diff --git a/src/mpl2/README.md b/src/mpl2/README.md
index 6c8aab5f2a5..5c70abef73c 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/README.md
+++ b/src/mpl2/README.md
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ rtl_macro_placer
     [-tolerance tolerance]     
     [-max_num_level max_num_level] 
     [-coarsening_ratio coarsening_ratio]
-    [-num_bundled_ios num_bundled_ios]
     [-large_net_threshold large_net_threshold]
     [-signature_net_threshold signature_net_threshold]
     [-halo_width halo_width] 
@@ -61,7 +60,6 @@ rtl_macro_placer
 | `-tolerance` | Add a margin to the minimum and maximum number of macros/std cells in a cluster. For min, we multiply by (1 - `tol`), and for the max (1 + `tol`). This is to improve the robustness of hierarchical clustering. The allowed values are floats `[0, 1)`, and the default value is `0.1`. |
 | `-max_num_level` | Maximum depth of physical hierarchical tree. The default value is `2`, and the allowed values are integers `[0, MAX_INT]`. |
 | `-coarsening_ratio` | The larger the coarsening_ratio, the faster the convergence process. The allowed values are floats, and the default value is `10.0`. |
-| `-num_bundled_ios` | Specifies the number of bundled pins for the left, right, top, and bottom boundaries. The default value is `3`, and the allowed values are integers `[0, MAX_INT]`. |
 | `-large_net_threshold` | Ignore nets with many connections during clustering, such as global nets. The default value is `50`, and the allowed values are integers `[0, MAX_INT]`. |
 | `-signature_net_threshold` | Minimum number of connections between two clusters to be identified as connected. The default value is `50`, and the allowed values are integers `[0, MAX_INT]`. |
 | `-halo_width` | Horizontal/vertical halo around macros (microns). The allowed values are floats, and the default value is `0.0`. |
diff --git a/src/mpl2/include/mpl2/rtl_mp.h b/src/mpl2/include/mpl2/rtl_mp.h
index 5e6b95a8d73..2eb5379e889 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/include/mpl2/rtl_mp.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/include/mpl2/rtl_mp.h
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ class MacroPlacer2
              float tolerance,
              int max_num_level,
              float coarsening_ratio,
-             int num_bundled_ios,
              int large_net_threshold,
              int signature_net_threshold,
              float halo_width,
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/Mpl2Observer.h b/src/mpl2/src/Mpl2Observer.h
index d02057926db..3f8b65ddbd1 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/Mpl2Observer.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/Mpl2Observer.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "clusterEngine.h"
 #include "object.h"
 #include "odb/geom.h"
 #include "utl/Logger.h"
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ class Mpl2Observer
   virtual void endSA(float norm_cost) {}
   virtual void drawResult() {}
 
-  virtual void finishedClustering(Cluster* root) {}
+  virtual void finishedClustering(PhysicalHierarchy* tree) {}
 
   virtual void setMaxLevel(int max_level) {}
   virtual void setMacroBlockages(const std::vector<mpl2::Rect>& macro_blockages)
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.cpp
index 50e426045ff..5271adff7bc 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ using utl::MPL;
 // Class SACoreHardMacro
 // constructors
 SACoreHardMacro::SACoreHardMacro(
+    PhysicalHierarchy* tree,
     const Rect& outline,
     const std::vector<HardMacro>& macros,
     // weight for different penalty
@@ -66,7 +67,8 @@ SACoreHardMacro::SACoreHardMacro(
     unsigned seed,
     Mpl2Observer* graphics,
     utl::Logger* logger)
-    : SimulatedAnnealingCore<HardMacro>(outline,
+    : SimulatedAnnealingCore<HardMacro>(tree,
+                                        outline,
                                         macros,
                                         area_weight,
                                         outline_weight,
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.h b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.h
index 397ba020252..121aec0e8ec 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreHardMacro.h
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ namespace mpl2 {
 class SACoreHardMacro : public SimulatedAnnealingCore<HardMacro>
 {
  public:
-  SACoreHardMacro(const Rect& outline,
+  SACoreHardMacro(PhysicalHierarchy* tree,
+                  const Rect& outline,
                   const std::vector<HardMacro>& macros,
                   // weight for different penalty
                   float area_weight,
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.cpp
index 390ab47f911..e00895abe66 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ using utl::MPL;
 // Class SACoreSoftMacro
 // constructors
 SACoreSoftMacro::SACoreSoftMacro(
-    Cluster* root,
+    PhysicalHierarchy* tree,
     const Rect& outline,
     const std::vector<SoftMacro>& macros,
     // weight for different penalty
@@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ SACoreSoftMacro::SACoreSoftMacro(
     unsigned seed,
     Mpl2Observer* graphics,
     utl::Logger* logger)
-    : SimulatedAnnealingCore<SoftMacro>(outline,
+    : SimulatedAnnealingCore<SoftMacro>(tree,
+                                        outline,
                                         macros,
                                         area_weight,
                                         outline_weight,
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ SACoreSoftMacro::SACoreSoftMacro(
                                         seed,
                                         graphics,
                                         logger),
-      root_(root)
+      root_(tree->root.get())
 {
   boundary_weight_ = boundary_weight;
   macro_blockage_weight_ = macro_blockage_weight;
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.h b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.h
index 2356732cd5f..27da80022ca 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/SACoreSoftMacro.h
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class Graphics;
 class SACoreSoftMacro : public SimulatedAnnealingCore<SoftMacro>
 {
  public:
-  SACoreSoftMacro(Cluster* root,
+  SACoreSoftMacro(PhysicalHierarchy* tree,
                   const Rect& outline,
                   const std::vector<SoftMacro>& macros,
                   // weight for different penalty
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.cpp
index f49af42ca56..eff1289c297 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.cpp
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ using std::string;
 // Class SimulatedAnnealingCore
 template <class T>
 SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::SimulatedAnnealingCore(
+    PhysicalHierarchy* tree,
     const Rect& outline,           // boundary constraints
     const std::vector<T>& macros,  // macros (T = HardMacro or T = SoftMacro)
     // weight for different penalty
@@ -69,7 +70,9 @@ SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::SimulatedAnnealingCore(
     unsigned seed,
     Mpl2Observer* graphics,
     utl::Logger* logger)
-    : outline_(outline), graphics_(graphics)
+    : outline_(outline),
+      blocked_boundaries_(tree->blocked_boundaries),
+      graphics_(graphics)
 {
   area_weight_ = area_weight;
   outline_weight_ = outline_weight;
@@ -94,6 +97,28 @@ SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::SimulatedAnnealingCore(
 
   logger_ = logger;
   macros_ = macros;
+
+  setBlockedBoundariesForIOs();
+}
+
+template <class T>
+void SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::setBlockedBoundariesForIOs()
+{
+  if (blocked_boundaries_.find(Boundary::L) != blocked_boundaries_.end()) {
+    left_is_blocked_ = true;
+  }
+
+  if (blocked_boundaries_.find(Boundary::R) != blocked_boundaries_.end()) {
+    right_is_blocked_ = true;
+  }
+
+  if (blocked_boundaries_.find(Boundary::B) != blocked_boundaries_.end()) {
+    bottom_is_blocked_ = true;
+  }
+
+  if (blocked_boundaries_.find(Boundary::T) != blocked_boundaries_.end()) {
+    top_is_blocked_ = true;
+  }
 }
 
 template <class T>
@@ -274,10 +299,18 @@ void SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::calWirelength()
   }
 
   for (const auto& net : nets_) {
-    const float x1 = macros_[net.terminals.first].getPinX();
-    const float y1 = macros_[net.terminals.first].getPinY();
-    const float x2 = macros_[net.terminals.second].getPinX();
-    const float y2 = macros_[net.terminals.second].getPinY();
+    T& source = macros_[net.terminals.first];
+    T& target = macros_[net.terminals.second];
+
+    if (target.isIOCluster()) {
+      addBoundaryDistToWirelength(source, target, net.weight);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const float x1 = source.getPinX();
+    const float y1 = source.getPinY();
+    const float x2 = target.getPinX();
+    const float y2 = target.getPinY();
     wirelength_ += net.weight * (std::abs(x2 - x1) + std::abs(y2 - y1));
   }
 
@@ -291,6 +324,71 @@ void SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::calWirelength()
   }
 }
 
+template <class T>
+void SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::addBoundaryDistToWirelength(
+    const T& macro,
+    const T& io,
+    const float net_weight)
+{
+  Cluster* io_cluster = io.getCluster();
+  const Rect die = io_cluster->getBBox();
+  const float die_hpwl = die.getWidth() + die.getHeight();
+
+  if (isOutsideTheOutline(macro)) {
+    wirelength_ += net_weight * die_hpwl;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const float x1 = macro.getPinX();
+  const float y1 = macro.getPinY();
+
+  Boundary constraint_boundary = io_cluster->getConstraintBoundary();
+
+  if (constraint_boundary == NONE) {
+    float dist_to_left = die_hpwl;
+    if (!left_is_blocked_) {
+      dist_to_left = std::abs(x1 - die.xMin());
+    }
+
+    float dist_to_right = die_hpwl;
+    if (!right_is_blocked_) {
+      dist_to_right = std::abs(x1 - die.xMax());
+    }
+
+    float dist_to_bottom = die_hpwl;
+    if (!bottom_is_blocked_) {
+      dist_to_right = std::abs(y1 - die.yMin());
+    }
+
+    float dist_to_top = die_hpwl;
+    if (!top_is_blocked_) {
+      dist_to_top = std::abs(y1 - die.yMax());
+    }
+
+    wirelength_
+        += net_weight
+           * std::min(
+               {dist_to_left, dist_to_right, dist_to_bottom, dist_to_top});
+  } else if (constraint_boundary == Boundary::L
+             || constraint_boundary == Boundary::R) {
+    const float x2 = io.getPinX();
+    wirelength_ += net_weight * std::abs(x2 - x1);
+  } else if (constraint_boundary == Boundary::T
+             || constraint_boundary == Boundary::B) {
+    const float y2 = io.getPinY();
+    wirelength_ += net_weight * std::abs(y2 - y1);
+  }
+}
+
+// We consider the macro outside the outline based on the location of
+// the pin to avoid too many checks.
+template <class T>
+bool SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::isOutsideTheOutline(const T& macro) const
+{
+  return macro.getPinX() > outline_.getWidth()
+         || macro.getPinY() > outline_.getHeight();
+}
+
 template <class T>
 void SimulatedAnnealingCore<T>::calFencePenalty()
 {
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.h b/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.h
index 29e835178a1..7f8e78050ec 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/SimulatedAnnealingCore.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "Mpl2Observer.h"
+#include "clusterEngine.h"
 
 namespace utl {
 class Logger;
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ class SimulatedAnnealingCore
 {
  public:
   SimulatedAnnealingCore(
+      PhysicalHierarchy* tree,
       const Rect& outline,           // boundary constraints
       const std::vector<T>& macros,  // macros (T = HardMacro or T = SoftMacro)
       // weight for different penalty
@@ -134,6 +136,7 @@ class SimulatedAnnealingCore
   void fastSA();
 
   void initSequencePair();
+  void setBlockedBoundariesForIOs();
   void updateBestValidResult();
   void useBestValidResult();
 
@@ -141,6 +144,10 @@ class SimulatedAnnealingCore
   virtual void calPenalty() = 0;
   void calOutlinePenalty();
   void calWirelength();
+  void addBoundaryDistToWirelength(const T& macro,
+                                   const T& io,
+                                   float net_weight);
+  bool isOutsideTheOutline(const T& macro) const;
   void calGuidancePenalty();
   void calFencePenalty();
 
@@ -165,6 +172,9 @@ class SimulatedAnnealingCore
   // boundary constraints
   Rect outline_;
 
+  // Boundaries blocked for IO pins
+  std::set<Boundary> blocked_boundaries_;
+
   // Number of macros that will actually be part of the sequence pair
   int macros_to_place_ = 0;
 
@@ -249,6 +259,13 @@ class SimulatedAnnealingCore
   static constexpr float acc_tolerance_ = 0.001;
 
   bool has_initial_sequence_pair_ = false;
+
+  // Blocked boundaries data is kept in bools to avoid overhead
+  // during SA steps.
+  bool left_is_blocked_ = false;
+  bool right_is_blocked_ = false;
+  bool bottom_is_blocked_ = false;
+  bool top_is_blocked_ = false;
 };
 
 // SACore wrapper function
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.cpp
index 28967392d33..50e900832ac 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.cpp
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ void ClusteringEngine::run()
   setBaseThresholds();
 
   createIOClusters();
+  classifyBoundariesStateForIOs();
+
   createDataFlow();
 
   if (design_metrics_->getNumStdCell() == 0) {
@@ -355,165 +357,158 @@ void ClusteringEngine::setBaseThresholds()
       tree_->base_min_std_cell);
 }
 
+// Group IOs with the same constraints:
+// 1. If an IO has a constraint region in a certain boundary,
+//    it is constrained to that entire boundary.
+// 2. If an IO has no constraints, it is constrained to all boundaries.
 void ClusteringEngine::createIOClusters()
 {
   mapIOPads();
-  debugPrint(logger_,
-             MPL,
-             "multilevel_autoclustering",
-             1,
-             "Creating bundledIO clusters...");
 
