Merge branch 'master' into boundary_fill_add_tests

Author: siriak

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@
           * divideandconquer
             * [BinaryExponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/BinaryExponentiation.java)
             * [ClosestPair](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/ClosestPair.java)
+            * [MedianOfTwoSortedArrays](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/MedianOfTwoSortedArrays.java)
             * [SkylineAlgorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/SkylineAlgorithm.java)
             * [StrassenMatrixMultiplication](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/StrassenMatrixMultiplication.java)
           * dynamicprogramming
@@ -474,6 +475,7 @@
           * scheduling
             * [FCFSScheduling](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/FCFSScheduling.java)
             * [HighestResponseRatioNextScheduling](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/HighestResponseRatioNextScheduling.java)
+            * [JobSchedulingWithDeadline](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/JobSchedulingWithDeadline.java)
             * [MLFQScheduler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/MLFQScheduler.java)
             * [PreemptivePriorityScheduling](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/PreemptivePriorityScheduling.java)
             * [RRScheduling](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/RRScheduling.java)
@@ -731,6 +733,7 @@
               * [LeftistHeapTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/heaps/LeftistHeapTest.java)
             * lists
               * [CircleLinkedListTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/lists/CircleLinkedListTest.java)
+              * [CreateAndDetectLoopTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/lists/CreateAndDetectLoopTest.java)
               * [QuickSortLinkedListTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/lists/QuickSortLinkedListTest.java)
               * [ReverseKGroupTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/lists/ReverseKGroupTest.java)
               * [RotateSinglyLinkedListsTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/lists/RotateSinglyLinkedListsTest.java)
@@ -775,15 +778,22 @@
           * divideandconquer
             * [BinaryExponentiationTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/BinaryExponentiationTest.java)
             * [ClosestPairTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/ClosestPairTest.java)
+            * [MedianOfTwoSortedArraysTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/MedianOfTwoSortedArraysTest.java)
             * [SkylineAlgorithmTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/SkylineAlgorithmTest.java)
             * [StrassenMatrixMultiplicationTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/StrassenMatrixMultiplicationTest.java)
           * dynamicprogramming
             * [BoardPathTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BoardPathTest.java)
             * [BoundaryFillTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BoundaryFillTest.java)
+            * [BruteForceKnapsackTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BruteForceKnapsackTest.java)
             * [CatalanNumberTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/CatalanNumberTest.java)
             * [ClimbStairsTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/ClimbStairsTest.java)
+            * [CoinChangeTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/CoinChangeTest.java)
+            * [CountFriendsPairingTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/CountFriendsPairingTest.java)
+            * [DPTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/DPTest.java)
             * [EditDistanceTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/EditDistanceTest.java)
             * [EggDroppingTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/EggDroppingTest.java)
+            * [FibonacciTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/FibonacciTest.java)
+            * [KadaneAlgorithmTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/KadaneAlgorithmTest.java)
             * [KnapsackMemoizationTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/KnapsackMemoizationTest.java)
             * [KnapsackTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/KnapsackTest.java)
             * [LevenshteinDistanceTests](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/LevenshteinDistanceTests.java)
@@ -961,6 +971,7 @@
           * scheduling
             * [FCFSSchedulingTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/FCFSSchedulingTest.java)
             * [HighestResponseRatioNextSchedulingTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/HighestResponseRatioNextSchedulingTest.java)
+            * [JobSchedulingWithDeadlineTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/JobSchedulingWithDeadlineTest.java)
             * [MLFQSchedulerTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/MLFQSchedulerTest.java)
             * [PreemptivePrioritySchedulingTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/PreemptivePrioritySchedulingTest.java)
             * [RRSchedulingTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/scheduling/RRSchedulingTest.java)

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/OnesComplement.java

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.bitmanipulation;
+
+/**
+ * @author - https://github.com/Monk-AbhinayVerma
+ * @Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement
+ *            The class OnesComplement computes the complement of binary number
+ *            and returns
+ *            the complemented binary string.
+ * @return the complimented binary string
+ */
+public final class OnesComplement {
+    private OnesComplement() {
+    }
+
+    // Function to get the 1's complement of a binary number
+    public static String onesComplement(String binary) {
+        StringBuilder complement = new StringBuilder();
+        // Invert each bit to get the 1's complement
+        for (int i = 0; i < binary.length(); i++) {
+            if (binary.charAt(i) == '0') {
+                complement.append('1');
+            } else {
+                complement.append('0');
+            }
+        }
+        return complement.toString();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/TwosComplement.java

