Revamp the Kotlin Vert.x portions "vertx-web-kotlinx" and "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines" (#9374)

* Revamp the "vertx-web-kotlinx" portion project

Changes:
1. bump the Gradle versions and the dependency versions to the latest
1. bump the JVM version to 21 with the new `jvmToolchain` DSL
1. resolve deprecations
1. update the dockerfile to use the `installDist` Gradle task so the time for archiving and unarchiving is saved

* Run the revamped benchmark

There are no build or runtime errors. Single query performance seems to have been improved by 2% with the bumped versions (I think most likely due to Java 21). Vagrant reduces performance by about 20% compared to running directly with Docker.

* Enable io_uring and run the benchmark

The single query performance is improved by 5% - 10%.

* Try fixing the performance issues of the "vertx-web-kotlinx" portion in the "single query" and "JSON serialization" tests in the [Continuous Benchmarking results](https://tfb-status.techempower.com/) by using static kotlinx.serialization serializers

The "vertx-web-kotlinx" results in the Continuous Benchmarking results are much lower than those of the "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines" portion. See [the latest results](https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=592cab59-a9db-463b-a9c9-33d2f9484e92&hw=ph&test=db) for example.

Looking at the "single query" results, I first suspected that it was caused by there being not enough memory for the JVM runtime, so I added some logging code that prints the memory usage using `Runtime.totalMemory` and `Runtime.maxMemory`. It showed that there was about 7 GB max memory available during the benchmark runs, and the program only used 400 MB to 1 GB. I then tried allocating a 4 GB array during the run to ensure that the memory was usable and it worked with no problem.

Then looking at the "JSON serialization" results again, I saw that "vertx-web-kotlinx" performs a lot worse in this test too, and decided that this is more likely to be the bottleneck. Therefore, the static serializers are provided explicitly and the performance is improved slightly as tested on my machine. (Also, see commit 315b4e3 for an attempt before.) I then copied the "JSON serialization" test code from "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines" and ran the benchmark to see if there were other factors, such as project configuration differences, affecting the performance, and the answer was no. On my machine, the "JSON serialization" performance of "vertx-web-kotlinx" is about 80% - 85% of that of "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines". And I think the bottleneck possibly lies in kotlinx.serialization serializing an object to a byte array first and then copying it to a Vert.x buffer.

Remove the broken tag in "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines" BTW, which was added in commit e53e026, for the benchmark runs without problems now as I tested.

* Update README.md correspondingly

* Add `--no-daemon` to the Gradle command in the Dockerfiles

* Update the "Connection reset" exception to the io_uring one that's ignored in logging

* Use `encodeToBufferedSink` in "kotlinx-serialization-json-okio" with a custom-implemented `VertxBufferSink` in JSON serialization

The "JSON serialization" performance is on par with using `io.vertx.core.json.Json.encodeToBuffer` as tested on my machine after this change.

* Replace Okio with kotlinx-io and remove unneeded code

The "JSON serialization" performance seems to be slightly less.

* Rename 2 classes to clarify

* Use to the new Vert.x coroutine APIs introduced in vert-x3/vertx-lang-kotlin#253 / vert-x3/vertx-lang-kotlin@e841975

There is no noticeable performance degradation in the "plaintext" and "JSON serialization" tests.

* Simply the code introduced in the previous commit by making `MainVerticle` implement `CoroutineRouterSupport`

I didn't go through [the docs](https://vertx.io/docs/vertx-lang-kotlin-coroutines/kotlin/#_vert_x_web) thoroughly before implementing this.

* Revamp the "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines" portion project too following the changes made to the "vertx-web-kotlinx" portion

The "gradlew" script somehow had incorrect access permissions and is fixed by bumping the Gradle wrapper.

To keep the dependencies consistent with the "vert-web" portion, some dependencies are not updated to the latest versions.

Remove 2 useless `COPY`s in "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines-postgres.dockerfile" BTW.

* Remove unneeded and incorrect comments

Wrapping something as a Vert.x `Buffer` by implementing the `Buffer` interface is not viable because `BufferImpl` contains casts from a `Buffer` to a `BufferImpl`.

Author: ShreckYe

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/benchmark_config.json

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
       "database_os": "Linux",
       "display_name": "vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines",
       "notes": "",
-      "versus": "vertx-web",
-      "tags": ["broken"]
+      "versus": "vertx-web"
     },
     "postgres": {
       "db_url": "/db",

