Merge pull request Pradeepsingh61#350 from Abdullah-Shah-26/feature/tarjans_algorithm

Added Tarjan's algorithm (bridges) to CPP/algorithms/graph_algorithms

Author: Pradeepsingh61

CPP/algorithms/graph_algorithms/tarjans_algorithm.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// Tarjan's Algorithm — Find Bridges in an Undirected Graph
+// Problem : Find all bridges (critical edges) in a graph
+// Approach: DFS with discovery times (disc) and low-link values (low)
+// Complexity Analysis:
+//   Time  : O(V + E)
+//   Space : O(V + E)
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm> // for min
+using namespace std;
+
+class TarjanBridges
+{
+  int V;
+  vector<int> disc, low; // discovery time and low-link values
+  vector<int> visited;   // visited markers
+  int timer;             // global discovery timer
+
+  void dfs(int u, int parent, vector<vector<int>> &adj, vector<pair<int, int>> &bridges)
+  {
+    visited[u] = 1;
+    disc[u] = low[u] = timer++;
+
+    for (int v : adj[u])
+    {
+      if (v == parent)
+        continue; // ignore parent edge
+
+      if (!visited[v])
+      {
+        dfs(v, u, adj, bridges);
+        low[u] = min(low[u], low[v]);
+
+        // Bridge condition
+        if (low[v] > disc[u])
+        {
+          bridges.push_back({u, v});
+        }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        // back edge
+        low[u] = min(low[u], disc[v]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+public:
+  TarjanBridges(int n)
+  {
+    V = n;
+    disc.assign(V, -1);
+    low.assign(V, -1);
+    visited.assign(V, 0);
+    timer = 0;
+  }
+
+  vector<pair<int, int>> findBridges(vector<vector<int>> &edges)
+  {
+    // Build adjacency list: O(V + E) space
+    vector<vector<int>> adj(V);
+    for (auto &e : edges)
+    {
+      int u = e[0], v = e[1];
+      adj[u].push_back(v);
+      adj[v].push_back(u);
+    }
+
+    vector<pair<int, int>> bridges;
+    // Run DFS from each component root: O(V + E) time
+    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
+    {
+      if (!visited[i])
+      {
+        dfs(i, -1, adj, bridges);
+      }
+    }
+    return bridges;
+  }
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.tie(nullptr);
+
+  int V, E;
+  cin >> V >> E;
+
+  vector<vector<int>> edges;
+  edges.reserve(E);
+  for (int i = 0; i < E; i++)
+  {
+    int u, v;
+    cin >> u >> v;
+    edges.push_back({u, v});
+  }
+
+  TarjanBridges solver(V);
+  vector<pair<int, int>> bridges = solver.findBridges(edges);
+
+  cout << "Bridges in graph:\n";
+  for (auto &b : bridges)
+  {
+    cout << b.first << " - " << b.second << "\n";
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+🔹 Visualization Example
+
+Graph:
+Vertices: 0,1,2,3,4
+Edges:
+0-1, 1-2, 2-0, 1-3, 3-4
+
+ASCII:
+       0
+      / \
+     1---2
+     |
+     3
+     |
+     4
+
+Step 1: DFS Traversal (with discovery time disc and low-link low)
+- Start at node 0, timer=0
+- DFS path: 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 0 (back edge), then 1 -> 3 -> 4
+
+Node states:
+Node  disc  low
+0     0     0
+1     1     1
+2     2     0  (back edge to 0)
+3     3     3
+4     4     4
+
+Step 2: Bridge Detection
+- Edge 1-3: low[3] = 3 > disc[1] = 1 → Bridge
+- Edge 3-4: low[4] = 4 > disc[3] = 3 → Bridge
+- Other edges (0-1, 0-2, 1-2) form cycles → Not bridges
+
+Step 3: Output
+Bridges = {(1,3), (3,4)}
+
+🔹 Complexity Explanation:
+
+Time Complexity O(V + E):
+- Each vertex is visited exactly once in DFS → O(V)
+- Each edge is traversed exactly twice (once per endpoint) → O(E)
+- So total = O(V + E)
+
+Space Complexity O(V + E):
+- Adjacency list stores each edge twice → O(V + E)
+- Arrays disc, low, visited → O(V)
+- Recursion stack in DFS → O(V) in worst case
+- Total = O(V + E)
+*/