-  // Get the floorplan information and get the range of bundled IO regions
+  // Boundary with constrained IOs -> cluster
+  std::map<Boundary, Cluster*> boundary_to_cluster;
   const odb::Rect die = block_->getDieArea();
-  const odb::Rect core = block_->getCoreArea();
-  const int x_base = (die.xMax() - die.xMin()) / tree_->bundled_ios_per_edge;
-  const int y_base = (die.yMax() - die.yMin()) / tree_->bundled_ios_per_edge;
-  const int cluster_id_base = id_;
-
-  // Map all the BTerms / Pads to Bundled IOs (cluster)
-  std::vector<std::string> prefix_vec;
-  prefix_vec.emplace_back("L");
-  prefix_vec.emplace_back("T");
-  prefix_vec.emplace_back("R");
-  prefix_vec.emplace_back("B");
-  std::map<int, bool> cluster_io_map;
-  for (int i = 0; i < 4;
-       i++) {  // four boundaries (Left, Top, Right and Bottom in order)
-    for (int j = 0; j < tree_->bundled_ios_per_edge; j++) {
-      const std::string cluster_name = prefix_vec[i] + std::to_string(j);
-      auto cluster = std::make_unique<Cluster>(id_, cluster_name, logger_);
-      cluster->setParent(tree_->root.get());
-      cluster_io_map[id_] = false;
-      tree_->maps.id_to_cluster[id_++] = cluster.get();
-      int x = 0.0;
-      int y = 0.0;
-      int width = 0;
-      int height = 0;
-      if (i == 0) {  // Left boundary
-        x = die.xMin();
-        y = die.yMin() + y_base * j;
-        height = y_base;
-      } else if (i == 1) {  // Top boundary
-        x = die.xMin() + x_base * j;
-        y = die.yMax();
-        width = x_base;
-      } else if (i == 2) {  // Right boundary
-        x = die.xMax();
-        y = die.yMax() - y_base * (j + 1);
-        height = y_base;
-      } else {  // Bottom boundary
-        x = die.xMax() - x_base * (j + 1);
-        y = die.yMin();
-        width = x_base;
-      }
 
-      // set the cluster to a IO cluster
-      cluster->setAsIOCluster(std::pair<float, float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(x),
-                                                      block_->dbuToMicrons(y)),
-                              block_->dbuToMicrons(width),
-                              block_->dbuToMicrons(height));
-      tree_->root->addChild(std::move(cluster));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Map all the BTerms to bundled IOs
-  for (auto term : block_->getBTerms()) {
-    int lx = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
-    int ly = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
-    int ux = 0;
-    int uy = 0;
-    // If the design has IO pads, these block terms
-    // will not have block pins.
-    // Otherwise, the design will have IO pins.
-    for (const auto pin : term->getBPins()) {
-      for (const auto box : pin->getBoxes()) {
-        lx = std::min(lx, box->xMin());
-        ly = std::min(ly, box->yMin());
-        ux = std::max(ux, box->xMax());
-        uy = std::max(uy, box->yMax());
-      }
+  for (odb::dbBTerm* bterm : block_->getBTerms()) {
+    Boundary constraint_boundary = NONE;
+
+    auto constraint_region = bterm->getConstraintRegion();
+    if (constraint_region) {
+      constraint_boundary
+          = getConstraintBoundary(die, constraint_region.value());
     }
-    // remove power pins
-    if (term->getSigType().isSupply()) {
-      continue;
+
+    const auto itr = boundary_to_cluster.find(constraint_boundary);
+    if (itr != boundary_to_cluster.end()) {
+      Cluster* io_cluster = itr->second;
+      tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id[bterm] = io_cluster->getId();
+    } else {
+      createIOCluster(die, constraint_boundary, boundary_to_cluster, bterm);
     }
+  }
 
-    // If the term has a connected pad, get the bbox from the pad inst
-    if (tree_->maps.bterm_to_inst.find(term)
-        != tree_->maps.bterm_to_inst.end()) {
-      lx = tree_->maps.bterm_to_inst[term]->getBBox()->xMin();
-      ly = tree_->maps.bterm_to_inst[term]->getBBox()->yMin();
-      ux = tree_->maps.bterm_to_inst[term]->getBBox()->xMax();
-      uy = tree_->maps.bterm_to_inst[term]->getBBox()->yMax();
-      if (lx <= core.xMin()) {
-        lx = die.xMin();
-      }
-      if (ly <= core.yMin()) {
-        ly = die.yMin();
-      }
-      if (ux >= core.xMax()) {
-        ux = die.xMax();
-      }
-      if (uy >= core.yMax()) {
-        uy = die.yMax();
-      }
+  if (tree_->maps.id_to_cluster.size() == 1) {
+    logger_->warn(MPL, 26, "Design has no IO pins!");
+    tree_->has_io_clusters = false;
+  }
+}
+
+Boundary ClusteringEngine::getConstraintBoundary(
+    const odb::Rect& die,
+    const odb::Rect& constraint_region)
+{
+  Boundary constraint_boundary = NONE;
+  if (constraint_region.xMin() == constraint_region.xMax()) {
+    if (constraint_region.xMin() == die.xMin()) {
+      constraint_boundary = L;
+    } else {
+      constraint_boundary = R;
     }
-    // calculate cluster id based on the location of IO Pins / Pads
-    int cluster_id = -1;
-    if (lx <= die.xMin()) {
-      // The IO is on the left boundary
-      cluster_id = cluster_id_base
-                   + std::floor(((ly + uy) / 2.0 - die.yMin()) / y_base);
-    } else if (uy >= die.yMax()) {
-      // The IO is on the top boundary
-      cluster_id = cluster_id_base + tree_->bundled_ios_per_edge
-                   + std::floor(((lx + ux) / 2.0 - die.xMin()) / x_base);
-    } else if (ux >= die.xMax()) {
-      // The IO is on the right boundary
-      cluster_id = cluster_id_base + tree_->bundled_ios_per_edge * 2
-                   + std::floor((die.yMax() - (ly + uy) / 2.0) / y_base);
-    } else if (ly <= die.yMin()) {
-      // The IO is on the bottom boundary
-      cluster_id = cluster_id_base + tree_->bundled_ios_per_edge * 3
-                   + std::floor((die.xMax() - (lx + ux) / 2.0) / x_base);
-    }
-
-    // Check if the IO pins / Pads exist
-    if (cluster_id == -1) {
-      logger_->error(
-          MPL,
-          2,
-          "Floorplan has not been initialized? Pin location error for {}.",
-          term->getName());
+  } else {
+    if (constraint_region.yMin() == die.yMin()) {
+      constraint_boundary = B;
     } else {
-      tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id[term] = cluster_id;
+      constraint_boundary = T;
     }
+  }
+  return constraint_boundary;
+}
+
+void ClusteringEngine::createIOCluster(
+    const odb::Rect& die,
+    const Boundary constraint_boundary,
+    std::map<Boundary, Cluster*>& boundary_to_cluster,
+    odb::dbBTerm* bterm)
+{
+  auto cluster
+      = std::make_unique<Cluster>(id_, toString(constraint_boundary), logger_);
+  tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id[bterm] = id_;
+  tree_->maps.id_to_cluster[id_++] = cluster.get();
+
+  boundary_to_cluster[constraint_boundary] = cluster.get();
+
+  int x = die.xMin(), y = die.yMin();
+  int width = die.dx(), height = die.dy();
 
-    cluster_io_map[cluster_id] = true;
+  if (constraint_boundary != NONE) {
+    setIOClusterDimensions(die, constraint_boundary, x, y, width, height);
   }
 
-  // delete the IO clusters that do not have any pins assigned to them
-  for (auto& [cluster_id, flag] : cluster_io_map) {
-    if (!flag) {
-      debugPrint(logger_,
-                 MPL,
-                 "multilevel_autoclustering",
-                 1,
-                 "Remove IO Cluster with no pins: {}, id: {}",
-                 tree_->maps.id_to_cluster[cluster_id]->getName(),
-                 cluster_id);
-      std::unique_ptr<Cluster> released_bundled_io
-          = tree_->maps.id_to_cluster[cluster_id]->getParent()->releaseChild(
-              tree_->maps.id_to_cluster[cluster_id]);
-      tree_->maps.id_to_cluster.erase(cluster_id);
+  cluster->setAsIOCluster(
+      std::pair<float, float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(x), block_->dbuToMicrons(y)),
+      block_->dbuToMicrons(width),
+      block_->dbuToMicrons(height),
+      constraint_boundary);
+  tree_->root->addChild(std::move(cluster));
+}
+
+void ClusteringEngine::classifyBoundariesStateForIOs()
+{
+  const float blocked_boundary_threshold = 0.7;
+  std::map<Boundary, float> blockage_extension_map
+      = computeBlockageExtensionMap();
+
+  for (const auto [boundary, blockage_extension] : blockage_extension_map) {
+    if (blockage_extension >= blocked_boundary_threshold) {
+      tree_->blocked_boundaries.insert(boundary);
+    } else {
+      tree_->unblocked_boundaries.insert(boundary);
     }
   }
+}
 
-  // At this point the cluster map has only the root (id = 0) and bundledIOs
-  if (tree_->maps.id_to_cluster.size() == 1) {
-    logger_->warn(MPL, 26, "Design has no IO pins!");
-    tree_->has_io_clusters = false;
+// Computes how much blocked each boundary is for IOs base on PPL exclude
+// contraints.
+std::map<Boundary, float> ClusteringEngine::computeBlockageExtensionMap()
+{
+  std::map<Boundary, float> blockage_extension_map;
+
+  blockage_extension_map[L] = 0.0;
+  blockage_extension_map[R] = 0.0;
+  blockage_extension_map[B] = 0.0;
+  blockage_extension_map[T] = 0.0;
+
+  const odb::Rect die = block_->getDieArea();
+  for (const odb::Rect& blocked_region : block_->getBlockedRegionsForPins()) {
+    Boundary blocked_region_boundary
+        = getConstraintBoundary(die, blocked_region);
+    float blockage_extension = 0.0;
+
+    if (blocked_region_boundary == L || blocked_region_boundary == R) {
+      blockage_extension = blocked_region.dy() / static_cast<float>(die.dy());
+    } else if (blocked_region_boundary == B || blocked_region_boundary == T) {
+      blockage_extension = blocked_region.dx() / static_cast<float>(die.dx());
+    }
+
+    blockage_extension_map[blocked_region_boundary] += blockage_extension;
+  }
+
+  return blockage_extension_map;
+}
+
+void ClusteringEngine::setIOClusterDimensions(const odb::Rect& die,
+                                              const Boundary boundary,
+                                              int& x,
+                                              int& y,
+                                              int& width,
+                                              int& height)
+{
+  if (boundary == L) {
+    x = die.xMin();
+    y = die.yMin();
+    width = 0;
+  } else if (boundary == T) {
+    x = die.xMin();
+    y = die.yMax();
+    height = 0;
+  } else if (boundary == R) {
+    x = die.xMax();
+    y = die.yMin();
+    width = 0;
+  } else {  // Bottom
+    x = die.xMin();
+    y = die.yMin();
+    height = 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -911,12 +906,12 @@ void ClusteringEngine::updateDataFlow()
 
   // bterm, macros or ffs
   for (const auto& [bterm, insts] : data_connections_.io_and_regs) {
-    if (tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id.find(bterm)
-        == tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id.end()) {
+    const auto itr = tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id.find(bterm);
+    if (itr == tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id.end()) {
       continue;
     }
 
-    const int driver_id = tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id.at(bterm);
+    const int driver_id = itr->second;
 
     for (int hops = 0; hops < max_num_of_hops_; hops++) {
       std::set<int> sink_clusters = computeSinks(insts[hops]);
@@ -1767,7 +1762,6 @@ void ClusteringEngine::updateConnections()
     }
 
     bool net_has_io_pin = false;
-
     for (odb::dbBTerm* bterm : net->getBTerms()) {
       const int cluster_id = tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id.at(bterm);
       net_has_io_pin = true;
@@ -1938,6 +1932,10 @@ void ClusteringEngine::mapMacroInCluster2HardMacro(Cluster* cluster)
     getHardMacros(module, hard_macros);
   }
   cluster->specifyHardMacros(hard_macros);
+
+  for (HardMacro* hard_macro : hard_macros) {
+    hard_macro->setCluster(cluster);
+  }
 }
 