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/build.gradle.kts

@@ -1,34 +1,37 @@
 import com.github.jengelman.gradle.plugins.shadow.tasks.ShadowJar
-import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
-import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.tasks.KotlinCompile
 
 tasks.wrapper {
     distributionType = Wrapper.DistributionType.ALL
 }
 
 plugins {
-    kotlin("jvm") version "1.8.10"
+    kotlin("jvm") version "2.0.21"
     application
     id("nu.studer.rocker") version "3.0.4"
-    id("com.github.johnrengelman.shadow") version "7.1.2"
+    id("com.gradleup.shadow") version "8.3.4"
 }
 
 group = "io.vertx"
-version = "4.3.8"
+version = "4.3.8" // 4.5.10 is available, but this is not updated to be kept consistent with the "vert-web" portion
 
 repositories {
     mavenCentral()
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.6.4")
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.9.0")
     implementation(platform("io.vertx:vertx-stack-depchain:$version"))
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-core")
-    implementation("com.fasterxml.jackson.module:jackson-module-blackbird:2.14.2")
+    implementation("com.fasterxml.jackson.module:jackson-module-blackbird:2.14.2") // 2.18.1 is available, but this is not updated to be kept consistent with the "vert-web" portion
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-web")
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-pg-client")
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-web-templ-rocker")
-    implementation("io.netty", "netty-transport-native-epoll", classifier = "linux-x86_64")
+    runtimeOnly("io.netty", "netty-transport-native-epoll", classifier = "linux-x86_64")
+    // not used to make the project consistent with the "vert-web" portion
+    /*
+    runtimeOnly("io.vertx:vertx-io_uring-incubator")
+    runtimeOnly("io.netty.incubator:netty-incubator-transport-native-io_uring:0.0.25.Final:linux-x86_64")
+    */
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-lang-kotlin")
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-lang-kotlin-coroutines")
 }
@@ -38,14 +41,12 @@ rocker {
         create("main") {
             templateDir.set(file("src/main/resources"))
             optimize.set(true)
-            javaVersion.set("17")
+            javaVersion.set("17") // kept consistent with the "vert-web" portion
         }
     }
 }
 
-tasks.withType<KotlinCompile> {
-    compilerOptions.jvmTarget.set(JvmTarget.JVM_17)
-}
+kotlin.jvmToolchain(17) // kept consistent with the "vert-web" portion
 
 
 // content below copied from the project generated by the app generator

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-7.6-all.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.10.2-all.zip
 networkTimeout=10000
+validateDistributionUrl=true
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 zipStorePath=wrapper/dists

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 #
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
 
 ##############################################################################
 #
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@
 #       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
 #
 #   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
-#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/subprojects/plugins/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
 #       within the Gradle project.
 #
 #       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
@@ -83,10 +85,9 @@ done
 # This is normally unused
 # shellcheck disable=SC2034
 APP_BASE_NAME=${0##*/}
-APP_HOME=$( cd "${APP_HOME:-./}" && pwd -P ) || exit
-
-# Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
-DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
+# Discard cd standard output in case $CDPATH is set (https://github.com/gradle/gradle/issues/25036)
+APP_HOME=$( cd -P "${APP_HOME:-./}" > /dev/null && printf '%s
+' "$PWD" ) || exit
 
 # Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value.
 MAX_FD=maximum
@@ -133,26 +134,29 @@ location of your Java installation."
     fi
 else
     JAVACMD=java
-    which java >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+    if ! command -v java >/dev/null 2>&1
+    then
+        die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
 
 Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
 location of your Java installation."
+    fi
 fi
 
 # Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can.
 if ! "$cygwin" && ! "$darwin" && ! "$nonstop" ; then
     case $MAX_FD in #(
       max*)
         # In POSIX sh, ulimit -H is undefined. That's why the result is checked to see if it worked.
-        # shellcheck disable=SC3045 
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2039,SC3045
         MAX_FD=$( ulimit -H -n ) ||
             warn "Could not query maximum file descriptor limit"
     esac
     case $MAX_FD in  #(
       '' | soft) :;; #(
       *)
         # In POSIX sh, ulimit -n is undefined. That's why the result is checked to see if it worked.
-        # shellcheck disable=SC3045 
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2039,SC3045
         ulimit -n "$MAX_FD" ||
             warn "Could not set maximum file descriptor limit to $MAX_FD"
     esac
@@ -197,11 +201,15 @@ if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
     done
 fi
 
-# Collect all arguments for the java command;
-#   * $DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, $JAVA_OPTS, and $GRADLE_OPTS can contain fragments of
-#     shell script including quotes and variable substitutions, so put them in
-#     double quotes to make sure that they get re-expanded; and
-#   * put everything else in single quotes, so that it's not re-expanded.
+
+# Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
+
+# Collect all arguments for the java command:
+#   * DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS, and optsEnvironmentVar are not allowed to contain shell fragments,
+#     and any embedded shellness will be escaped.
+#   * For example: A user cannot expect ${Hostname} to be expanded, as it is an environment variable and will be
+#     treated as '${Hostname}' itself on the command line.
 
 set -- \
         "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/gradlew

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 @rem See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 @rem limitations under the License.
 @rem
+@rem SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+@rem
 
 @if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
 @rem ##########################################################################
@@ -43,11 +45,11 @@ set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
 %JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
 if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
 