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.bitmanipulation;
+
+/**
+ * @wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement
+ *            This Algorithm was first suggested by Jon Von Neumann
+ * @author - https://github.com/Monk-AbhinayVerma
+ * @return the two's complement of any binary number
+ */
+public final class TwosComplement {
+    private TwosComplement() {
+    }
+
+    // Function to get the 2's complement of a binary number
+    public static String twosComplement(String binary) {
+        StringBuilder onesComplement = new StringBuilder();
+        // Step 1: Find the 1's complement (invert the bits)
+        for (int i = 0; i < binary.length(); i++) {
+            if (binary.charAt(i) == '0') {
+                onesComplement.append('1');
+            } else {
+                onesComplement.append('0');
+            }
+        }
+        // Step 2: Add 1 to the 1's complement
+        StringBuilder twosComplement = new StringBuilder(onesComplement);
+        boolean carry = true;
+        for (int i = onesComplement.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            if (onesComplement.charAt(i) == '1' && carry) {
+                twosComplement.setCharAt(i, '0');
+            } else if (onesComplement.charAt(i) == '0' && carry) {
+                twosComplement.setCharAt(i, '1');
+                carry = false;
+            }
+        }
+        // If there is still a carry, append '1' at the beginning
+        if (carry) {
+            twosComplement.insert(0, '1');
+        }
+        return twosComplement.toString();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/ColumnarTranspositionCipher.java

@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ private ColumnarTranspositionCipher() {
      * @return a String with the word encrypted by the Columnar Transposition
      * Cipher Rule
      */
-    public static String encrpyter(String word, String keyword) {
+    public static String encrypt(final String word, final String keyword) {
         ColumnarTranspositionCipher.keyword = keyword;
-        abecedariumBuilder(500);
+        abecedariumBuilder();
         table = tableBuilder(word);
         Object[][] sortedTable = sortTable(table);
         StringBuilder wordEncrypted = new StringBuilder();
-        for (int i = 0; i < sortedTable[i].length; i++) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < sortedTable[0].length; i++) {
             for (int j = 1; j < sortedTable.length; j++) {
                 wordEncrypted.append(sortedTable[j][i]);
             }
@@ -51,11 +51,12 @@ public static String encrpyter(String word, String keyword) {
      * @return a String with the word encrypted by the Columnar Transposition
      * Cipher Rule
      */
-    public static String encrpyter(String word, String keyword, String abecedarium) {
+    public static String encrypt(String word, String keyword, String abecedarium) {
         ColumnarTranspositionCipher.keyword = keyword;
         ColumnarTranspositionCipher.abecedarium = Objects.requireNonNullElse(abecedarium, ABECEDARIUM);
         table = tableBuilder(word);
         Object[][] sortedTable = sortTable(table);
+
         StringBuilder wordEncrypted = new StringBuilder();
         for (int i = 0; i < sortedTable[0].length; i++) {
             for (int j = 1; j < sortedTable.length; j++) {
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ public static String encrpyter(String word, String keyword, String abecedarium)
      * @return a String decrypted with the word encrypted by the Columnar
      * Transposition Cipher Rule
      */
-    public static String decrypter() {
+    public static String decrypt() {
         StringBuilder wordDecrypted = new StringBuilder();
         for (int i = 1; i < table.length; i++) {
             for (Object item : table[i]) {
@@ -91,14 +92,14 @@ public static String decrypter() {
      */
     private static Object[][] tableBuilder(String word) {
         Object[][] table = new Object[numberOfRows(word) + 1][keyword.length()];
-        char[] wordInChards = word.toCharArray();
-        // Fils in the respective numbers
+        char[] wordInChars = word.toCharArray();
+        // Fills in the respective numbers for the column
         table[0] = findElements();
         int charElement = 0;
         for (int i = 1; i < table.length; i++) {
             for (int j = 0; j < table[i].length; j++) {
-                if (charElement < wordInChards.length) {
-                    table[i][j] = wordInChards[charElement];
+                if (charElement < wordInChars.length) {
+                    table[i][j] = wordInChars[charElement];
                     charElement++;
                 } else {
                     table[i][j] = ENCRYPTION_FIELD_CHAR;
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ private static Object[][] tableBuilder(String word) {
      * order to respect the Columnar Transposition Cipher Rule.
      */
     private static int numberOfRows(String word) {
-        if (word.length() / keyword.length() > word.length() / keyword.length()) {
+        if (word.length() % keyword.length() != 0) {
             return (word.length() / keyword.length()) + 1;
         } else {
             return word.length() / keyword.length();
@@ -173,13 +174,11 @@ private static void switchColumns(Object[][] table, int firstColumnIndex, int se
     }
 