 // Get all the hard macros in a logical module
@@ -2158,17 +2156,30 @@ void ClusteringEngine::printPhysicalHierarchyTree(Cluster* parent, int level)
   for (int i = 0; i < level; i++) {
     line += "+---";
   }
-  line += fmt::format(
-      "{}  ({})  num_macro :  {}   num_std_cell :  {}"
-      "  macro_area :  {}  std_cell_area : {}  cluster type: {} {}",
-      parent->getName(),
-      parent->getId(),
-      parent->getNumMacro(),
-      parent->getNumStdCell(),
-      parent->getMacroArea(),
-      parent->getStdCellArea(),
-      parent->getIsLeafString(),
-      parent->getClusterTypeString());
+
+  line += fmt::format("{}  ({}) Type: {}",
+                      parent->getName(),
+                      parent->getId(),
+                      parent->getClusterTypeString());
+
+  if (parent->isIOCluster()) {
+    int number_of_pins = 0;
+    for (const auto [pin, cluster_id] : tree_->maps.bterm_to_cluster_id) {
+      if (cluster_id == parent->getId()) {
+        ++number_of_pins;
+      }
+    }
+
+    line += fmt::format(" Pins: {}", number_of_pins);
+  } else {
+    line += fmt::format(" {}, StdCells: {} ({} μ²), Macros: {} ({} μ²)",
+                        parent->getIsLeafString(),
+                        parent->getNumStdCell(),
+                        parent->getStdCellArea(),
+                        parent->getNumMacro(),
+                        parent->getMacroArea());
+  }
+
   logger_->report("{}", line);
 
   for (auto& cluster : parent->getChildren()) {
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.h b/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.h
index c0031faf0dc..bfaa9c6b595 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/clusterEngine.h
@@ -114,6 +114,10 @@ struct PhysicalHierarchy
   std::unique_ptr<Cluster> root;
   PhysicalHierarchyMaps maps;
 
+  // This is set according to the ppl -exclude constraints
+  std::set<Boundary> blocked_boundaries;
+  std::set<Boundary> unblocked_boundaries;  // For orientation improvement.
+
   float halo_width{0.0f};
   float halo_height{0.0f};
   float macro_with_halo_area{0.0f};
@@ -131,7 +135,6 @@ struct PhysicalHierarchy
   int base_min_std_cell{0};
 
   int max_level{0};
-  int bundled_ios_per_edge{0};
   int large_net_threshold{0};  // used to ignore global nets
   int min_net_count_for_connection{0};
   float cluster_size_ratio{0.0f};
@@ -188,6 +191,20 @@ class ClusteringEngine
   void createRoot();
   void setBaseThresholds();
   void createIOClusters();
+  void classifyBoundariesStateForIOs();
+  std::map<Boundary, float> computeBlockageExtensionMap();
+  Boundary getConstraintBoundary(const odb::Rect& die,
+                                 const odb::Rect& constraint_region);
+  void createIOCluster(const odb::Rect& die,
+                       Boundary constraint_boundary,
+                       std::map<Boundary, Cluster*>& boundary_to_cluster,
+                       odb::dbBTerm* bterm);
+  void setIOClusterDimensions(const odb::Rect& die,
+                              Boundary boundary,
+                              int& x,
+                              int& y,
+                              int& width,
+                              int& height);
   void mapIOPads();
   void treatEachMacroAsSingleCluster();
   void incorporateNewCluster(std::unique_ptr<Cluster> cluster, Cluster* parent);
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/graphics.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/graphics.cpp
index 70505ed08b8..f7bb784bc07 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/graphics.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/graphics.cpp
@@ -304,9 +304,46 @@ void Graphics::setMaxLevel(const int max_level)
   max_level_ = max_level;
 }
 
-void Graphics::finishedClustering(Cluster* root)
+void Graphics::finishedClustering(PhysicalHierarchy* tree)
 {
-  root_ = root;
+  root_ = tree->root.get();
+  setXMarksSizeAndPosition(tree->blocked_boundaries);
+}
+
+void Graphics::setXMarksSizeAndPosition(
+    const std::set<Boundary>& blocked_boundaries)
+{
+  const odb::Rect die = block_->getDieArea();
+
+  // Not too big/small
+  x_mark_size_ = (die.dx() + die.dy()) * 0.03;
+
+  for (Boundary boundary : blocked_boundaries) {
+    odb::Point x_mark_point;
+
+    switch (boundary) {
+      case L: {
+        x_mark_point = odb::Point(die.xMin(), die.yCenter());
+        break;
+      }
+      case R: {
+        x_mark_point = odb::Point(die.xMax(), die.yCenter());
+        break;
+      }
+      case B: {
+        x_mark_point = odb::Point(die.xCenter(), die.yMin());
+        break;
+      }
+      case T: {
+        x_mark_point = odb::Point(die.xCenter(), die.yMax());
+        break;
+      }
+      case NONE:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    blocked_boundary_to_mark_[boundary] = x_mark_point;
+  }
 }
 
 void Graphics::drawCluster(Cluster* cluster, gui::Painter& painter)
@@ -401,6 +438,16 @@ void Graphics::drawObjects(gui::Painter& painter)
 
   int i = 0;
   for (const auto& macro : soft_macros_) {
+    Cluster* cluster = macro.getCluster();
+
+    if (!cluster) {  // fixed terminals
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (cluster->isIOCluster()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
     setSoftMacroBrush(painter, macro);
 
     const int lx = block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getX());
@@ -496,6 +543,8 @@ void Graphics::drawObjects(gui::Painter& painter)
     }
   }
 
+  drawBlockedBoundariesIndication(painter);
+
   painter.setBrush(gui::Painter::transparent);
   if (only_final_result_) {
     // Draw all outlines. Same level outlines have the same color.
@@ -540,41 +589,189 @@ void Graphics::drawGuides(gui::Painter& painter)
   }
 }
 
+void Graphics::drawBlockedBoundariesIndication(gui::Painter& painter)
+{
+  painter.setPen(gui::Painter::red, true);
+  painter.setBrush(gui::Painter::transparent);
+
+  for (const auto [boundary, x_mark_point] : blocked_boundary_to_mark_) {
+    painter.drawX(x_mark_point.getX(), x_mark_point.getY(), x_mark_size_);
+  }
+}
+
 template <typename T>
 void Graphics::drawBundledNets(gui::Painter& painter,
                                const std::vector<T>& macros)
 {
   for (const auto& bundled_net : bundled_nets_) {
-    const int x1
-        = block_->micronsToDbu(macros[bundled_net.terminals.first].getPinX());
-    const int y1
-        = block_->micronsToDbu(macros[bundled_net.terminals.first].getPinY());
+    const T& source = macros[bundled_net.terminals.first];
+    const T& target = macros[bundled_net.terminals.second];
+
+    if (target.isIOCluster()) {
+      drawDistToIoConstraintBoundary(painter, source, target);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const int x1 = block_->micronsToDbu(source.getPinX());
+    const int y1 = block_->micronsToDbu(source.getPinY());
     odb::Point from(x1, y1);
 
-    const int x2
-        = block_->micronsToDbu(macros[bundled_net.terminals.second].getPinX());
-    const int y2
-        = block_->micronsToDbu(macros[bundled_net.terminals.second].getPinY());
+    const int x2 = block_->micronsToDbu(target.getPinX());
+    const int y2 = block_->micronsToDbu(target.getPinY());
     odb::Point to(x2, y2);
 
-    from.addX(outline_.xMin());
-    from.addY(outline_.yMin());
-    to.addX(outline_.xMin());
-    to.addY(outline_.yMin());
-
+    addOutlineOffsetToLine(from, to);
     painter.drawLine(from, to);
   }
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+void Graphics::drawDistToIoConstraintBoundary(gui::Painter& painter,
+                                              const T& macro,
+                                              const T& io)
+{
+  if (isOutsideTheOutline(macro)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Cluster* io_cluster = io.getCluster();
+
+  const int x1 = block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinX());
+  const int y1 = block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinY());
+  odb::Point from(x1, y1);
+
+  odb::Point to;
+  Boundary constraint_boundary = io_cluster->getConstraintBoundary();
+
+  if (constraint_boundary == Boundary::L
+      || constraint_boundary == Boundary::R) {
+    const int x2 = block_->micronsToDbu(io.getPinX());
+    const int y2 = block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinY());
+    to.setX(x2);
+    to.setY(y2);
+  } else if (constraint_boundary == Boundary::B
+             || constraint_boundary == Boundary::T) {
+    const int x2 = block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinX());
+    const int y2 = block_->micronsToDbu(io.getPinY());
+    to.setX(x2);
+    to.setY(y2);
+  } else {
+    // For NONE, the shape of the io cluster is the die area.
+    const Rect die = io_cluster->getBBox();
+    Boundary closest_unblocked_boundary
+        = getClosestUnblockedBoundary(macro, die);
+
+    to = getClosestBoundaryPoint(macro, die, closest_unblocked_boundary);
+  }
+
+  addOutlineOffsetToLine(from, to);
+
+  painter.drawLine(from, to);
+  painter.drawString(to.getX(),
+                     to.getY(),
+                     gui::Painter::CENTER,
+                     toString(constraint_boundary));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+bool Graphics::isOutsideTheOutline(const T& macro) const
+{
+  return block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinX()) > outline_.dx()
+         || block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinY()) > outline_.dy();
+}
+
+// Here, we have to manually decompensate the offset of the
+// coordinates that come from the cluster.
+template <typename T>
+odb::Point Graphics::getClosestBoundaryPoint(const T& macro,
+                                             const Rect& die,
+                                             Boundary closest_boundary)
+{
+  odb::Point to;
+
+  if (closest_boundary == Boundary::L) {
+    to.setX(block_->micronsToDbu(die.xMin()));
+    to.setY(block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinY()));
+    to.addX(-outline_.xMin());
+  } else if (closest_boundary == Boundary::R) {
+    to.setX(block_->micronsToDbu(die.xMax()));
+    to.setY(block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinY()));
+    to.addX(-outline_.xMin());
+  } else if (closest_boundary == Boundary::B) {
+    to.setX(block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinX()));
+    to.setY(block_->micronsToDbu(die.yMin()));
+    to.addY(-outline_.yMin());
+  } else {  // Top
+    to.setX(block_->micronsToDbu(macro.getPinX()));
+    to.setY(block_->micronsToDbu(die.yMax()));
+    to.addY(-outline_.yMin());
+  }
+
+  return to;
+}
+
+void Graphics::addOutlineOffsetToLine(odb::Point& from, odb::Point& to)
+{
+  from.addX(outline_.xMin());
+  from.addY(outline_.yMin());
+  to.addX(outline_.xMin());
+  to.addY(outline_.yMin());
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+Boundary Graphics::getClosestUnblockedBoundary(const T& macro, const Rect& die)
+{
+  const float macro_x = macro.getPinX();
+  const float macro_y = macro.getPinY();
+
+  float shortest_distance = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
+  Boundary closest_boundary = Boundary::NONE;
+
+  if (!isBlockedBoundary(Boundary::L)) {
+    const float dist_to_left = std::abs(macro_x - die.xMin());
+    if (dist_to_left < shortest_distance) {
+      shortest_distance = dist_to_left;
+      closest_boundary = Boundary::L;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!isBlockedBoundary(Boundary::R)) {
+    const float dist_to_right = std::abs(macro_x - die.xMax());
+    if (dist_to_right < shortest_distance) {
+      shortest_distance = dist_to_right;
+      closest_boundary = Boundary::R;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!isBlockedBoundary(Boundary::B)) {
+    const float dist_to_bottom = std::abs(macro_y - die.yMin());
+    if (dist_to_bottom < shortest_distance) {
+      shortest_distance = dist_to_bottom;
+      closest_boundary = Boundary::B;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!isBlockedBoundary(Boundary::T)) {
+    const float dist_to_top = std::abs(macro_y - die.yMax());
+    if (dist_to_top < shortest_distance) {
+      closest_boundary = Boundary::T;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return closest_boundary;
+}
+
+bool Graphics::isBlockedBoundary(Boundary boundary)
+{
+  return blocked_boundary_to_mark_.find(boundary)
+         != blocked_boundary_to_mark_.end();
+}
+
 // Give some transparency to mixed and hard so we can see overlap with
 // macro blockages.
 void Graphics::setSoftMacroBrush(gui::Painter& painter,
                                  const SoftMacro& soft_macro)
 {
-  if (soft_macro.getCluster() == nullptr) {  // fixed terminals
-    return;
-  }
-
   if (soft_macro.getCluster()->getClusterType() == StdCellCluster) {
     painter.setBrush(gui::Painter::dark_blue);
   } else if (soft_macro.getCluster()->getClusterType() == HardMacroCluster) {
@@ -670,6 +867,7 @@ void Graphics::eraseDrawing()
   bundled_nets_.clear();
   outline_.reset(0, 0, 0, 0);
   outlines_.clear();
+  blocked_boundary_to_mark_.clear();
   guides_.clear();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/graphics.h b/src/mpl2/src/graphics.h
index 9303b693f4a..ca53e453e01 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/graphics.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/graphics.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class Graphics : public gui::Renderer, public Mpl2Observer
   void saStep(const std::vector<HardMacro>& macros) override;
   void endSA(float norm_cost) override;
   void drawResult() override;
-  void finishedClustering(Cluster* root) override;
+  void finishedClustering(PhysicalHierarchy* tree) override;
 
   void setMaxLevel(int max_level) override;
   void setAreaPenalty(const Penalty& penalty) override;
@@ -94,8 +94,10 @@ class Graphics : public gui::Renderer, public Mpl2Observer
   void eraseDrawing() override;
 
