@@ -1051,10 +1051,12 @@ None.
10511051
10521052#### Equations
10531053
1054- $$ \begin{aligned}
1054+ $$
1055+ \begin{aligned}
10551056\dot{x}_i &= K_i \, x_k \\
105610570 &= K_p \, x_k + x_i - x_j
1057- \end{aligned} $$
1058+ \end{aligned}
1059+ $$
10581060
10591061#### Initialization
10601062
@@ -1092,7 +1094,8 @@ $$0 = \begin{cases}
10921094\dot{x}_i = K_i x_k & \text{if } z = 0 \\
10931095x_i - x_i^{min} & \text{if } z = -1 \\
10941096x_i - x_i^{max} & \text{if } z = 1
1095- \end{cases} $$
1097+ \end{cases}
1098+ $$
10961099
10971100$$ 0 = K_p x_k + x_i - x_j $$
10981101
@@ -1149,17 +1152,21 @@ $z_1 \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$ and $z_2 \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$
11491152
11501153#### Equations
11511154
1152- $$ \begin{cases}
1155+ $$
1156+ \begin{cases}
115311570 = K_p x_k - x_p & \text{if } z_1 = 0 \\
115411580 = x_p - x_p^{min} & \text{if } z_1 = -1 \\
115511590 = x_p - x_p^{max} & \text{if } z_1 = 1
1156- \end{cases} $$
1160+ \end{cases}
1161+ $$
11571162
1158- $$ \begin{cases}
1163+ $$
1164+ \begin{cases}
11591165\dot{x}_i = K_i x_k & \text{if } z_2 = 0 \\
116011660 = x_i - x_i^{min} & \text{if } z_2 = -1 \\
116111670 = x_i - x_i^{max} & \text{if } z_2 = 1
1162- \end{cases} $$
1168+ \end{cases}
1169+ $$
11631170
11641171$$ 0 = x_p + x_i - x_j $$
11651172
@@ -1244,7 +1251,8 @@ $$\text{if } z = 0: \quad
124412510 = K_p x_k + x_1 - x_j \\
12451252\dot{x}_1 = K_i \, x_k \\
124612530 = x_2 - x_1
1247- \end{cases} $$
1254+ \end{cases}
1255+ $$
12481256
12491257$$ \text{if } z = 2: \quad
12501258\begin{cases}
@@ -1258,7 +1266,8 @@ $$\text{if } z = 2: \quad
125812660 = x_j^{max} - x_j \\
12591267\dot{x}_1 = 0 \\
12601268\dot{x}_2 = K_i \, x_k
1261- \end{cases} $$
1269+ \end{cases}
1270+ $$
12621271
12631272$$ \text{if } z = -2: \quad
12641273\begin{cases}
@@ -1272,7 +1281,8 @@ $$\text{if } z = -2: \quad
127212810 = x_j^{min} - x_j \\
12731282\dot{x}_1 = 0 \\
12741283\dot{x}_2 = K_i \, x_k
1275- \end{cases} $$
1284+ \end{cases}
1285+ $$
12761286
12771287#### Discrete Transitions
12781288
@@ -1367,11 +1377,13 @@ $z \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$
13671377
13681378#### Equations
13691379
1370- $$ \begin{cases}
1380+ $$
1381+ \begin{cases}
13711382T \, \dot{x}_j = G \, x_i - x_j & \text{if } z = 0 \\
137213830 = x_j - x_{max} & \text{if } z = 1 \\
137313840 = x_j - x_{min} & \text{if } z = -1
1374- \end{cases} $$
1385+ \end{cases}
1386+ $$
13751387
13761388#### Discrete Transitions
13771389
@@ -1427,11 +1439,13 @@ $z \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$
14271439
14281440#### Equations
14291441
1430- $$ \begin{cases}
1442+ $$
1443+ \begin{cases}
14311444T \, \dot{x}_j = G \, x_i - x_j & \text{if } z = 0 \\
143214450 = x_j - x_{max} & \text{if } z = 1 \\
143314460 = x_j - x_{min} & \text{if } z = -1
1434- \end{cases} $$
1447+ \end{cases}
1448+ $$
14351449
14361450#### Discrete Transitions
14371451
@@ -1487,17 +1501,21 @@ $z_1 \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$ (rate limiter) and $z_2 \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$ (output limiter
14871501
14881502#### Equations
14891503
1490- $$ \begin{cases}
1504+ $$
1505+ \begin{cases}
149115060 = x_1 - G \, x_i + x_j & \text{if } z_1 = 0 \\
149215070 = x_1 - T \, \dot{x}_{max} & \text{if } z_1 = 1 \\
149315080 = x_1 - T \, \dot{x}_{min} & \text{if } z_1 = -1
1494- \end{cases} $$
1509+ \end{cases}
1510+ $$
14951511
1496- $$ \begin{cases}
1512+ $$
1513+ \begin{cases}
14971514T \, \dot{x}_j = x_1 & \text{if } z_2 = 0 \\
149815150 = x_j - x_{max} & \text{if } z_2 = 1 \\
149915160 = x_j - x_{min} & \text{if } z_2 = -1
1500- \end{cases} $$
1517+ \end{cases}
1518+ $$
15011519
15021520$\dot{ x } _ { max } $ (resp. $\dot{ x } _ { min } $) is the maximum (resp. minimum) rate of change of $x_j$ with time.
