diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/BUILD.bazel b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/BUILD.bazel
index b6f6e93c3619f..6fcef4dea869a 100644
--- a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/BUILD.bazel
@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@ java_export(
         "//java/src/org/openqa/selenium:core",
         "//java/src/org/openqa/selenium/manager",
         "//java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote",
+        "@maven//:org_jspecify_jspecify",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriver.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriver.java
index 7da71cf514cd6..b1496f48a0491 100644
--- a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriver.java
+++ b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriver.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.ie;
 
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Beta;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Platform;
@@ -108,20 +109,13 @@ public InternetExplorerDriver(
    * @param options The options required from InternetExplorerDriver.
    */
   public InternetExplorerDriver(
-      InternetExplorerDriverService service,
-      InternetExplorerOptions options,
-      ClientConfig clientConfig) {
-    if (options == null) {
-      options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
-    }
-    if (service == null) {
-      service = InternetExplorerDriverService.createDefaultService();
-    }
+      @Nullable InternetExplorerDriverService service,
+      @Nullable InternetExplorerOptions options,
+      @Nullable ClientConfig clientConfig) {
+    options = options == null ? new InternetExplorerOptions() : options;
+    service = service == null ? InternetExplorerDriverService.createDefaultService() : service;
+    clientConfig = clientConfig == null ? ClientConfig.defaultConfig() : clientConfig;
     service.setExecutable(new DriverFinder(service, options).getDriverPath());
-    if (clientConfig == null) {
-      clientConfig = ClientConfig.defaultConfig();
-    }
-
     run(service, options, clientConfig);
   }
 
diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/BUILD.bazel b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/BUILD.bazel
index d5eabf080dcea..e1bac58daa94f 100644
--- a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/BUILD.bazel
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ java_library(
         "//java/src/org/openqa/selenium/support/decorators",
         artifact("com.google.guava:guava"),
         artifact("net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy"),
+        artifact("org.jspecify:jspecify"),
     ],
 )
 
diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/DesiredCapabilities.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/DesiredCapabilities.java
index 1b2d2de95686b..501eef6965fb3 100644
--- a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/DesiredCapabilities.java
+++ b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/DesiredCapabilities.java
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType.PLATFORM_NAME;
 
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
 import org.openqa.selenium.MutableCapabilities;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Platform;
@@ -39,12 +41,8 @@ public DesiredCapabilities() {
     // no-arg constructor
   }
 
-  public DesiredCapabilities(Map<String, ?> rawMap) {
-    if (rawMap == null) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    rawMap.forEach(this::setCapability);
+  public DesiredCapabilities(@Nullable Map<String, ?> rawMap) {
+    Optional.ofNullable(rawMap).ifPresent(map -> map.forEach(this::setCapability));
   }
 
   public DesiredCapabilities(Capabilities other) {
@@ -94,10 +92,9 @@ public void setAcceptInsecureCerts(boolean acceptInsecureCerts) {
    * @return DesiredCapabilities after the merge
    */
   @Override
-  public DesiredCapabilities merge(Capabilities extraCapabilities) {
-    if (extraCapabilities != null) {
-      extraCapabilities.asMap().forEach(this::setCapability);
-    }
+  public DesiredCapabilities merge(@Nullable Capabilities extraCapabilities) {
+    Optional.ofNullable(extraCapabilities)
+        .ifPresent(caps -> caps.asMap().forEach(this::setCapability));
     return this;
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/service/DriverService.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/service/DriverService.java
index d957b694fb004..cc16bcb96acca 100644
--- a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/service/DriverService.java
+++ b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/service/DriverService.java
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Beta;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
 import org.openqa.selenium.ImmutableCapabilities;
@@ -145,15 +146,15 @@ protected Capabilities getDefaultDriverOptions() {
     return new ImmutableCapabilities();
   }
 
-  protected String getDriverName() {
+  protected @Nullable String getDriverName() {
     return null;
   }
 
-  public String getDriverProperty() {
+  public @Nullable String getDriverProperty() {
     return null;
   }
 
-  protected File getDriverExecutable() {
+  protected @Nullable File getDriverExecutable() {
     return null;
   }