  private:
+  void setXMarksSizeAndPosition(const std::set<Boundary>& blocked_boundaries);
   void resetPenalties();
   void drawCluster(Cluster* cluster, gui::Painter& painter);
+  void drawBlockedBoundariesIndication(gui::Painter& painter);
   void drawAllBlockages(gui::Painter& painter);
   void drawOffsetRect(const Rect& rect,
                       const std::string& center_text,
@@ -104,6 +106,20 @@ class Graphics : public gui::Renderer, public Mpl2Observer
   void drawGuides(gui::Painter& painter);
   template <typename T>
   void drawBundledNets(gui::Painter& painter, const std::vector<T>& macros);
+  template <typename T>
+  void drawDistToIoConstraintBoundary(gui::Painter& painter,
+                                      const T& macro,
+                                      const T& io);
+  template <typename T>
+  bool isOutsideTheOutline(const T& macro) const;
+  template <typename T>
+  odb::Point getClosestBoundaryPoint(const T& macro,
+                                     const Rect& die,
+                                     Boundary closest_boundary);
+  template <typename T>
+  Boundary getClosestUnblockedBoundary(const T& macro, const Rect& die);
+  bool isBlockedBoundary(Boundary boundary);
+  void addOutlineOffsetToLine(odb::Point& from, odb::Point& to);
   void setSoftMacroBrush(gui::Painter& painter, const SoftMacro& soft_macro);
   void fetchSoftAndHard(Cluster* parent,
                         std::vector<HardMacro>& hard,
@@ -124,12 +140,16 @@ class Graphics : public gui::Renderer, public Mpl2Observer
   odb::Rect outline_;
   int target_cluster_id_{-1};
   std::vector<std::vector<odb::Rect>> outlines_;
+  std::map<Boundary, odb::Point> blocked_boundary_to_mark_;
+
   // In Soft SA, we're shaping/placing the children of a certain parent,
   // so for this case, the current cluster is actually the current parent.
   Cluster* current_cluster_{nullptr};
   std::map<int, Rect> guides_;  // Id -> Guidance Region
   std::map<int, Rect> fences_;  // Id -> Fence
 
+  int x_mark_size_{0};  // For blocked boundaries.
+
   bool active_ = true;
   bool coarse_;
   bool fine_;
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.cpp
index 4a01c00eed5..71bdb1141b1 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.cpp
@@ -149,10 +149,6 @@ void HierRTLMP::setGuidanceRegions(
 }
 
 // Options related to clustering
-void HierRTLMP::setNumBundledIOsPerBoundary(int num_bundled_ios)
-{
-  tree_->bundled_ios_per_edge = num_bundled_ios;
-}
 
 void HierRTLMP::setClusterSize(int max_num_macro,
                                int min_num_macro,
@@ -236,7 +232,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::setReportDirectory(const char* report_directory)
 //      b) Placement of Macros (one macro cluster at a time).
 // 5) Boundary Pushing
 //      Push macro clusters to the boundaries of the design if they don't
-//      overlap with either bundled IOs' blockages or other macros.
+//      overlap with either pin access blockages or other macros.
 // 6) Orientation Improvement
 //      Attempts macro flipping to improve WR.
 void HierRTLMP::run()
@@ -306,7 +302,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runMultilevelAutoclustering()
   }
 
   if (graphics_) {
-    graphics_->finishedClustering(tree_->root.get());
+    graphics_->finishedClustering(tree_.get());
   }
 }
 
@@ -359,7 +355,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runCoarseShaping()
 
   calculateChildrenTilings(tree_->root.get());
 
-  setIOClustersBlockages();
+  setPinAccessBlockages();
   setPlacementBlockages();
 }
 
@@ -507,7 +503,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::calculateChildrenTilings(Cluster* parent)
         graphics_->setOutline(micronsToDbu(new_outline));
       }
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreSoftMacro> sa
-          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_->root.get(),
+          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_.get(),
                                               new_outline,
                                               macros,
                                               1.0,     // area weight
@@ -571,7 +567,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::calculateChildrenTilings(Cluster* parent)
         graphics_->setOutline(micronsToDbu(new_outline));
       }
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreSoftMacro> sa
-          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_->root.get(),
+          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_.get(),
                                               new_outline,
                                               macros,
                                               1.0,     // area weight
@@ -746,7 +742,8 @@ void HierRTLMP::calculateMacroTilings(Cluster* cluster)
         graphics_->setOutline(micronsToDbu(new_outline));
       }
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreHardMacro> sa
-          = std::make_unique<SACoreHardMacro>(new_outline,
+          = std::make_unique<SACoreHardMacro>(tree_.get(),
+                                              new_outline,
                                               macros,
                                               1.0,     // area_weight
                                               1000.0,  // outline weight
@@ -804,7 +801,8 @@ void HierRTLMP::calculateMacroTilings(Cluster* cluster)
         graphics_->setOutline(micronsToDbu(new_outline));
       }
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreHardMacro> sa
-          = std::make_unique<SACoreHardMacro>(new_outline,
+          = std::make_unique<SACoreHardMacro>(tree_.get(),
+                                              new_outline,
                                               macros,
                                               1.0,     // area_weight
                                               1000.0,  // outline weight
@@ -914,134 +912,107 @@ void HierRTLMP::setTightPackingTilings(Cluster* macro_array)
   macro_array->setMacroTilings(tight_packing_tilings);
 }
 
-void HierRTLMP::setIOClustersBlockages()
+void HierRTLMP::setPinAccessBlockages()
 {
   if (!tree_->maps.bterm_to_inst.empty()) {
     return;
   }
 
-  IOSpans io_spans = computeIOSpans();
-  const float depth = computeIOBlockagesDepth(io_spans);
-
-  const Rect root(tree_->root->getX(),
-                  tree_->root->getY(),
-                  tree_->root->getX() + tree_->root->getWidth(),
-                  tree_->root->getY() + tree_->root->getHeight());
+  std::vector<Cluster*> io_clusters = getIOClusters();
+  const Rect die = dbuToMicrons(block_->getDieArea());
 
-  // Note that the range can be larger than the respective core dimension.
-  // As SA only sees what is inside its current outline, this is not a problem.
-  if (io_spans[L].second > io_spans[L].first) {
-    const Rect left_io_blockage(root.xMin(),
-                                io_spans[L].first,
-                                root.xMin() + depth,
-                                io_spans[L].second);
+  const float depth = computePinAccessBlockagesDepth(io_clusters, die);
 
-    boundary_to_io_blockage_[L] = left_io_blockage;
-    macro_blockages_.push_back(left_io_blockage);
+  for (Cluster* io_cluster : io_clusters) {
+    Boundary constraint_boundary = io_cluster->getConstraintBoundary();
+    if (constraint_boundary != NONE) {
+      createPinAccessBlockage(constraint_boundary, depth, die);
+    }
   }
 
-  if (io_spans[T].second > io_spans[T].first) {
-    const Rect top_io_blockage(io_spans[T].first,
-                               root.yMax() - depth,
-                               io_spans[T].second,
-                               root.yMax());
-
-    boundary_to_io_blockage_[T] = top_io_blockage;
-    macro_blockages_.push_back(top_io_blockage);
-  }
+  if (boundary_to_io_blockage_.empty()) {
+    // If there are no constraints at all, give freedom to SA so it
+    // doesn't have to deal with pin access blockages in all boundaries.
+    // This will help SA not relying on extreme utilizations to
+    // converge for designs such as sky130hd/uW.
+    if (tree_->blocked_boundaries.empty()) {
+      return;
+    }
 
-  if (io_spans[R].second > io_spans[R].first) {
-    const Rect right_io_blockage(root.xMax() - depth,
-                                 io_spans[R].first,
-                                 root.xMax(),
-                                 io_spans[R].second);
+    // There are only -exclude constraints, so we create pin access
+    // blockages based on the boundaries that are not blocked.
+    if (tree_->blocked_boundaries.find(L) == tree_->blocked_boundaries.end()) {
+      createPinAccessBlockage(L, depth, die);
+    }
 
-    boundary_to_io_blockage_[R] = right_io_blockage;
-    macro_blockages_.push_back(right_io_blockage);
-  }
+    if (tree_->blocked_boundaries.find(R) == tree_->blocked_boundaries.end()) {
+      createPinAccessBlockage(R, depth, die);
+    }
 
-  if (io_spans[B].second > io_spans[B].first) {
-    const Rect bottom_io_blockage(io_spans[B].first,
-                                  root.yMin(),
-                                  io_spans[B].second,
-                                  root.yMin() + depth);
+    if (tree_->blocked_boundaries.find(B) == tree_->blocked_boundaries.end()) {
+      createPinAccessBlockage(B, depth, die);
+    }
 
-    boundary_to_io_blockage_[B] = bottom_io_blockage;
-    macro_blockages_.push_back(bottom_io_blockage);
+    if (tree_->blocked_boundaries.find(T) == tree_->blocked_boundaries.end()) {
+      createPinAccessBlockage(T, depth, die);
+    }
   }
 }
 
-// Determine the range of IOs in each boundary of the die.
-HierRTLMP::IOSpans HierRTLMP::computeIOSpans()
+void HierRTLMP::createPinAccessBlockage(Boundary constraint_boundary,
+                                        const float depth,
+                                        const Rect& die)
 {
-  IOSpans io_spans;
-
-  odb::Rect die = block_->getDieArea();
-
-  // Initialize spans based on the dimensions of the die area.
-  io_spans[L]
-      = {block_->dbuToMicrons(die.yMax()), block_->dbuToMicrons(die.yMin())};
-  io_spans[T]
-      = {block_->dbuToMicrons(die.xMax()), block_->dbuToMicrons(die.xMin())};
-  io_spans[R] = io_spans[L];
-  io_spans[B] = io_spans[T];
-
-  for (auto term : block_->getBTerms()) {
-    if (term->getSigType().isSupply()) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    int lx = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
-    int ly = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
-    int ux = 0;
-    int uy = 0;
+  Rect blockage = die;
+  if (constraint_boundary == L) {
+    blockage.setXMax(blockage.xMin() + depth);
+  } else if (constraint_boundary == T) {
+    blockage.setYMin(blockage.yMax() - depth);
+  } else if (constraint_boundary == R) {
+    blockage.setXMin(blockage.xMax() - depth);
+  } else {  // Bottom
+    blockage.setYMax(blockage.yMin() + depth);
+  }
+
+  boundary_to_io_blockage_[constraint_boundary] = blockage;
+  macro_blockages_.push_back(blockage);
+}
 
-    for (const auto pin : term->getBPins()) {
-      for (const auto box : pin->getBoxes()) {
-        lx = std::min(lx, box->xMin());
-        ly = std::min(ly, box->yMin());
-        ux = std::max(ux, box->xMax());
-        uy = std::max(uy, box->yMax());
-      }
-    }
+std::vector<Cluster*> HierRTLMP::getIOClusters()
+{
+  std::vector<Cluster*> io_clusters;
 
-    // Modify ranges based on the position of the IO pins.
-    if (lx <= die.xMin()) {
-      io_spans[L].first = std::min(
-          io_spans[L].first, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(ly)));
-      io_spans[L].second = std::max(
-          io_spans[L].second, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(uy)));
-    } else if (uy >= die.yMax()) {
-      io_spans[T].first = std::min(
-          io_spans[T].first, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(lx)));
-      io_spans[T].second = std::max(
-          io_spans[T].second, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(ux)));
-    } else if (ux >= die.xMax()) {
-      io_spans[R].first = std::min(
-          io_spans[R].first, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(ly)));
-      io_spans[R].second = std::max(
-          io_spans[R].second, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(uy)));
-    } else {
-      io_spans[B].first = std::min(
-          io_spans[B].first, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(lx)));
-      io_spans[B].second = std::max(
-          io_spans[B].second, static_cast<float>(block_->dbuToMicrons(ux)));
+  for (const auto& child : tree_->root->getChildren()) {
+    if (child->isIOCluster()) {
+      io_clusters.push_back(child.get());
     }
   }
 
-  return io_spans;
+  return io_clusters;
 }
 
-// The depth of IO clusters' blockages is generated based on:
-// 1) How many vertical or horizontal boundaries have signal IO pins.
-// 2) The total length of the io spans in all used boundaries.
-float HierRTLMP::computeIOBlockagesDepth(const IOSpans& io_spans)
+// The depth of pin access blockages is computed based on:
+// 1) Amount of std cell area in the design.
+// 2) Extension of the IO clusters across the design's boundaries.
+float HierRTLMP::computePinAccessBlockagesDepth(
+    const std::vector<Cluster*>& io_clusters,
+    const Rect& die)
 {
-  float sum_length = 0.0;
+  float io_clusters_extension = 0.0;
+
+  for (Cluster* io_cluster : io_clusters) {
+    if (io_cluster->getConstraintBoundary() == NONE) {
+      const Rect die = io_cluster->getBBox();
+      io_clusters_extension = die.getPerimeter();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    Boundary constraint_boundary = io_cluster->getConstraintBoundary();
 