15031521
@@ -1567,10 +1585,12 @@ None.
15671585
15681586#### Equations
15691587
1570- $$ \begin{aligned}
1588+ $$
1589+ \begin{aligned}
15711590T \, \dot{x}_1 &= x_j \\
157215910 &= G \, x_i - x_1 - x_j
1573- \end{aligned} $$
1592+ \end{aligned}
1593+ $$
15741594
15751595#### Initialization
15761596
@@ -1609,10 +1629,12 @@ None.
16091629
16101630#### Equations
16111631
1612- $$ \begin{aligned}
1632+ $$
1633+ \begin{aligned}
16131634\dot{x}_1 &= G \, x_i - x_j \\
161416350 &= T_p \, x_j - G \, T_z \, x_i - x_1
1615- \end{aligned} $$
1636+ \end{aligned}
1637+ $$
16161638
16171639#### Initialization
16181640
@@ -1657,11 +1679,13 @@ None.
16571679
16581680State-space controllable canonical form:
16591681
1660- $$ \begin{aligned}
1682+ $$
1683+ \begin{aligned}
16611684\dot{x}_1 &= x_2 \\
16621685d_2 \, \dot{x}_2 &= -x_1 - d_1 x_2 + d_2 x_i \\
166316860 &= G(d_2 - n_2) x_1 + G(n_1 d_2 - d_1 n_2) x_2 + G n_2 d_2 x_i - d_2^2 x_j
1664- \end{aligned} $$
1687+ \end{aligned}
1688+ $$
16651689
16661690#### Initialization
16671691
@@ -1802,7 +1826,8 @@ $z \in \{1, 2\}$
18021826$$ 0 = \begin{cases}
18031827x_l - x_i & \text{if } z = 1 \\
18041828x_l - x_j & \text{if } z = 2
1805- \end{cases} $$
1829+ \end{cases}
1830+ $$
18061831
18071832#### Discrete Transitions
18081833
@@ -1855,13 +1880,16 @@ $z \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$
18551880$$ 0 = \begin{cases}
18561881x_j & \text{if } z \in \{-1, 0\} \\
18571882x_j - 1 & \text{if } z = 1
1858- \end{cases} $$
1883+ \end{cases}
1884+ $$
18591885
1860- $$ \begin{cases}
1886+ $$
1887+ \begin{cases}
186118880 = x_1 & \text{if } z = -1 \\
18621889\dot{x}_1 = 1 & \text{if } z = 0 \\
18631890\dot{x}_1 = 0 & \text{if } z = 1
1864- \end{cases} $$
1891+ \end{cases}
1892+ $$
18651893
18661894#### Discrete Transitions
18671895
@@ -1918,13 +1946,16 @@ $z \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$
19181946$$ 0 = \begin{cases}
19191947x_j & \text{if } z \in \{-1, 0\} \\
19201948x_j - 1 & \text{if } z = 1
1921- \end{cases} $$
1949+ \end{cases}
1950+ $$
19221951
1923- $$ \begin{cases}
1952+ $$
1953+ \begin{cases}
192419540 = x_1 & \text{if } z = -1 \\
19251955\dot{x}_1 = 1 & \text{if } z = 0 \\
19261956\dot{x}_1 = 0 & \text{if } z = 1
1927- \end{cases} $$
1957+ \end{cases}
1958+ $$
19281959
19291960#### Discrete Transitions
19301961
@@ -1980,7 +2011,8 @@ $z \in \{1, 2\}$ represents the automaton state.
19802011$$ 0 = \begin{cases}
19812012x_k - v_1 & \text{if } z = 1 \\
19822013x_k - v_2 & \text{if } z = 2
1983- \end{cases} $$
2014+ \end{cases}
2015+ $$
19842016
19852017#### Discrete Transitions
19862018
@@ -2128,11 +2160,13 @@ loop:
21282160
21292161** Computation:**
21302162
2131- $$ \begin{aligned}
2163+ $$
2164+ \begin{aligned}
21322165V_{comp} &= \left| K_v \bar{V} + (R_c + j X_c) \bar{I} \right| \\
21332166&= \left| K_v V + (R_c + j X_c)\!\left(\frac{P}{V} - j\frac{Q}{V}\right) \right| \\
21342167&= \frac{1}{V} \sqrt{\left(K_v V^2 + R_c P + X_c Q\right)^2 + \left(X_c P - R_c Q\right)^2}
2135- \end{aligned} $$
2168+ \end{aligned}
2169+ $$
21362170
21372171---
21382172
@@ -2152,10 +2186,12 @@ $$satur = m \, ve^n$$
21522186
21532187where:
21542188
2155- $$ \begin{aligned}
2189+ $$
2190+ \begin{aligned}
21562191n &= \frac{\log_{10}(se1/se2)}{\log_{10}(ve1/ve2)} \\[4pt]
21572192m &= \frac{se1}{ve1^n}
2158- \end{aligned} $$
2193+ \end{aligned}
2194+ $$
21592195
21602196** Exception.** Returns $satur = 0$ if any of the following conditions holds:
21612197
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