Add :Cycle detection in undirected graph using Union–Find

Author: Amritray01

graph/cycle_check_undirected_dsu.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ * @file cycle_check_undirected_dsu.cpp
+ * @brief Detect cycle in an undirected graph using Disjoint Set Union (Union–Find).
+ *
+ * @details
+ * This implementation uses the Union–Find (Disjoint Set Union) data structure
+ * with path compression and union by rank for near-constant-time cycle detection.
+ * For each edge (u, v):
+ *   - If u and v belong to the same set, a cycle exists.
+ *   - Otherwise, merge their sets.
+ *
+ * @complexity
+ * - Time:  O(E α(V)), where α(V) is inverse Ackermann function (~constant)
+ * - Space: O(V)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * Input graph:
+ *   0--1
+ *   | /
+ *   2
+ * has a cycle.
+ *
+*/
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+class DisjointSet {
+ private:
+    std::vector<int> parent, rank;
+
+ public:
+    explicit DisjointSet(int n) : parent(n), rank(n, 0) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+            parent[i] = i;
+    }
+
+    int find(int x) {
+        if (parent[x] != x)
+            parent[x] = find(parent[x]);
+        return parent[x];
+    }
+
+    bool unite(int x, int y) {
+        int rx = find(x), ry = find(y);
+        if (rx == ry)
+            return false;  // cycle detected
+
+        if (rank[rx] < rank[ry])
+            parent[rx] = ry;
+        else if (rank[rx] > rank[ry])
+            parent[ry] = rx;
+        else {
+            parent[ry] = rx;
+            rank[rx]++;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief Detect if an undirected graph contains a cycle.
+ * Avoids counting duplicated edges (v,u) and (u,v) twice.
+ */
+bool hasCycle(int V, const std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>& edges) {
+    DisjointSet dsu(V);
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> seen;
+
+    for (const auto& edge : edges) {
+        int u = edge.first;
+        int v = edge.second;
+
+        if (u == v)
+            return true;  // self-loop is a cycle
+
+        // Skip duplicate reversed edges
+        std::string key1 = std::to_string(u) + "-" + std::to_string(v);
+        std::string key2 = std::to_string(v) + "-" + std::to_string(u);
+        if (seen.count(key1) || seen.count(key2))
+            continue;
+        seen.insert(key1);
+
+        if (!dsu.unite(u, v))
+            return true;  // cycle found
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    // Test 1: cyclic triangle
+    {
+        int V = 3;
+        std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> edges = {{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {0, 2}};
+        std::cout << "Test 1 (triangle): " << (hasCycle(V, edges) ? "Cycle\n" : "No cycle\n");
+    }
+
+    // Test 2: simple chain
+    {
+        int V = 4;
+        std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> edges = {{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}};
+        std::cout << "Test 2 (chain): " << (hasCycle(V, edges) ? "Cycle\n" : "No cycle\n");
+    }
+
+    // Test 3: disconnected with one cycle
+    {
+        int V = 6;
+        std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> edges = {{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 0}, {4, 5}};
+        std::cout << "Test 3 (disconnected): " << (hasCycle(V, edges) ? "Cycle\n" : "No cycle\n");
+    }
+
+    // Test 4: self-loop
+    {
+        int V = 3;
+        std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> edges = {{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 2}};
+        std::cout << "Test 4 (self-loop): " << (hasCycle(V, edges) ? "Cycle\n" : "No cycle\n");
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}