-  for (auto& [pin_access, length] : io_spans) {
-    if (length.second > length.first) {
-      sum_length += std::abs(length.second - length.first);
+    if (constraint_boundary == L || constraint_boundary == R) {
+      io_clusters_extension += die.getWidth();
+    } else {  // Bottom or Top
+      io_clusters_extension += die.getHeight();
     }
   }
 
@@ -1052,17 +1023,25 @@ float HierRTLMP::computeIOBlockagesDepth(const IOSpans& io_spans)
     }
   }
 
+  if (std_cell_area == 0.0) {
+    for (auto& cluster : tree_->root->getChildren()) {
+      if (cluster->getClusterType() == MixedCluster) {
+        std_cell_area += cluster->getArea();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   const float macro_dominance_factor
       = tree_->macro_with_halo_area
         / (tree_->root->getWidth() * tree_->root->getHeight());
-  const float depth = (std_cell_area / sum_length)
+  const float depth = (std_cell_area / io_clusters_extension)
                       * std::pow((1 - macro_dominance_factor), 2);
 
   debugPrint(logger_,
              MPL,
              "coarse_shaping",
              1,
-             "Bundled IO clusters blokaged depth = {}",
+             "Pin access blockages depth = {}",
              depth);
 
   return depth;
@@ -1210,7 +1189,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runHierarchicalMacroPlacement(Cluster* parent)
 
   findOverlappingBlockages(macro_blockages, placement_blockages, outline);
 
-  // We store the bundled io clusters to push them into the macros' vector
+  // We store the io clusters to push them into the macros' vector
   // only after it is already populated with the clusters we're trying to
   // place. This will facilitate how we deal with fixed terminals in SA moves.
   std::vector<Cluster*> io_clusters;
@@ -1657,7 +1636,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runHierarchicalMacroPlacement(Cluster* parent)
       // Note that the weight are not necessaries summarized to 1.0, i.e., not
       // normalized.
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreSoftMacro> sa
-          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_->root.get(),
+          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_.get(),
                                               outline,
                                               shaped_macros,
                                               area_weight_,
@@ -1915,7 +1894,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runHierarchicalMacroPlacement(Cluster* parent)
         // of 1.0. Note that the weight are not necessaries summarized to 1.0,
         // i.e., not normalized.
         std::unique_ptr<SACoreSoftMacro> sa = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(
-            tree_->root.get(),
+            tree_.get(),
             outline,
             shaped_macros,
             area_weight_,
@@ -2197,7 +2176,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runHierarchicalMacroPlacementWithoutBusPlanning(Cluster* parent)
 
   findOverlappingBlockages(macro_blockages, placement_blockages, outline);
 
-  // We store the bundled io clusters to push them into the macros' vector
+  // We store the io clusters to push them into the macros' vector
   // only after it is already populated with the clusters we're trying to
   // place. This will facilitate how we deal with fixed terminals in SA moves.
   std::vector<Cluster*> io_clusters;
@@ -2289,7 +2268,10 @@ void HierRTLMP::runHierarchicalMacroPlacementWithoutBusPlanning(Cluster* parent)
               cluster->getName(),
               0.0,
               0.0,
-              nullptr);
+              // The information of whether or not a cluster is an IO cluster is
+              // needed inside the SA Core, so if a fixed terminal corresponds
+              // to an IO Cluster it needs to contains that cluster data.
+              cluster->isIOCluster() ? cluster.get() : nullptr);
           debugPrint(
               logger_,
               MPL,
@@ -2489,7 +2471,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runHierarchicalMacroPlacementWithoutBusPlanning(Cluster* parent)
       // Note that the weight are not necessaries summarized to 1.0, i.e., not
       // normalized.
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreSoftMacro> sa
-          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_->root.get(),
+          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_.get(),
                                               outline,
                                               shaped_macros,
                                               area_weight_,
@@ -2698,7 +2680,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runEnhancedHierarchicalMacroPlacement(Cluster* parent)
 
   findOverlappingBlockages(macro_blockages, placement_blockages, outline);
 
-  // We store the bundled io clusters to push them into the macros' vector
+  // We store the io clusters to push them into the macros' vector
   // only after it is already populated with the clusters we're trying to
   // place. This will facilitate how we deal with fixed terminals in SA moves.
   std::vector<Cluster*> io_clusters;
@@ -2790,7 +2772,10 @@ void HierRTLMP::runEnhancedHierarchicalMacroPlacement(Cluster* parent)
               cluster->getName(),
               0.0,
               0.0,
-              nullptr);
+              // The information of whether or not a cluster is an IO cluster is
+              // needed inside the SA Core, so if a fixed terminal corresponds
+              // to an IO Cluster it needs to contains that cluster data.
+              cluster->isIOCluster() ? cluster.get() : nullptr);
           debugPrint(
               logger_,
               MPL,
@@ -2975,7 +2960,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::runEnhancedHierarchicalMacroPlacement(Cluster* parent)
       // Note that the weight are not necessaries summarized to 1.0, i.e., not
       // normalized.
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreSoftMacro> sa
-          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_->root.get(),
+          = std::make_unique<SACoreSoftMacro>(tree_.get(),
                                               outline,
                                               shaped_macros,
                                               area_weight_,
@@ -3471,6 +3456,7 @@ void HierRTLMP::placeMacros(Cluster* cluster)
       }
 
       std::unique_ptr<SACoreHardMacro> sa = std::make_unique<SACoreHardMacro>(
+          tree_.get(),
           outline,
           sa_macros,
           area_weight_,
@@ -3651,7 +3637,11 @@ void HierRTLMP::createFixedTerminals(const Rect& outline,
                 - outline.xMin(),
             temp_cluster->getY() + temp_cluster->getHeight() / 2.0
                 - outline.yMin()),
-        temp_cluster->getName());
+        temp_cluster->getName(),
+        // The information of whether or not a cluster is an IO cluster is
+        // needed inside the SA Core, so if a fixed terminal corresponds
+        // to an IO Cluster it needs to contains that cluster data.
+        temp_cluster->isIOCluster() ? temp_cluster : nullptr);
   }
 }
 
@@ -3956,14 +3946,114 @@ float HierRTLMP::calculateRealMacroWirelength(odb::dbInst* macro)
 
     odb::dbNet* net = iterm->getNet();
     if (net != nullptr) {
-      const odb::Rect bbox = net->getTermBBox();
-      wirelength += block_->dbuToMicrons(bbox.dx() + bbox.dy());
+      // Mimic dbNet::getTermBBox() behavior, but considering
+      // the pin constraint region instead of its position.
+      odb::Rect net_box;
+      net_box.mergeInit();
+
+      for (odb::dbITerm* iterm : net->getITerms()) {
+        int x, y;
+        if (iterm->getAvgXY(&x, &y)) {
+          odb::Rect iterm_rect(x, y, x, y);
+          net_box.merge(iterm_rect);
+        }
+      }
+
+      for (odb::dbBTerm* bterm : net->getBTerms()) {
+        auto constraint_region = bterm->getConstraintRegion();
+        if (constraint_region) {
+          int x = constraint_region->xCenter();
+          int y = constraint_region->yCenter();
+          odb::Rect region_rect(x, y, x, y);
+          net_box.merge(region_rect);
+        } else {
+          odb::Point bterm_location(bterm->getBBox().xCenter(),
+                                    bterm->getBBox().yCenter());
+          Boundary closest_boundary
+              = getClosestBoundary(bterm_location, tree_->unblocked_boundaries);
+
+          // As we classify the blocked/unblocked state of the boundary based on
+          // the extension of the -exclude constraint, it's possible to have
+          // all boundaries blocked for IOs even though there are small
+          // unblocked spaces in those boundaries. For this situation, we just
+          // skip IOs without constraint regions.
+          if (closest_boundary == NONE) {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          odb::Point closest_point
+              = getClosestBoundaryPoint(bterm_location, closest_boundary);
+          odb::Rect closest_point_rect(closest_point, closest_point);
+          net_box.merge(closest_point_rect);
+        }
+      }
+
+      wirelength += block_->dbuToMicrons(net_box.dx() + net_box.dy());
     }
   }
 
   return wirelength;
 }
 
+// Search the given boundaries list for the closest boundary to the point.
+Boundary HierRTLMP::getClosestBoundary(const odb::Point& from,
+                                       const std::set<Boundary>& boundaries)
+{
+  Boundary closest_boundary = NONE;
+  int shortest_distance = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+
+  for (const Boundary boundary : boundaries) {
+    const int dist_to_boundary = getDistanceToBoundary(from, boundary);
+    if (dist_to_boundary < shortest_distance) {
+      shortest_distance = dist_to_boundary;
+      closest_boundary = boundary;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return closest_boundary;
+}
+
+int HierRTLMP::getDistanceToBoundary(const odb::Point& from,
+                                     const Boundary boundary)
+{
+  int distance = 0;
+
+  if (boundary == L) {
+    distance = from.x() - block_->getDieArea().xMin();
+  } else if (boundary == R) {
+    distance = from.x() - block_->getDieArea().xMax();
+  } else if (boundary == B) {
+    distance = from.y() - block_->getDieArea().yMin();
+  } else if (boundary == T) {
+    distance = from.y() - block_->getDieArea().yMax();
+  }
+
+  return std::abs(distance);
+}
+
+odb::Point HierRTLMP::getClosestBoundaryPoint(const odb::Point& from,
+                                              const Boundary boundary)
+{
+  odb::Point closest_boundary_point;
+  const odb::Rect& die = block_->getDieArea();
+
+  if (boundary == L) {
+    closest_boundary_point.setX(die.xMin());
+    closest_boundary_point.setY(from.y());
+  } else if (boundary == R) {
+    closest_boundary_point.setX(die.xMax());
+    closest_boundary_point.setY(from.y());
+  } else if (boundary == B) {
+    closest_boundary_point.setX(from.x());
+    closest_boundary_point.setY(die.yMin());
+  } else {  // Top
+    closest_boundary_point.setX(from.x());
+    closest_boundary_point.setY(die.yMax());
+  }
+
+  return closest_boundary_point;
+}
+
 void HierRTLMP::flipRealMacro(odb::dbInst* macro, const bool& is_vertical_flip)
 {
   if (is_vertical_flip) {
@@ -4132,6 +4222,14 @@ odb::Rect HierRTLMP::micronsToDbu(const Rect& micron_rect)
                    block_->micronsToDbu(micron_rect.yMax()));
 }
 
+Rect HierRTLMP::dbuToMicrons(const odb::Rect& dbu_rect)
+{
+  return Rect(block_->dbuToMicrons(dbu_rect.xMin()),
+              block_->dbuToMicrons(dbu_rect.yMin()),
+              block_->dbuToMicrons(dbu_rect.xMax()),
+              block_->dbuToMicrons(dbu_rect.yMax()));
+}
+
 //////// Pusher ////////
 
 Pusher::Pusher(utl::Logger* logger,
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.h b/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.h
index 190db67731a..f1134fe543a 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/hier_rtlmp.h
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ class HierRTLMP
   void setGuidanceRegions(const std::map<odb::dbInst*, Rect>& guidance_regions);
 
   // Clustering Related Options
-  void setNumBundledIOsPerBoundary(int num_bundled_ios);
   void setClusterSize(int max_num_macro,
                       int min_num_macro,
                       int max_num_inst,
@@ -157,7 +156,6 @@ class HierRTLMP
  private:
   using SoftSAVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<SACoreSoftMacro>>;
   using HardSAVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<SACoreHardMacro>>;
-  using IOSpans = std::map<Boundary, std::pair<float, float>>;
 
   void runMultilevelAutoclustering();
   void runHierarchicalMacroPlacement();
@@ -180,9 +178,13 @@ class HierRTLMP
   void calculateChildrenTilings(Cluster* parent);
   void calculateMacroTilings(Cluster* cluster);
   void setTightPackingTilings(Cluster* macro_array);
-  void setIOClustersBlockages();
-  IOSpans computeIOSpans();
-  float computeIOBlockagesDepth(const IOSpans& io_spans);
+  void setPinAccessBlockages();
+  std::vector<Cluster*> getIOClusters();
+  float computePinAccessBlockagesDepth(const std::vector<Cluster*>& io_clusters,
+                                       const Rect& die);
+  void createPinAccessBlockage(Boundary constraint_boundary,
+                               float depth,
+                               const Rect& die);
   void setPlacementBlockages();
 
   // Fine Shaping
@@ -238,6 +240,10 @@ class HierRTLMP
 
   void correctAllMacrosOrientation();
   float calculateRealMacroWirelength(odb::dbInst* macro);
+  Boundary getClosestBoundary(const odb::Point& from,
+                              const std::set<Boundary>& boundaries);
+  int getDistanceToBoundary(const odb::Point& from, Boundary boundary);
+  odb::Point getClosestBoundaryPoint(const odb::Point& from, Boundary boundary);
   void adjustRealMacroOrientation(const bool& is_vertical_flip);
   void flipRealMacro(odb::dbInst* macro, const bool& is_vertical_flip);
 
