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@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ We can numerically compute the partition function by explicitly computing the tr
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To that end, we first need to build the time-evolution operator $e^{-\beta H}$, and then compute its trace.
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In order to build the time-evolution operator, we can repurpose the `make_time_mpo` function, which constructs the time-evolution operator for the ground state.
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However, since we are interested in $e^{-\beta H}$, instead of $e^{-iH dt}$, we work with $d\tau = -i \beta$.
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However, since we are interested in $e^{-\beta H}$, instead of $e^{-iH dt}$, we work with $dt = -i \beta$.
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In particular, we can approximate the exponential using a Taylor series through the `TaylorCluster` algorithm.
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"""
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@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ md"""
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If we wish to push the results to even larger $\beta$ values, we can note that taking linear steps in $\beta$ is not the only option.
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To that end, we can use another trick to scan over an exponential range of $\beta$ values: [exponentiating by squaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring).
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In particular, we note that computing $x^n$ for integer (large) $n$ can typically be done more efficiently than computing $x * x * ... * x$.
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In particular, we note that computing $x^n$ for integer (large) $n$ can typically be done more efficiently than computing $x \cdot x \cdot \dots \cdot x$.
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To do so, we note that multiplication is associative, and regroup the factors in such a way that we can compute the result in a logarithmic number of steps.
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Here, we assume $n = 2^m$ for some integer $m$, and note that this could be generalized to any $n$ by decomposing $n$ into a sum of powers of $2$.
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Then, we can write
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ Finally, we can also note that the partition function is characterized by the fo
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\implies Z(\beta) = e^{-\beta H} \cdot Z(0)
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```
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In other words, we can compute the partition function at $\beta$ by evolving the partition function at $0$ for a time $d\tau = -im\beta$.
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In other words, we can compute the partition function at $\beta$ by evolving the partition function at $0$ for a time $d\tau = -i\beta$.
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The starting point for this approach could be either achieved through one of the techniques we have already discussed, but we can also start from the infinite temperature state directly.
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In particular, this state is given by the identity MPO, and we can evolve this state to compute the partition function at any $\beta$ value.
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