MySQL 8.0.19 introduces aliases in the VALUES and SET clauses of INSERT INTO ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement

This commit addresses the following errors against MySQL 8.0.18 or lower version of MySQL 8.0.

- Steps to reproduce

```ruby
git clone https://github.com/rails/rails
cd rails
git clone https://github.com/rails/buildkite-config .buildkite/
RUBY_IMAGE=ruby:3.3 docker-compose -f .buildkite/docker-compose.yml build base &&
  CI=1 MYSQL_IMAGE=mysql:8.0.18 docker-compose -f .buildkite/docker-compose.yml run mysqldb runner activerecord 'rake db:mysql:rebuild test:mysql2'
```

- Actual behavior

```ruby
... snip ...
Error:
InsertAllTest#test_upsert_all_implicitly_sets_timestamps_on_create_when_model_record_timestamps_is_false_but_overridden:
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: Mysql2::Error: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'AS `ships_values` ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE updated_at=(CASE WHEN (`ships`.`name`<' at line 1
    /usr/local/bundle/gems/mysql2-0.5.6/lib/mysql2/client.rb:151:in `_query'
    /usr/local/bundle/gems/mysql2-0.5.6/lib/mysql2/client.rb:151:in `block in query'
    /usr/local/bundle/gems/mysql2-0.5.6/lib/mysql2/client.rb:150:in `handle_interrupt'
    /usr/local/bundle/gems/mysql2-0.5.6/lib/mysql2/client.rb:150:in `query'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2/database_statements.rb:104:in `block (2 levels) in raw_execute'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:997:in `block in with_raw_connection'
    /rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/load_interlock_aware_monitor.rb:23:in `handle_interrupt'
    /rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/load_interlock_aware_monitor.rb:23:in `block in synchronize'
    /rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/load_interlock_aware_monitor.rb:19:in `handle_interrupt'
    /rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/load_interlock_aware_monitor.rb:19:in `synchronize'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:969:in `with_raw_connection'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2/database_statements.rb:102:in `block in raw_execute'
    /rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb:58:in `instrument'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:1112:in `log'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2/database_statements.rb:101:in `raw_execute'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb:237:in `execute_and_free'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2/database_statements.rb:23:in `internal_exec_query'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb:171:in `exec_insert_all'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb:26:in `exec_insert_all'
    lib/active_record/insert_all.rb:55:in `execute'
    lib/active_record/insert_all.rb:13:in `block in execute'
    lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:384:in `with_connection'
    lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb:270:in `with_connection'
    lib/active_record/insert_all.rb:12:in `execute'
    lib/active_record/persistence.rb:363:in `upsert_all'
    test/cases/insert_all_test.rb:561:in `block in test_upsert_all_implicitly_sets_timestamps_on_create_when_model_record_timestamps_is_false_but_overridden'
    test/cases/insert_all_test.rb:809:in `with_record_timestamps'
    test/cases/insert_all_test.rb:560:in `test_upsert_all_implicitly_sets_timestamps_on_create_when_model_record_timestamps_is_false_but_overridden'

bin/rails test /rails/activerecord/test/cases/insert_all_test.rb:557

E
... snip ...
8856 runs, 25842 assertions, 1 failures, 52 errors, 41 skips
```

Follow up rails#51274

Refer to these release notes, WL and commits for MySQL 8.0.19 and 8.0.20.

- MySQL 8.0.19 supports aliases in the VALUES and SET clauses of INSERT INTO ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.0/en/news-8-0-19.html

> MySQL now supports aliases in the VALUES and SET clauses of INSERT INTO ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement
> for the row to be inserted and its columns. Consider a statement such as this one:

https://dev.mysql.com/worklog/task/?id=6312
mysql/mysql-server@c39355e

- MySQL 8.0.20 deprecates the old `VALUES()` syntax in INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statements

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.0/en/news-8-0-20.html
> The use of VALUES() to access new row values in INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statements
> is now deprecated, and is subject to removal in a future MySQL release.
> Instead, you should use aliases for the new row and its columns as implemented in MySQL 8.0.19 and later.

https://dev.mysql.com/worklog/task/?id=13325
mysql/mysql-server@6f3b9df

Author: yahonda

activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb

@@ -641,8 +641,9 @@ def default_index_type?(index) # :nodoc:
       def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
         no_op_column = quote_column_name(insert.keys.first)
 
-        # Avoid MySQL 8.0 deprecation warning, see https://dev.mysql.com/worklog/task/?id=13325.
-        if !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.0"
+        # MySQL 8.0.19 replaces `VALUES(<expression>)` clauses with row and column alias names, see https://dev.mysql.com/worklog/task/?id=6312 .
+        # then MySQL 8.0.20 deprecates the `VALUES(<expression>)` see https://dev.mysql.com/worklog/task/?id=13325 .
+        if !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.19"
           values_alias = quote_table_name("#{insert.model.table_name}_values")
           sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list} AS #{values_alias}"