@@ -248,6 +254,7 @@ class HierRTLMP
 
   // Aux for conversion
   odb::Rect micronsToDbu(const Rect& micron_rect);
+  Rect dbuToMicrons(const odb::Rect& dbu_rect);
 
   sta::dbNetwork* network_ = nullptr;
   odb::dbDatabase* db_ = nullptr;
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/mpl.i b/src/mpl2/src/mpl.i
index 72bfc683e9f..8aea2d36632 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/mpl.i
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/mpl.i
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ bool rtl_macro_placer_cmd(const int max_num_macro,
                           const float tolerance,
                           const int max_num_level,
                           const float coarsening_ratio,
-                          const int num_bundled_ios,
                           const int large_net_threshold,
                           const int signature_net_threshold,
                           const float halo_width,
@@ -98,7 +97,6 @@ bool rtl_macro_placer_cmd(const int max_num_macro,
                              tolerance,
                              max_num_level,
                              coarsening_ratio,
-                             num_bundled_ios,
                              large_net_threshold,
                              signature_net_threshold,
                              halo_width,
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/mpl.tcl b/src/mpl2/src/mpl.tcl
index c5d66e79fdb..ec72bc3d5af 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/mpl.tcl
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/mpl.tcl
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ sta::define_cmd_args "rtl_macro_placer" { -max_num_macro  max_num_macro \
                                           -tolerance      tolerance     \
                                           -max_num_level  max_num_level \
                                           -coarsening_ratio coarsening_ratio \
-                                          -num_bundled_ios  num_bundled_ios  \
                                           -large_net_threshold large_net_threshold \
                                           -signature_net_threshold signature_net_threshold \
                                           -halo_width halo_width \
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ sta::define_cmd_args "rtl_macro_placer" { -max_num_macro  max_num_macro \
 proc rtl_macro_placer { args } {
   sta::parse_key_args "rtl_macro_placer" args \
     keys {-max_num_macro  -min_num_macro -max_num_inst  -min_num_inst  -tolerance   \
-         -max_num_level  -coarsening_ratio  -num_bundled_ios  -large_net_threshold \
+         -max_num_level  -coarsening_ratio -large_net_threshold \
          -signature_net_threshold -halo_width -halo_height \
          -fence_lx   -fence_ly  -fence_ux   -fence_uy  \
          -area_weight  -outline_weight -wirelength_weight -guidance_weight -fence_weight \
@@ -95,7 +94,6 @@ proc rtl_macro_placer { args } {
   set tolerance 0.1
   set max_num_level 2
   set coarsening_ratio 10.0
-  set num_bundled_ios 3
   set large_net_threshold 50
   set signature_net_threshold 50
   set halo_width 0.0
@@ -143,9 +141,6 @@ proc rtl_macro_placer { args } {
   if { [info exists keys(-coarsening_ratio)] } {
     set coarsening_ratio $keys(-coarsening_ratio)
   }
-  if { [info exists keys(-num_bundled_ios)] } {
-    set num_bundled_ios $keys(-num_bundled_ios)
-  }
   if { [info exists keys(-large_net_threshold)] } {
     set large_net_threshold $keys(-large_net_threshold)
   }
@@ -233,7 +228,6 @@ proc rtl_macro_placer { args } {
       $tolerance \
       $max_num_level \
       $coarsening_ratio \
-      $num_bundled_ios \
       $large_net_threshold \
       $signature_net_threshold \
       $halo_width \
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/object.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/object.cpp
index f69490203ac..757392bddac 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/object.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/object.cpp
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ std::string Cluster::getClusterTypeString() const
   std::string cluster_type;
 
   if (is_io_cluster_) {
-    return "BundledIO";
+    return "IO";
   }
 
   switch (type_) {
@@ -327,14 +327,13 @@ void Cluster::copyInstances(const Cluster& cluster)
   }
 }
 
-// Bundled IO (Pads) cluster support
-// The position is the center of IO pads in the cluster
 void Cluster::setAsIOCluster(const std::pair<float, float>& pos,
                              const float width,
-                             const float height)
+                             const float height,
+                             const Boundary constraint_boundary)
 {
   is_io_cluster_ = true;
-  // Create a SoftMacro representing the IO cluster
+  constraint_boundary_ = constraint_boundary;
   soft_macro_ = std::make_unique<SoftMacro>(pos, name_, width, height, this);
 }
 
@@ -791,7 +790,9 @@ void Cluster::addVirtualConnection(int src, int target)
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // HardMacro
-HardMacro::HardMacro(std::pair<float, float> loc, const std::string& name)
+HardMacro::HardMacro(std::pair<float, float> loc,
+                     const std::string& name,
+                     Cluster* cluster)
 {
   width_ = 0.0;
   height_ = 0.0;
@@ -800,6 +801,7 @@ HardMacro::HardMacro(std::pair<float, float> loc, const std::string& name)
   pin_y_ = 0.0;
   x_ = loc.first;
   y_ = loc.second;
+  cluster_ = cluster;
 }
 
 HardMacro::HardMacro(float width, float height, const std::string& name)
@@ -862,6 +864,17 @@ bool HardMacro::operator==(const HardMacro& macro) const
   return (width_ == macro.width_) && (height_ == macro.height_);
 }
 
+// Cluster support to identify if a fixed terminal correponds
+// to an IO cluster when running HardMacro SA.
+bool HardMacro::isIOCluster() const
+{
+  if (!cluster_) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return cluster_->isIOCluster();
+}
+
 // Get Physical Information
 // Note that the default X and Y include halo_width
 void HardMacro::setLocation(const std::pair<float, float>& location)
@@ -1338,6 +1351,15 @@ bool SoftMacro::isMixedCluster() const
   return (cluster_->getClusterType() == MixedCluster);
 }
 
+bool SoftMacro::isIOCluster() const
+{
+  if (!cluster_) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return cluster_->isIOCluster();
+}
+
 void SoftMacro::setLocationF(float x, float y)
 {
   x_ = x;
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/object.h b/src/mpl2/src/object.h
index 1dfb9f953db..6c907cb9d9b 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/object.h
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/object.h
@@ -202,8 +202,11 @@ class Cluster
   // Position must be specified when setting an IO cluster
   void setAsIOCluster(const std::pair<float, float>& pos,
                       float width,
-                      float height);
+                      float height,
+                      Boundary constraint_boundary);
   bool isIOCluster() const;
+  Boundary getConstraintBoundary() const { return constraint_boundary_; }
+
   void setAsArrayOfInterconnectedMacros();
   bool isArrayOfInterconnectedMacros() const;
   bool isEmpty() const;
@@ -297,9 +300,11 @@ class Cluster
   // all the macros in the cluster
   std::vector<HardMacro*> hard_macros_;
 
-  // We model bundled IOS (Pads) as a cluster with no area
+  // We model pads as clusters with no area
   // The position be the center of IOs
   bool is_io_cluster_ = false;
+  Boundary constraint_boundary_ = NONE;
+
   bool is_array_of_interconnected_macros = false;
 
   // Each cluster uses metrics to store its statistics
@@ -343,7 +348,9 @@ class HardMacro
  public:
   // Create a macro with specified size
   // Model fixed terminals
-  HardMacro(std::pair<float, float> loc, const std::string& name);
+  HardMacro(std::pair<float, float> loc,
+            const std::string& name,
+            Cluster* cluster = nullptr);
 
   // In this case, we model the pin position at the center of the macro
   HardMacro(float width, float height, const std::string& name);
@@ -356,6 +363,10 @@ class HardMacro
   bool operator<(const HardMacro& macro) const;
   bool operator==(const HardMacro& macro) const;
 
+  void setCluster(Cluster* cluster) { cluster_ = cluster; }
+  Cluster* getCluster() const { return cluster_; }
+  bool isIOCluster() const;
+
   // Get Physical Information
   // Note that the default X and Y include halo_width
   void setLocation(const std::pair<float, float>& location);
@@ -444,6 +455,8 @@ class HardMacro
 
   odb::dbInst* inst_ = nullptr;
   odb::dbBlock* block_ = nullptr;
+
+  Cluster* cluster_ = nullptr;
 };
 
 // We have three types of SoftMacros
@@ -526,6 +539,7 @@ class SoftMacro
   bool isMacroCluster() const;
   bool isStdCellCluster() const;
   bool isMixedCluster() const;
+  bool isIOCluster() const;
   void setLocationF(float x, float y);
   void setShapeF(float width, float height);
   int getNumMacro() const;
@@ -628,12 +642,18 @@ struct Rect
   float xMax() const { return ux; }
   float yMax() const { return uy; }
 
+  void setXMin(float lx) { this->lx = lx; }
+  void setYMin(float ly) { this->ly = ly; }
+  void setXMax(float ux) { this->ux = ux; }
+  void setYMax(float uy) { this->uy = uy; }
+
   float getX() const { return (lx + ux) / 2.0; }
   float getY() const { return (ly + uy) / 2.0; }
 
   float getWidth() const { return ux - lx; }
   float getHeight() const { return uy - ly; }
 
+  float getPerimeter() const { return 2 * getWidth() + 2 * getHeight(); }
   float getArea() const { return getWidth() * getHeight(); }
 
   void setLoc(float x,
diff --git a/src/mpl2/src/rtl_mp.cpp b/src/mpl2/src/rtl_mp.cpp
index 8f74cf611e6..a0492f23bdb 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/src/rtl_mp.cpp
+++ b/src/mpl2/src/rtl_mp.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ bool MacroPlacer2::place(const int num_threads,
                          const float tolerance,
                          const int max_num_level,
                          const float coarsening_ratio,
-                         const int num_bundled_ios,
                          const int large_net_threshold,
                          const int signature_net_threshold,
                          const float halo_width,
@@ -97,7 +96,6 @@ bool MacroPlacer2::place(const int num_threads,
   hier_rtlmp_->setClusterSizeTolerance(tolerance);
   hier_rtlmp_->setMaxNumLevel(max_num_level);
   hier_rtlmp_->setClusterSizeRatioPerLevel(coarsening_ratio);
-  hier_rtlmp_->setNumBundledIOsPerBoundary(num_bundled_ios);
   hier_rtlmp_->setLargeNetThreshold(large_net_threshold);
   hier_rtlmp_->setSignatureNetThreshold(signature_net_threshold);
   hier_rtlmp_->setHaloWidth(halo_width);
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/CMakeLists.txt b/src/mpl2/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 9d814fc8f48..84d7e97c973 100644
--- a/src/mpl2/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ or_integration_tests(
     no_unfixed_macros
     guides1
     guides2
+    io_constraints1
+    io_constraints2
 )
 