-echo.
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
-echo.
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
-echo location of your Java installation.
+echo. 1>&2
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 1>&2
+echo. 1>&2
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
+echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
 
 goto fail
 
@@ -57,11 +59,11 @@ set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
 
 if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
 
-echo.
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
-echo.
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
-echo location of your Java installation.
+echo. 1>&2
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 1>&2
+echo. 1>&2
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
+echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
 
 goto fail
 

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/gradlew.bat

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-FROM gradle:7.6-jdk17 as gradle
+FROM gradle:8.10.2-jdk17 as gradle
 WORKDIR /vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines
-COPY gradle gradle
 COPY src src
 COPY build.gradle.kts build.gradle.kts
 COPY gradle.properties gradle.properties
-COPY gradlew gradlew
 COPY settings.gradle.kts settings.gradle.kts
 RUN gradle shadowJar
 

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines-postgres.dockerfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM gradle:7.6-jdk17 as gradle
+FROM gradle:8.10.2-jdk17 as gradle
 WORKDIR /vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines
 COPY src src
 COPY build.gradle.kts build.gradle.kts

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines/vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines.dockerfile

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Vert.x-Web in Kotlin with request handling implemented as much with official kotlinx libraries as possible.
 
-Code is written from scratch to be as concise as possible with common code extracted into common (possibly inline) functions. SQL client implementation details and JVM Options are adapted referring to [the vertx-web portion](../../Java/vertx-web) and [the vertx portion](../../Java/vertx). All requests are handled in coroutines and suspend `await`s are used instead of future compositions. Compared to [the vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines portion](../vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines), besides adopting the Kotlinx libraries, this project simplifies the code by using more built-in Coroutine functions and avoids mutability as much as possible. JSON serialization is implemented with kotlinx.serialization and Fortunes with kotlinx.html. The benchmark is run on the latest LTS version of JVM, 17.
+Code is written from scratch to be as concise as possible with common code extracted into common (possibly inline) functions. SQL client implementation details and JVM Options are adapted referring to [the vertx-web portion](../../Java/vertx-web) and [the vertx portion](../../Java/vertx). All requests are handled in coroutines and suspend `await`s are used instead of future compositions. Compared to [the vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines portion](../vertx-web-kotlin-coroutines), besides adopting the Kotlinx libraries, this project simplifies the code by using more built-in Coroutine functions and avoids mutability as much as possible. JSON serialization is implemented with kotlinx.serialization and Fortunes with kotlinx.html. The benchmark is run on the latest LTS version of JVM, 21.
 
 ## Test Type Implementation Source Code
 
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ The tests were run with:
 * [Vert.x Reactive PostgreSQL Client](https://vertx.io/docs/vertx-pg-client/java/)
 * [kotlinx.coroutines](https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx.coroutines)
 * [kotlinx.serialization](https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx.serialization)
+* [kotlinx-io](https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx-io)
 * [kotlinx.html](https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx.html)
 
 ## Test URLs

frameworks/Kotlin/vertx-web-kotlinx/README.md

@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
-import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.tasks.KotlinCompile
-
 tasks.wrapper {
     distributionType = Wrapper.DistributionType.ALL
 }
 
 plugins {
-    val kotlinVersion = "1.8.10"
+    val kotlinVersion = "2.0.21"
     kotlin("jvm") version kotlinVersion
     kotlin("plugin.serialization") version kotlinVersion
     application
@@ -16,23 +13,29 @@ repositories {
     mavenCentral()
 }
 
-val vertxVersion = "4.3.8"
+val vertxVersion = "4.5.10"
+val kotlinxSerializationVersion = "1.7.3"
 dependencies {
     implementation(platform("io.vertx:vertx-stack-depchain:$vertxVersion"))
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-web")
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-pg-client")
     implementation("io.netty", "netty-transport-native-epoll", classifier = "linux-x86_64")
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-lang-kotlin")
     implementation("io.vertx:vertx-lang-kotlin-coroutines")
+    runtimeOnly("io.vertx:vertx-io_uring-incubator")
+    // This dependency has to be added for io_uring to work.
+    runtimeOnly("io.netty.incubator:netty-incubator-transport-native-io_uring:0.0.25.Final:linux-x86_64")
 
-    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.6.4")
-    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-serialization-json:1.4.1")
-    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-html:0.8.0")
-    //implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-datetime:0.4.0")
-}
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.9.0")
 
-tasks.withType<KotlinCompile> {
-    compilerOptions.jvmTarget.set(JvmTarget.JVM_17)
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-serialization-json:$kotlinxSerializationVersion")
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-serialization-json-io:$kotlinxSerializationVersion")
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-io-core:0.5.4")
+
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-html:0.11.0")
+    //implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-datetime:0.4.0") // the latest version is 0.6.1
 }
 
+kotlin.jvmToolchain(21)
+
 application.mainClass.set("MainKt")