
             // TODO: List(U64) not supported as disk_graph property
             // assert_filter_nodes_results_pg_w!(
@@ -1584,11 +1493,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 vec![TestGraphVariants::Graph],
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = Vec::<&str>::new();
             assert_filter_nodes_results(
                 init_graph,
@@ -1694,11 +1603,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::PersistentOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = Vec::<&str>::new();
             assert_filter_nodes_results(
                 init_graph,
@@ -1934,11 +1843,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::PersistentOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").le(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").le(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(2),
                 Prop::U64(3),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = Vec::<&str>::new();
             assert_filter_nodes_results(
                 init_graph,
@@ -2011,11 +1920,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 vec![TestGraphVariants::Graph],
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").gt(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").gt(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = Vec::<&str>::new();
             assert_filter_nodes_results(
                 init_graph,
@@ -2840,7 +2749,6 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
             prelude::{AdditionOps, GraphViewOps, PropertyAdditionOps, PropertyFilter},
         };
         use raphtory_api::core::{entities::properties::prop::Prop, storage::arc_str::ArcStr};
-        use std::sync::Arc;
 
         use crate::test_filters_window_graph::WindowGraphTransformer;
 
@@ -3068,7 +2976,7 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                     ("q1", Prop::U64(0u64)),
                     (
                         "x",
-                        Prop::List(Arc::from(vec![Prop::U64(1), Prop::U64(6), Prop::U64(9)])),
+                        Prop::list(vec![Prop::U64(1), Prop::U64(6), Prop::U64(9)]),
                     ),
                 ],
                 None,
@@ -3378,11 +3286,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::EventOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = vec!["N14->N15"];
             // TODO: List(U64) not supported as disk_graph property
             // assert_filter_edges_results_w!(
@@ -3499,11 +3407,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::PersistentOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").eq(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = vec!["N14->N15"];
             // TODO: List(U64) not supported as disk_graph property
             // assert_filter_edges_results_pg_w!(
@@ -3617,11 +3525,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::EventOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = Vec::<&str>::new();
             assert_filter_edges_results(
                 init_graph,
@@ -3732,11 +3640,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::PersistentOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").ne(Prop::list(vec![
                 Prop::U64(1),
                 Prop::U64(6),
                 Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            ]));
             let expected_results = Vec::<&str>::new();
             assert_filter_edges_results(
                 init_graph2,
@@ -4028,11 +3936,9 @@ pub(crate) mod test_filters_window_graph {
                 TestVariants::EventOnly,
             );
 
-            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").gt(Prop::List(Arc::new(vec![
-                Prop::U64(1),
-                Prop::U64(6),
-                Prop::U64(9),
-            ])));
+            let filter = PropertyFilter::property("x").gt(Prop::List(
+                vec![Prop::U64(1), Prop::U64(6), Prop::U64(9)].into(),
+            ));
             let expected_results = Vec::<&str>::new();
             assert_filter_edges_results(
                 init_graph,