@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ edge of the ISP’s network—the ISP-side of the last-mile that directly
4343connects to customers. The PON and RAN-based access networks are
4444anchored in these facilities.
4545
46- Passive Optical Network
47- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
46+ 9.1.1 Passive Optical Network
47+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4848
4949A PON is a tree-structured, fiber-based network, starting with a
5050single device in one of the ISP's edge sites, and fanning out to reach
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ higher bandwidths. G-PON (Gigabit-PON) is the most widely deployed
9191today, supporting a bandwidth of 2.25-Gbps. XGS-PON (10 Gigabit-PON)
9292is now being deployed.
9393
94- Radio Access Network
95- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
94+ 9.1.2 Radio Access Network
95+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9696
9797A RAN implements the last hop by encoding and transmitting data at
9898various bandwidths in the radio spectrum. For example, traditional
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ to jointly transmit to a given UE).
143143 implement a distributed decision-making algorithm, and then
144144 forward packets to each other based on those decisions.
145145
146- Key Takeaways
147- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
146+ 9.1.3 Key Takeaways
147+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
148148
149149There are three observations to make about these two network
150150technologies before we get to the question of how to apply SDN
@@ -329,8 +329,8 @@ has a local packet scheduler), but they do exert near real-time
329329control over the base stations, with control loops measured in less
330330than ten milliseconds.
331331
332- Split RAN
333- ~~~~~~~~~
332+ 9.3.1 Split RAN
333+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
334334
335335To better see how this works, we start with a finer-grain view of the
336336packet processing pipeline running on each base station shown in
@@ -421,8 +421,8 @@ geographic area (e.g., a mall, campus, or factory), then a single DU
421421would likely service multiple RUs. The use of mmWave in 5G is likely
422422to make this later configuration all the more common.
423423
424- RAN Intelligent Controller
425- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
424+ 9.3.2 RAN Intelligent Controller
425+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
426426
427427The RRU, shown in :numref: `Figure %s <fig-basestation >` as part of
428428each basestation and shown in :numref: `Figure %s <fig-split-ran >` as
@@ -512,8 +512,8 @@ collect the available input data centrally, make a globally optimal
512512decision, and then push the respective control parameters back to the
513513base stations for execution.
514514
515- RIC Interfaces
516- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
515+ 9.3.3 RIC Interfaces
516+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
517517
518518Returning to the three interfaces called out in :numref: `Figure %s
519519<fig-ric>`, each serves a purpose similar to the interfaces described
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