 # Skipped
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.defok b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.defok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1cd34ff791b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.defok
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+VERSION 5.8 ;
+DIVIDERCHAR "/" ;
+BUSBITCHARS "[]" ;
+DESIGN io_constraints1 ;
+UNITS DISTANCE MICRONS 2000 ;
+DIEAREA ( 0 0 ) ( 300000 250000 ) ;
+ROW ROW_0 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 0 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_1 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 2800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_2 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 5600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_3 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 8400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_4 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 11200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_5 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 14000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_6 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 16800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_7 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 19600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_8 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 22400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_9 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 25200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_10 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 28000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_11 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 30800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_12 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 33600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_13 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 36400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_14 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 39200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_15 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 42000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_16 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 44800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_17 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 47600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_18 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 50400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_19 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 53200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_20 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 56000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_21 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 58800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_22 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 61600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_23 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 64400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_24 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 67200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_25 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 70000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_26 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 72800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_27 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 75600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_28 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 78400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_29 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 81200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_30 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 84000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_31 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 86800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_32 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 89600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_33 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 92400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_34 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 95200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_35 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 98000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_36 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 100800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_37 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 103600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_38 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 106400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_39 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 109200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_40 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 112000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_41 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 114800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_42 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 117600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_43 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 120400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_44 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 123200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_45 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 126000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_46 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 128800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_47 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 131600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_48 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 134400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_49 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 137200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_50 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 140000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_51 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 142800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_52 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 145600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_53 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 148400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_54 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 151200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_55 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 154000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_56 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 156800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_57 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 159600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_58 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 162400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_59 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 165200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_60 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 168000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_61 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 170800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_62 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 173600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_63 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 176400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_64 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 179200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_65 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 182000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_66 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 184800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_67 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 187600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_68 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 190400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_69 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 193200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_70 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 196000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_71 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 198800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_72 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 201600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_73 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 204400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_74 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 207200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_75 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 210000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_76 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 212800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_77 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 215600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_78 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 218400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_79 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 221200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_80 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 224000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_81 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 226800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_82 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 229600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_83 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 232400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_84 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 235200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_85 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 238000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_86 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 240800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_87 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 243600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_88 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 246400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal1 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal1 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal2 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal2 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal3 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal3 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal4 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal4 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal5 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal5 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal6 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal6 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal7 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal7 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal8 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal8 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal9 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal9 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal10 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal10 ;
+COMPONENTS 401 ;
+    - MACRO_1 HM_100x100_1x1 + FIXED ( 91820 8010 ) S ;
+    - _001_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _002_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _003_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _004_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _005_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _006_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _007_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _008_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _009_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _010_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _011_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _012_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _013_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _014_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _015_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _016_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _017_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _018_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _019_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _020_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _021_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _022_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _023_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _024_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _025_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _026_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _027_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _028_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _029_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _030_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _031_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _032_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _033_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _034_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _035_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _036_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _037_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _038_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _039_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _040_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _041_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _042_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _043_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _044_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _045_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _046_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _047_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _048_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _049_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _050_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _051_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _052_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _053_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _054_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _055_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _056_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _057_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _058_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _059_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _060_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _061_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _062_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _063_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _064_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _065_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _066_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _067_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _068_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _069_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _070_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _071_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _072_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _073_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _074_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _075_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _076_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _077_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _078_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _079_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _080_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _081_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _082_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _083_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _084_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _085_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _086_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _087_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _088_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _089_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _090_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _091_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _092_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _093_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _094_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _095_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _096_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _097_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _098_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _099_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _100_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _101_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _102_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _103_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _104_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _105_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _106_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _107_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _108_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _109_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _110_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _111_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _112_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _113_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _114_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _115_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _116_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _117_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _118_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _119_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _120_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _121_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _122_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _123_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _124_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _125_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _126_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _127_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _128_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _129_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _130_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _131_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _132_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _133_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _134_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _135_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _136_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _137_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _138_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _139_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _140_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _141_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _142_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _143_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _144_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _145_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _146_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _147_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _148_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _149_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _150_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _151_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _152_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _153_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _154_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _155_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _156_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _157_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _158_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _159_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _160_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _161_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _162_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _163_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _164_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _165_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _166_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _167_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _168_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _169_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _170_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _171_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _172_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _173_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _174_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _175_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _176_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _177_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _178_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _179_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _180_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _181_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _182_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _183_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _184_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _185_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _186_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _187_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _188_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _189_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _190_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _191_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _192_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _193_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _194_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _195_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _196_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _197_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _198_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _199_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _200_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _201_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _202_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _203_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _204_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _205_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _206_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _207_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _208_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _209_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _210_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _211_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _212_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _213_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _214_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _215_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _216_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _217_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _218_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _219_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _220_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _221_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _222_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _223_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _224_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _225_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _226_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _227_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _228_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _229_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _230_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _231_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _232_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _233_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _234_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _235_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _236_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _237_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _238_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _239_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _240_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _241_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _242_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _243_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _244_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _245_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _246_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _247_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _248_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _249_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _250_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _251_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _252_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _253_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _254_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _255_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _256_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _257_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _258_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _259_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _260_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _261_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _262_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _263_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _264_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _265_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _266_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _267_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _268_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _269_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _270_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _271_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _272_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _273_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _274_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _275_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _276_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _277_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _278_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _279_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _280_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _281_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _282_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _283_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _284_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _285_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _286_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _287_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _288_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _289_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _290_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _291_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _292_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _293_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _294_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _295_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _296_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _297_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _298_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _299_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _300_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _301_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _302_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _303_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _304_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _305_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _306_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _307_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _308_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _309_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _310_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _311_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _312_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _313_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _314_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _315_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _316_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _317_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _318_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _319_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _320_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _321_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _322_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _323_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _324_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _325_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _326_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _327_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _328_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _329_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _330_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _331_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _332_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _333_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _334_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _335_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _336_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _337_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _338_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _339_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _340_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _341_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _342_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _343_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _344_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _345_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _346_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _347_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _348_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _349_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _350_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _351_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _352_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _353_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _354_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _355_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _356_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _357_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _358_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _359_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _360_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _361_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _362_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _363_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _364_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _365_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _366_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _367_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _368_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _369_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _370_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _371_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _372_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _373_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _374_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _375_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _376_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _377_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _378_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _379_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _380_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _381_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _382_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _383_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _384_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _385_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _386_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _387_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _388_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _389_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _390_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _391_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _392_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _393_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _394_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _395_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _396_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _397_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _398_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _399_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+    - _400_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 38680 123234 ) N ;
+END COMPONENTS
+PINS 3 ;
+    - io_1 + NET io_1 + DIRECTION INPUT + USE SIGNAL
+      + PORT
+        + LAYER metal5 ( -140 -140 ) ( 140 140 )
+        + PLACED ( 140 155820 ) N ;
+    - io_2 + NET io_2 + DIRECTION INPUT + USE SIGNAL
+      + PORT
+        + LAYER metal5 ( -140 -140 ) ( 140 140 )
+        + PLACED ( 140 50540 ) N ;
+    - io_3 + NET io_3 + DIRECTION INPUT + USE SIGNAL
+      + PORT
+        + LAYER metal5 ( -140 -140 ) ( 140 140 )
+        + PLACED ( 140 12460 ) N ;
+END PINS
+NETS 3 ;
+    - io_1 ( PIN io_1 ) + USE SIGNAL ;
+    - io_2 ( PIN io_2 ) + USE SIGNAL ;
+    - io_3 ( PIN io_3 ) + USE SIGNAL ;
+END NETS
+END DESIGN
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.ok b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.ok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a58caca5939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.ok
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[INFO ODB-0227] LEF file: ./Nangate45/Nangate45.lef, created 22 layers, 27 vias, 135 library cells
+[INFO ODB-0227] LEF file: ./testcases/macro_only.lef, created 9 library cells
+[WARNING STA-1171] ./testcases/macro_only.lib line 32, default_max_transition is 0.0.
+[WARNING ORD-2011] LEF master DFF_X1 has no liberty cell.
+[INFO ODB-0128] Design: io_constraints1
+[INFO ODB-0252]     Updated 3 pins.
+[INFO ODB-0253]     Updated 401 components.
+[INFO PPL-0067] Restrict INPUT pins to region 0u-125u, in the LEFT edge.
+Found 1 macro blocks.
+Using 2 tracks default min distance between IO pins.
+[INFO PPL-0001] Number of slots           974
+[INFO PPL-0002] Number of I/O             3
+[INFO PPL-0003] Number of I/O w/sink      0
+[INFO PPL-0004] Number of I/O w/o sink    3
+[INFO PPL-0012] I/O nets HPWL: 0.00 um.
+Die Area: (0, 0) (150, 125),  Floorplan Area: (0, 0) (149.91, 124.6)
+	Number of std cell instances: 400
+	Area of std cell instances: 1808.79
+	Number of macros: 1
+	Area of macros: 10000.00
+	Halo width: 4.00
+	Halo height: 4.00
+	Area of macros with halos: 11664.00
+	Area of std cell instances + Area of macros: 11808.79
+	Floorplan area: 18678.79
+	Design Utilization: 0.63
+	Floorplan Utilization: 0.21
+	Manufacturing Grid: 10
+
+[WARNING MPL-0014] No Liberty data found for std cells. Continuing without dataflow.
+No differences found.
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.tcl b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.tcl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b5f31c91ba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints1.tcl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Test if pin access blockage is generated correctly for a case
+# with pins in a single boundary.
+source "helpers.tcl"
+
+# We're not interested in the connections, so don't include the lib.
+read_lef "./Nangate45/Nangate45.lef"
+
+read_lef "./testcases/macro_only.lef"
+read_liberty "./testcases/macro_only.lib"
+
+read_verilog "./testcases/io_constraints1.v"
+link_design "io_constraints1"
+read_def "./testcases/io_constraints1.def" -floorplan_initialize
+
+# Run random PPL to incorporate the constraints into ODB
+set_io_pin_constraint -direction INPUT -region left:*
+place_pins -annealing -random -hor_layers metal5 -ver_layer metal6
+
+set_thread_count 0
+rtl_macro_placer -report_directory results/io_constraints1 -halo_width 4.0
+
+set def_file [make_result_file io_constraints1.def]
+write_def $def_file
+
+diff_files io_constraints1.defok $def_file
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.defok b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.defok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6b4473039f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.defok
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+VERSION 5.8 ;
+DIVIDERCHAR "/" ;
+BUSBITCHARS "[]" ;
+DESIGN io_constraints1 ;
+UNITS DISTANCE MICRONS 2000 ;
+DIEAREA ( 0 0 ) ( 300000 250000 ) ;
+ROW ROW_0 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 0 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_1 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 2800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_2 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 5600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_3 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 8400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_4 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 11200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_5 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 14000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_6 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 16800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_7 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 19600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_8 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 22400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_9 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 25200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_10 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 28000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_11 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 30800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_12 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 33600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_13 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 36400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_14 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 39200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_15 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 42000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_16 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 44800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_17 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 47600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_18 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 50400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_19 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 53200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_20 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 56000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_21 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 58800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_22 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 61600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_23 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 64400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_24 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 67200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_25 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 70000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_26 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 72800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_27 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 75600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_28 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 78400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_29 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 81200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_30 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 84000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_31 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 86800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_32 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 89600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_33 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 92400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_34 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 95200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_35 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 98000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_36 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 100800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_37 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 103600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_38 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 106400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_39 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 109200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_40 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 112000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_41 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 114800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_42 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 117600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_43 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 120400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_44 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 123200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_45 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 126000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_46 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 128800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_47 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 131600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_48 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 134400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_49 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 137200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_50 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 140000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_51 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 142800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_52 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 145600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_53 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 148400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_54 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 151200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_55 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 154000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_56 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 156800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_57 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 159600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_58 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 162400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_59 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 165200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_60 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 168000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_61 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 170800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_62 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 173600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_63 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 176400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_64 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 179200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_65 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 182000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_66 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 184800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_67 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 187600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_68 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 190400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_69 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 193200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_70 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 196000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_71 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 198800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_72 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 201600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_73 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 204400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_74 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 207200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_75 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 210000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_76 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 212800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_77 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 215600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_78 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 218400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_79 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 221200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_80 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 224000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_81 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 226800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_82 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 229600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_83 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 232400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_84 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 235200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_85 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 238000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_86 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 240800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_87 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 243600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_88 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 246400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal1 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal1 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal2 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal2 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal3 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal3 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal4 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal4 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal5 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal5 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal6 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal6 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal7 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal7 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal8 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal8 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal9 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal9 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal10 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal10 ;
+COMPONENTS 401 ;
+    - MACRO_1 HM_100x100_1x1 + FIXED ( 8000 41330 ) S ;
+    - _001_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _002_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _003_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _004_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _005_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _006_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _007_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _008_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _009_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _010_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _011_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _012_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _013_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _014_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _015_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _016_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _017_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _018_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _019_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _020_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _021_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _022_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _023_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _024_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _025_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _026_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _027_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _028_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _029_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _030_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _031_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _032_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _033_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _034_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _035_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _036_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _037_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _038_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _039_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _040_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _041_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _042_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _043_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _044_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _045_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _046_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _047_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _048_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _049_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _050_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _051_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _052_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _053_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _054_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _055_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _056_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _057_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _058_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _059_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _060_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _061_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _062_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _063_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _064_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _065_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _066_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _067_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _068_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _069_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
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+    - _381_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _382_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _383_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _384_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _385_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _386_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _387_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _388_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _389_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _390_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _391_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _392_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _393_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _394_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _395_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _396_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _397_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _398_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _399_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+    - _400_ DFF_X1 + PLACED ( 146680 15234 ) N ;
+END COMPONENTS
+PINS 3 ;
+    - io_1 + NET io_1 + DIRECTION INPUT + USE SIGNAL
+      + PORT
+        + LAYER metal6 ( -140 -140 ) ( 140 140 )
+        + PLACED ( 187230 140 ) N ;
+    - io_2 + NET io_2 + DIRECTION INPUT + USE SIGNAL
+      + PORT
+        + LAYER metal6 ( -140 -140 ) ( 140 140 )
+        + PLACED ( 121150 140 ) N ;
+    - io_3 + NET io_3 + DIRECTION INPUT + USE SIGNAL
+      + PORT
+        + LAYER metal6 ( -140 -140 ) ( 140 140 )
+        + PLACED ( 275710 140 ) N ;
+END PINS
+NETS 3 ;
+    - io_1 ( PIN io_1 ) + USE SIGNAL ;
+    - io_2 ( PIN io_2 ) + USE SIGNAL ;
+    - io_3 ( PIN io_3 ) + USE SIGNAL ;
+END NETS
+END DESIGN
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.ok b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.ok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aab6bf1871a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.ok
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+[INFO ODB-0227] LEF file: ./Nangate45/Nangate45.lef, created 22 layers, 27 vias, 135 library cells
+[INFO ODB-0227] LEF file: ./testcases/macro_only.lef, created 9 library cells
+[WARNING STA-1171] ./testcases/macro_only.lib line 32, default_max_transition is 0.0.
+[WARNING ORD-2011] LEF master DFF_X1 has no liberty cell.
+[INFO ODB-0128] Design: io_constraints1
+[INFO ODB-0252]     Updated 3 pins.
+[INFO ODB-0253]     Updated 401 components.
+Found 1 macro blocks.
+Using 2 tracks default min distance between IO pins.
+[INFO PPL-0001] Number of slots           974
+[INFO PPL-0002] Number of I/O             3
+[INFO PPL-0003] Number of I/O w/sink      0
+[INFO PPL-0004] Number of I/O w/o sink    3
+[INFO PPL-0012] I/O nets HPWL: 0.00 um.
+Die Area: (0, 0) (150, 125),  Floorplan Area: (0, 0) (149.91, 124.6)
+	Number of std cell instances: 400
+	Area of std cell instances: 1808.79
+	Number of macros: 1
+	Area of macros: 10000.00
+	Halo width: 4.00
+	Halo height: 4.00
+	Area of macros with halos: 11664.00
+	Area of std cell instances + Area of macros: 11808.79
+	Floorplan area: 18678.79
+	Design Utilization: 0.63
+	Floorplan Utilization: 0.21
+	Manufacturing Grid: 10
+
+[WARNING MPL-0014] No Liberty data found for std cells. Continuing without dataflow.
+No differences found.
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.tcl b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.tcl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..17e7fbe7cb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/io_constraints2.tcl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Test if pin access blockage is generated correctly for a case
+# with all boundaries blocked except one.
+source "helpers.tcl"
+
+# We're not interested in the connections, so don't include the lib.
+read_lef "./Nangate45/Nangate45.lef"
+
+read_lef "./testcases/macro_only.lef"
+read_liberty "./testcases/macro_only.lib"
+
+read_verilog "./testcases/io_constraints1.v"
+link_design "io_constraints1"
+read_def "./testcases/io_constraints1.def" -floorplan_initialize
+
+# Run random PPL to incorporate the -exclude constraints into ODB
+place_pins -annealing -random -hor_layers metal5 -ver_layer metal6 \
+           -exclude left:* -exclude right:* -exclude top:*
+
+set_thread_count 0
+rtl_macro_placer -report_directory results/io_constraints2 -halo_width 4.0
