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1.**Max Planck** (1900) 🌌
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-**Formula**: \( E = h \nu \)
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-**Formula**:
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$\color{Green} {\huge E = h \nu }$
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-**Explanation**: Planck introduced the idea that energy is emitted in discrete quantities, called "quanta." His theory was the first step toward modern quantum physics.
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-**Contribution**: Known as the "father of quantum theory," his discovery opened the door to quantum physics.
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2.**Albert Einstein** (1905) 💡
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3.**Albert Einstein** (1905) 💡
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-**Formula**: \( E_k = h \nu - \phi \)
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-**Explanation**: Through the photoelectric effect, Einstein proposed that light behaves as particles (photons) with quantized energy, challenging the classical view of light as just a wave.
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-**Contribution**: His ideas on wave-particle duality were crucial for modern physics, laying the foundation for quantum mechanics.
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3.**Niels Bohr** (1913) 🔬
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4.**Niels Bohr** (1913) 🔬
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-**Formula**: \( E_n = -\frac{Z^2 R_H}{n^2} \)
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-**Explanation**: Bohr's model described the quantized energy levels of electrons within atoms, particularly hydrogen.
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-**Contribution**: His theory advanced atomic physics, leading to the concept of complementarity in quantum mechanics.
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4.**Werner Heisenberg** (1927) 🎯
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5.**Werner Heisenberg** (1927) 🎯
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-**Formula**: \( \Delta x \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2} \)
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-**Explanation**: The uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously determine a particle’s position and momentum with absolute precision.
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-**Contribution**: This principle reshaped our understanding of quantum nature, showing that particle behavior remains indeterminate until observed.
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-**Contribution**: A pioneer in quantum field theory, and among the first to propose a connection between quantum mechanics and relativity.
-**Explanation**: Von Neumann established the mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics, including measurement theory and the concept of operators.
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-**Contribution**: Formalized quantum theory, especially the description of quantum states and the mathematical interpretation of wave function collapse.
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9.**Claude Shannon** (1948) 📊
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-**Formula**: \( H(X) = -\sum p(x) \log p(x) \)
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-**Explanation**: Shannon is known as the father of information theory, introducing the concept of entropy as a measure of information in a message.
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-**Contribution**: His ideas laid the groundwork for digital communication and influenced quantum communication and data transmission research.
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10.**Richard Feynman** (1948-1981) 💻
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-**Formula**: \( S = \int \mathcal{L} \, dt \)
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-**Explanation**: Feynman developed the path integral, an alternative approach to describe quantum mechanics through trajectories.
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-**Contribution**: Proposed the idea of a quantum computer to simulate quantum phenomena, marking the beginning of quantum computing.
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11.**David Deutsch** (1985) 🌐
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-**Formula**: N/A
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-**Explanation**: Deutsch formalized the concept of a universal quantum computer, capable of simulating any physical system.
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-**Contribution**: His work laid the foundation for modern quantum computing, inspiring the development of quantum algorithms.
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11.**John Bell** (1964) 🔗
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-**Formula**: \( |E(a, b) + E(a, b') + E(a, b) - E(a', b')| \leq 2 \)
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-**Explanation**: Bell's inequality tests if correlations between entangled particles can be explained by local theories.
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-**Contribution**: Fundamental for experiments that verified quantum entanglement and non-locality.
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12.**Alexander Holevo** (1973) 🧩
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-**Formula**: \( I(X:Y) \leq S(\rho) \)
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-**Explanation**: The Holevo bound describes the maximum information extractable from a quantum system.
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-**Contribution**: Essential for quantum information theory, with implications in cryptography and quantum data transmission.
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13.**Peter Shor** (1994) 🔓
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-**Formula**: N/A
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-**Explanation**: Shor's algorithm enables efficient factorization of large numbers, threatening the security of traditional cryptographic systems.
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-**Contribution**: The first quantum algorithm to solve complex problems more efficiently than classical algorithms.
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14.**Lov Grover** (1996) 🔍
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-**Formula**: N/A
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-**Explanation**: Grover's algorithm improves search efficiency, reducing search time from \( O(N) \) to \( O(\sqrt{N}) \).
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