     /**
-     * Creates an abecedarium with a specified ascii inded
-     *
-     * @param value Number of characters being used based on the ASCII Table
+     * Creates an abecedarium with all available ascii values.
      */
-    private static void abecedariumBuilder(int value) {
+    private static void abecedariumBuilder() {
         StringBuilder t = new StringBuilder();
-        for (int i = 0; i < value; i++) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
             t.append((char) i);
         }
         abecedarium = t.toString();

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/lists/CreateAndDetectLoop.java

@@ -1,63 +1,66 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.datastructures.lists;
 
-import java.util.Scanner;
-
 public final class CreateAndDetectLoop {
+
+    // Node class representing a single node in the linked list
     private CreateAndDetectLoop() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Utility class");
     }
+    static final class Node {
+        int data;
+        Node next;
 
-    /**
-     * Prints the linked list.
-     *
-     * @param	head	head node of the linked list
-     */
-    static void printList(Node head) {
-        Node cur = head;
-
-        while (cur != null) {
-            System.out.print(cur.value + " ");
-            cur = cur.next;
+        Node(int data) {
+            this.data = data;
+            next = null;
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Creates a loop in the linked list.
-     *
-     * @see
-     * 	<a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/make-loop-k-th-position-linked-list/">
-     * GeeksForGeeks: Make a loop at K-th position</a>
-     * @param	head	head node of the linked list
-     * @param	k	position of node where loop is to be created
+    // Method to create a loop between two specific positions in the linked list
+    /*
+     *  Test case that shows the Cycle(loop) in a LinkedList
+     *  Let's take this linked list:
+     *  1->2->3->4->5->6
+     *     \______/
+     *   In this linked list we can see there is a cycle.
+     *   we can create loop by calling createLoop function in main after creating LL
+     *   createLoop(head,2,5);
+     *  to detect there is loop or not we can call detectloop function in main
+     *  detectloop(head);
      */
-    static void createLoop(Node head, int k) {
-        if (head == null) {
+
+    static void createLoop(Node head, int position1, int position2) {
+        if (position1 == 0 || position2 == 0) {
             return;
         }
-        Node temp = head;
-        int count = 1;
-        while (count < k) { // Traverse the list till the kth node
-            temp = temp.next;
-            count++;
-        }
 
-        Node connectedPoint = temp;
+        Node node1 = head;
+        Node node2 = head;
 
-        while (temp.next != null) { // Traverse remaining nodes
-            temp = temp.next;
+        int count1 = 1;
+        int count2 = 1;
+        // Traverse to find node at position1
+        while (count1 < position1 && node1 != null) {
+            node1 = node1.next;
+            count1++;
         }
 
-        temp.next = connectedPoint; // Connect last node to k-th element
-    }
+        // Traverse to find node at position2
+        while (count2 < position2 && node2 != null) {
+            node2 = node2.next;
+            count2++;
+        }
 
+        // Create a loop by connecting node2's next to node1
+        if (node1 != null && node2 != null) {
+            node2.next = node1;
+        }
+    }
+    // Method to detect a loop in the linked list
     /**
      * Detects the presence of a loop in the linked list.
      *
-     * @see
-     * 	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_detection#Floyd's_tortoise_and_hare">
-     * Floyd's Cycle Detection Algorithm</a>
-     *
-     * @param head the head node of the linked list
-     *
+     * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_detection#Floyd's_tortoise_and_hare">Floyd's Cycle Detection Algorithm</a>
      * @return true if loop exists else false
      */
     static boolean detectLoop(Node head) {
@@ -67,40 +70,10 @@ static boolean detectLoop(Node head) {
         while (fptr != null && fptr.next != null) {
             sptr = sptr.next;
             fptr = fptr.next.next;
-            if (fptr == sptr) {
+            if (sptr == fptr) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
-
         return false;
     }
-
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        SinglyLinkedList singlyLinkedList = new SinglyLinkedList();
-        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
-
-        System.out.println("Enter the number of elements to be inserted: ");
-        int n = sc.nextInt();
-        System.out.printf("Enter the %d elements: %n", n);
-        while (n-- > 0) {
-            singlyLinkedList.insert(sc.nextInt());
-        }
-
-        System.out.print("Given list: ");
-        printList(singlyLinkedList.getHead());
-        System.out.println();
-
-        System.out.println("Enter the location to generate loop: ");
-        int k = sc.nextInt();
-
-        createLoop(singlyLinkedList.getHead(), k);
-
-        if (detectLoop(singlyLinkedList.getHead())) {
-            System.out.println("Loop found");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("No loop found");
-        }
-
-        sc.close();
-    }
 }