+
+set def_file [make_result_file io_constraints2.def]
+write_def $def_file
+
+diff_files io_constraints2.defok $def_file
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/testcases/io_constraints1.def b/src/mpl2/test/testcases/io_constraints1.def
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..53b434d551d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/testcases/io_constraints1.def
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+VERSION 5.8 ;
+DIVIDERCHAR "/" ;
+BUSBITCHARS "[]" ;
+DESIGN io_constraints1 ;
+UNITS DISTANCE MICRONS 2000 ;
+DIEAREA ( 0 0 ) ( 300000 250000 ) ;
+ROW ROW_0 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 0 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_1 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 2800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_2 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 5600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_3 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 8400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_4 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 11200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_5 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 14000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_6 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 16800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_7 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 19600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_8 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 22400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_9 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 25200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_10 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 28000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_11 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 30800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_12 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 33600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_13 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 36400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_14 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 39200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_15 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 42000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_16 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 44800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_17 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 47600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_18 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 50400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_19 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 53200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_20 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 56000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_21 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 58800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_22 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 61600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_23 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 64400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_24 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 67200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_25 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 70000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_26 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 72800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_27 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 75600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_28 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 78400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_29 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 81200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_30 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 84000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_31 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 86800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_32 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 89600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_33 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 92400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_34 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 95200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_35 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 98000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_36 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 100800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_37 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 103600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_38 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 106400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_39 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 109200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_40 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 112000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_41 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 114800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_42 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 117600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_43 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 120400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_44 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 123200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_45 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 126000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_46 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 128800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_47 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 131600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_48 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 134400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_49 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 137200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_50 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 140000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_51 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 142800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_52 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 145600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_53 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 148400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_54 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 151200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_55 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 154000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_56 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 156800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_57 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 159600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_58 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 162400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_59 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 165200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_60 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 168000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_61 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 170800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_62 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 173600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_63 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 176400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_64 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 179200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_65 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 182000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_66 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 184800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_67 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 187600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_68 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 190400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_69 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 193200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_70 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 196000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_71 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 198800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_72 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 201600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_73 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 204400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_74 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 207200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_75 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 210000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_76 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 212800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_77 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 215600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_78 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 218400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_79 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 221200 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_80 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 224000 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_81 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 226800 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_82 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 229600 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_83 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 232400 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_84 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 235200 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_85 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 238000 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_86 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 240800 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_87 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 243600 FS DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+ROW ROW_88 FreePDK45_38x28_10R_NP_162NW_34O 0 246400 N DO 789 BY 1 STEP 380 0 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal1 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal1 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal2 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal2 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 2368 STEP 380 LAYER metal3 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 3214 STEP 280 LAYER metal3 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal4 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal4 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal5 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal5 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal6 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 1607 STEP 560 LAYER metal6 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal7 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal7 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal8 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 563 STEP 1600 LAYER metal8 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal9 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal9 ;
+TRACKS X 190 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal10 ;
+TRACKS Y 140 DO 282 STEP 3200 LAYER metal10 ;
+COMPONENTS 401 ;
+  - MACRO_1 HM_100x100_1x1 ;
+  - _001_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _002_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _003_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _004_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _005_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _006_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _007_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _008_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _009_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _010_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _011_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _012_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _013_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _014_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _015_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _016_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _017_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _018_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _019_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _020_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _021_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _022_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _023_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _024_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _025_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _026_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _027_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _028_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _029_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _030_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _031_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _032_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _033_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _034_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _035_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _036_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _037_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _038_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _039_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _040_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _041_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _042_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _043_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _044_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _045_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _046_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _047_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _048_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _049_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _050_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _051_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _052_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _053_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _054_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _055_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _056_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _057_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _058_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _059_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _060_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _061_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _062_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _063_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _064_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _065_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _066_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _067_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _068_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _069_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _070_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _071_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _072_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _073_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _074_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _075_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _076_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _077_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _078_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _079_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _080_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _081_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _082_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _083_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _084_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _085_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _086_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _087_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _088_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _089_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _090_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _091_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _092_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _093_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _094_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _095_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _096_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _097_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _098_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _099_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _100_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _101_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _102_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _103_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _104_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _105_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _106_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _107_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _108_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _109_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _110_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _111_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _112_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _113_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _114_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _115_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _116_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _117_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _118_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _119_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _120_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _121_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _122_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _123_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _124_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _125_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _126_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _127_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _128_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _129_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _130_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _131_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _132_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _133_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _134_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _135_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _136_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _137_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _138_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _139_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _140_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _141_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _142_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _143_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _144_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _145_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _146_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _147_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _148_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _149_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _150_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _151_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _152_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _153_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _154_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _155_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _156_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _157_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _158_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _159_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _160_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _161_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _162_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _163_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _164_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _165_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _166_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _167_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _168_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _169_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _170_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _171_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _172_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _173_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _174_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _175_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _176_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _177_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _178_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _179_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _180_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _181_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _182_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _183_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _184_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _185_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _186_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _187_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _188_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _189_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _190_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _191_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _192_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _193_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _194_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _195_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _196_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _197_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _198_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _199_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _200_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _201_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _202_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _203_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _204_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _205_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _206_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _207_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _208_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _209_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _210_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _211_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _212_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _213_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _214_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _215_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _216_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _217_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _218_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _219_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _220_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _221_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _222_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _223_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _224_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _225_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _226_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _227_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _228_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _229_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _230_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _231_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _232_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _233_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _234_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _235_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _236_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _237_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _238_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _239_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _240_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _241_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _242_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _243_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _244_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _245_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _246_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _247_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _248_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _249_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _250_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _251_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _252_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _253_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _254_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _255_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _256_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _257_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _258_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _259_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _260_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _261_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _262_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _263_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _264_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _265_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _266_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _267_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _268_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _269_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _270_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _271_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _272_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _273_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _274_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _275_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _276_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _277_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _278_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _279_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _280_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _281_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _282_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _283_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _284_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _285_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _286_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _287_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _288_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _289_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _290_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _291_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _292_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _293_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _294_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _295_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _296_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _297_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _298_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _299_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _300_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _301_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _302_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _303_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _304_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _305_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _306_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _307_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _308_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _309_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _310_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _311_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _312_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _313_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _314_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _315_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _316_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _317_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _318_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _319_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _320_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _321_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _322_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _323_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _324_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _325_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _326_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _327_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _328_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _329_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _330_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _331_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _332_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _333_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _334_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _335_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _336_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _337_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _338_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _339_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _340_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _341_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _342_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _343_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _344_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _345_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _346_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _347_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _348_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _349_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _350_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _351_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _352_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _353_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _354_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _355_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _356_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _357_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _358_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _359_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _360_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _361_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _362_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _363_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _364_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _365_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _366_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _367_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _368_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _369_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _370_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _371_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _372_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _373_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _374_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _375_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _376_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _377_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _378_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _379_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _380_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _381_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _382_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _383_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _384_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _385_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _386_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _387_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _388_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _389_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _390_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _391_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _392_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _393_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _394_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _395_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _396_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _397_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _398_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _399_ DFF_X1 ;
+  - _400_ DFF_X1 ;
+END COMPONENTS
+
+PINS 1 ;
+  - io_1 + NET io_1 ;
+  - io_2 + NET io_2 ;
+  - io_3 + NET io_3 ;
+END PINS
+
+END DESIGN
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/mpl2/test/testcases/io_constraints1.v b/src/mpl2/test/testcases/io_constraints1.v
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4fa7267b58c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mpl2/test/testcases/io_constraints1.v
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+module io_constraints1 ( \io_1 , \io_2 , \io_3 );
+  HM_100x100_1x1 MACRO_1 ( ) ;
+
+  DFF_X1 _001_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _002_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _003_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _004_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _005_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _006_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _007_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _008_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _009_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _010_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _011_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _012_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _013_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _014_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _015_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _016_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _017_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _018_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _019_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _020_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _021_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _022_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _023_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _024_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _025_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _026_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _027_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _028_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _029_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _030_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _031_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _032_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _033_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _034_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _035_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _036_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _037_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _038_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _039_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _040_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _041_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _042_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _043_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _044_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _045_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _046_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _047_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _048_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _049_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _050_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _051_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _052_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _053_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _054_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _055_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _056_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _057_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _058_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _059_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _060_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _061_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _062_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _063_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _064_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _065_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _066_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _067_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _068_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _069_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _070_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _071_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _072_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _073_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _074_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _075_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _076_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _077_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _078_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _079_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _080_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _081_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _082_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _083_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _084_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _085_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _086_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _087_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _088_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _089_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _090_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _091_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _092_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _093_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _094_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _095_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _096_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _097_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _098_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _099_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _100_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _101_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _102_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _103_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _104_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _105_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _106_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _107_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _108_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _109_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _110_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _111_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _112_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _113_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _114_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _115_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _116_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _117_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _118_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _119_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _120_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _121_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _122_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _123_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _124_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _125_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _126_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _127_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _128_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _129_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _130_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _131_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _132_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _133_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _134_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _135_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _136_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _137_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _138_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _139_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _140_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _141_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _142_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _143_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _144_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _145_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _146_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _147_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _148_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _149_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _150_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _151_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _152_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _153_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _154_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _155_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _156_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _157_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _158_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _159_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _160_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _161_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _162_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _163_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _164_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _165_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _166_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _167_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _168_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _169_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _170_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _171_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _172_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _173_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _174_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _175_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _176_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _177_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _178_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _179_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _180_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _181_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _182_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _183_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _184_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _185_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _186_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _187_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _188_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _189_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _190_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _191_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _192_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _193_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _194_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _195_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _196_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _197_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _198_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _199_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _200_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _201_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _202_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _203_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _204_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _205_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _206_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _207_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _208_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _209_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _210_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _211_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _212_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _213_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _214_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _215_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _216_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _217_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _218_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _219_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _220_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _221_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _222_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _223_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _224_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _225_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _226_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _227_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _228_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _229_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _230_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _231_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _232_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _233_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _234_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _235_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _236_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _237_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _238_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _239_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _240_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _241_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _242_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _243_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _244_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _245_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _246_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _247_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _248_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _249_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _250_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _251_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _252_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _253_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _254_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _255_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _256_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _257_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _258_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _259_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _260_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _261_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _262_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _263_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _264_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _265_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _266_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _267_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _268_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _269_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _270_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _271_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _272_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _273_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _274_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _275_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _276_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _277_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _278_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _279_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _280_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _281_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _282_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _283_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _284_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _285_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _286_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _287_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _288_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _289_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _290_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _291_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _292_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _293_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _294_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _295_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _296_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _297_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _298_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _299_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _300_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _301_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _302_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _303_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _304_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _305_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _306_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _307_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _308_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _309_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _310_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _311_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _312_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _313_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _314_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _315_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _316_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _317_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _318_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _319_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _320_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _321_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _322_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _323_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _324_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _325_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _326_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _327_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _328_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _329_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _330_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _331_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _332_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _333_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _334_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _335_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _336_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _337_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _338_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _339_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _340_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _341_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _342_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _343_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _344_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _345_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _346_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _347_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _348_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _349_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _350_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _351_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _352_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _353_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _354_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _355_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _356_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _357_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _358_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _359_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _360_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _361_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _362_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _363_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _364_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _365_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _366_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _367_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _368_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _369_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _370_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _371_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _372_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _373_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _374_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _375_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _376_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _377_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _378_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _379_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _380_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _381_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _382_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _383_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _384_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _385_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _386_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _387_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _388_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _389_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _390_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _391_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _392_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _393_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _394_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _395_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _396_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _397_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _398_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _399_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+  DFF_X1 _400_ ( .CK(), .D(), .Q(), .QN() );
+
+  input io_1;
+  input io_2;
+  input io_3;
+endmodule
+